Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
INCOMPLETE
ABORTION
Submitted by:
ARAGON, Mikhail S.
BALDIVINO, Apriel Joy D.
DADANG, Shermane C.
GOROSPE, Irish Kate A.
GUIAMAN, Baisarah Q.
PANDITA, Mohaima W.
RUBI, Beverly Joy A.
SUMAMPAO, Diamond M.
SUYOM, Jessieden E.
BSN 2C
Group 3 MTW
March 9, 2011
TABLE OF
I. Introduction ..
II. Objectives
V. Physical Assessment
VIII. Pathophysiology .. ..
12
14
X. Laboratory Study..
15
17
35
36
XV. Recommendation
37
XVI. Bibliography 38
INTRODUCTION
Human beings are created with reproductive organs, through these women are capable of
becoming pregnant and that is, the essence of being a woman. Pregnancy is a step for a couple to
have their own children and form a family but it entails many complications that the woman may
encounter and hinder to their way of having a family as she go along her pregnancy. These
problems, the couple must be prepared and aware of, for them to be able to prevent it.
The term "abortion" also called as miscarriage is commonly used to mean all forms of
early pregnancy loss. It is at a stage where the embryo or fetus is incapable of surviving
independently, generally defined in humans at prior to 20 weeks of gestation. Miscarriage is the
most common complication of early pregnancy. In medical contexts, the word "abortion" refers to
any process by which a pregnancy ends with the death and removal or expulsion of the fetus,
regardless of whether it is spontaneous or intentionally induced. Many women who have had
miscarriages, however, object to the term "abortion" in connection with their experience, as it is
generally associated with induced abortions. Incomplete abortion is a type of abortion which is
inevitable and some of the products of the pregnancy are still present in the uterus.
The first abortion symptom is vaginal bleeding, which can range from spotting to being
heavier than a period, then the woman will experience pelvic pain and lastly the cessation of
pregnancy symptoms including breast tenderness, morning sickness and having to pass urine more
frequently than usual. The most common cause of abortion during the first trimester is chromosomal
abnormalities of the embryo/fetus, accounting for at least 50% of sampled early pregnancy losses.
Other causes include vascular disease (such as lupus), diabetes, other hormonal problems, infection,
and abnormalities of the uterus. Advancing maternal age and a patient history of previous
spontaneous abortions are the two leading factors associated with a greater risk of spontaneous
abortion. A spontaneous abortion can also be caused by accidental trauma; intentional trauma or
stress to cause miscarriage is considered induced abortion or feticide.
It is thought that between 10 and 20% of pregnancies miscarry. Most abortions occur in the
early weeks of pregnancy. Ultrasound screening for fetal anomaly has shown the incidence of nonviable pregnancy at 10-13 weeks to be 2.8%. The number of abortions per year is approximately 42
million and number of abortions per day is approximately 115,000 worldwide. The number of
abortions performed worldwide has decreased between 1995 and 2003 from 45.6 million to
41.6 million, which means a decrease in abortion rate from 35 to 29 per 1000 women. The greatest
decrease has occurred in the developed world with a drop from 39 to 26 per 1000 women in
comparison to the developing world, which had a decrease from 34 to 29 per 1000 women. Out of a
total of about 42 million abortions 22 million occurred safely and 20 million unsafely.
According to Prevention and Management of Abortion Complications (PMAC) Programme,
substantial numbers of unsafe abortions are performed in the Philippines each year, most in a
clandestine fashion and by unskilled practitioners. The most current data (Perez et al., 1997)
indicate that, among the estimated 400,000 women annually who are thought to have an induced
abortion, one-quarter are hospitalized for complications. During the period 1994-1998, abortion was
the third leading cause of hospital discharge in Department of Health facilities in the Philippines.
The Department of Health reports that 12% of all maternal deaths in 1994 were due to abortion.
