A400Watt60HertzPowerInverter

byW5JGV
August15,2005(revisedAugust18,2005,July19,2006)
WhatToDoWithThoseOldBuzzBox(Vibrator)Inverters.

OvertheyearsIhavefoundthathavinga12VoltDCto120Volt60Hz
inverterisquiteuseful.Ioccasionallymakerepairstoequipmentinareas
wherethereisnoavailableACpowertorunmypowertools.Havingan
inverterthatIcanconnecttothecarbatteryisareallifesaver.Yes,Iknow
thattherearelotsofbatteryoperatedpowertoolsoutthere,andasagadget
freak,Icertainlyownmyshareofthem.Sometimes,however,it'sjusteasier
tobeabletorunamorepowerfultool,solderingiron,electricdrill,or
whatever,andagoodinverterfillstheneed.Theproblemisthatsomeofthe
moremodernpowerinvertersarenotcapableofrunningaseriouspower
tool.
DiggingunderthetablesatHamfestswilloftenrevealdiscardedordeceased
squarewavevibratorinverters,orearlymodeltransistorizedinverters,such
astheoneIshowinthisarticle.Theseunitsareexcellentcandidatesfor
conversiontotransistorizedoperation.WhatIwillshowinthisarticleisa
waytoconvertoneoftheseolderunitstofairlystable60Hz(60Cycleto
youoldguys,likeme!)transistorizedinverterwithoverloadcharacteristics
similartotheoldvibratordriveninverters.Thisparticularunitshowninthis
articleisessentiallyavibratorinverterwhichhasbeenconvertedto
transistoroperation.Youcanconvertanyinverterofthistypeoravibrator
inverteraccordingtothisarticleanditshouldworkjustfine.Notethatthe
newer"buildawaveform"invertersuseverysmalltransformersandarenot
suitableforthismethodofconversiontheydon'toperateonthesame
principle.
Theuseoftransistorsinpowerinvertershasgreatlychangedtheinternal
designofpowerinverters.Thefirstinvertersavailableinthe1940'suseda
vibratortodriveatransformertoconvert6or12VoltsDCto110VoltsAC.
Thevibratorsusedinthesepowerinvertersarethebigbrothersofthe
smaller4,5and6pinpluginmetalcanvibratorsusedincarradiosofthe
1940'sand1950's.Thesepowervibratorscameinlargersizesandcould
handlesubstantiallymorepowerthentheirsmallerkin.

Theinternaldesignofthevibratorinverterisfairlysimple.DCcomesinto
theunit,andischoppedintosquarewavepulsesbythealternatingcontacts
ofthevibrator,whichactsasasinglepoledoublethrowswitch.These
pulsesarethenfedfirsttooneendofthecentertappedprimarywindingof
theinvertertransformer,andthentotheotherendoftheprimarywinding.
ThisalternatingseriesofDCpulsessimulatesanACsquarewavewhichthe
transformerstepsupto120voltsAConthesecondaryside.Thepowerlimit
onthistypeofinverterisusuallyhowmuchcurrenttheinvertercontactscan
handlebeforetheymelt.(Thathappensmorethanyouwouldexpect.)
In normal operation, the oxide film on the Tungsten vibrator contact
surfacesandthebulkresistanceofthecontactscausesasmallvoltagedrop
acrossthecontactpointswhentheyareclosedandcarryingcurrent.This
dropisintheorderof0.05to0.20volts,dependingonthecurrentand
conditionofthecontacts.Sincethevibratorassemblyisbuiltintoaclosed
andsoundproofcase(there'sareasonwecalled'emBuzzBoxes!)toprevent
contaminantsfromenteringthevibratorcaseanddamagingthecontacts,it's
hardforheatgeneratedbythecontactsandthevibrator coilstoescape.
Becauseofthis,thevibratorisusuallyratedatsomewhatlesscurrentthat
thecontactscanultimatelyhandle.However,thevibratorcanintermittently
handlesomecurrentaboveit'snormalratingiftheoperatoriscareful.Fuses
areabsolutelyessentialwithavibratorinverter,becausesincethevibratoris
justanoscillatingswitch,itwilltrytopasswhatevercurrenttheloadis
demanding.That'swhythevibratorinverterissonice;youcanrunanything
onitaslongasyoudon'tcauseameltdown.
Presentdaypowerinvertersaremuchsmallerinphysicalsize,andtheycan
handlealotmorepowerthantheoldervibratordrivenunits.However,I
havefoundthatmanyofthenewinvertersareunabletohandlemuchofany
overloadwithout"dumping"andshuttingoff.Forexample,tryingtoruna
14"colorsetona300wattratedinverterresultedintheinvertershutting
downonoverload.TheTVsetisratedat120watts,andtheinverterisrated
at300,sowhat'stheproblem?Well,whentheTVsetisturnedon,itdrawsa
big surge of current to charge the filter capacitors and operate the
degaussing coil surrounding the picture tube. This surge shuts down the
inverter.Anoldstylevibratordriveninverterwilljustgruntabitandthen
carryon,startingtheTVandrunningitinfinefashion.
IhavealargeRadiartvibratorthatisinacasethatmeasuresabout5"x3"x
3"insize.Ithastwo6prongplugsonittohandlethepower.Itisdrivenby
twoelectromagnetsandrequiresabout25wattsat12VoltsDCjusttorunit.
Ithasatotalof16switchingcontacts,notcountingthecontactsusedto
drivethevibratorcoils.It'sarealbeastofavibrator,butitcanhandlethe

