En 50383-2010

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 50383
NORME EUROPENNE
June 2010
EUROPISCHE NORM
ICS 17.220.20; 33.070.01
Supersedes EN 50383:2002
English version
Norme de base pour le calcul et la mesure

des champs lectromagntiques et SAR
associs l'exposition des personnes
provenant des stations de base radio
et des stations terminales fixes pour
les systmes de radiotlcommunications
(110 MHz - 40 GHz)
Grundnorm fr die Berechnung und

Messung der elektromagnetischen
Feldstrke und SAR in Bezug auf die
Sicherheit von Personen
in elektromagnetischen Feldern
von Mobilfunk-Basisstationen
und stationren Teilnehmergerten
von schnurlosen
Telekommunikationsanlagen
(110 MHz bis 40 GHz)
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Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic

field strength and SAR related to human exposure from radio base
stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless telecommunication
systems (110 MHz - 40 GHz)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2010-06-01. CENELEC members are bound to comply
with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard
the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on
application to the Central Secretariat or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified
to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comit Europen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europisches Komitee fr Elektrotechnische Normung
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B - 1000 Brussels
2010 CENELEC -
All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.
Ref. No. EN 50383:2010 E
EN 50383:2010
-2-
Foreword
This European Standard was prepared by the Technical Committee CENELEC TC 106X,
Electromagnetic fields in the human environment. It was submitted to the Unique Acceptance Procedure
as a draft amendment and approved by CENELEC as a new edition on 2010-06-01.
This European Standard supersedes EN 50383:2002.
The main changes compared to EN 50383:2002 are as follows (minor changes are not listed):
the frequency range has been extended to cover 300 MHz to 6 GHz now, was 300 MHz to 3 GHz
before
the references to EN 50361 have been updated with referring to EN 62209-2:2010 now and
paragraphs have been removed, that are covered by EN 62210-2
the former Annex A "Boundaries between field regions" has been replaced by an Annex
"Considerations for using far-field method"
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN and CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
The following dates were fixed:
latest date by which the EN has to be implemented
at national level by publication of an identical
national standard or by endorsement
(dop)
2011-06-01
latest date by which the national standards conflicting

with the EN have to be withdrawn
(dow)
2013-06-01
__________
-3-
Scope
This basic standard applies to radio base stations and fixed terminal stations for wireless
telecommunication systems as defined in Clause 4, operating in the frequency range 110 MHz to
40 GHz.
The objective of the standard is to specify, for such equipment, the method for assessment of compliance
distances according to the basic restrictions (directly or indirectly via compliance with reference levels)
related to human exposure to radio frequency electromagnetic fields.
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 62209-2:2010, Human exposure to radio frequency fields from hand-held and body-mounted wireless
communication devices Human models, instrumentation, and procedures Part 2: Procedure to
determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for mobile wireless communication devices used in close
proximity to the human body (frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz
ISO/IEC 17025:1999, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in
measurement (GUM:1995)
Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public
to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) (Official Journal L 197 of 30 July 1999)
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (1998), Guidelines for limiting exposure in
time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Physics 74, 494-522.
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EN 50383:2010
EN 50383:2010
-4-
Physical quantities, units and constants
3.1.1
Quantities
The internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the standard.

Quantity
Symbol
Unit
Dimensions
Current density
ampere per square metre
A/m
Electric field strength
volt per metre
V/m
Electric flux density
coulomb per square metre
C/m
Electric conductivity
siemens per metre
S/m
Frequency
hertz
Hz
Magnetic field strength
ampere per metre

2
A/m
Magnetic flux density
tesla (Vs/m )
Mass density
kilo per cubic metre
kg/m
Permeability
henry per metre
H/m
Permittivity
farad per metre
F/m
Specific absorption rate
SAR
watt per kilogram
W/kg
Wavelength
metre
Temperature
kelvin
K
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3.1.2
Constants
Physical constant
Magnitude
8
Speed of light in a vacuum
2,997 x 10 m/s
Permittivity of free space
8,854 x 10
Permeability of free space
4 x 10 H/m
Impedance of free space
120 (approx. 377)
-12
F/m
-7
Terms and definitions
4.1
antenna
device that serves as a transducer between a guided wave (e.g. coaxial cable) and a free space wave, or
vice versa
-5-
EN 50383:2010
4.2
average (temporal) absorbed power
Pavg
the time-averaged rate of energy transfer defined by:
_
Pavg
1 2
=
P(t)dt
t 2 t1 t
1
(1)
where t1 and t2 are the start and stop time of the exposure. The period t2 t1 is the exposure duration time
4.3
averaging time
tavg
the appropriate time over which exposure is averaged for purposes of determining compliance with the
limits
4.4
base station
BS
in this standard, the term Base Station (BS) covers radio base stations as well as fixed terminal stations
intended for use in wireless telecommunications networks
4.5
basic restriction
restrictions on exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields that are based
directly on established health effects. In the frequency range from 110 MHz to 10 GHz, the physical
quantity used is the specific absorption rate. Between 10 GHz and 40 GHz, the physical quantity is the
power density
4.6
compliance boundary
volume outside which any point of investigation is deemed to be compliant. Outside the compliance
boundary, the exposure levels do not exceed the basic restrictions irrespective of the time of exposure
4.7
conductivity
ratio of the conduction-current density in a medium to the electric field strength. Conductivity is expressed
in units of siemens per metre (S/m)
4.8
continuous exposure
exposure for a duration exceeding the averaging time
4.9
duty factor (duty cycle)
ratio of the pulse duration to the pulse period of a periodic pulse train. A duty factor of unity corresponds
to continuous-wave operation
4.10
electric field strength
E
the magnitude of a field vector at a point that represents the force (F) on a positive small charge (q)
divided by the charge:
E=
F
q
Electric field strength is expressed in units of volt per metre (V/m)
(2)
EN 50383:2010
-6-
4.11
electric flux density
D
the magnitude of a field vector that is equal to the electric field strength (E) multiplied by the permittivity
( ):
D = E
(3)
2
Electric flux density is expressed in units of coulomb per square metre (C/m )
4.12
equipment under test
EUT
device (such as transmitter, base station or antenna as appropriate) that is the subject of the specific test
investigation being described
4.13
fixed terminal station
a fixed terminal station, usually associated with the user, comprises the hardware, including transceivers,
necessary to transmit and receive radio signals. Fixed terminal stations with integrated antennas, fixed
terminal stations with connectors for external antennas and fixed terminal stations intended for use with
external antennas not supplied by the same manufacturer are covered.
In this standard, the fixed terminal stations are covered by the term base station
4.14
intrinsic impedance (of free space
0 )
the ratio of the electric field strength to the magnetic field strength of a propagating electromagnetic wave.
The intrinsic impedance of a plane wave in free space is 120 (approximately 377) ohm
4.15
isotropy
deviation of the measured value with regard to various angles of incidence of the measured signal. In this
document, it is defined for incidences covering a hemisphere centred at the tip of the probe, with an
equatorial plane normal to the probe and expanding outside the probe.
The axial isotropy is defined by the maximum deviation of the measured quantity when rotating the probe
along its main axis with the probe exposed to a reference wave with normal incidence with regard to the
axis of the probe. The hemispherical isotropy is defined by the maximum deviation of the measured
quantity when rotating the probe along its main axis with the probe exposed to a reference wave with
varying angles of incidences with regard to the axis of the probe in the half space in front of the probe
4.16
linearity
maximum deviation over the measurement range of the measured quantity from the closest linear
reference curve defined over a given interval
4.17
loss tangent
the loss tangent tan() is the ratio of the imaginary part of the complex dielectric constant of a material to
its real part
4.18
magnetic flux density
B
the magnitude of a field vector that is equal to the magnetic field strength H multiplied by the permeability
( ) of the medium:
B= H
(4)
Magnetic flux density is expressed in units of tesla (T)
-7-
4.19
magnetic field strength
H
the magnitude of a field vector in a point that results in a force ( F ) on a charge
velocity v :
F = q (v H )
EN 50383:2010
q moving with the

(5)
The magnetic field strength is expressed in units of ampere per metre (A/m)
4.20
multi-band
a multi-band equipment is operating in more than one frequency band, e.g. GSM 900 and GSM 1800
4.21
multi-mode
a multi-mode equipment is operating with various radio communication systems, e.g. GSM and DECT
4.22
permeability
the magnetic permeability of a material is defined by the magnetic flux density B divided by the magnetic
field strength H:
=
where
B
H
(6)
is the permeability of the medium expressed in Henry per metre (H/m)
4.23
permittivity
the property of a dielectric material (e.g. biological tissue) defined by the electrical flux density D divided
by the electrical field strength E:
D
E
(7)
The permittivity is expressed in units of farad per metre (F/m)

4.24
phantom
in this context, a phantom is a simplified representation or a model similar in appearance to the human
anatomy and composed of materials with electrical properties similar to the corresponding tissues
4.25
point of investigation
POI
the location in space at which the value of E-field, H-field, Power flux density or SAR is evaluated. This
location is defined in Cartesian, cylindrical or spherical co-ordinates relative to the reference point on the
EUT
4.26
power flux density
S
power per unit area normal to the direction of electromagnetic wave propagation
4.27
radio base station
a radio base station, usually associated with the network, comprises the hardware, including transceivers,
necessary to transmit and receive radio signals. Radio base stations with integrated antennas, radio base
stations with connectors for external antennas and radio base stations intended for use with external
antennas not supplied by the same manufacturer are covered.
EN 50383:2010
-8-
In this standard, the radio base stations are covered by the term base station
4.28
radio frequency
RF
for purposes of these safety considerations, the frequency range of interest is 110 MHz to 40 GHz
4.29
relative permittivity
r
the ratio of the permittivity of a dielectric material to the permittivity of free space i.e.
r =
(8)
4.30
root-mean-square
rms
value obtained by taking the square root of the average of the square of the value of the periodic function
taken throughout one period
4.31
root-sum-square
rss
the rss value or the Hermitian magnitude of a vector v is obtained by the square root of the sum of the
squared rms values of all three orthogonal components of vector v. The rss value is proportional to the
joule heating and can be quite different from the rms amplitude of vector v
4.32
scanning system
the scanning system is the positioning system capable of placing the measurement probe at the specified
positions
4.33
specific absorption rate
SAR
the time derivative of the incremental energy (dW) absorbed by (dissipated in) an incremental mass (dm)
contained in a volume element (dV) of given mass density ( )
d dW d dW
=
dt dm dt dV
SAR is expressed in units of watt per kilogram (W/kg)
(9)
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SAR =
-9-
EN 50383:2010
NOTE SAR can be calculated by:
Ei 2
SAR =
SAR = ci
dT
dt (time = 0)
(10)
(11) 1)
where
Ei
rms value of the electric field strength in the tissue in V/m

conductivity of body tissue in S/m
density of body tissue in kg/m3
ci
dT
dt
heat capacity of body tissue in J/kg K
time derivative of temperature in body tissue in K/s
4.34
transmitter
device to generate radio frequency power for the purpose of communication but on its own is not intended
to radiate it
Applicability of compliance assessment methods
5.1.1
Introduction
Guidelines and recommended limits on human exposure to radio waves give basic restrictions in terms of
SAR or power flux density and also reference levels in terms of field strengths in the absence of the body.
The compliance boundary defines the volume outside which the exposure levels do not exceed the basic
restrictions irrespective of the time of exposure for the specific operating conditions of the EUT. The
compliance boundary is determined via a procedure where sufficient points of investigation are assessed.
It is technically possible to determine the compliance boundary through measurements or calculations of
SAR or electromagnetic fields relating to basic restrictions or reference levels, since compliance to the
reference levels guarantees compliance to the basic restrictions. However, the choice of the most
appropriate assessment method depends on a variety of other considerations.
Where the assessment is made through SAR, it should be noted that both localised and whole-body basic
restrictions must be considered. Spatial averaging may be used with field strength assessments in order
to assess whole-body SAR, however this approach may not be conservative over localised SAR, which
shall be assessed separately.
5.2
5.2.1
Assessment procedure
Reference and alternative methodologies
This standard describes measurement and calculation methodologies that may be used to establish the
compliance boundary. The current best evaluation techniques are assigned as the "reference"
methodologies to be applied in the case of dispute.
1) This equation does not address thermal regulation in a live person.
EN 50383:2010
- 10 -
However, simpler-to-apply alternative methodologies may provide more restrictive results than the
reference methods and are therefore also acceptable. Compliance at a point of investigation may
therefore be established via any of the described methods.
Table 1 establishes the reference and alternative methodologies as described in this specification.
Table 1 Reference and alternative methodologies
Applicable methodologies for each antenna region (see 8.2)
Reactive near-field
Radiating near-field
Far-field
Reference
SAR evaluation
c,d
Clause 7
SAR evaluation
c,d
Clause 7
E-field or H-field
calculation
f
Clause 8
First alternative
E-field and H-field

measurement
e
Clause 6
E-field or H-field
measurement
e
Clause 6
E-field or H-field
measurement
Clause 6
Second alternative
E-field and H-field

calculation
f
Clause D.1
E-field or H-field
calculation
e
Clause 8
None
The reference methodology may be more complex to implement than the alternatives.
The alternative methodologies give valid conservative compliance assessments.
Methodology is not currently specified for whole body SAR evaluation above restricted power limits (see 7.1.2).
a,b
Localised SAR evaluation currently limited to
110 MHz frequency < 6 000 MHz,
for investigation distances 400 mm.
Spatial averaging (Clause 9) provides a more accurate whole body evaluation of EM compliance than peak values, provided
localised SAR compliance is assessed.
See general investigation methods for E & H calculations in Clause D.1.
5.2.2
Alternative routes to determine compliance distances
Any of the alternative routes described in Figure 1 shall be used in accordance with Table 1 to establish if
a point of investigation is compliant or not. Any completed route can be demonstrated to assure
compliance to the "basic restriction" either directly or indirectly via compliance with the "reference level".
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EN 50383:2010
Start
EM
Evaluate by
SAR or EM
Reference
Level?
Assessment
within reactive
near-field of
antenna?
SAR
N
Perform E, H, S measurement (6)
and/or calculation (8)
Y
% Compliance
limit
Peak E, H, S
value =
Reference
Level?
SAR
Select Whole
Body SAR or
spatial
average?
Perform Whole Body SAR

Evaluation (7.1)
Spatial
Ave.
Determine spatial average (9)
Spatial Ave.
E2, H2, S value
= Ref. Level?
Whole Body
SAR = basic
restriction?
Y
Y
Perform localised SAR

Evaluation (7.2)
Y
% Compliance
limit
Compliant at
point of
investigation
Localised
SAR = basic
restriction?
Non-Compliant
at point of
investigation
Figure 1 - Alternative routes to establish compliance at a point of investigation
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EN 50383:2010
5.2.3
- 12 -
Multiple Frequency bands
Where the EUT can be simultaneously operated on multiple frequency bands, the fractions of the
exposure limit shall be established on each band. The sum of all these fractions must be less than one for
overall compliance at the point of investigation to be established as described in normative references
(Clause 2). When this principle is applied to multi-band data, it will provide a clear algorithm specific for
the case under investigation that may provide a number of compliant solutions with different power
applied to each band for any given compliance boundary.
5.2.4
General requirements
The antenna is referenced by the centre of the rear reflector, in case of panel antennas, and by the centre
of the antenna in case of omni-directional antennas. For other configurations, appropriate references
must be defined.
Compliance boundary shall be established at least for the centre, the low-end and high-end frequencies
of each frequency band.
5.2.5
Compliance boundary
The compliance boundary may have a simple (e.g. parallelepiped, sphere or cylinder) or a more complex
shape. In any case, the points of investigation outside the compliance boundary shall be in compliance
with the limits. Moreover, the shape of the compliance boundary shall be accurately described in the
assessment report (Clause 10).
Electromagnetic field measurement
6.1
Introduction
This section describes the measurement procedures that may be used to assess, at points of
investigation, the electromagnetic field components (E and H and therefore the power density) radiated by
antennas.
The field measurements can be obtained either by surface or volume scanning.
The methods used are to measure directly or indirectly the E-field or H-field strength, deduce the field
distribution for a given input power and frequency.
6.2
6.2.1
Surface scanning method