When a miscarriage occurs, the tissue passed from the vagina should be examined to
determine if it was a normal placenta or a hydatidiform mole. It is also important to determine
whether any pregnancy tissue remains in the uterus. If the pregnancy tissue does not naturally exit
the body, the woman may be closely watched for up to 2 weeks. Surgery (D and C) or medication
(such as misoprostol) may be needed to remove the remaining contents from the womb. After
treatment, the woman usually resumes her normal menstrual cycle within a few weeks. Any further
vaginal bleeding should be carefully monitored. It is often possible to become pregnant
immediately. However, it is recommended that women wait one normal menstrual cycle before
trying to become pregnant again.
OBJECTIVES
General objectives:
This case study aims to come up with in-depth understanding of
incomplete abortion, for us to be able to come up with the best nursing care plan in
the care and for all the aspects that contribute to and affect the condition of patients
with the said abortion.
Specific objectives:
To organize patients data to establish good background information.
To be able to know the pathophysiological basis of the incomplete abortion.
To make and decide on different nursing care plans.
To determine the signs and symptoms on the current health history and other
manifestations of the patient.
BASELINE
A. Personal Data
__________________________________
NAME:
Mrs. Troba
AGE:
34 years old
SEX:
Female
CIVIL STATUS:
Married
NATIONALITY:
Filipino
ADDRESS:
DATE OF BIRTH:
OCCUPATION:
Government Employee
RELIGION:
Roman Catholic
___________________________________________________________
DATE OF ADMISSION:
TIME OF ADMISSION:
12:00 nn
DIET:
Diet as Tolerated
HISTORY OF ILLNESS
Past Illness History
The patient, Mrs. Troba, a 34 year old woman is a government
employee who works by processing papers for 5 days in a week. At 7am,
she travels from Midsayap to Amas and at 4:30pm she returns to
Midsayap.
On her first pregnancy, she had an abortion on her third month and
was subjected to Dilatation & Curettage at MDC Hospital by Dr. Loria, it
was said that it was due to her stressing work that it happened. The patient
also said that during that time, her uterus had descended and the doctor
needed to return it back to place.
After 3 months, she had been pregnant again. The fetus is prone to
miscarriage due to weak placental attachment to the uterus, the reason why
she had to take Duvadilan. And on July 3, 2008, she gave birth to a baby
girl and was delivered through bikini type Cesarean Section at Midsayap
Community Doctors Hospital by Dr. Loria.
Family History
Patients mother has hypertension and father has asthma.
PHYSICAL
I. GENERAL PHYSICAL SURVEY
A. Appearance and Behavior
1. Age, Sex, and Race
2. Body Build
5. Dress
7. Signs of distress
-No distress
9. Attitude
11. Speech
B. Vital Signs
Temperature: 37 C
Pulse Rate:
II. SKIN
Uniformed skin color, slightly dark brown with slightly dark extensors; no edema; has 2mm
macule beside her lips; has moist skin & warm to touch; skin returns to normal after 1 second when
doing turgor.
III. HEAD
Skull is oval, smooth skull contour, uniform consistency, no tenderness palpated, absence of
nodule or mass with symmetrical facial features and movements. Hair is equally distributed.
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IV. EYES
Eyebrows are evenly distributed, symmetrically aligned, equal movement, eyelashes are
equally distributed, curved, slightly outward. Eyelids skin is intact, closes symmetrically,
bilateral blinking, bulbar conjunctiva is clear with tiny vessel, and palpebral conjunctiva is pink
with no discharge.
V. EARS
Ears are symmetrical and color same as face, firm and not tender, size is normal-6cm; ears
align with the cornea of each eye. Pinna coils after it folded, hearing ability is normal. Presence
of mass, lesions, lacerations, bruises, swelling was not seen upon inspection.
VI. MOUTH
Lips are pink, smooth and moist, no lumps; Pink gums, no swelling noted; Has dentures on
the upper teeth; Tongue in central location, pink in color, no lesions, moves freely, no tenderness,
no palpable nodules, uvula is position on midline of soft palate. Tonsils are not inflamed.
