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Test Statistic:
2
F=
T
n p+1
n1 p1
)F
( p1,n p+1 )
Numerical Example:
A class in Statistics took three exams (Pre midterm, Midterm, and a Final exam) and the
results are given below. Test that the group have equal means in the three exams.
Exam
1
Exam
2
Exam
3
93
97
97
97
93
99
99
92
86
81
81
86
84
85
97
97
92
87
88
90
86
87
98
89
Result:
Fc = 7.72
Ftab =
bfr
Since the computed F value is higher than the tabular value, then the null hypothesis is
rejected. It is concluded that the mean scores in the different exams differ.
F2r =
R 2i
n (k1) C F
i=1 n
k
r 2ijC F
or
k
12
F =
R2j 3 n(k 1)
nk ( k 1 ) j
2
r
2tab 2,(k-1)
Numerical Example:
The recall scores on verbal test of 12 subjects were obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days. The results
are given below:
bfr
Subject
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
After 1 day
26
43
43
43
54
67
43
64
78
76
65
35
After 3 days
43
56
43
36
54
65
43
54
54
76
33
43
After 5 days
36
76
65
45
75
54
65
75
66
55
75
54
Solution:
1. Ho: The scores on verbal test obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days do not differ significantly.
Ha: The scores on verbal test obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days differ significantly.
2. Let =0.05
3. Test Statistic: Friedman Rank Test is appropriate if the normality assumption is not satisfied
and the samples are related.
4. Critical Region: All
5. Computed:
2tab 205,(3-1)=5.99
2r =5.09
6. Decision: Since the tabular value is greater than the computed value, then we fail to reject the
null hypothesis.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the scores obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days differ
significantly at 5% level of significance.
3. Cochran Q test
When the ties in the Friedman Test becomes so extensive as to result in only two
categories of response for each subject(or matched group of subjects), the Friedman Test turn
into a test devised by Cochran.
This test may be used to test whether there is a difference between a numbers of samples.
For the test to be valid, there must be no carryover effects. In some cases, the difficulties created
by carryover effects may be mitigated by randomizing or counterbalancing the order of
presentation of the different treatments.
bfr
The Cochran Q procedure tests the null hypothesis that multiple related proportions are
the same. The Cochran test is a multivariate extension of the McNemar test used for two related
samples.
Limitations of the test:
1. Only determines the occurrence of change, but does not evaluates the extent of change.
2. The test is known to be poor at detecting true heterogeneity among studies as
significant.
Test Statistic:
Cj
k
j=1
k C 2j
j=1
k Ri R 2i
i=1
i =1
( k 1 )
Q=
First Interview
0
1
Second Interview
1
1
Third Interview
1
0
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
bfr
10
Solution:
1. Ho: The response of the students at different situations do not differ significantly.
Ha: The response of the students at different situations differ significantly.
2. Let =0.05
3. Test Statistic: Cochran Q test is appropriate if the normality assumption is not satisfied and the
samples are related.
4. Critical Region: All
5. Computed:
2r =6.33
6. Decision: Since the computed Q is higher than the tabular Chi square value, then we reject the
null hypothesis.
Conclusion: The response of the students at different situations differ significantly.at 5% level
of significance.
bfr