Introduction
Methods to perform surface scanning could be, but are not limited to, far-field, compact range, and
planar, cylindrical or spherical near-field as long as the methodology is accurately defined and the
uncertainty criteria (Annexes B and E) are fulfilled.
- 13 -
6.2.2
EN 50383:2010
Spherical scanning method
6.2.2.1
General
Measurements of electric field amplitude, phase and polarisation are made at sufficient points on the
surface of a sphere surrounding the EUT to establish the parameters to model a set of isotropic sources
on that surface that will produce at the point of investigation the same field as the EUT. To make this
valid, the scanned spherical surface shall contain all the relevant energy that is radiated from the EUT.
The parameters of this set of isotropic-radiators are then used to calculate the field at the points of
investigation required in order to establish the compliance boundary.
The principle steps are summarised in Figure 2.
Start
Determine scanning radius & spherical sampling angles, set up test equipment
(6.2.2)
Measure phase & amplitude and polarization of EUT signals over a spherical surface of radius
Rmes.
(6.2.3)
Establish characteristics of equivalent isotropic-radiators on surface of radius Rmes and determine

E/H at point of investigation scaled for appropriate EUT power level(s)
(6.2.4)
Review uncertainty
(6.2.5)
Return field value at point of investigation

Chart 5.1
Figure 2 Outline of the surface scanning methodology

6.2.3
Measurement equipment
6.2.3.1.1
General description
The surface scanning consists of an Equipment Under Test (EUT) mounted on an azimuthal positioner
and the probe(s) mounted on a support structure at distance Rmes from the EUT. This method requires the
ability to measure the phase of the signal. Detection shall consist of either one probe moved mechanically
along the structure or one probe array switched electronically in order to perform an angular elevation
scan of the electromagnetic fields.
Alternatively, the EUT can be moved to different elevation angles by means of an additional elevation
positioner.
The near-field antenna measurement system shall be configured according to Figure 3.
EN 50383:2010
- 14 -
EUT
Probe
(0, 0, 0)
Y
R mes
Amp lifier
Posit ion er
cont ro l
Probe p osit ion ing system Vector-receiver
synt hesizer
Dat a acqu isition
and PC co ntrol
Figure 3 Block diagram of the near-field antenna measurement system
A computer controls the measurement equipment located in the anechoic chamber. The computer shall
be placed so as not to influence the measurements.
The test shall be performed using probe antennas providing electric field measurements. The probe
antennas shall be accurately positioned to measure the electric field distributions in a spherical surface
around the EUT.
The measurement shall be carried out with a minimum of reflections from the environment in order to
simulate free space conditions.
6.2.3.1.2
6.2.3.1.2.1
Scanning equipment: positioning and orientation requirements

General criteria
The measurement system shall be able to scan a specified spherical surface of the test environment. In
order to provide sufficient data required combined with the resolution and accuracy needed for postprocessing;
the radius Rmes between the reference point of the EUT (0, 0, 0) and the probe(s) at each of the
measurement points shall be chosen to satisfy the radius criteria (ref. 6.2.2.2.2.2) and shall be
established within /72 m i.e. a phase accuracy of better than 5 degrees [see reference Clause B.3].
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The following equipment is required:

- anechoic chamber;
- electric probe(s) (antenna(s));
- support structure for probe(s);
- supporting structure;
- vector receiver;
- synthesiser and amplifier(s);
- probe positioning system or probe array controller system;
- EUT positioning system.
- 15 -
EN 50383:2010
the measurement system shall be able to provide measurements every in elevation and in
azimuth to satisfy the sampling criterion as defined in 6.2.2.2.2.3 with an angular accuracy better than
0,5 degrees.
The sampling of the whole spherical surface is achieved through the rotation of the EUT or the structure
supporting the probe(s). Several types of positioning systems are proposed in Annex B.
6.2.3.1.2.2
Radius criteria
Rmes the distance between the reference point of the EUT at origin of rotation and the measurement
probe(s) shall be the greater of
Rmin in order to minimise the impact of the non-radiating near fields where Rmin depends upon the
maximum dimension of the EUT and the wavelength Figure 4; and
the distance required to ensure that the probes and measurement equipment is operating within
their calibrated level range for the power specifications of the EUT.
= 0
= 90
= 90
= 0
Rmin
Rmin
= 90
= 0
Reference point
of the EUT
When a > , Rmin = a +
= 90
= 90
= 90
= 0
Reference point
of the EUT
When a , Rmin = 2
Where:
a = the minimum radius of a sphere, centred at reference point, that will encompass the EUT.
Figure 4 Minimum radius constraint
6.2.3.1.2.3
Sampling criterion
The sampling criterion (also commonly called Nyquist criteria) requires a maximum angular spacing of the
measurement points of /2 over the sphere circumscribing the EUT with radius Rmes.
The angles (azimuth) and (elevation) between adjacent measurements depend on the system but
shall comply with the constraints of Figure 5.
EN 50383:2010
- 16 -
2 Rmes
2 Rmes
Figure 5 Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint
6.2.3.1.2.4
Constraints on EUT dimensions for specific measurement system
Given the radius Rmes equal to the constant distance between the center of rotation of the EUT and the
probe(s), and given the number N equidistant sampling points in elevation or azimuth, each of the above
criteria leads to a maximum dimension Dmax for the EUT:
Dmax < 2( Rmes )
Where
Dmax = 2a (see Figure 4)
and
Dmax < 2 (
N
1)
2
Depending on the operating frequency, the maximum size will be limited by the most constraining of both
criteria (i.e. the first criteria at lower frequencies and the second criteria at higher frequencies).
6.2.3.1.3
Measurement probe
The probe or probe array shall be designed and dimensioned such as not to disturb the electromagnetic
fields generated by the EUT.
The probe(s) gain shall be calibrated with a measurement uncertainty less than 0,5 dB.
The probe shall be able to provide orthogonal polarisation with cross-polar isolation better than 30 dB.
Alternatively, a second scan with a probe rotated by 90 degrees could detect the cross-polar values.
Typically open-ended waveguides (OEW) or crossed dipoles are used, as they have a well-defined
radiation characteristic and a low influence on the EUT.
Supporting structure
The antenna shall be mounted on a dielectric holder fixed on the positioning system. The holder shall be
made of low conductivity and low relative permittivity material(s): tan() 0,05 and r 5.
Alternatively, the antenna may be mounted on a metallic pipe mast, if this is the normal operating
situation of the antenna. If the mounting situation differs from a free-space equivalent, this has to be
documented in the measurement results.
The antenna shall be mounted so that the reference point (0, 0, 0) is in the centre of the sphere.
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6.2.3.1.4
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6.2.3.1.5
EN 50383:2010
Vector-receiver
The dynamic range shall be more than 90 dB. To minimise external interference, a phase locked loop
(PLL) system is preferred. The receiver shall be able to measure the magnitude and phase for every
detection point.
6.2.3.2
Anechoic chamber
The level of perturbation due to reflections and/or noise, shall not exceed - 30 dB of the incident field
where measurements are made.
If no PLL-system is used, the shielding level of the anechoic chamber enclosure should be better than
50 dB at the measurement frequencies.
The size and cover materials of the anechoic chamber shall be evaluated in order to minimise the level of
perturbation due to reflections. The methodology to evaluate the chamber reflectivity is given in
Clause B.3.
Ambient temperature shall be in the range of 10 C to 30 C and shall not vary by more than 5 C
during the test.
6.2.4
Measurement protocol
6.2.4.1.1
Calibration of the test facility
Four calibrations of the near field spherical test facility shall be performed:
- polarisation calibration;
- amplitude and phase calibration (uniformity between probe(s));
- gain calibration;
- electrical noise evaluation.
The measurement equipment shall be calibrated as a complete system at the appropriate frequencies
according to the methodology defined in Annex B. Calibration guidelines are given in Clause B.6.
6.2.4.1.2
Test to be performed
The test shall be performed at the fixed power matched to the detection range of the measurement
equipment.
Post-processing will derive the results at the desired input power values.
For multi-mode and multi-band EUTs, all the previous tests shall be performed in each operating
transmitting band (see 5.2).
6.2.4.1.3
General requirements for the Equipment Under Test (EUT)
Surface scanning shall be used to define the EUT electromagnetic field parameters. The EUT shall be fed
with frequencies comparable to normal configurations. A generator may replace the transmitter providing
the input power to the EUT. Power scaling is addressed by the post-processing in 6.2.4.
For a base station with an integrated antenna, special care has to be taken to phase-lock the system.
EN 50383:2010
6.2.4.1.4
- 18 -
Measurement procedure
6.2.4.1.4.1
Basic test configuration
The basic test configuration corresponds to an initial angle = 0 (azimuth).

The angular scan (elevation) shall start at one of the edges of the circular path and be incremented by a
value . The angular scan in elevation shall be performed along the whole circular path.
At each i = i-1 + position of the probe(s), the received or emitted signal shall be recorded.
The basic test configuration will be repeated for each azimuthal increment .
6.2.4.1.4.2
Pre-test procedure
Check if the detection probe(s) can accept the power levels radiated during the measurements. Calibrate
the electric and/or magnetic probe(s) in gain. Alternatively, confirm that the absolute values of the
electromagnetic fields can be derived from the measurement data over the whole sphere.
Check the frequencies for the measurement. A minimum of 3 frequencies are required: Fc, Fmin and Fmax
with:
Fc
centre frequency;
Fmin
lower edge frequency;
Fmax
upper edge frequency.
Check the value of , max, , min, max, Rmes with:
max
min
max
Rmes
Dmax
azimuthal increment;
maximum azimuthal angle value from the reference;
elevation increment;
lower edge angle of the circular elevation path;
upper edge angle of the circular elevation path;
radius of the scan in elevation;
largest dimension of the EUT (= 2a, Figure 4);
wavelength.
Confirm that the total contribution of interferences and reflected signals is less than 30 dB below the
incident signal.
6.2.4.1.4.3
-
Test procedure
Confirm proper operation of the probe(s), measurement system and instrumentation.

Mount the EUT in the measurement configuration.
Configure the EUT for optimum output power, at the desired frequency and for the desired operating
modes.
Position (or configure) the probe(s) at the initial measurement location.
Perform an initial elevation scan at the reference azimuth position and store the data.
The detected electromagnetic fields amplitude and phase in both polarisations shall be output in ISU
(International System Unit, V/m for electric field and A/m for magnetic field). Any conversion shall be
done using the appropriate factors delivered from the calibration.
Measure and acquire the electromagnetic fields distribution.
- 19 -
EN 50383:2010
The EUT or the probe(s) are moved incrementally in azimuth with angle step around a vertical axis
that corresponds also to a symmetry axis for the sphere to be scanned.
Repeat the electromagnetic fields measurement until i = max (with i = i-1 + , with imin = 1).
After measurements, perform again a final elevation scan at the reference azimuth position and
compare the data with the initial elevation scan. Verify that the final values at the maximum levels are
within 5 % of the initial values (influence of the drift due to surrounding equipment and environment).
If the drift is greater than 5 %, repeat the measurements.
6.2.5
Post-processing
6.2.5.1.1
General
The electromagnetic field values shall be obtained by applying a post-processing technique on the set of
measured near field data (see Clauses B.4 and B.5).
6.2.5.1.2
Determining electromagnetic field values outside the scanned surface
The electromagnetic fields from the EUT shall be modelled by a number of isotropic sources radiating
from the scanned surface. At a point of investigation, the vector sum of the fields radiated by these
sources is the same as from the EUT. The input to this model is the tangential electromagnetic field
measured on the surface surrounding the EUT. The electromagnetic field values shall be calculated for
points of investigation outside the scanned surface for the EUT as described in the Clause B.4.
6.2.5.1.3
Determining electromagnetic field values within the scanned surface
The electromagnetic field values shall be calculated for points of investigation inside the volume
surrounded by the scanned surface but outside the minimum sphere surrounding the EUT (see
Clauses B.4 and B.5).
6.2.5.1.4
Scaling measurements to a given input power
The calculated E-field (resp. H-field), Eo (resp. Ho), is obtained for a given input power Po. As the E-field
(resp. H-field) is proportional to the square root of the input power, the E-field (H-field), E (resp. H) for
another input power P is given by:
E=
P
Eo
Po
H=
P
Ho
Po
2
Where a number of frequencies may be operated simultaneously on one or more bands, scaling of the E ,
2
H and S values shall be applied linearly on each band separately according to the number of equal
powered transmit frequencies on each band.
6.2.5.2
Uncertainty estimation
6.2.5.2.1
The assessment of uncertainty in the measurement of the electromagnetic fields values shall be based on
the general rules provided by the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. An evaluation of type A as well as type B of the
standard uncertainty shall be used.
When a Type A analysis is performed, the standard uncertainty (uj) shall be derived from the estimate
from statistical observations. When type B analysis is performed, uj comes from the upper (a+) and lower
(a-) limits of the quantity in question, depending on the distribution law defining a = (a+ - a-)/2, then:
Rectangular law:
ui = a
EN 50383:2010
- 20 -
Triangular law:
Normal law:
ui = a
u =a
U-shaped (asymmetric):
ui = a
6.2.5.2.2
6.2.5.2.2.1
6
k
where k is a coverage factor
Components contributing to uncertainty

Contribution of the measurement equipment
6.2.5.2.2.1.1 Calibration of the measurement equipment

A protocol for evaluation of sensitivity (or calibration) is given in Annex B including an approach to
uncertainty assessment. The uncertainty in the sensitivity shall be evaluated assuming a normal
probability distribution.
6.2.5.2.2.1.2 Probe linearity
The receiver and probe linearity shall be assessed according to the protocol defined in Annex B. A
correction shall be performed to establish linearity. The uncertainty is considered after this correction. The
uncertainty due to linearity shall be evaluated assuming it has a rectangular probability distribution.
6.2.5.2.2.1.3 Measurement device
The uncertainty contribution from the measurement device (e.g. vector receiver) shall be assessed with
reference to its calibration certificates. The uncertainty due to the measurement device shall be evaluated
assuming a normal probability distribution.
6.2.5.2.2.1.4 Electrical Noise
This is the signal detected by the measurement system even if the EUT is not transmitting. The sources
of these signals include RF noise (lighting systems, the scanning system, grounding of the laboratory
power supply, etc.), electrostatic effects (movement of the probe, people walking, etc.) and other effects
(light detecting effects, temperature, etc.).
The noise level shall be determined by three different coarse scans with the RF source switched off or
with an absorbing load connected to the output of the transmitter. None of the evaluated points shall
exceed - 30 dB of the lowest incident field being measured. Within this constraint, the uncertainty due to
noise shall be neglected.
6.2.5.2.2.1.5 Integration time
The integration time shall not introduce additional error if the EUT emits a continuous wave (CW) signal.
This uncertainty depends on the signal characteristics and must be evaluated prior to any
electromagnetic fields measurements. If a non-CW signal is used, then the uncertainty introduced must
be taken into account in the global uncertainty assessment. The uncertainty due to integration time shall
be evaluated assuming it has a normal probability distribution.
6.2.5.2.2.1.6 Contribution of the power chain
The mismatch in the power chain leads to an uncertainty in the evaluation of the emitted power from the
power measured by the power meter. See Annex B for an evaluation of this uncertainty in a typical case.
- 21 -
6.2.5.2.2.2
EN 50383:2010
Contribution of the mechanical constraint
6.2.5.2.2.2.1 Mechanical constraints of the positioning system