VII. NOSE
Nose is symmetrical and straight, without nasal discharge, uniform in color, not tender, no
lesions, nasal septum is intact and located in the midline. External surface of the patients nose is
smooth and oily.
VIII. NECK
Patient can move his neck freely without any difficulty. Neck can properly support the head.
No lesions, masses, deformities noted upon inspection.
IX. CHEST/LUNGS
Has a respiratory rate of 21 bpm. There were no presence of scars, lesions and masses noted.
Breath sounds were clear on both lungs.
X. ABDOMEN
Presence of stretch marks on both right and left lower quadrant,
XI. GENITO-URINARY
Patient verbalized no pain or difficulty upon defecation and urination.
FOCUS ASSESSMENT
As of Feb. 1, 2011
SUBJECTIVE:
I.Interview
A. Maam kumusta nap o kayo?
- Okay naman ako ngayon.
B. Ilang araw nap o kaong dinugo bago po kayo pumunta sa ospital?
- Umabot yun ng 3 days.
C. Maam nung buntis po kayo? Ano po ang ginagawa nyo po?
- Trabaho lang, liason ako ung nagproprocess ng papers.Baba-akyat ako
sa building tapos punta naman sa ibang lugar. Araw-araw akong
bumabyahe from Midsayap to Amas
D. May mga rest day po ba kayo?
- Sunday lang nasa bahay ako.Kasi ang trabaho ko Monday-Saturday
7am-4:30pm for 5 days in a week.
E. Ganun po ba. May iniinom po ba kayong gamot sa mga araw ng
pagbubuntis nyo?
- Oo, mga MX3, Vitagen atsaka Gluta capsule once a day lang. Hindi
ko kasi alam na bawal yun sa buntis.
F. Pain Scale (0-10)
- The day after the procedure: 9/10
- As of the moment: 0
OBJECTIVE.:
ABDOMEN
I. INSPECTION:
a. Upon inspecting the clients skin, striae noted on both lower quadrants of the
abdomen, incision noted about 120cm.No presence of palpable lesions noted, umbilicus is
sunken and centrally located, and has normal contour and symmetrical abdomen. Has lighter skin
than expose skin.
b. Has an abdominalcircumference of 31 inches.
s
II. AUSCULATION
a. Upon auscultating the abdomen of the patient high-pitched bowel sounds with irregular
gurgles present in all 4 quadrants.
III. PERCUSSION
a. Generalized tympany over bowels and tympanic on inhalation noted
IV. PALPATION
a. Has abdominal girth of 31 inches (79cm)
ANATOMY &
PHYSIOLOGY
Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Literally
translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the
scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia
majora are covered with hair.
Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches
wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins
the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the
bladder to the outside of the body).
Bartholins glands: These glands are located next to the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus)
secretion.
Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the
penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the
foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can
become erect.
Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It
o
o
o
o
o
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Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The
ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
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Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as
tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an
egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus,
where it implants to the uterine wall.
Two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are
released from the brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries.
The hormones stimulate the growth of about 15-20 eggs in the ovaries each in its own
"shell," called a follicle.
These hormones (FSH and LH) also trigger an increase in the production of the female
hormone estrogen.
As estrogen levels rise, like a switch, it turns off the production of follicle-stimulating
hormone. This careful balance of hormones allows the body to limit the number of follicles
that complete maturation, or growth.
As the follicular phase progresses, one follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and
continues to mature. This dominant follicle suppresses all of the other follicles in the group.
As a result, they stop growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to produce estrogen.
Ovulatory phase
The ovulatory phase, or ovulation, starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started. The
ovulatory phase is the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, with the next menstrual period starting about
2 weeks later. During this phase, the following events occur:
A. The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle triggers a surge in the amount of luteinizing
hormone that is produced by the brain.
