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Statistics for the Social Sciences

Module 7. K RELATED SAMPLES

Module 7. K RELATED SAMPLES

1. Repeated Measures (p>2)


Repeated measures imply that measurement of the subjects are done in several times.
This is applicable to a situation where there are several DVs, all measured on the same scale. The
set of DVs can either come from one DV measured several different times, or several different
DVs all measured at one time. There is also a popular extension of the analysis where several
different DVs are measured at several different times, A good example is the pre, mid and
posttest.
The null and alternative hypotheses for more than two means are as follow:
Ho:1=2==p
Ha: at least two means are not equal.

Test Statistic:
2

F=

T
n p+1
n1 p1

)F

( p1,n p+1 )

Numerical Example:
A class in Statistics took three exams (Pre midterm, Midterm, and a Final exam) and the
results are given below. Test that the group have equal means in the three exams.
Exam
1
Exam
2
Exam
3

93

97

97

97

93

99

99

92

86

81

81

86

84

85

97

97

92

87

88

90

86

87

98

89

Result:
Fc = 7.72
Ftab =

F(31,83+1) = F0.05 (2,6) =5.14

Decision and Conclusion:

bfr

Statistics for the Social Sciences


Module 7. K RELATED SAMPLES

Since the computed F value is higher than the tabular value, then the null hypothesis is
rejected. It is concluded that the mean scores in the different exams differ.

2. Friedman Rank Test


Friedman Rank test is appropriate for comparing means of k related samples. The data
consists of a set of k observations for a sample of n individuals. This test is an alternative for the
analysis of variance for two way classification.
The Friedman procedure tests the null hypothesis that multiple ordinal responses come
from the same population. As with the Wilcoxon test for two related samples, the data may come
from repeated measures of a single sample or from the same measure from multiple matched
samples.
When the Friedman test leads to significant results, at least one of the samples is different
from the other samples. However, the test does not identify where the difference(s) occur.
Moreover, it does not identify how many differences occur. To identify the particular differences
between sample pairs, a researcher might use sample contrasts, or post hoc tests, to analyze the
specific sample pairs for significant difference(s).
The null and alternative hypotheses for more than two means are as follow:
Ho:1=2==p
Ha: at least two means are not equal.
Test statistic:

F2r =

R 2i
n (k1) C F
i=1 n
k

r 2ijC F

or
k

12
F =
R2j 3 n(k 1)

nk ( k 1 ) j
2
r

Critical Region: All

2tab 2,(k-1)

Numerical Example:
The recall scores on verbal test of 12 subjects were obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days. The results
are given below:

bfr

Statistics for the Social Sciences


Module 7. K RELATED SAMPLES

Subject
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

After 1 day
26
43
43
43
54
67
43
64
78
76
65
35

After 3 days
43
56
43
36
54
65
43
54
54
76
33
43

After 5 days
36
76
65
45
75
54
65
75
66
55
75
54

Solution:
1. Ho: The scores on verbal test obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days do not differ significantly.
Ha: The scores on verbal test obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days differ significantly.
2. Let =0.05
3. Test Statistic: Friedman Rank Test is appropriate if the normality assumption is not satisfied
and the samples are related.
4. Critical Region: All
5. Computed:

2tab 205,(3-1)=5.99

2r =5.09

6. Decision: Since the tabular value is greater than the computed value, then we fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the scores obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days differ
significantly at 5% level of significance.

3. Cochran Q test
When the ties in the Friedman Test becomes so extensive as to result in only two
categories of response for each subject(or matched group of subjects), the Friedman Test turn
into a test devised by Cochran.
This test may be used to test whether there is a difference between a numbers of samples.
For the test to be valid, there must be no carryover effects. In some cases, the difficulties created
by carryover effects may be mitigated by randomizing or counterbalancing the order of
presentation of the different treatments.

bfr

Statistics for the Social Sciences


Module 7. K RELATED SAMPLES

The Cochran Q procedure tests the null hypothesis that multiple related proportions are
the same. The Cochran test is a multivariate extension of the McNemar test used for two related
samples.
Limitations of the test:
1. Only determines the occurrence of change, but does not evaluates the extent of change.
2. The test is known to be poor at detecting true heterogeneity among studies as
significant.

Test Statistic:
Cj
k

j=1

k C 2j
j=1

k Ri R 2i
i=1

i =1

( k 1 )
Q=

Critical Region: All 2 2,(k-1)

Numerical Example: (Class discussion)


Consider the responses of 10 students at a certain university on this particular question,
Do you favor the drug testing among high school student? At three different occasions.
Student
1
2

First Interview
0
1

Second Interview
1
1

Third Interview
1
0

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0
0
0
1
1
1
0

1
0
1
1
1
1
1

1
0
0
1
1
1
1
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Statistics for the Social Sciences


Module 7. K RELATED SAMPLES

10

Solution:
1. Ho: The response of the students at different situations do not differ significantly.
Ha: The response of the students at different situations differ significantly.
2. Let =0.05
3. Test Statistic: Cochran Q test is appropriate if the normality assumption is not satisfied and the
samples are related.
4. Critical Region: All
5. Computed:

2tab 205,(3-1) = 5.99

2r =6.33

6. Decision: Since the computed Q is higher than the tabular Chi square value, then we reject the
null hypothesis.
Conclusion: The response of the students at different situations differ significantly.at 5% level
of significance.

bfr

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