The mechanical constraints of the positioning system introduce uncertainty to the electromagnetic fields
measurements through the accuracy and repeatability of positioning. These parameters shall be
assessed with reference to the positioning systems specifications and the uncertainty they introduce shall
be neglected provided that the specifications comply with the criteria defined for the equipment.
6.2.5.2.2.2.2 Matching between probe and EUT reference points
Before each scan the alignment between position of the probe and the EUT shall be verified using three
reference points.
6.2.5.2.2.3
Contribution of physical parameters
6.2.5.2.2.3.1 Drift in input power of the EUT, probe, temperature and humidity
The drift due to electronics of the EUT and the measurement equipment, as well as temperature and
humidity, are controlled by the first and last step of the measurement process defined in the
measurement procedure and the resulting error is less than 5 %. The uncertainty shall be evaluated
assuming a rectangular probability distribution.
6.2.5.2.2.3.2 Perturbation of the environment
The perturbation of the environment results from various contributing factors:
reflection of wave in the laboratory;
influence of the EUT and probe(s) positioners;
influence of cables and equipments;
background level of electromagnetic fields.
6.2.5.2.2.4
Contribution of post-processing
This is the uncertainty due to the post-processing applied to the measured data. The post-processing
covers a series of mathematical operations to transform the electromagnetic fields measured over a
spherical surface into the electromagnetic fields inside or outside of a volume around the antenna.
The post-processing uncertainty depends on five main error contributions:
error due to the finite angular sampling (Nyquist criteria);
error due to the interpolation process if applied (interpolation of measured data to increase the
sampling resolution);
error due to the probe correction (approximation of the probe by a dipole);
error due to the finite number of Spherical Wave Expansion (SWEP) coefficients retained for the retropropagation (truncation of a series of infinite number of terms);
errors depending on the distance of retro-propagation: ideally, the retro-propagation can be performed
until the minimum sphere enclosing the radiating EUT. Practically, this minimum distance depends on
the number of SWEP coefficients that have been retained during the retro-propagation process.
The resulting uncertainty shall be evaluated assuming a rectangular probability distribution.
EN 50383:2010
6.2.5.2.3
6.2.5.2.3.1
- 22 -
Uncertainty assessment
Combined and expanded uncertainties
The contributions of each component of uncertainty shall be registered with their name, probability
distribution, and sensitivity coefficient and uncertainty value. The results shall be recorded in a table of
the following form. The combined uncertainty shall then be evaluated according to the following formula:
uc =
2
i
ui2
i =1
where
ci
is the weighting coefficient (sensitivity coefficient).
The expanded uncertainty shall be evaluated using a confidence interval of 95 %.
Table 2 Uncertainty assessment

UNCERTAINTY SOURCES
Description
(subclause)
Measurement Equipment
Calibration
6.2.2.6.2.1
Linearity
Uncertainty
Value
%
Probability
Distribution
Divisor
ci
Normal
1 or k
Rectangular
Measurement device
Noise
Integration time
Power chain
Mechanical constraints
1 or k
1
1
1
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
1
1
1
1
1
6.2.2.6.2.2
Positioning system
Rectangular
Matching between probe and the EUT
Rectangular
Rectangular
Rectangular
Rectangular
Combined standard uncertainty
uc =
Physical Parameters
Drifts in output power of the EUT,
probe, temperature and humidity
6.2.2.6.2.3
Perturbation by the environment

Post-Processing
Standard
Uncertainty
%
6.2.2.6.2.4
2
i
u i2
i =1
Expanded uncertainty
(confidence interval of 95 %)
6.2.5.2.3.2
Normal
ue = 1,96 uc
Maximum expanded uncertainty
After scaling post-processing, the expanded uncertainty shall not exceed 30 % of the E or H fields for
values between 30 % and 200 % of the referred limits. For E and H values below 30 % of the referred
limits, the absolute uncertainty (derived from the expanded uncertainty) shall not exceed 30 % of the
referred limits.
- 23 -
6.3
6.3.1
EN 50383:2010
Volume scanning method

General
Direct measurements of electric and magnetic fields are made at sufficient points of investigation in a
volume surrounding the EUT to establish the compliance boundary.
Start
Set up measurement equipment & environment

(6.3.2)
Ensure measurement equipment is calibrated in its operational environment

(6.3.3)
Measure E and H field values

(6.3.4)
Post-process results to establish compliance at points of investigation

(6.3.5)
Review uncertainty
(6.3.6)

Chart 5.1
Figure 6 Outline of volume scanning methodology
6.3.2
Measurement equipment and test environment
6.3.3
General description
The volume scanning equipment consists of an isotropic probe and a structure to hold the EUT and the
probe allowing a 3D movement between the two all located in a suitable test site.
The following equipment may be required:
- Anechoic chamber or suitable test site;
- Electric and/or magnetic isotropic probe;
- Supporting structure for isotropic probe;
- Supporting structure for the EUT;
- Synthesiser and amplifier(s);
- Isotropic probe positioning system or Probe array controller system;
- EUT positioning system;
- Receiver or other measurement device.
EN 50383:2010
- 24 -
A computer may be used to control the measurement equipment. The test equipment shall be placed so
as not to influence the measurements. A typical near-field EUT measurement system configuration is
shown in Figure 7.
Z
EUT
Isotropic
Probe
Z
Y
X
(0, 0, 0)
X
Y
R
Amplifier
BTS
or
Positioner
control
Probe positioning system
Measurement device
Synthsiser
Data acquisition
and PC control
Figure 7 Block diagram of the near-field EUT measurement system

6.3.3.1
Scanning equipment
The positioning system holding the EUT and the isotropic probe shall be able to scan a specified volume
of the test environment.
The sampling of the specified volume is achieved through the relative displacements, translation and
rotation, between the structure supporting the probe and the EUT. The measurement then may be carried
out as a set of scans on cylindrical, spherical or planar surfaces.
Accuracy
The accuracy of the probe tip positioning over the measurement area shall be less than 0,5 cm.
Sampling resolution
The sampling resolution is the step at which the measurement system is able to perform measurements.
The sampling resolution shall be /10 or less.
The reference axes are defined by:

X the distance in front of the antenna, or = 90 = 0 in the spherical co-ordinate system;
Y the distance on the side of the antenna, or the angle in the cylindrical co-ordinate system;
Z the height along the antenna axis, or = 0 in the spherical co-ordinate system.
The origin of the co-ordinate system shall be defined, for instance by the centre of the back panel in case
of panel antennas, and the centre of the antenna in case of omni-directional antennas.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Co-ordinate systems
Alternative co-ordinate systems may be used Figure 8.
- 25 -
EN 50383:2010
= 90
= 90
= 0
= 90
= 0
Figure 8 Cylindrical, Cartesian and Spherical co-ordinates defined relative to the EUT
6.3.3.2
Measurement equipment
The measurement equipment shall be composed of the isotropic probe and the measurement device
(e.g. voltmeter).
The isotropic probe shall be designed and dimensioned such as not to disturb the electromagnetic fields
generated by the EUT.
The measurement equipment shall have a measurement range compatible with the RF power levels used
in the test and the resulting fields at the points of observation.
Typically, if an H-field measurement equipment is used:

- the minimum detection limit shall be lower than 0,03 A/m and the maximum detection limit shall be
higher than 0,6 A/m.
The linearity of E-field and H-field measurement equipment shall be within 1 dB within the measurement
range and the isotropy of measurements shall be within 1 dB.
6.3.3.3
Supporting structure for the EUT
The antenna shall be mounted on a dielectric holder fixed on the positioning system. The holder shall be
made of low conductivity and low relative permittivity material(s): tan() 0,05 and r 5.
Alternatively, the antenna may be mounted at a metallic support, if this is the normal operating situation of
the antenna. If the mounting situation differs from a free-space equivalent, this shall be documented in the
measurement results.
6.3.3.4
Input power specifications
The EUT shall be fed with frequencies comparable to normal configurations. A RF source, e.g. a
generator or a synthesiser & amplifier, may replace the transmitter providing the input power to the EUT.
Power scaling is provided by post-processing in 6.3.4.
Enough power shall be available to generate a field level in the detection range of the measurement
equipment at the greatest measurement distance.
The power chain is typically composed of a signal synthesiser with a power amplifier, a coupler
connected to a power meter and a cable to the antenna.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Typically, if an E-field measurement equipment is used:

- the minimum detection limit shall be lower than 3 V/m and the maximum detection limit shall be
higher than 200 V/m.
EN 50383:2010
- 26 -
The test signal source / Base Station System shall be operated according to the manufacturer's
instructions in order to ensure the RF power output stability throughout the test campaign. Typically, this
may require the signal source / Base Station System to be operational at the required output power for
1 h prior to commencement of the test campaign in order to achieve thermal equilibrium.
The power chain shall be carefully evaluated in order to estimate accurately the input power fed into the
antenna.
6.3.3.5
Test site
The test site shall be evaluated in order to minimise the level of perturbation due to reflections or ambient
noise, which shall not exceed - 25 dB of the incident field at any point of observation. The methodology to
evaluate the test site reflectivity is given in Clause B.3.
Ambient temperature shall be in the range of 10 C to 30 C and shall not vary by more than 5 C
during the test.
6.3.4
6.3.4.1
Calibration of the test facility

General
The measurement system shall be calibrated as a whole system at appropriate frequencies. Guidelines
for calibration are proposed in Clause B.2.
6.3.4.2
Isotropy
The probe shall be exposed to a reference wave with varying angles of incidences. The hemispherical
isotropy shall be determined by rotating either the probe or the polarisation of the reference wave. The
angles of incidence shall vary from 90 (axial) to 0 (normal) with a step of less than 30. For each
incidence, the probe shall be rotated with a range of 360 and a step less than 15.
6.3.4.3
Linearity
The evaluation of the linearising functions is performed in free space by a power sweep covering the
requested detection range.
The linearity is defined by the maximum deviation over the measurement range of the measured quantity
from the closest linear reference curve defined over the linearity interval. The power shall be increased by
steps no larger than 1 dB over the linearity interval.
6.3.4.4
Detection limits
The lower detection limit is defined by the noise level plus 0,5 dB.
The upper detection limit is defined by the saturation level minus 0,5 dB.
The lower detection limit is related to the noise level, offset and asymmetry of the measurement system.
Saturation and other non-linearity effects define the upper detection limit. The lower and upper limit can
be assessed with various set-ups. It is defined as the level from which the response deviates from
linearity by more than 0,5 dB. In actual operational conditions of the measurement system, the lower
detection limit may be impaired by the background EM environment.
- 27 -
6.3.5
Measurement Protocol
6.3.6
General
6.3.6.1.1
EN 50383:2010
Simplified performance checking
The measurement system shall be validated performing a scan of a calibrated reference antenna, e.g. a
dipole.
For instance the measurements may be compared, in the far field, to the reference field given by the farfield formula:
E=
30.P.G
R
H=
P.G
69.R
where
P
is the input power of the reference antenna (W);
G
is the gain in the main beam of the reference antenna;
R
is the distance between the probe and the reference antenna (m);
is the impedance of free space.
The tolerable error on the performance checking shall be below 1 dB.

6.3.6.1.2
General requirements for scanning sampling
Different coordinate systems may be used for scanning sampling (see Figure 8).
The angular orientation of the antenna in relation to the measurement point shall be established within
2 % of the nominal - 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna under test, in E and H planes as appropriate.
The measurements shall not be performed in the reactive near-field of the EUT if it cannot be shown that
the field disturbance due to coupling is below 3 %.
For Cartesian and cylindrical scans, at distances X shorter than 3, the sampling step shall be shorter
than /2 in the Z and Y (resp. ) axis, and shorter than after.
For Spherical scans, at distances R shorter than 3, the step in sampling angles , shall be chosen so
that the shortest distance along the surface of the sphere between adjacent points of investigation is less
than /2 and less than after.
6.3.6.2
-
Mount the EUT in the measurement configuration.

Configure the EUT for optimum output power at the desired frequency and for the desired operating
modes.
Perform an initial E-field or H-field measurement at the reference position Pr close to the antenna (but
greater than /2) and store the data for the power drift check.
Perform 3D scanning around the EUT, according to the general requirements defined in 6.3.6.1.2 to
acquire the electromagnetic fields distribution.
As a final step in the test, repeat the E-field or H-field measurement at the reference position Pr. If the
field value deviates more than 5 % from the initial values then the power chain shall be checked, and
the test repeated.
EN 50383:2010
- 28 -
6.3.7
Post-processing
6.3.8
Interpolation of measurements
Evaluation of the E or H field at points of investigation shall be done by direct measurement and/or by
interpolation between measurement points.
6.3.8.1
Scaling measurements to a given input power
The measured E-field (resp. H-field), Eo (resp. Ho), is obtained for a given input power Po. As the E-field
(resp. H-field) is proportional to the square root of the input power, the E-field (H-field), E (resp. H) for
another input power P is given by:
E=
P
Eo
Po
H=
P
Ho
Po
2
Where a number of frequencies may be operated simultaneously on one or more bands, scaling of the E ,
2
H and S values shall be applied linearly on each band separately according to the number of equal
powered transmit frequencies on each band.
6.3.9
Uncertainty estimation
6.3.10 General requirements

The assessment of uncertainty in the measurement of the electromagnetic fields values shall be based on
the general rules provided by the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3. An evaluation of Type A as well as Type B of the
standard uncertainty shall be used.
When a Type A analysis is performed, the standard uncertainty (uj) shall be derived from the estimate
from statistical observations. When Type B analysis is performed, uj comes from the upper (a+) and lower
(a-) limits of the quantity in question, depending on the distribution law defining a = (a+ - a-)/2, then:
-
Rectangular law:
ui = a
Triangular law:
ui = a
Normal law:
ui = a
U-shaped (asymmetric):
ui = a
3
6
where k is a coverage factor
6.3.11 Components contributing to uncertainty

6.3.11.1.1 Contribution of the measurement equipment
6.3.11.1.1.1 Calibration of the measurement equipment
A protocol for evaluation of sensitivity (or calibration) is given in Annex C including an approach to
uncertainty assessment. The uncertainty in the sensitivity shall be evaluated assuming a normal
probability distribution.
6.3.11.1.1.2 Probe isotropy
The hemispherical isotropy of the probe shall be measured according to the protocol defined in
B.2.4. The uncertainty due to isotropy shall be evaluated with a rectangular probability distribution.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- 29 -
EN 50383:2010
6.3.11.1.1.3 Probe linearity