B. This causes the dominant follicle to release its egg from the ovary.
C. As the egg is released (a process called ovulation) it is captured by finger-like projections on
the end of the fallopian tubes (fimbriae). The fimbriae sweep the egg into the tube.
D. Also during this phase, there is an increase in the amount and thickness of mucus produced
by the cervix (lower part of the uterus.) If a woman were to have intercourse during this
time, the thick mucus captures the man's sperm, nourishes it, and helps it to move towards
the egg for fertilization.
Luteal phase
The luteal phase begins right after ovulation and involves the following processes:
Once it releases its egg, the empty follicle develops into a new structure called the corpus
luteum.
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The corpus luteum secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone prepares
the uterus for a fertilized egg to implant.
If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg (a process called
conception), the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in
the uterus. The woman is now considered pregnant.
If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy,
the lining of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins.
Embryonic development
Chromosome characteristics determine the genetic sex of a child at conception. This is specifically
based on the 23rd pair of chromosomes that is inherited. Since the mother's egg contains an X
chromosome and the father's sperm contains either an X or Y chromosome, it is the male who
determines the baby's sex. If the baby inherits the X chromosome from the father, the baby will be a
female. In such case, testosterone is not made, but the Wolffian duct will degrade and the Mllerian
duct will develop into female sex organs. In this case, the female clitoris is the remnants of the
Wolffian duct. On the other hand, if the baby inherits the Y chromosome from the father, the baby
will be a male. In such case, testosterone will be in charge of stimulating the Wolffian duct in order
to develop male sex organs, and the Mllerian duct will degrade.
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Precipitating Factors
Predisposing Factors
Abdominal contraction
Abdominal pain
Cervical dilation
Vaginal bleeding
for 3 days
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NARRATIVE
The modifiable factors of this case study includes the work of Mrs.
RM straight for 5 days and her work related stressor while the nonmodifiable factors includes the age, gender and the previous abortion of
Mrs. RM. Too much stress and overworked have caused Mrs RM to
experience abdominal contraction leading to abdominal pain. With an
incomplete abortion, some tissue remains behind inside the uterus. These
typically present with continuing bleeding, sometimes very heavy, and
sporadic passing of small pieces of pregnancy tissue.
Left alone, many of these cases of incomplete abortion will
eventually resolve spontaneously, but so long as there are non-viable
pieces of tissue inside the uterus, the risks of bleeding and infection
continue. Treatment consists of converting an incomplete abortion into a
complete abortion. Usually, this is done with a D&C (dilatation and
curettage). This minor operation can be performed under local anesthesia
and takes just a few minutes.
Alternatively, bed rest and oxytocin (10 units) of any crystalloid IV
fluid helps the uterus contract and expel the remainder of the pregnancy
tissue, converting the incomplete abortion to a complete abortion.
13
DOCTORS ORDER
(COURSE IN THE
12 nn
Admit under PHIC
NPO (Preparation for D and C)
VS q 30 minutes (To monitor closely any changes or
unusualities in vital sign)
Attach CBC, BT (CBC- To use as a basic information
identify patients problem) (BT- because patient is prone to
bleeding
U/A (To detect substance or cellular material in the urine)
IVF: D5LR + 10 u oxytocin @ 20 gtts/min
Cefuroxime 1.5g IVTT start now
2:15 pm
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PROGNOSI
CRITERIA
GOOD
(3)
FAIR
(2)
Sleep Pattern
Nutritional Status
Attitude towards
treatment
regimen
Family support
Financial support
Duration of
Illness
POOR (1)
JUSTIFICATION
According to Mrs. Troba shes able
to sleep,only that sometimes her
husband is sleeping on the bed.
Mrs. Troba eats vegetable always.
Mrs. Troba participates with her
treatment such as taking her
medications, laboratory exams and
assessment.
Mrs. Trobas husband always stays
with her and some relatives visits
her .