power!Iuseitintheoriginalinverter,whichwasratedtohandle300watts
at6volts!That'sacurrentdrainthroughthecontactsofabout50amps!Not
badforabuzzingrelay.
Idiscoveredthatthetransformerwasactuallymadewith46voltwindings
inparallel,soIwasabletoreconnectthetransformertomakeitworkon12
volts.Ifoundthatthetransformerhadenoughironinittohandlemore
power,andIfoundthatIcouldnowgetupto600wattsoutoftheunit.
RememberwhatIsaidaboutmeltdown?Well,Ifoundthatwiththatbig
vibrator,Icouldactuallyrunmy6"circularsawfromtheinverter.Notfor
toolong,though,butitisstillimpressive.Noneofmynewertransistorized
unitswilldothat.
Still, one day, the vibrator will expire, and then I'll have to figure out
somethingtoreplaceitwithorscraptheunit.Thisparticularvibratorisno
longeravailable.Itcostmebetterthan$50.00USDbackintheearly1950's;
Ihatetothinkofwhatitwouldcosttoday,ifitwerestillavailable.The
logicaloption(thesedays,anyway)istothink"SolidState!"
Moderninvertersuseabunchoftransistorstoreplacethevibrator.Thereare
threetypesofunitscommonlyavailable.Onetype"builds"asinewaveout
of high frequency pulses which are summed into a sine wave by a
transformer/lowpassfiltersystem.Theseareusedforloadsthatrequire
actualsinewavepower.Mostequipmentisnotsocriticalastotheirpower
requirements,andtheymaybeoperatedonwhatistermeda"ModifiedSine
Wave"powersource.ThisisusuallyasquarewaveACwaveform,witha
longdeadtimebetweenthepositiveandnegativeportionsofthewaveform.
Theresultofthiswaveformistogreatlyreducetheharmoniccontentofthe
waveformascomparedtoasimplesquarewave.Thethird(andearliest)
invertersimplygeneratesasquarewaveoutput.Most,butnotall,devices
will operate satisfactorily on a square wave. In addition, square wave
invertersaresimpletobuildwhencomparedtosinewaveormodifiedsine
waveinverters.
Theconversiondescribedherewillresultinasquarewaveoutput,whichis
whattheseoldervibrator/transistorizedinvertersproducedoriginally.I've
convertedfouroftheseunitssofar,withexcellentresultsineachcase.One
advantageofconvertingtheseunitsisthattheyaremuchmoreelectrically
quiet than the vibrator units. The contacts in a vibrator inverter always
exhibit some amount of sparking and that sparking causes RFI. Noise
suppressionisaccomplishedintheseunitsbyusingcarefullychosenhigh
voltage buffer capacitors placed across the transformer windings and
sometimesacrossthevibratorcontactsaswell.Failureofabuffercapacitor

theyalwaysfailshortedoftenresultsinasetofmeltedvibratorcontacts.
Afterconversionasshowninthisarticle,RFIisathingofthepast,unless
you do a poor job of construction. In that case, it is possible for the
MOSFET's to oscillate at VHF and cause interference. That problem is
easilysolvedbyplacingaverysmallferritebeadoverthegatelegofthe
MOSFET's.