The receiver and probe linearity shall be assessed according to the protocol defined in Annex B. A
correction shall be performed to establish linearity. The uncertainty is considered after this correction. The
uncertainty due to linearity shall be evaluated assuming it has a rectangular probability distribution.
6.3.11.1.1.4 E-field or H-field values out of measurement range
Errors may be introduced if local measurements are outside the measurement range of the measurement
device. If an E-field or H-field level is below the lower detection limit, then the value of the measurement
device detection limit shall be used. If the E-field or H-field level is above the upper measurement device
limit then the measurement shall be considered invalid.
The uncertainty due to detection limits shall be evaluated assuming it has a rectangular probability
distribution.
6.3.11.1.1.5 Measurement device
The uncertainty contribution from the measurement device shall be assessed with reference to its
calibration certificates. The uncertainty due to the measurement device shall be evaluated assuming a
normal probability distribution.
6.3.11.1.1.6 Electrical Noise
This is the signal detected by the measurement system even if the EUT is not transmitting. The sources
of these signals include RF noise (lighting systems, the scanning system, grounding of the laboratory
power supply, etc.), electrostatic effects (movement of the probe, people walking, etc.) and other effects
(light detecting effects, temperature, etc.).
The electrical noise level shall be determined by three different coarse scans with the RF source switched
off or with an absorbing load connected to the output of the transmitter. None of the evaluated points shall
exceed - 25 dB of the lowest incident field being measured. Within this constraint, the uncertainty due to
noise shall be neglected.
6.3.11.1.1.7 Integration time
The integration time shall not introduce additional error if the EUT emits a continuous wave (CW) signal.
This uncertainty depends on the signal characteristics and must be evaluated prior to any
electromagnetic fields measurements. If a non-CW signal is used, then the uncertainty introduced must
be taken into account in the global uncertainty assessment. The uncertainty due to integration time shall
be evaluated assuming it has a normal probability distribution.
6.3.11.1.1.8 Contribution of the power chain
The mismatch in the power chain leads to an uncertainty in the evaluation of the emitted power from the
power measured by the power meter. See Annex B for an evaluation of this uncertainty in a typical case.
6.3.11.1.2 Contribution of the mechanical constraint
6.3.11.1.2.1 Mechanical constraints of the positioning system
The mechanical constraints of the positioning system introduce uncertainty to the electromagnetic fields
measurements through the accuracy and repeatability of positioning. These parameters shall be
assessed with reference to the positioning systems specifications. The uncertainty in distance between
the measurement point and the EUT shall be added directly to the compliance distance and shall play no
other part in uncertainty calculations.
EN 50383:2010
- 30 -
6.3.11.1.2.2 Matching between probe and EUT references

Before each scan, the alignment between position of the probe and the EUT shall be verified using three
reference points.
6.3.11.1.3 Contribution of physical parameters
6.3.11.1.3.1 Drift in input power of the EUT, probe, temperature and humidity
The drift due to electronics of the EUT and the measurement equipment, as well as temperature and
humidity, are controlled by the first and last step of the measurement process defined in the
measurement procedure and the resulting error is less than 5 %. The uncertainty shall be evaluated
assuming a rectangular probability distribution.
6.3.11.1.3.2 Perturbation by the environment
The perturbation of the environment results from various contributing factors:
reflection of wave in the laboratory;
influence of the EUT and isotropic probe positioned;
influence of cables and equipment;
background level of electromagnetic fields.
6.3.11.1.4 Contribution of the post-processing

6.3.11.1.4.1 Interpolation
The error introduced by the extrapolation and interpolation algorithms shall be evaluated assuming a
normal probability distribution.
6.3.12 Uncertainty assessment
6.3.12.1.1 Combined and expanded uncertainties
distribution, and sensitivity coefficient and uncertainty value. The results shall be recorded in a table
(Table 3) of the following form. The combined uncertainty shall then be evaluated according to the
following formula:
uc =
2
i
ui2
i =1
where
ci
is the weighting coefficient (sensitivity coefficient).
- 31 -
EN 50383:2010
UNCERTAINTY SOURCES
Description
(subclause)
Calibration
6.3.11.1.1
Uncertainty
Value for E
and H
%
Probability
Distribution
Divisor
Normal
1 or k
Isotropy
Rectangular
Linearity
Rectangular
Fields out of measurement range
Rectangular
Measurement device
Noise
Integration time
Power chain
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Standard
Uncertainty
%
ci
1 or k
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6.3.11.1.2
Positioning system
Rectangular
Matching between probe and the EUT
Rectangular
Rectangular
Rectangular
Physical Parameters
6.3.11.1.3
uc =
2
i
u i2
i =1
Normal
ue = 1,96 uc
6.3.12.1.2 Maximum expanded uncertainty

After scaling post-processing, the expanded uncertainty shall not exceed 30 % of the E or H fields for
values between 30 % and 200 % of the referred limits. For E and H values below 30 % of the referred
limits, the absolute uncertainty (derived from the expanded uncertainty) shall not exceed 30 % of the
referred limits.
SAR measurement
7.1
7.1.1
Whole body SAR assessment
Introduction
The current version of this standard does not include specifications for whole-body SAR measurements.
Whole-body SAR measurements are not required for transmitters that have maximum output power levels
too low to result in exposure levels that can reach the whole-body SAR compliance limits under any
conditions. This section specifies whole-body SAR exclusion criteria.
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EN 50383:2010
7.1.2
- 32 -
Whole-body SAR implicit compliance
If the maximum rms power radiated by a base station antenna is less than the values specified in Table 4,
the maximum exposure will not exceed the whole-body averaged SAR compliance limits under any
conditions and thus whole-body SAR measurements are not necessary.
Table 4 Determining whole-body SAR exclusion power levels
Exposure category
General public
Occupational
Maximum radiated rms power

Maxpower [W] = General public whole body SAR limit [W/kg] * 12,5 [kg]
Maxpower [W] = Occupational whole body SAR limit [W/kg] * 42 [kg]
The whole-body SAR exclusion power levels have been derived based on the following assumptions:
1. all of the power emitted from the antenna is absorbed in the body (worst-case assumption);
2. the body masses for a 4-year-old child and a 16-year-old worker have been taken as 12,5 kg and
rd
42 kg, respectively. This is the 3 percentile body weight data for girls and women (conservative
approach, see Clause C.4, reference [9]).
7.2
7.2.1
Localised SAR measurement

Introduction
This section describes the procedure for measurements of the maximum localised SAR in a phantom
model that simulates a person exposed to radio frequency fields emitted by an antenna.
The measurement protocol described here shall be used to determine the compliance boundary relating
to the localised SAR limit.
Since the available information about localised SAR measurement methodologies for base station
antennas is limited, the procedure described in the current revision of this standard is valid only for the
following conditions:
1.
the separation between the phantom and the outer surface of the radiating structure shall be 40 cm
or less;
2. if the device is larger than the minimum elliptical phantom defined in EN 62209-2, the device shall be
shifted such that multiple area scans can be made of the whole device. When the phantom is shifted
over the considered surface of the EUT the coupling between the EUT and phantom may change
and will then be different from that seen with a larger phantom covering the whole EUT;
3. the frequency shall be in the range from 110 MHz to 6 000 MHz.
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EN 50383:2010
Start
Set up measurement equipment

(7.2.2)
Perform measurements & post process to establish SAR at points of investigation

(7.2.3)
Assess uncertainty
(7.2.4)

Figure 1
Figure 9 Outline of Localised SAR measurement
7.2.2
Measurement system specifications
7.2.2.1
The test shall be performed using a miniature probe that is automatically positioned to measure the
internal E-field distribution in a phantom model representative of the human body exposed to the EM
fields produced by the antenna. From the measured E-field values, the SAR distribution and the
maximum mass averaged SAR value shall be calculated.
The test shall be performed in a laboratory conforming to the environmental conditions described in
EN 62209-2.
Validation of the system shall be done at least once a year according to the protocol defined in C.4.
7.2.2.2
Phantom specifications (shell and liquid)
7.2.2.3
Specifications of the SAR measurement equipment
The specifications of the SAR measurement equipment calibrated as a complete system are described in
EN 62209-2.
7.2.2.4
7.2.2.4.1
Scanning system specifications

The scanning system holding the probe shall be able to scan the whole exposed volume of the phantom
in order to evaluate the three-dimensional SAR distribution. The mechanical structure of the scanning
system shall not interfere with the SAR measurements.
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The phantom specifications, shell and liquid, shall be compliant with the phantom, shell and liquid,
specifications provided in EN 62209-2.
EN 50383:2010
7.2.2.4.2
- 34 -
Technical requirements
Technical requirements are described in EN 62209-2.

7.2.2.5
EUT holder specifications
If the holder can affect the measurement results, it shall be made of low conductivity and low relative
permittivity material(s): tan() 0,05 and r 5.
7.2.2.6
Other equipment
7.2.2.6.1
Measurement of liquid dielectric properties
The dielectric properties of the tissue equivalent liquid shall be measured at the relevant frequency and
temperature. This measurement can be performed using the equipment and procedure described in
EN 62209-2.
7.2.3
Protocol for SAR assessment
7.2.3.1
Measurement preparation
7.2.3.1.1
General preparation
The dielectric properties of the tissue equivalent materials shall be measured prior to the SAR
measurements and at the same temperature with a tolerance of 2 C. The measured values shall
comply with the values defined at the specific frequencies with a tolerance of 5 % for relative permittivity
and conductivity. The measurement procedures are described in 7.2.2.6.1.
The phantom shell shall be filled with the tissue equivalent liquid. The depth of the tissue equivalent liquid
inside the phantom shall be at least 100 mm. The liquid shall be carefully stirred before the measurement
and it shall be free of air bubbles.
The co-ordinate system of the scanning system shall be aligned to the co-ordinate system of the phantom
with a tolerance of 0,2 mm.
7.2.3.1.2
Simplified performance checking
A simplified performance check and a noise level check shall be made before the measurements if any of
the above parameters are changed.
The purpose of the simplified performance check is to verify that the system operates within its
specifications. The simplified performance check is a simple test of repeatability to make sure that the
system works correctly during the test. The simplified performance check shall be performed in order to
detect possible drift over short time periods and other errors in the system, such as:
changes in the liquid parameters, e.g. due to water evaporation or temperature change;
component failures;
component drift;
operator errors in the set-up or the software parameters;
adverse conditions in the system e.g. RF interference.
The simplified performance check shall be carried out according to Clause C.4. It shall be a measurement
of the 10 g averaged SAR using a simplified set-up with a dipole source. The components and
procedures in the simplified performance check are the same as those used for the tests of the EUT. The
simplified performance check shall be performed prior to compliance tests and the result shall be within
10 % of the target value.
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EN 50383:2010
The target value shall be determined in the system itself e.g. after the system validation check. The
simplified performance check shall be performed at a central frequency of each transmitting band of the
EUT.
7.2.3.1.3
Preparation of the equipment under test (EUT)
If the transmitter is intended for use with external antennas, it shall be configured according to the typical
system description described by the manufacturer in the product manual. The radio transmitter can be
replaced with any transmitter providing the same output power, frequency and signal characteristics as
the real radio transmitter. A CW signal can also be used if the average power is adjusted to produce a
conservative result. The radio transmitter or the test transmitter shall be controlled using an internal test
program or by external equipment.
The EUT shall be set to transmit at the highest output peak power level specified by the manufacturer in
the description of a normal configuration. Alternatively, the measurements are performed at a certain
known output power level, and the results are scaled to appropriate power level.
7.2.3.1.4
Position(s) of the EUT in relation to the phantom
If a EUT with an integrated antenna(s) is tested, it shall be placed with the centre of the antenna
positioned below the centre of the phantom. Similarly, if the EUT is intended for use with external
antennas, the antenna used in the test should be placed with its centre below the centre of the phantom.
In a usual situation, the surface of the antenna shall be parallel to the phantom surface. If the antenna
has a main direction of radiation (i.e. is directional or with a symmetry revolution), it should be positioned
with the main direction orthogonal to the surface of the phantom. In order to find the position of
measurement, place the antenna normal to the phantom and touching the surface, then tilt the antenna
until you reach the direction of main radiation or you touch the phantom with the exterior side of the
antenna, whatever comes first. To obtain the compliance boundary of the device/antenna, measurements
in other positions may be needed.
The EUT shall be positioned at different distances from 0 mm up to 400 mm from the phantom shell. The
distance between each test position shall not be larger than 25 mm.
Sideview
Topview
Figure 10 Positioning of the EUT (in this case an external antenna) below the phantom
For larger EUTs or where the maximum is recorded at the edge of the scanning area, shifting of the
device and re-measurement may be needed so that the maximum is fully captured within the scanning
area. If the EUT is larger than the minimum elliptical phantom defined in Figure 10, the device has to be
shifted such that any face of the EUT including a margin of 20 % of the device dimensions can be
evaluated over consecutive tests.
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If a base station with integrated antenna(s) is tested, it shall use its internal transmitter, the normal power
supply, and the original antenna(s). The output power and frequency (channel) shall be controlled using
an internal test program or by external equipment.
EN 50383:2010
- 36 -
However; when a sidewall of the phantom crosses the considered face of the EUT the different coupling
between the EUT and phantom may change the assessed SAR distribution. To limit such changes in the
measured SAR, the area scans of the EUT of two successive tests should intersect by at least one third
of the largest dimension of the phantom. It should be controlled that the maximum point SAR deviation
between the two intersecting scanned areas are less than the extended uncertainty for repeatability.
Otherwise, the resulting uncertainty shall be assessed and documented according to the procedures and
techniques presented in 7.2.4.3.
7.2.3.2
Tests to be performed
The tests shall be performed with the test position(s) described in 7.2.3.1.4 and at the centre, the low-end
and the high-end frequencies of the transmitting band (see Clause 5). If more than one antenna is to be
used, the tests shall be performed for each antenna.
When considering multi-mode and multi-band EUT, all of the above tests shall be performed in each
transmitting mode/band, at the corresponding specified power level.
The following procedure shall be performed for each of the test conditions described in 7.2.3.2.
1. Measure the local SAR at a test point within 10 mm of the inner surface of the phantom. The test
point shall also be close to the centre reference point.
2. Verify that the measured SAR at the point used in item 1 is stable after 3 min within 5 % in order to
ensure that there is no drift due to the EUT electronics.
3. Measure the SAR distribution within the phantom. The spatial grid step shall be less than 20 mm. If
surface scanning is used, then the distance between the geometrical centre of the probe detectors
and the inner surface of the phantom shall be constant within 0,5 mm and less than 8 mm. If
volume scanning is performed, then the scanning volume shall be as close as possible to the inner
surface of the phantom (less than 8 mm), the grid step shall be 5 mm or less, the grid shall extend to
a depth of 25 mm and then go directly to item 6.
4. From the scanned SAR distribution, identify the position of the maximum SAR value, as well as the
positions of any local maxima with SAR values within 2 dB of the maximum value.
5. Measure SAR with a grid step of 8 mm or less in a volume with a minimum size of 30 mm by 30 mm
and 30 mm in depth. Separate grids shall be centred on each of the local SAR maxima.
6. Use interpolation and extrapolation procedures defined in Clause C.2 to determine the local SAR
values at the spatial resolution needed for mass averaging. Multiply the local SAR value by a
correction factor. This factor is 1 for a device separation distance d (mm) between 0 mm and
200 mm, and is given by the expression d/200 for device distances from 200 mm to 400 mm. See
Clause C.1.
7. Repeat the SAR measurement at the initial test point used in item 1. If the two results differ by more
than 5 % from the final value obtained in item 2, the measurements shall be repeated or the actual
drift shall be included in the uncertainty evaluation.
7.2.3.4
7.2.3.4.1
Post-processing
Interpolation
If the measurement grid is not as fine as would be required to compute the averaged SAR over a given
mass, interpolation shall be carried out between the measurement points. Examples of interpolation
schemes are given in Clause C.2.
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7.2.3.3
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7.2.3.4.2
EN 50383:2010
Extrapolation
The electric field probes used generally contain three orthogonal dipoles in close proximity and these
dipoles are embedded in a protective tube. The measurement point is situated a few millimetres from the
tip of the probe and this offset should be taken account of when identifying the position of the measured
SAR. Examples of extrapolation schemes are given in Clause C.2.
7.2.3.4.3
Definition of averaging volume
The averaging volume shall be in the shape of a cube and the side dimension of a 10 g mass would
3
depend on the density of the liquid representing the tissues. A density of 1 000 kg/m shall be used to
represent the body tissue density and not the phantom liquid density, in order to be consistent with the
definition of the liquid dielectric properties.
Schemes for averaging over a cubic volume are given in Clause C.2.
7.2.3.4.4
Searching for the maxima
The cubic volumes shall be moved on the inner surface of the phantom, in the vicinity of the local
maximum SAR, according to the rules given in Clause C.2.
The cube with the highest local maximum SAR shall not be at the edge of the scanning volume. If this is
found to be the case, the scanning volume shall be shifted and the measurements shall be repeated.
7.2.3.4.5
Determining compliance boundary
If tests have been performed at 25 mm (or smaller) separations from 0 mm up to 400 mm, linear
interpolation shall be used to determine local SAR values at any distance between the phantom liquid and
the EUT. The phantom shell thickness has to be taken into account. Linear scaling shall be used to
calculate the local SAR values for other power levels than the one used for the test. Using these
procedures, the compliance boundary can be determined for different output power levels.
7.2.4
SAR uncertainty assessment
7.2.4.1
The assessment of uncertainty in the measurement of the SAR values produced by the EUT shall be
based on the general rules provided by the ISO/IEC Guide 98-3 and EN 62209-2.
7.2.4.2
7.2.4.2.1
Components contributing to uncertainty