Patient has moderately enough
financial capacity to provide
financial support.
Mrs. Troba doesnt manifest any
signs of complications and shows
good coping response, thus,
indicates a good recovery.
Mrs. Troba was discouraged on her
abortion but still participative,
cooperative and ready to move on.
Good = 2.4-3.0
GENERALPROGNOSIS:
Based on the criteria, our patient has a fair general prognosis with the result of 2.0.
She has two prognosis on good, four on fair, and none on poor.
Despite of termination of Mrs. Trobas conceptus, she shows hope and readiness to
move on.
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Hygiene
Advise to do proper perineal care regularly.
R: Appropriate self-care of the perineum reduce risk for bacterial invasion
and promotes comfort and cleanliness. Increases sense of wellness.
Outpatient Visit
Instruct client to visit physician on the dates given for following check-up.
R: Follow-up checkup is important for the physician to still monitor the
progress of the therapeutic intervention availed by the client.
Diet
Sexual Activity
Advise that sexual intercourse will be resume after two to four weeks.
R: This prevents any complication to occur such as blood clotting, inflammation and
scarring.
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RECOMMENDATIO
To the Client and his Family:
Clients compliance and his familys participation are greatly needed for the continuum of
care for the faster healing and recovery of the client. The client must submit himself in taking the
medications prescribed by the doctor. Adequate support from the family will boost the morale of the
client and help him accept his condition so that he can willingly follow the interventions given. We
also recommend that the patient, knowing that shes pregnant, must abstain from doing anything
that may harm her child.
To the Student Nurses:
We have also evaluated ourselves upon doing this case study and we have decided to follow
the recommendation of our clinical instructor. To provide tender loving care to the patient is our
main goal and continuous monitoring and application of nursing interventions is compulsory for
patients recovery. Careful collection of data should be observed to obtain more accurate
information.
To the Notre Dame University- College of Health Sciences
Our group is proud to belong to such a peace loving school. We recommend that the Notre
Dame Universitys College of Health Sciences continue to maintain or improve their high quality of
teaching not only on the nursing profession but also on developing the moral aspects of the student
nurses through inculcating moral values and giving high emphasis on the FIRES. Other than that,
continuous evaluation of our performances and hearing our voices also helps us to realize our
mistakes and to face our difficulties, in that way we can maximize our learning.
To the Readers:
The group recommends that you, the reader, must also visit other sources of information and
not solely base everything on this case presentation alone. Use of variety of sources makes a more
complete understanding of a subject matter.
Incomplete abortion is just one of the maternal problems that may occur to a woman not
taking care of her self as well as her baby or is just unaware of her health. Thats why we
recommend every pregnant woman to have your pre-natal check-up and immediately consult your
doctor and seek advice when starting to feel abnormalities in your body. They must also choose a
good and healthy lifestyle for them to preserve their life and their baby.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS:
Brunner and Suddarths Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing
(Eleventh Edition) Volume 2
2007 Lippincotts Nursing Drug Guide by Amy Karch
Nurses Pocket Guide edition 10 and 11
Nursing Care Plan third edition by Gulanick, Klopp, Galanes, Gradishar,
Puzas
Handbook of Diseases Third edition
Tabers Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary.
WEB LINKS:
http://www.the-human-body.net/female-reproductive-system.html
http://www.cchs.net/health/health-info/docs/2400/2418.asp?
index=9118
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/19118015
http://www.2womenshealth.com/incomplete-abortion.htm
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ULTRASOUND REPORT
Date: January 29, 2011
33
NURSES NOTES
Patient: Mrs. Tobra
DATE/TIM
E
1/31/11
12:00 nn
FOCUS
o Potential for Fluid
Volume Deficit
o Infection
1:00 pm
1:55 pm
2:02 pm
2:10 pm
2:15 pm
3:45 pm
o Alteration in
comfort
7:00 pm
o Altered comfort
34