This was a nice onthetable Hamfest find a 400 watt combination

inverter/batterycharger.Thefellowwhosolditsaidhecouldnotfind
replacementtransistorsforit,sohewassellingittocleanouttheshack.As
itwasoriginallydesigned,itusedatotalof10PNPTO3powertransistors
tohandlethe12VoltDCpowerandgenerateacleansquarewaveoutputat
117volts60Hz.Thetransistorsweretoast,andareplacementsetwould
cost over $100.00 USD, so something else was definitely in order! The
transistors were also used as the battery charger rectifiers, but since the
voltageregulatorcircuitwasmissingwhenIobtainedtheunitfor$5.00
USD,Idecidedtostriptheunitandstartover.Thispictureshowstheunit
afterconversion.Ididnotbothertopaintitordressitup,asitwillbea
"workhorse"unitusedinthefield.

WhatIdecidedtodowastoreplaceallofthePNPtransistorswithsome
highpowerMOSFETtransistorswhichhaveverylowvoltagedropwhen
theyareturnedon.Inthatrespect,theybehavemuchlikeavibrator.By
usinghighcurrentratedtransistors,excellentoverloadcapacityisavailable.
The required square wave gate drive for the MOSFET's and the 60 Hz
frequencycontrolisprovidedbyalowpowercrosscoupledoscillatorusing
asmallfilamenttransformerthatisdrivenintocoresaturation.

Thisviewofthemodifiedinvertershowsa1/4"diameterboltandwasher
neartherear(left)ofthecabinet.Theboltholdsanaluminumblockagainst
thechassisforcooling.ApairofMOSFET'saremounteronthethermal
block.Notethewhiteplasticelectricalinsulationbetweenthewasherand
thechassis.Theboltiselectrically"hot"becauseitisconnecteddirectlyto
thecases(drainconnection)oftheMOSFET'S.

Here's a top view of the modified inverter. In the center is the output
transformer.Sinceitifusedat60Hz,itisbigandhaslotsofironinthe
core. Newer high frequency inverters will have very small ferrite core
transformersinthem.Notetheheavygaugewireoftheprimarywinding,
whichiswoundoverthehighvoltagesecondarywinding.Thefourpower
MOSFET'sIusedinthisconversionaremountedinpairsontherectangular
aluminumheatspreaderblockswhicharevisibletotheleftandrightofthe
case.TheprimarywindingsnubberRCnetworkisvisibleasthe"EVOX
MMK"capacitorandthetwoblueresistorstotherightofthecapacitor.The
smalltransformermountedontheleftsideofthechassisistheoscillator
transformer.Thesnubbernetworkarerequiredtohandletheenergystored
intheleakagereactanceoftheoutputtransformer.Ifthesnubbersdidnot
eliminatethisenergy,potentiallydestructivehighvoltagespikescanoccur
duringtheswitchtimeanddestroytheMOSFET's.

Bottomviewofthemodifiedinverter.Thebluecapacitorwiththewhite
paint on it is connected across the secondary winding to clean up the
waveform. It reduces the high frequency secondary ringing to a lower
frequency andreduces the amplitudeof theringing. Iused theammeter
whichwaspartoftheoriginalunit(themeterisvisibleinthelowercenterof
thephoto)asitishandytobeabletochecktheloadcurrentdrawnbythe
inverter.ThetwooriginalPOSTstyle3AGfuseholderswereleftinplace
andusedinthisconversion.Theyeachcontaina20Afuse.Theyareplaced
inparallel.IfIweretobuildanewunit,Iwouldhaveusedthenewerand
lessexpensiveautomotivefuseholdersandfuses.