Contribution of the measurement system
Calibration of the measurement equipment

A protocol for the evaluation of sensitivity (or calibration) is given in EN 62209-2.
Probe isotropy
The isotropy of the probe shall be measured according to the protocol defined in of EN 62209-2.
Probe linearity
The probe linearity shall be assessed according to the protocol defined in EN 62209-2.
Detection limits
Detection limits shall be evaluated according to EN 62209-2.
EN 50383:2010
- 38 -
Boundary effect
Definition
Measurements made with probes of finite dimensions in close vicinity to media interfaces result in errors
due to boundary effects (see EN 62209-2).
Evaluation
Assuming a linear model and minimal skin depth, as would represent the worst-case, the maximum error
in the integration arising from this effect can be determined as:
Error [%] = [Uncertainty of the boundary effect at dbe in %]
d be + d step
sd 2
where:
dbe
dstep
sd
is the distance between the surface and the closest measurement point used for the cube
averaging process
is the separation between the first and second closest points, assuming that the boundary
effect at that location is negligible
is the minimum skin depth, i.e. sd = 6 mm at 6 GHz.
If the uncertainty of the boundary effect compensation cannot be determined, then the boundary effect
shall be used in the above formula.
Measurement device
The uncertainty contributed by the measurement device, e.g. voltmeter, shall be assessed with reference
to its calibration certificates. The uncertainty due to the measurement device shall be evaluated assuming
a normal probability distribution.
Response time
Response time shall be evaluated according to the protocol defined in EN 62209-2
Electrical Noise
Definition
This is the signal detected by the measurement system even if the antenna is not transmitting. The
sources of these signals include RF noise, ELF noise (lighting systems, the scanning system, grounding
of the laboratory power supply, etc.), electrostatic effects (movement of the probe, people walking, etc.)
and other effects (light detecting effects, temperature, etc.).
Evaluation
The noise level shall be determined by three different coarse scans with the RF source switched off.
None of the evaluated points shall exceed 0,02 W/kg. This test shall be repeated periodically (preferably
every second month). Within this constraint, the uncertainty due to noise shall be neglected.
Integration time
The integration time may introduce additional error if the EUT is not emitting a continuous wave (CW)
signal. This uncertainty depends on the signal characteristics and must be evaluated prior to any SAR
measurements. If a non-CW signal is used, then the uncertainty introduced must be taken into account in
the global uncertainty assessment. The uncertainty due to integration time shall be evaluated assuming it
has a rectangular probability distribution.
EXAMPLE OF EVALUATION FOR A GSM SIGNAL:
For an integration time of t int , if 2 pulses are missed, this induces the following uncertainty:
4.6 x10 3
u = 2.
t int
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7.2.4.2.2
EN 50383:2010
Contribution of mechanical constraints
Scanning system
The mechanical constraints of the scanning system introduce uncertainty to the SAR measurements
through the accuracy and repeatability of positioning. These parameters shall be assessed with reference
to the scanning systems specifications. The uncertainty contribution dss to the averaged SAR value
(rectangular distribution) is then calculated based on the minimum skin depth sd, i.e. sd = 6 mm at 6 GHz
and first-order approximation:
100
d ss
sd 2
Phantom shell
The shape and the thickness of the phantom shell shall be specified. The uncertainty contribution dph to
the averaged SAR value (rectangular distribution) is then calculated based on the minimum skin depth sd,
i.e. sd = 6 mm at 6 GHz and first-order approximation:
Uncertainty SAR [%] =
100
d ph
sd 2
Matching between probe and phantom references

Before each scan, the alignment between position of the probe and the phantom shall be verified using
the three reference points R1, R2 and R3. The uncertainty is calculated by the maximum mis-alignment at
all three points dmis and the uncertainty contribution to the averaged SAR value (rectangular distribution)
is then calculated based on the minimum skin depth sd, i.e. sd = 6 mm at 6 GHz and first-order
approximation:
100
d mis
sd 2
Positioning of the EUT

Definition
This is the uncertainty in the spatial peak SAR that occurs as a result of uncertainty in the positioning of
the EUT with respect to the phantom. It depends on the positioner and the tools used to measure the
separation between the EUT and the phantom.
Evaluation
Three EUTs that provide significantly different SAR distributions shall be used for this test. The tests shall
be conducted at a specified distance. Three people shall perform 4 evaluations of spatial peak SAR each
whereby the EUT shall be de-mounted and newly positioned before each test.
A statistical analysis shall be provided for each EUT at each position The EUT positioning uncertainty is
the largest standard deviation determined by this evaluation. The uncertainty due to the EUT positioning
shall be evaluated assuming that it has a normal probability distribution.
7.2.4.2.3
Contribution of physical parameters
Liquid density, conductivity and permittivity

The uncertainty due to the liquid density, conductivity and permittivity shall be estimated using protocol
described in EN 62209-2.
Drifts in output power of the EUT, probe, temperature and humidity
The drifts due to the electronics of the radio transmitter and the measurement equipment, as well as
temperature and humidity, are controlled by the first and last step of the measurement process and the
resulting error is less than 5 %. The uncertainty shall be evaluated assuming a rectangular probability
distribution.
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EN 50383:2010
- 40 -
Perturbation of the environment

The perturbation of the environment shall be estimated using EN 62209-2.
7.2.4.2.4
This is the uncertainty caused by the implemented extrapolation, integration and averaging procedure
assuming the local SAR are accurately measured at their correct positions.
Extrapolation and interpolation algorithms
The uncertainty due to the extrapolation and interpolation algorithms shall be evaluated assuming a
rectangular probability distribution. The relative uncertainty is evaluated using the following formula (see
Clause C.3):
U extra / int erpol % = 100.
SARextrap / int erp SARref

SARref
Two sets of 3D reference data shall be used. These data sets represent the SAR, estimated by two
analytical functions (see Clause C.3).
Using these data sets, the unknown data have to be calculated using the known data with the
interpolation and extrapolation process. In this way, the estimated SAR averaged over 10 g in a given
cube shall be compared to the target value given by the reference data.
Maximum SAR evaluation
The uncertainty due to these shall be evaluated assuming a rectangular probability distribution. The
relative uncertainty shall be evaluated using the following formula (see Clause C.3):
= 100.
U max finding %
SARmax estimated SARmax ref

SARmax ref
Two sets of 3D reference data shall be used. These data sets represent the SAR, estimated by two
analytical functions (see Clause C.2).
The reference data sets include target values for their maximum mass averaged SAR and these shall be
compared with the maximum mass averaged SAR yielded by the averaging and maximum finding
schemes under evaluation.
Uncertainty assessment
7.2.4.3.1
Combined and expanded uncertainties
distribution; sensitivity coefficient and uncertainty value. The results shall be recorded in a table of the
following form (Table 5). The combined uncertainty shall then be evaluated according to the following
formula:
uc =
2
i
ui2
i =1
where
ci
is the weighting coefficient.
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7.2.4.3
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EN 50383:2010

UNCERTAINTY SOURCES
Description
(subclause)
Uncertainty
Value
%
Probability
Distribution
Divisor
ci
1 or k
Standard
Uncertainty
%
Calibration
7.2.4.2.1
Normal
Isotropy
7.2.4.2.1
Rectangular
Linearity
7.2.4.2.1
Rectangular
Detection limits
7.2.4.2.1
Rectangular
Boundary effect
7.2.4.2.1
Rectangular
Measurement device
Response time
Noise
Integration time
7.2.4.2.1
7.2.4.2.1
7.2.4.2.1
7.2.4.2.1
Normal
Normal
Normal
Normal
Scanning system
7.2.4.2.2
Rectangular
Phantom shell
7.2.4.2.2
Rectangular
Matching between probe and

phantom
7.2.4.2.2
Rectangular
Positioning of the EUT
7.2.4.2.2
Rectangular
Rectangular
0,5
Rectangular
0,5
Rectangular
0,5
7.2.4.2.3
Rectangular
0,5
7.2.4.2.3
Rectangular
Physical Parameters
Liquid conductivity
(deviation from target)
Liquid conductivity
(measurement error)
Liquid permittivity
(deviation from target)
Liquid permittivity
(measurement error)
Post-Processing
SAR interpolation and
extrapolation
Maximum SAR evaluation
7.2.4.2.3
3%
7.2.4.2.3
7.2.4.2.3
7.2.4.2.3
3%
3%
Normal
1 or k
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 or k
7.2.4.2.4
Rectangular
7.2.4.2.4
Rectangular
uc =
2
i
u i2
i =1
7.2.4.3.2
ue = 1,96 uc
Maximum expanded uncertainty
The expanded uncertainty with a confidence interval of 95 % shall not exceed 30 % for SAR values
averaged over 10 g in the range from 0,4 W/kg to 10 W/kg.
EN 50383:2010
8.1
- 42 -
Electromagnetic field calculation
Scope
This section describes the procedures to calculate, at points of investigation (POI), the electromagnetic
field components and/or power density, radiated by an antenna. Clause D.3 includes considerations on
the uncertainty.
Start
Reactive
near-field
See Chart 5.1
(Clause D.2)
Radiating
near-field
Determine the
applicable field region
(8.2)
Far-field
Far-field
Model
Select
approach
Select
approach
Synthetic
Model
Cylindrical
wave
Establish gains Gn
(8.3.2)
N
Establish far-field
gain G(, )
(8.3.1)
Determine E or H or
S (8.3.1)
POI in Cyl.
Wav.
applicability?
(8.3.3)
Y
Determine E
(8.3.2)
Establish far-field
gain G(, )
(8.3.1)
Determine E
(8.3.3)
Return field value at point

of investigation
Chart 5.1
Figure 11 Alternative routes to calculate E, H field values at point of investigation
- 43 -
8.2
EN 50383:2010
Field Regions
Electromagnetic fields have different properties depending on the distance to an antenna. Depending on
these properties, different assessment techniques need to be applied.
Electromagnetic fields are composed of an electric field E (measured in V/m) and a magnetic field H (in
A/m). Far from the sources (far-field) the E-field and the H-field are mathematically interdependent, but
closer to the sources (near-fields) they might need to be assessed separately.
Table 6 - Quantities to assess at different distances from radio-stations
Region edges, determined

from antenna where
wavelength
largest dimension of
the antenna
EH
=E/H
Reactive near-field
0 L max D
D2
No
Component to be
assessed
E&H
Comment
Reactive power
components are not
negligible. The power
density oscillates and
depending on the assessment location, lower values
might be obtained closer to
the antenna in contrast to
higher values further away.
In this region both E and H
have to be measured.
Radiating near-field
Far-field
max D Lmax 5D
2
2
0,6 D
D
L
max 5D
2
0,6 D
Effectively Yes
Yes
E or H
E or H
Antenna pattern according

the specifications of the
manufacturer not yet valid.
Far field conditions
It is acceptable to assess one field component

E or H only.
NOTE 1 These distance limits of the regions are applicable generally. Therefore, antennas might exist for which these limits
are conservative, e.g. for the reactive near-field, might be sufficient even if D or D2/(4) are larger. However, if resorting to
these cases, they must be supported by sustainable proof.
NOTE 2 In case of array antennas minimizing the coupling between its radiating elements, as commonly used in cellular
mobile networks then the highest limit of the near field zone in Table 6 can be considered to be .
NOTE 3 Nevertheless, the distance limits of the regions in Table 6 are already smaller than those proposed in textbooks
covering exact descriptions of antennas. For exposure assessment, the original distance limits were reduced resulting in the
values of Table 6, whose precision is still better than the uncertainty of the exposure assessment. FCC OET 65 ("Evaluating
Compliance with FCC Guidelines for Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields", Ed. 97-01) proposes these
small distance limits and they have been confirmed by recent measurements and calculations (see e.g. Annex A).
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Region
EN 50383:2010
8.3
- 44 -
Calculation models
8.3.1
General
Free space analysis shall be considered in calculation if the influence of the environment is shown as
negligible.
8.3.2
Far Field (spherical) model
This model is applicable in the far-field region. This model overestimates the field strength in the nearfield regions defined in 8.2 if used with a modified gain model (envelope/mask type gain dealing with main
lobe and side lobes separately or not); a constant envelope with the maximum gain would be the most
conservative option. Examples of envelope/mask are given in Clause A.4.
The power flux:
S=
PG ( , )
4 r 2
The electric field strength:
E=
30 PG( , )
r
The magnetic field strength:
H=
where:
P
G
,
r
input power of the antenna;

antenna gain relative to an isotropic antenna;
elevation and azimuth angles (Figure 8);
distance from the antenna to the point of investigation;
free space wave impedance.
The antenna gain G(,) may be determined according to Clause B.7 reference [12].
8.3.3
Synthetic model
This model is applicable in the radiating near-field and far-field regions.

The electric field strength at a point of investigation may be obtained by a vector sum of n small patches
of the antenna, treated as separate sources:
E = n
n
30.Pn .Gn j ( n + 2rn )

e
rn
where:
rn
Pn
n
Gn
n
distance between the observation point and reference point of patch n;

input power to patch n;
relative phase of applied voltage at antenna patch n;
gain of patch n towards the point of investigation relative to an isotropic antenna;
weighting coefficient.
The patch gain Gn may be determined according to references given in Clause D.4.
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EN 50383:2010
Examples of application of this method are provided in Clause D.1.
8.3.4
Cylindrical wave model
The models are reliable in near-field regions defined in 8.2. Application of the formula is also restricted to
assessments where the observation point lies within the enclosing cylinder of the collinear array (see
Figure 11 and Figure 12).
The prediction formulas for the spatially-averaged equivalent power density are:
Omni-directional arrays
S (r ) =
Pav
1
, r0 = DA L cos2 ( )
2
2
r
2 r L cos2 ( ) . 1 +
r0
Sector-coverage arrays
Pav 2
S (r , ) =
3 dB
3dB r L cos 2 ( ) . 1 +
r0
, r0 =
3dB
12
DA L cos 2 ( )
NOTE The above formulae compute the equivalent power density spatially-averaged over the specified antenna length L and this
does not necessarily relate to the spatial averaging in Clause 9.
The corresponding prediction formulas for the spatial-peak equivalent power density are:
Pav
S (r ) =
r L cos 2 ( ) . 1 + 2
r0
, r0 =
1
D A L cos 2 ( )
2
S (r , ) =
2 Pav 2

2
3 dB
3dB r L cos 2 ( ) . 1 + 2
r0
, r0 =
3dB
12
D A L cos 2 ( )
where is the azimuth angle for sector arrays with - < < . The maximum azimuth gain of the
antenna is at = 0 radians. The distance r is taken from the centre of the antenna.
Pav
L
DA
3dB
Available power at the antenna port (W);

Physical antenna length (metres);
Peak antenna directivity (unit-less);
Azimuth 3 dB beam width of the radiation pattern (radians);
Electrical down-tilt angle of the antenna main beam (radians).
EN 50383:2010
- 46 -
Figure 12 - Area enclosing cylinder applicable to cylindrical formulas
Figure 13 - Reference frame and notations employed for cylindrical models

The peak/average value shall be assessed depending on the region of estimation:
- Reactive zone:
- Near field zone:
- Far field zone:
Peak Field E & H

