they are readily obtainable, and can easily be kept in the laboratory.

[192] Xenopus laevis is increasingly

being displaced by its smaller relative, Xenopus tropicalis, which reaches its reproductive age in five
months rather than the one to two years for X. laevis,[193] thus facilitating faster studies across
generations. The genome of X. tropicalis is being sequenced.[194]

Pharmaceutical
Because frog toxins are extraordinarily diverse, they have raised the interest of biochemists as a
"natural pharmacy". The alkaloid epibatidine, a painkiller 200 times more potent than morphine is
made by some species of poison dart frogs, although it can also cause death by lung paralysis.
Other chemicals isolated from the skins of frogs may offer resistance to HIV infection.[195] Dart
poisons are under active investigation for their potential as therapeutic drugs. [196]
It has long been suspected that pre-Columbian Mesoamericans used a toxic secretion produced by
the cane toad as a hallucinogen, but more likely they used substances secreted by the Colorado
River toad (Bufo alvarius). These contain bufotenin (5-MeO-DMT), a psychoactive compound that
has been used in modern times as a recreational drug. Typically, the skin secretions are dried and
then smoked.[197] Illicit drug use by licking the skin of a toad has been reported in the media, but this
may be an urban myth.[198]

Golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis).

Exudations from the skin of the golden poison frog (Phyllobates terribilis) are traditionally used by
native Colombians to poison the darts they use for hunting. The tip of the projectile is rubbed over
the back of the frog and the dart is launched from ablowgun. The combination of the two alkaloid
toxins batrachotoxin and homobatrachotoxin is so powerful, one frog contains enough poison to kill
an estimated 22,000 mice.[199] Two other species, the Kokoe poison dart frog (Phyllobates aurotaenia)
and the black-legged dart frog (Phyllobates bicolor) are also used for this purpose. These are less
toxic and less abundant than the golden poison frog. They are impaled on pointed sticks and may be
heated over a fire to maximise the quantity of poison that can be transferred to the dart. [199]

Cultural beliefs
Main article: Frogs in culture

Frogs feature prominently in folklore, fairy tales, and popular culture. They tend to be portrayed as
benign, ugly, and clumsy, but with hidden talents. Examples include Michigan J. Frog, "The Frog
Prince", and Kermit the Frog. The Warner Brothers cartoon One Froggy Evening features Michigan
J. Frog, that will only dance and sing for the demolition worker who opens his time capsule, but will
not perform in public.[200] "The Frog Prince" is a fairy tale about a frog that turns into a handsome
prince after he has rescued a princess's golden ball and she has taken him into her palace. [201] Kermit
the Frog is a conscientious and disciplined character from The Muppet Show and Sesame Street;
while openly friendly and greatly talented, he is often portrayed as cringing at the fanciful behavior of
more flamboyant characters.[202]
Toads have a more sinister reputation. It was believed in European folklore that they were
associated with witches as their familiar spirits and had magical powers. The toxic secretions from
their skin was used in brewing evil potions, but was also put to use to create magical cures for
human and livestock ailments. They were associated with the devil; in John Milton's Paradise
Lost, Satan was depicted as a toad pouring poison into Eve's ear.[203]
The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals, and often depicted frogs in their art.
[204]
In Panama, local legend held that good fortune would come to anyone who spotted
a Panamanian golden frog. Some believed when one of these frogs died, it would turn into a
golden talisman known as a huaca. Today, despite being extinct in the wild, Panamanian golden
frogs remain an important cultural symbol and are illustrated on decorative cloth molas made by
the Kuna people. They also appear as part of the inlaid design on a new overpass in Panama City,
on T-shirts, and even on lottery tickets.[205]

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