Peak Field E or H
Peak Field or Spatial Average Field
Then the lower calculated result of cylinder/far-field models may be applied (see Figure 14).
- 47 -
EN 50383:2010
Figure 14 Computed spatial peak power flux for sector coverage array using spherical and
cylindrical approaches (941 MHz, 2,6 m long, 6 deg. down-tilt, 16,6 dBi, 90 deg. Horiz. Beam width)
9
9.1
Spatial averaging
Description
Many guidelines assume that the reference levels are intended to be spatially averaged values over the
entire body of the exposed individual, but with the important proviso that the basic restrictions on localised
exposure are not exceeded.
Therefore, the measured (or calculated) E or H field and power flux density values from Clause 6 and
Clause 8 are conservative in that they define the respective values only at specific points rather than
"spatially averaged over the entire body of the exposed individual".
9.2
Validity
Spatially averaged E or H field or power flux density compliance with the reference levels is a necessary
condition for compliance with the guidelines but is insufficient on its own without considering the SAR
basic restrictions on localised exposure. Subclause 7.2 addresses how compliance with the SAR basic
restrictions on localised exposure may be assessed once spatial averaged compliance is established.
Spatial averaging may therefore be applied in all antenna regions; however, it is likely to be most effective
outside the reactive near field region. In the reactive near-field, the localised SAR is likely to be the
limiting constraint. In the far-field, the calculated field strength is unlikely to vary significantly as a function
of the antenna pattern at different positions within the projected area of a human body (multipath effects
dominate).
9.3
Calculation
Worst case at a given distance/bearing from the antenna may be assumed if the center of the averaging
area is located over the point of investigation with the highest electric, magnetic field strength or power
flux density as appropriate according to measurement (or calculations) campaign.
EN 50383:2010
- 48 -
The spatial average value for electric or magnetic field strength or power flux density shall be determined
over an area of 600 mm x 400 mm in a plane perpendicular to ground with the center located at the point
under investigation according to the following formulae.
X =i Y = j
S ave =
( x, y )
X =1 Y =1
X =i Y = j
Eave =
(9.1)
i j
E
X =1 Y =1
2
( X ,Y )
X =i Y = j
H ave =
where:
Save
Have
Eave
i,j
S(x,y)
H(x,y)
E(x,y)
(9.2)
i j
H
X =1 Y =1
2
( X ,Y )
(9.3)
i j
is the maximum spatially averaged power flux density to be compared with the reference level;
is the maximum spatially averaged magnetic field to be compared with the reference level;
is the maximum spatially averaged electric field to be compared with the reference level;
are the number of samples in X and Y directions respectively, whereas the total number of
samples is i*j;
is the power flux density sample (X,Y);
is the magnetic field sample (X,Y);
is the electric field sample (X,Y).
400 mm
j
.
.
.
.
.
.
Y Sample .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
1.......................... .i
X Sample
Figure 15 Area over which spatial averaging may be performed including reference
position for highest sample E, H, S value for worst case analysis.
Where more than one field strength parameter has been measured (or calculated) (E, H), the case with
the most significant relationship to the reference level shall be taken as the basis for assessment of
compliance. Power flux density takes precedence over E or H field assessments alone.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
600 mm
- 49 -
EN 50383:2010
10 Assessment report
10.1 General
The aim of the assessment report is to evaluate the compliance boundary for a set of given input powers.
The results of each assessment, test, calculation or measurement carried out, and all information
necessary for the interpretation of the assessment shall be reported accurately, clearly, unambiguously
and objectively and in accordance with this standard.
All the information needed for performing repeatable assessments, tests, calculations or measurements
giving results within the required calibration and uncertainty limits shall be recorded.
Further guidelines on the assessment report can be found in ISO/IEC 17025, 5.10.
10.2 Items to be recorded in the assessment report
The chosen assessment method shall be recorded including the rationale (see Clause 5) for the choice.
10.2.2 Method related information
The relevant information needed for repeatability and for documentation of the validity of the method shall
be recorded including e.g. the relevant uncertainty budget, benchmark control, validity control, calibration
correction factors, etc.
10.2.3 Equipment related information
Relevant information on the settings of controls and the intended usage of the equipment shall be
recorded. For transmitters intended to be used with external antennas at least one typical combination of
transmitter and antenna shall be assessed. The technical specification of this antenna shall be
documented in such details that the boundary where the basic restrictions are met can be identified e.g.
by documented radiation patterns.
10.2.4 Presentation of the results
10.2.4.1 General information
description of the EUT / Serial number;
testing conditions (temperature, etc.).
10.2.4.2 Measurement and calculation results

Description of the measurement system (if applicable):
method;
probe used and its characteristics;
results of system validation check;
the uncertainty analysis.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
10.2.1 Assessment method
EN 50383:2010
- 50 -
Description of the calculation method (if applicable):
method;
range of validity.
Related to the measurement or calculation itself:
the frequency that is tested;
the input power of the antenna, with the details of the calculation with the loss in cables;
the gain values;
the tilt;
measured or calculated values (SAR, E or H).
Related to the determination of the compliance boundary:
post-processing;
scaling;
deduction of the compliance boundary.
10.2.4.3 Compliance boundary

The compliance boundary shall be deduced by scaling the results with the relevant range of input powers,
over the relevant frequencies, bands and modes. The compliance boundary shall be described accurately
(see examples in Annex E).
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The report shall refer to a given basic restriction or reference level, linked to the frequency band used for
the EUT.
- 51 -
EN 50383:2010
Annex A
Considerations for using the far-field method
A.1.
Introduction
Studies have been performed to analyze the near-field properties [1], [2]. This annex provides materials
for the far-field and shows that the far-field model (spherical model), may not overestimate the field in the
near-field region. Comparisons are made between the far-field model and measurements for a typical
base station antenna.
A.2.
Measurement system
The measured antenna is an array base station antenna. The antenna height is 2,6 m. The
measurements are processed using a surface scanning technique allowing the extraction of the modes
(see [3] and Figure A.1). A near-to-far field transformation is applied to obtain the field all around the
antenna. The near-to-far field transformation is not an approximation but gives the exact value of the
fields [3].
z
y
x
EUT
Probe
Figure A.1 Measurement system

The frequency is 941 MHz. The antenna has a fixed 6 electrical down tilt. A total of 40 spherical modes
were necessary to fully characterize the emitted fields. The electric field strength is shown in Figure A.2
normalized to 1 W emitted.
Figure A.2 Electric field strength in front of the antenna
EN 50383:2010
A.3.
- 52 -
Using the far-field approach (spherical model) in the near field region
Measurements are compared to the far-field model over a line 2 m below the geometrical bore-sight axis
(Z = - 2 m). The objective is to show that outside the main beam the model does not overestimate the
radiated fields, and the use of the maximum gain rather than the gain in the direction of the evaluation
point will make the model conservative.
The Figure A.3 shows the results of the measured power flux for an input power of 1 W. It is clearly
shown that the far-field model which uses the gain in the direction of the estimation point may
underestimate the fields close to the antenna. However, the far-field model using the maximum gain will
overestimate the field in any case.
Moreover, the far field region is defined as:
5
max 5 D
2
0 .6 D
to
The computation for the presented test case of the far field region gives a lowest boundary of about
10 m. It is observed in the figure below that, at this distance, the far field model using the gain in the
direction of the evaluation point underestimates the true field strength.
.
1
Measurements Z=-2 m
Spherical with G (evaluation point)
Spherical with G=Gmax
0.9
Power flux (W/m)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Distance to antenna
Figure A.3 Power flux evaluated along the line at Z =- 2 m (normalized to 1 W emitted)
- 53 -
A.4.
EN 50383:2010
Modified gain mask
The following section gives an example (see Figure A.4) of a gain mask for the spherical approach
prediction which can be used in the near-field zones (see Figure A.5). Other examples based on the
modified gain mask can also be used [Ref D. Trinchero IEEE AWPL 2009]. The following adjusted
spherical prediction formulae for both the spatially-averaged and spatial-peak equivalent power densities
can be given as:
P G
S (r , ) S (r , ) = av 2 , G = k side G side + G A 2
4 r
lobe lobe

2
k
3 dB
2
S (r , , ) S (r , , ) =
Pav G ,
4 r 2
, G , = k side G side + G A 2
lobe
2 k
3 dB
3 dB
lobe
with k side = 1.26 , k = 1 and k = 1.9 .

lobe
Pav
GA
Gside
Vertical angle of rotation towards the field point in radians;

Available power at the antenna port (W);
Peak antenna gain (unit-less);
Gain of the maximum side lobe in the vertical gain pattern (unit-less);
lobe
3dB
3dB
Azimuth 3 dB beam width of the radiation pattern (radians);

Vertical 3 dB beam width of the radiation pattern (radians);
Electrical down-tilt angle of the antenna main beam (radians).
Figure A.4 Example of Gain mask
EN 50383:2010
- 54 -
Figure A.5 Power flux evaluated along the line at Z = - 2 m (normalized to 1 W emitted). Spherical
approach using modified gain mask is valid in near-field zones
A.5.
References
[1]
S. Laybros and P. Combes, On radiating-zone boundaries of short, /2, and dipoles, Antennas
and Propagation Magazine, IEEE, vol. 46, 2004, S. 53-6.
[2]
D. Trinchero, A. Galardini, R. Stefanelli, B. Fiorelli, P. Gianola, R. Scotti, et R. Vallauri, A

Fraunhofer-Based Approach for the Assessment of the Field Radiated in the Fresnel Region of an
Antenna, Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, IEEE, vol. 8, 2009, p. 30-33.
[3] J. Hald, F. Jensen, F. H. Larsen, "Spherical Near-Field Antenna Measurements", J. E. Hansen, Ed.
London, U.K. : Peregrinus, 1988).
- 55 -
EN 50383:2010
Annex B
(informative)
Surface and volume scanning
B.1
Measurement system architecture
B.1.1.1
Surface scanning
The surface scanning method is strongly related to the near-field measurements used in antenna
radiation pattern measurements. Based on the equivalence principle, the amplitude and phase of electric
field are scanned on a surface surrounding the EUT and the fields elsewhere can be derived by
transformation in the near or far field regions. According to the state of the art, the scanning surface can
be a sphere, a cylinder or a plane, depending on the domain of application. In the current standard, the
detailed protocol is related to spherical surface scanning although cylindrical and planar surface scanning
techniques may be considered.
X
EUT
(0, 0, 0)
Z
R
Amplifier
BTS
or
Probe
Positioner
control
Measurement device
synthesizer
Data acquisition
and PC control
Figure B.1 Example of a test configuration with fixed probe(s) dual polarized and EUT moved
EN 50383:2010
- 56 -
z
y
x
EUT
Probe
Figure B.2 Example of a test configuration with a single probe dual polarized and moved
mechanically
Probes
z
y
x
R
EUT
Figure B.3 Example of a test configuration with several probes (typically 64 or 128) dual
polarized and switched electronically
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- 57 -
B.1.1.2
EN 50383:2010
Volume scanning
Z
EUT
Isotropic
Probe
Z
(0, 0, 0)
Y
R
Positioner
control
Amplifier
BTS
or
Measurement device
Synthesiser
Data acquisition
and PC control
Figure B.4 Example of a test configuration to perform Dfront, Dup and Ddown with fixed EUT and
moved isotropic probe
Z
EUT
Isotropic
Probe
Z
(0, 0, 0)
Y
R
Amplifier
BTS
or
Positioner
control
Measurement device
Synthesizer
Data acquisition
and PC control
Figure B.5 Example of a test configuration to perform Dfront, Dup and Ddown with an isotropic probe
and EUT moved mechanically
EN 50383:2010
- 58 -
EUT
Isotropic
Probe
(0, 0, 0)
X
R
R
Amplifier
BTS
or
Positioner
control
Measurement device
Synthesizer
Data acquisition
and PC control
Figure B.6 Example of a test configuration to perform Dside with an isotropic probe and EUT
moved mechanically
B.2
Calibration of the E and H field measurement equipment and uncertainty

estimation
B.2.1 Linearity
The linearity range is determined using a power sweep covering the requested detection range.
Reference antennas, like dipoles, can be used since high field strengths can be produced with medium
power amplifiers.
The linearity is defined by the maximum deviation over the measurement range of the measured quantity
from the closest linear reference curve defined over a given interval. The fitting to the closest linear
reference curve shall be defined by classical algorithms.
B.2.2 Linearity with reference antennas

The following protocol shall be used for evaluating the linearity of the probe:
1. Position one antenna in a test site. The antenna shall be at a minimum distance of one wavelength
from the probe.
2. Position the probe at a distance dmin from the antenna. dmin shall be larger than the diameter of the
probe.
3. Connect a power source to the input port of the reference antenna and increase gradually the input
power Pinmin until the lower detection limit of the probe.
4. Increase the input power by steps of at least 1 dB and record the field value for each point.
5. The upper detection limit (Eudl) is the last field value recorded before saturation of the probe detectors.
6. The linearity is the maximum deviation of field values from the closest linear reference curve from Eldl
to Eudl.
B.2.3 Lower detection limit

The lower detection limit Eldl can be determined with the linearity procedure by decreasing the power.
- 59 -
EN 50383:2010
B.2.4 Isotropy
Hemispherical isotropy
The probe shall be exposed to a reference wave with varying angles of incidences. The hemispherical
isotropy shall be determined by rotating either the probe or the polarisation of the reference wave. The
angles of incidence shall vary from 90 (axial) to 0 (normal) with a step of less than 30. For each
incidence, the probe shall be rotated with a range of 360 and a step less than 15.
The reference antenna protocol can be used.
B.3
Reflectivity measurements
The method presented in this Annex is called the free space VSWR method.
The reflectivity of an anechoic chamber can be defined as the ratio of the unwanted signal (reflected from
walls for instance) to the much larger signal transmitted directly between two antennas. As it will depend
on the antenna positions and radiation patterns, a measurement of the reflectivity must take account the
typical arrangement that will normally be used in that chamber.
This method is analogous to classic measurements of the real part of the reflection coefficient on a
transmission line. For chamber measurements, the transmission line is represented by the free space, the
probe by the test antenna and the load by the part of the chamber that is illuminated by the test antenna.
Unlike the transmission line where the displacements can only be in the propagation direction, the
displacements can be in the three dimensions in the chamber.
This additional factor provides the following advantages:
by moving the probe in particular directions, the contributions of the different zones can be
discriminated from each other;
the incoming angle of the reflected wave can be determined by measuring a complete variation (a
period) and by comparing it to the wavelength. The classical formula c = /sin() is used where
c is the so measured period, the wavelength in free space and the angle of reflected energy
arrival relative to the direct ray.
The movement of a probe in a perfect chamber reveals a monotonic amplitude variation. In an imperfect
chamber on the contrary, periodic variations of the amplitude are encountered. These variations result
from stationary waves that come from reflections by the chamber surfaces and other potential scatterers.
Omni-directional antennas are well suited to this measurement technique. In fact, an omni-directional
antenna picks up simultaneously reflections from all the parts of the chamber. However, in order to know
the reflectivity of precise zones or to measure levels of directivity below - 40 dB, a directional antenna
shall be used.
For each considered frequency, two dipoles (working at the same frequency) are mounted on masts in an
anechoic chamber. One of the dipoles is fixed, the other is moving in the quiet zone (defined for the use
of the chamber).
EN 50383:2010
- 60 -
Absorbers
quiet zone
moving dipole
z
y
anchoc chamber
Figure B.7 Top view of the dipoles located in the anechoic chamber
When the distance between the dipoles varies, all the phase combinations of the perturbations with the
direct ray are observed. The total signal received is the sum of a monotonous signal (direct signal) plus a
signal that varies continuously between the extreme values Ed + Er and Ed - Er (see
Figure B.8).
Figure B.8 Vector combination of main field Ed in function of reflections Er
Er can be derived from these measurements allowing characterisation of the perturbation created by the
anechoic chamber in the quiet zone. This perturbation is calculated using the expression below:
Peak to Peak Perturbation in dB = 20 log [(Er + Ed)/(Ed - Er)]
(B.1)
When the distance varies between the two dipoles, the value of the field is recorded each distance
measured. The step in distance is depending on the frequency and must be less than /4.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
fixed dipole
- 61 -
EN 50383:2010
The necessary measurements to obtain the level of perturbations are done at each frequency following
the same protocol.
The results have typically the following form:
Figure B.9 Drawing of the measured field with the distance
The difference between the measured signal (Emes) and direct signal (Ed) is performed to determine the
magnitude of the oscillations. The direct signal Ed is estimated by a linear function Ed = aEth that fits at
best the global variation of the total signal.
Y
Ymax
Ymin
0
r
Figure B.10 Measured Field minus direct Field in dB
From this curve, we deduce:

dB = Ymax(dB) - Ymin(dB)
(B.2)
and from (1) dB = 20 log[(Ed + Er)/(Ed - Er)]
(B.3)
so = Er/Ed = (10(dB/20) - 1)/(10(dB/20) + 1)

Finally dB = 20 log()
(B.4)
(B.5)
The parameter gives the quality of the chamber.

Two measurement campaigns are typically carried out. The first is performed in the empty anechoic
chamber before installation of the probe array and positioners. The second is done after the installation of
all equipment (probe array arch and all other mechanical and electrical support equipment).
1. The empty anechoic chamber shows a ripple in the quiet zone typically better than 0,1dB.
2. The ripple in the quiet zone including the probe array and all equipment is typically better than
0,25 dB. This is equivalent to a perturbation having a level of 30 dB under the direct radiated signal.
EN 50383:2010
B.4
- 62 -
Surface scanning: Spherical wave expansion
The measured radiation pattern of an antenna can be developed into a series of spherical functions. If the
antenna is enclosed inside of a minimum sphere of radius Rmin (Figure B.11), the number of modes to
take into account for the expansion amounts to N = kRmin + N0 where k = 2/ is the propagation constant
and N0 an integer commonly set equal to 10. This is equivalent to consider that all modes of order higher
than N are evanescent and thus have no significant contribution for distances r > Rmin.
Figure B.11 Parameters associated to the measurement system
The spherical wave expansion does not converge for distances r < Rmin (Figure B.12). Therefore, a zone
of exclusion exists where the expansion cannot be performed. In the case of the base station antennas of
length L, this zone of exclusion corresponds to a sphere of diameter equal to L/2.
Figure B.12 Zone of exclusion (hacked)
The radiated field at each point outside of the antenna can be determined from the spherical wave
expansion. In fact, at the points outside of the antenna (free space supposed empty of any source), the
electromagnetic field verifies an homogeneous wave equation and can be written as an analytic
development. In the initial spherical system, the electric field can be decomposed into TE and TM modes
as below:
- 63 -
EN 50383:2010
The radial and angular spherical functions and coefficients can be derived from the tangential
components of the electric field over the sphere of measurement. If the observation point goes towards
infinity, the asymptotic forms of the Hankel spherical functions allow to obtain the expression of the field
at large distance r in the direction u.
Where the vectorial characterisitic of radiation F(u) can be expressed from the modal expansion and the
angular functions.
B.5
Surface scanning: Principle of back-propagation
The retro-propagation consists in computing the far-field or the near-field from any given EUT. The input
to the retro-propagation processing is the tangential electromagnetic field measured on a surface
surrounding the EUT.
The radiated fields of the EUT is measured on a spherical surface. The EUT can be considered to be
replaced by a number of fictitious secondary radiating sources on this measurement surface. The sum of
the fields radiated by these fictitious sources is the same as the radiation from the EUT. The measured
near-field is transformed into fictitious sources on the measurement surface as shown in the figure below:
Position of the probes
Equipment
Under Test
Secondary
emitting
sources
Measurement
Surface
Figure B.13 Huygen's principle
The radiated field outside the surface can be calculated using the modal expansion method. This is the
implicit application of the Huygen's principle. A direct solution of the Helmholtz vectorial propagation
equation is found by applying boundary conditions on the surface S and at infinite. The Helmholtz wave
equations can be solved by a separation of variables.
To perform the retro-propagation two tangential E and H field components are required lying in the
measurement surface. Practically, it is the response of the probe to the field that is measured and not the
near-field directly. For this reason, the effect of the probe itself on the measurement shall be removed
before the near-field to far-field transformation. If the radiated fields of the probes are known, these
effects can be removed directly. However, the radiated fields of the probe are not always known, and in
this case the probe antenna can be approximated by the radiated fields of a dipole and these
approximate fields removed instead. This approximation is in fact very good, as the near-fields of the
antenna under test are generally received only in the main lobe of the probe antenna's radiation pattern.
EN 50383:2010
- 64 -
For the case of a spherical near-field measurement this is especially true as the probes all point towards
the center of the measurement sphere.
The secondary sources are spherical wave functions and the resulting retro-propagated field is expressed
as a sum of TE and TM spherical wave functions weighted by complex expansion coefficients whose
quadratic sum is equal to the power radiated by the EUT.
Surface scanning: Calibration of the reference antennas
B.6.1
Phase measurement
Phase measurement is necessary for this method. The way to capture this information is described in
references [12] and [13].
B.6.2
Preliminary Calibration
B.6.2.1
Measurement device with one probe
Re-calibration of the positioning system shall be performed at least once per year. The elevation and
azimuth rotation axis shall have a maximum error of 0,5 degrees. Use a reference antenna to calibrate
the system.
B.6.2.2
Measurement device with multi-probe
Dispersion calibration
This calibration shall be performed during the installation of the test facility and renewed at least once per
year. The received signals on each port of the probe(s) are weighted by complex coefficients in order to
obtain identical phase and amplitude response for each polarization at all the probes. The calibration shall
be performed at each frequency and the resulting correction coefficients shall always be applied for future
measurements.
Polarization calibration
During the calibration process, a well-characterized Standard Gain Horn (SGH) located at an equal
distance from each probe, by means of translation of the SGH, illuminates each probe one after another
in their bore sight direction and rotates around the bore sight axis. The received signals on each port of
the probe shall be weighted by complex coefficients to improve the de-coupling between the measured
orthogonal polarization. These coefficients shall be determined for each frequency and shall always be
applied for future measurements.
B.6.2.3
Gain Calibration
Both for one probe and multi-probe gain calibration two procedures are applicable.
This calibration consists to evaluate the link budget of the transmission chain. The level measured in the
reception for a known antenna depends on the input power, the gain, and the cable losses. This link
budget shall be performed or calculated. The calibration factor is defined as:
K = Gr. Ae. Ar.(4D / ) 2

Ae and Ar represent the attenuation of the cables and the connector at emission and reception. D is the
distance between the probe and the antenna. Gr is the gain of the antenna in reception corrected by the
SWR.
Alternatively, the radiation pattern of a well-characterised Standard Gain Horn (SGH) is measured by the
means of near-field measurement. The measured data are compared to its well-characterised radiation
pattern. The resulting gain difference shall be used to correct the measured data. The calibration shall be
performed at each frequency.
The gain calibration shall be performed every 2 months.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
B.6
EN 50383:2010
B.7
Reference documents for surface and volume scanning methods
[1]
Arthur D.Yaghjian An overview of near-field Antenna Measurements

IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop. Vo. AP-34, No. 1, January 1986
[2]
R. C. Petersen and P. A. Testagrossa Radio-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields associated with

cellular-Radio Cell-site Antennas. Bioelectro. 13 :527-542, 1992
[3]
Thomas Schmidt, O. Egger, and N. Kuster Automated E-field scanning system foe dosimetric
assessments .
IEEE, Trans on microwave theory and tech., vol. 44, No 1, January 1996
[4]
T. B. Hansen Formulation of spherical Near-field Scanning for electromagnetic Fields in the time
domain.
IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop., Vo.34, No.4 , April 1997
[5]
T. B. Hansen Formulation of Probe-corrected planar Near-field Scanning in the time domain.

IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop., Vo.43, No6. , June 1995.
[6]
Arthur D.Yaghjian and R. C. Wittmann The receiving antenna as a linear differential operator:
application to spherical Near-field scanning
IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop., Vo. AP-33, No. 11, Nov. 1985
[7]
J. D. Dyson Measurements of Near-field of antennas and scatterers

IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop., Vo. AP-21, No. 4, July 1973.
[8]
T. B. Hansen and Arthur D. Yaghjian Planar Near-field Scanning in the time domain, Part 1:
Formulation , IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop., Vo. AP-42, No. 11, Nov. 1995
[9]
T. B. Hansen and Arthur D. Yaghjian Planar Near-field Scanning in the time domain, Part 2:
Sampling theorems and computations Schemes , IEEE Trans. on antennas and Prop., Vo. AP-42,
No. 11, Nov. 1995
[10]
Dan Slater Near-field antenna Measurements

Ed : Arthec House-1991
[11]
IEEE Standard, Test Procedures for antennas

ANSI/IEEE Std 149-1979
[12]
J. E. Hansen Spherical near-field antennas measurements J.

Ed : London P., 1988
[13]
A.Ziyyat, L.Casavola, D.Picard, A.Joisel and J.Ch.Bolomey, Rapid 3-D Visualization of the NearField Radiated by a base station antenna for cellular communications, Workshop on Microwave
Imaging and Techniques 30th European Microwave Conference , Paris, France, 2/6 October 2000.
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- 65 -
EN 50383:2010
- 66 -
Annex C
(informative and normative)
SAR Measurements
C.1
General considerations (informative)
The same tissue-simulating liquids specified for SAR measurements of handheld mobile phones (see
Clause C.4, references [1] to [3]) have also been selected for this standard. The rationale for this is that
dielectric parameters of the skin and muscle tissues, which are normally most exposed, are close to
those specified for head tissue. This also means that the measurement results are relevant also for
head exposure, and that only one set of tissue recipes are needed for SAR testing of mobile or fixed
EUTs.
References [4] to [7] and [14] (see Clause C.4) indicate that the measurements in homogeneous
phantom model specified in this standard may results in localised SAR values lower than the maximum
values in a heterogeneous and anatomically realistic body model at higher frequencies.
In accordance with the review undertaken in [3], the measurement of SAR in a homogeneous phantom
without a scaling factor is adequate to protect the public for a separation distance between 0 mm and
200 mm. A factor of two should apply at a separation distance of 400 mm (or more) according to [14]
and a linear interpolation should be used between 200 mm and 400 mm.
C.2
Post-processing techniques and uncertainty assessment (informative)
C.2.1 Extrapolation & interpolation schemes

C.2.1.1
Introduction
The local SAR inside the phantom is measured using small dipole sensing elements inside a probe
body. It is generally assumed that the underlying E-field measurements are associated with the
geometric centre of the dipoles, so it is necessary to account for the fact that dipoles are a few
millimetres from the physical tip of the probe when defining the measurement positions.
The probe tip must not be in contact with the phantom surface in order to minimise measurement
errors, but the highest local SAR will occur at the surface of the phantom. These highest local SAR are
essential to determine the peak spatially averaged SAR so they must be obtained from measurements
at a distance from the shell through extrapolation.
The accurate assessment of the maximum SAR averaged over 10 g requires a very fine resolution in
the three-dimensional scanned data array. Since the measurements have to be performed over a
limited time, e.g. due to the duration of the battery life, the measured data have to be interpolated to
provide an array of sufficient resolution.
This Annex describes some extrapolation and interpolation process, it also describes the way to
evaluate the uncertainty associated with these extrapolation and interpolation schemes.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Since the recommended SAR limits for the limbs are two times higher than for the head and trunk,
measurements of SAR in the limbs are not considered. The size of the phantom described in this
section has been chosen to simulate a human body. The phantom is shaped like a box in order to
simplify the measurements and the manufacturing of the phantom. The absorption by a box shaped
phantom is at least as high as in an anatomically shaped body model.
- 67 C.2.1.2
EN 50383:2010
Interpolation schemes
Interpolation could be performed using many mathematical techniques such as statistics [1], basis
function fitting [2], Fourier analysis [4], Wavelet [8], or Polynomial and Splines [9]. Computational
mathematics books [10] describe how to implement some of these methods.
C.2.1.3
Extrapolation schemes
Extrapolation could be performed using Splines, biharmonic Splines, Wavelets, polynomials or rational
functions. Computational mathematics books describe how to implement some of these methods.
Since the accuracy of the extrapolation depends on the distance and on the field distribution being
extrapolated, the uncertainty associated with the extrapolation has to be estimated carefully.
C.2.1.4
Extrapolation & Interpolation Uncertainty Assessment
The methodology used to analyse the accuracy is a sensitive issue because it is highly correlated to the
uncertainty evaluation [11]. The relative uncertainty associated with the data process shall be:
SARover10 g
SARover10 g

SARref
Assessment of the SARref and the SARextrap/interp over 10 g.

Two analytical functions defined hereafter shall be used.
z
y' a
2
f ( x, y , z ) = A
cos e
1
2
2
2 3a
a + x'
a2
2z
3 e a
2z
a
a
e
+
f ( x, y , z ) = A
a2
+
2
a
2
z
2
2

+ x' + y '
4
a2
x' = x + 2 mm
y ' = y + 3 mm
a = 20 mm
A = 1 W/kg
The unknown data have to be calculated using the known data with the interpolation and
extrapolation process. In this way, the estimated SAR averaged over 10 g in a given cube shall be
compared to the target value given by the reference data.
The relative uncertainty is evaluated using the following formula.
U extra / int erpol % = 100.

SARref
EN 50383:2010
- 68 -
C.2.2 Averaging scheme and maximum finding

C.2.2.1
Introduction
According to ICNIRP Guidelines [12] the averaging volume shall be chosen as 10 g of contiguous
tissue. However, a cube may be used [13].
The cubic volumes over which the SAR measurements are averaged after extrapolation and
interpolation have to be close to the phantom surface in order to include the highest values of local
SAR. Since the phantom shape is rectangular, the cube will be oriented parallel to the surface of the
phantom. Then the way to choose the points for averaging will be investigated before a method for the
evaluation of uncertainty is described.
C.2.2.2
Method of averaging
The main objective is to obtain an averaging mass of 10 g. To achieve this, SAR points may be added
layer by layer to make the cube grow until its mass exceeds 10 g. Then, the corresponding absorbed
power may be deduced by linear interpolation.
C.2.2.3
Averaging scheme & Maximum finding Uncertainty Assessment
The peak localised SAR will occur at the inner surface of the phantom, so the highest spatially
averaged SAR should occur in a cubic tissue volume at the surface of the phantom. It therefore follows
that high-resolution measurement scans should be centred on the peak localised SAR determined from
a scan of the interior surface of the phantom. This scanned surface should extend laterally at least twice
the linear dimension of the tissue cube used for mass averaging. Computer controlled algorithms
should be used to determine the highest SAR according to the local SAR gradients in the mass
averaging cube.
To verify the accuracy of this maximum finding process and evaluate the related uncertainty, two sets of
3D reference data have to be used. These data sets are given by the two analytical functions defined in
C.2.1.4.
The reference data have been collected with a millimetric spatial resolution to avoid the need for any
extrapolation or interpolation processes. The reference data sets include target values for their
maximum mass averaged SAR and these shall be compared with the maximum mass averaged SAR
yielded by the averaging and maximum finding schemes under evaluation.
The relative uncertainty shall be evaluated using:
U max finding %
= 100.
SARmax estimated SARmax ref

SARmax ref
- 69 -
C.3
EN 50383:2010
Simplified performance checking (normative)
C.3.1 Phantom set-up

The set-up uses a flat phantom with a dipole antenna held at a specified distance. The following
phantom specifications are necessary to guarantee a high repeatability in the measurement:
-
the phantom must be at least 0,75 times the wavelength in air, in both length and width. This gives
a maximum difference below 1 % for the 10 g averaged SAR with respect to an infinitely large flat
phantom;
the depth of liquid in the phantom shell must be greater than twice the wavelength in liquid. This
depth is estimated to be approximately 100 mm. This guarantees negligible errors due to standing
waves at the liquid surface;
the phantom shell shall be made of low conductivity material. The thickness of the bottom of the
phantom shall be less than 10 mm, although the sides may be thicker;
the same liquids that are required for compliance testing with the anthropomorphic phantom shall
be used, see 7.2.2.2;
the flat phantom shall be mounted in a structure made of a rigid material of low relative permittivity
and low conductivity. Metallic parts must be avoided in the vicinity of the structure.
C.3.2 Dipole source

The dipole shall be positioned and centred below the phantom, parallel to the longest side of the
phantom. A low conductivity and low relative permittivity spacer on the dipole may be used to
guarantee the correct distance between the dipole top surface and the phantom bottom surface. The
distance between the liquid surface and the dipole centre is specified within 0,2 mm for each test
frequency. The dipole shall have < - 20 dB return loss in the set-up to reduce the uncertainty in the
power reading.
For the dipoles described below, the distance d is given by:
dipoles for 110 MHz to 1 000 MHz:
d = 15 mm 0,2 mm
dipoles for 1 000 MHz to 3 000 MHz:
d = 10 mm 0,2 mm
The definition of d is the distance from the liquid surface to the dipoles central axis, as shown in Figure
C.1.
C.3.3 Dipole Input Power Measurement
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
The uncertainty of the input power to the dipole must be as small as possible. This requires a
sophisticated set-up with directional couplers and power monitoring during the system check. The
recommended set-up is described below in Figure C.1.
EN 50383:2010
- 70 -
3D Scanning system
d
Field probe
Flat Phantom
Dipole
Dir.Coupler
Signal
Generator
Amp
Low
Pass
3dB
Cable
Att3
x
Att1
PM1
Att2
Load
PM2
Figure C.1 Simplified Performance Checking Set-up
First, the power meter PM1 is connected to the cable and it measures the forward power at the location
of the dipole connector (X). The signal generator is adjusted for the desired forward power at the dipole
connector (taking into account the (Att1) value) and the power meter PM2 is read at that level. Then
after connecting the cable to the dipole, the signal generator is readjusted for the same reading at the
power meter PM2. If the signal generator does not allow a setting in 0,01 dB steps, the remaining
difference at PM2 must be taken into consideration. The requirements for the components are:
the signal generator and amplifier should be stable (after warm-up). The forward power to the
dipole should be high enough to avoid the influence of measurement noise. If the signal
generator can deliver 15 dBm or more, an amplifier is generally not necessary. Some high
power amplifiers should not be operated at a level far below their maximum output power level,
e.g. a 100 W power amplifier operated at 250 mW output can be quite noisy. An attenuator
between the signal generator and amplifier is recommended to protect the amplifier input;
the low pass filter after the amplifier reduces the effect of harmonics and noise from the
amplifier. For most amplifiers in normal operation the filter is not necessary;
the attenuator after the amplifier improves the source matching and the accuracy of the power
sensor (see power meter manual). It can also be used to make the amplifier operate at its
optimal output level for noise and stability. In a set-up without directional coupler, this attenuator
should be at least 10 dB;
the directional coupler (recommended - 20 dB) is used to monitor the forward power and adjust
the signal generator output for constant forward power. A medium quality coupler is sufficient
because the loads (dipole and power head) are both well matched. (If the set-up is used for
more reflective loads, a high quality coupler with respect to directivity and output matching is
necessary to avoid additional errors.);
the power meter PM2 should have a low drift and a resolution of 0,01 dBm, but otherwise its
accuracy has no impact on the power setting. (Calibration is not required.);
EN 50383:2010
the power meter PM1 and attenuator Att1 must be high quality components. They should be
calibrated, preferably together. The attenuator (- 10 dB) improves the accuracy of the power
reading. (Some higher power heads come with a built-in calibrated attenuator.) The exact
attenuation of the attenuator at the test frequency must be known;
use the same power level for the power set-up with power meter PM1 as for the actual
measurement to avoid linearity and range switching errors in the power meter PM2. If the
system check is performed at various power levels, do the power setting procedure at each
level;
the dipole must be connected directly to the cable at location X. If the power meter has a
different connector system, use high quality adaptors.
C.3.4 Simplified performance checking procedure

The simplified performance checking includes all measurement procedures used also for compliance
tests. The 10 g averaged SAR value is normalised to the target input power of the dipole and compared
to the target 10 g value. The acceptable tolerance must be determined for each system. It is evaluated
from the uncertainty of all involved system components and the uncertainty of the dipole input power.
C.4
References
[1]
PW Fieguth & al, "Multi-resolution optimal interpolation and statistical analysis of

TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry", IEEE trans Geosci Remote Sensing vol 33 pp 280-292
Mar 1995
[2]
P Lancaster, K Salkauska, "Curve and surface fitting: an introduction", New York Academic 1986
[3]
EN 62209-2:2010, Human exposure to radio frequency fields from handheld and body-mounted
wireless communication devices Human models, instrumentation, and procedures Part 2:
Procedure to determine the specific absorption rate (SAR) for mobile wireless communication
devices used in close proximity to the human body (frequency range of 30 MHz to 6 GHz)
[4]
PJSG Ferreira, "Non Iterative and Fast Iterative Methods for Interpolation and Extrapolation",
IEEE trans. Signal Processing Vol 41 pp 3278-3282 Nov 1994
[5]
Christ A, Klingenbck A, Samaras T, Goiceanu C, and Kuster N, The dependence of

electromagnetic far-field absorption on body tissue composition in the frequency range from
300 MHz to 6 GHz, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 54, no. 5,
pp. 21882195, May 2006.
[6]
Christ A, Samaras T, Klingenbck A, and Kuster N, Characterization of the electromagnetic

near-field absorption in layered biological tissue in the frequency range from 30 MHz to 6 GHz,
Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol. 51, no. 19, pp. 49514965, October 2006.
[7]
Aline Pradier, Abdelhamid Hadjem ,David Lautru, Azeddine Gati, Man-Fa Wong, Victor Fouad
Hanna,Joe Wiart "Evaluation of the SAR induced in a multilayer biological structure and
comparison with SAR in homogeneous tissues" Annals of telecommunication (2008) 63: 79-86
[8]
C Ford & DM Etter, "Wavalet basis reconstruction of non uniform sampled data", IEEE Trans
Circuits and System II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing vol 45 n)8 pp 1165 1168 Aug 1998
[9]
KF Ustuner & LA Ferrai, "Discrete Splines and spline filter", IEEE trans. Circuits and Systems vol.
39 n7 pp 417 422 jul 1991
[10]
"NUMERICAL RECIPES IN C", Cambridge University Press, 1992
[11]
M Brishoual, C Dale, J Wiart and J Citerne, Methodology to interpolate and extrapolate SAR
measurements in a volume in dosimetric experiment, IEEE trans on EMC Vol 43 n3 pp 382-389
August 2001
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- 71 -
EN 50383:2010
- 72 -
[12]
ICNIRP Guidelines, "Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and
electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz)", Health Physics Volume 74 Number 4, April 1998
[13]
Body weight data from the U.S. National Center for Health statistics.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/about/major/nhanes/growthcharts/charts.htm
[14]
L. Hamberg, N. Lovehagen, M. Siegbahn, and C. Tornevik, A method for determination of RF

exposure compliance for pico cell base stations by SAR measurements in a flat phantom, in
Proc. IEEE Int. AP-S Symp., vol. 2, Columbus, OH, Jun. 2003, pp. 10091012.
- 73 -
EN 50383:2010
Annex D
(informative)
Considerations on calculation methods
D.1
Example related to the synthetic method
This Clause describes an example for a vertical collinear array.

z
E2(r1)
r3
r2
r1
r1
P
r2
E2(r2)
r3
E2(r3)
Figure D.1 Base Station Antenna considered as a sum of small separate sources
If the antenna patches are vertically polarized:

the vector components of E from each antenna patch will not be exactly parallel on bore sight.
The actual resultant E field value at a point will be slightly less than that derived from the above
formula, so compliance is still demonstrated;
the magnetic field strength can be obtained from the value of E in this formula divided by the
free space impedance. Since the H vectors are parallel, this result will be more accurate than
the derived value of E.
If the antenna patches are horizontally polarized:

the vector components of E from each antenna patch will be exactly parallel on bore sight while
those of H are not. In this case, a small over-estimation of the H-field will occur if it is obtained
by assuming a free-space relationship with E so compliance for E & H is still demonstrated.
If the antenna patches are cross-polarized:
the vector components of E & H from each antenna patch will not be exactly parallel on bore
sight. The actual resultant E field value at a point will be slightly less than that derived from the
above formula, so compliance for E & H is still demonstrated.
hence if the power flux density, S, is then obtained by the multiplication of E and H, in any case
this is conservative.
EN 50383:2010
D.2
- 74 -
Reactive near-field region
This region is defined as in 8.2.
Finite Difference Time Domain Method (FDTD);
Method of Moments (MOM);
Finite Elements Method (FEM);
Transmission Line Matrix Method (TLM).
D.3
Considerations on the uncertainty in the case of calculation
The objective of EM field simulation in the context of exposure assessment is to find the maximum of
the absolute value of the electric or magnetic field strength and the power density in a given volume.
Thus, it is possible to find a closed surface around the field source which ensures that the absolute
value of these parameters is below a given exposure limit.
In principle, three different sources of uncertainty can be identified:
deviation between the true antenna and the simulated antenna;
those related to model approximating the physics, including the use of the correct model for the
field regions given in Annex A;
those related to segmentation and discretisation of the simulated antenna and formulas.
Considering the second point, one has to distinguish between different tools.
For all methods listed under Full wave analysis the error will be very small if an appropriate
segmentation and discretisation is used and the properties of the body are accurately
simulated. The values have to be calculated in a rectangular volume with a depth and width of
4* and a height defined by the antenna height plus 4*. The increment should be less than /3
in the x-, y-, and z-direction. For FDTD the increment should be less than /10, in the x-, y- and
z-direction and should be gradually reduced to assess discretisation errors which shall be
reported [1], [2].
In contrast, the cylindrical wave approach can have a significant error; it is liable to
overestimate the field strength.
If the radiating near-field calculation methods were used at a distance of /4 the actual power
flux density may be higher (Annex A).
If segmentation is improved and quantisation made finer to such an extent that further improvements
does not change the result significantly, errors of the third kind will be negligible.
To get a good estimate for the errors related to the modelling of the antenna the electric and magnetic
field strength may be determined by measuring these field quantities. Remembering that measurement
has its own errors. The difference is then defined as:
ediff = max || Xmeas (r) || - max || Xcalc(r) ||
With X standing for either: electric field strength, magnetic field strength or power density. For exposure
assessment overestimation is allowed because the true value is liable to be well below the calculated
value.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Full-wave methods are necessary to determine the E-field, H-field or SAR. These procedures are based
on solving Maxwells equations in time or frequency domain using detailed-segmented models. The
more detailed the image, the better the accuracy of the field. Dependent on the numerical
implementation the following techniques fulfil these requirements:
- 75 -
D.4
EN 50383:2010
References
[1]
Allen Taflove, Computational Electrodynamics: The Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method, Artech

House Publishers, 1996.
[2]
B. Archambeault, O. M. Ramahi, C. Brench, EMI/EMC Computational Modeling Handbook, Kluwer

Academic Publishers, 1998.
[3]
Z.Altman &al efficient models for base station antenna for dosimetric analysis submitted to IEEE
trans on EMC
[4]
M. Bizzi, P. Gianola Electromagnetic fields radiated by GSM antennasElectronics letters, 27th

May 1999, Vol. 35, No 11
EN 50383:2010
- 76 -
Annex E
(informative)
Compliance boundary examples
E.1
Examples of simple compliance boundary
Parallelepipedic boundary
Dup
Dside
Drear
Dfront
Dside
Ddown
Dfront
Drear
2 x Dside
Dup
Ddown
Figure E.1 Distances parameters definition
- 77 -
EN 50383:2010
The parallelepiped should be described by Dfront, Drear, Dside, Dup, Ddown. The report shall estimate the
value of these distances over the frequencies of test, for a set of given input powers comprising for
instance 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 W. The result shall be summarised in a table as the following:
Table E.1 Summarised results
Input Power
1W
2W
Dfront
Drear
Dside
Dup
Ddown
Cylindrical boundary
D up
radius
D down
Figure E.2 Distances parameters definition
The cylinder should be described by Radius, Dup, Ddown. The report shall estimate the value of these
distances over the frequencies of test, for a set of given input powers comprising for instance 1, 2, 5,
10, 20, 50 W. The result shall be summarised in a table as the following:
Table E.2 Summarised results
E.2
Radius
Dup
Ddown
Complex compliance boundary
As shown in Figure E.3, the compliance boundary should be complex. In this case, the shape should be
accurately described (e.g Z = function(X,Y)). The report shall estimate the shape over the frequencies
of test, for a set of given input powers comprising for instance 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 W.
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Input Power
1W
2W
EN 50383:2010
- 78 -
z = f(x,y)
y
x
--``,,,```,,,`,,`,`,`,``,,,,```,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure E.3 Example of complex compliance boundary
- 79 -
Annex F
(informative)
NIST 18 term error model
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EUROPEAN STANDARD

Norme de base pour le calcul et la mesure

Grundnorm fr die Berechnung und

Basic standard for the calculation and measurement of electromagnetic

latest date by which the national standards conflicting

Physical quantities, units and constants

The internationally accepted SI-units are used throughout the standard.

ampere per square metre

Electric field strength

volt per metre

Electric flux density

coulomb per square metre

siemens per metre

Magnetic field strength

ampere per metre

Magnetic flux density

kilo per cubic metre

henry per metre

farad per metre

Specific absorption rate

watt per kilogram

Speed of light in a vacuum

Permittivity of free space

Permeability of free space

Impedance of free space

120 (approx. 377)

Terms and definitions

Electric field strength is expressed in units of volt per metre (V/m)

q moving with the

is the permeability of the medium expressed in Henry per metre (H/m)

The permittivity is expressed in units of farad per metre (F/m)

SAR is expressed in units of watt per kilogram (W/kg)

NOTE SAR can be calculated by:

rms value of the electric field strength in the tissue in V/m

heat capacity of body tissue in J/kg K

time derivative of temperature in body tissue in K/s

Applicability of compliance assessment methods

1) This equation does not address thermal regulation in a live person.

E-field and H-field

E-field and H-field

The alternative methodologies give valid conservative compliance assessments.

Localised SAR evaluation currently limited to

110 MHz frequency < 6 000 MHz,

for investigation distances 400 mm.

See general investigation methods for E & H calculations in Clause D.1.

Alternative routes to determine compliance distances

Perform Whole Body SAR

Perform localised SAR

Figure 1 - Alternative routes to establish compliance at a point of investigation

Multiple Frequency bands

Electromagnetic field measurement

Surface scanning method

Spherical scanning method

Establish characteristics of equivalent isotropic-radiators on surface of radius Rmes and determine

Return field value at point of investigation

Figure 2 Outline of the surface scanning methodology

Probe p osit ion ing system Vector-receiver

Figure 3 Block diagram of the near-field antenna measurement system

Scanning equipment: positioning and orientation requirements

The following equipment is required:

When a > , Rmin = a +

Figure 5 Maximum angular sampling spacing constraint

Constraints on EUT dimensions for specific measurement system