Thisistheoscillator.Thefilamenttransformerisdriventosaturationata60
HzratebythepairofNPNtransistorsmountedjustabovetheheatspreader
blockfortheMOSFET'sTheredandblueresistorssetthebasedriveforthe
oscillatortransistorsandadjustthefrequencyoftheoscillator.

KeepingtheoscillatorDCsupplyvoltagesteadyisnecessaryinorderto
maintainthefrequencyatexactly60Hz.A50wattZenerdiodeisusedto
regulatethesupplyvoltage.Zenerdiodescanholdvoltagesmoreaccurately
thanmost3terminalvoltageregulators.SincethisZenerdiodewasalready

in the unit when I obtained it, I decided to make use of it. The large
rectangular white resistor (salvaged from an old TV receiver) provides
currentlimitingfortheZenerdiode.Withthecomponentvaluesshownon
thediagram,thegatedriveandtheoutputfrequencyisconstantatallDC
inputvoltagesfrom8.5to16.5Volts.TheZenerdiodeismountedonthe
othersideofthechassiswheretheredandyellowwiresaresolderedtothe
diodepins.

ThecaseoftheZenerdiodeisgroundedtothecase,butIusedsomeheat
sinkcompoundbetweenthecaseandthechassistoensuregoodthermal
contact. Because the oscillator frequency is determined by both the DC
supplyvoltage and thebase drive ofthe oscillator transistors, the Zener
diodewasusedtoholdtheoscillatorsupplyvoltageconstant.(Moreabout
thisintheschematicdiscussion.)

Here'sacloseupoftheoscillatortransistorsandtheoneoftheMOSFET
pairs.Ican'tsaymuchfortheneatnessofthesolderjoints,buttheyare
secure.IthinkIsoldered,unsoldered,andresolderedazillionresistorsuntil
IfoundtheonesIneededtogetthecorrectfrequency.Notetoself:Next
time,useapotentiometer!!!Thetransistorsareinsulatedfromthechassis
with some thermally conductive insulators I salvaged from some old
computerpowersupplies.Thetransistorsalsocamefromcomputerpower
supplies.Infact,sodidthenutsandboltsIusedtomountthetransistorsto
thechassis.Computerpowersuppliesandcomputermonitorsareatreasure
troveofsmallpartsforhomebrewingelectronicequipment!

AlthoughthediagramshowsapairofMOSFET'sintheoutputcircuit,there
are actually four transistors used. Each end of the output transformer is
drivenbyaparalleledpairofMOSFET's.Notethattheyaremountedasa
parallelpaironanaluminumblock.TheDrain(case)ofeachtransistoris
bolted directly to the block with no insulators. This is to maintain the
temperature of each transistor in the pair as identical as possible.
Maintaining identical device temperatures allows the transistors to more
closelytrackeachotherelectricallywheninoperation.Thealuminumblock
is electrically insulated from the chassis by a section of plastic sheet
insulatorthatwassalvagedfromacomputerpowersupply.Itesteditfor
goodheattransmission,anditwasadequateforthisjob.
EachoftheMOSFET'susedherecanhandleatleast65A,soasinglepair
shouldbesufficienttodothejobinthisinverter.WhydidI"doubleup"on
thetransistors?ThevoltagedropacrossaMOSFET(theconductionloss)
whenitisswitchedonincreasesinproportiontothecurrentpassingthrough
theMOSFET.PlacingtwoMOSFETinparallel,causeseachonetocarry
just half of the total current. The forward current voltage drop in a
conductingMOSFEThasapositivecoefficientoftemperature.Thismeans
that as the MOSFET gets hotter with increasing current, the internal

resistanceoftheMOSFETwillincrease,whichthenincreasesthevoltage
dropacrosstheMOSFET.
PlacingtwoMOSFET'sinparallelcauseseachonetocarryhalfofthetotal
loadcurrent.WhicheverMOSFEThappenstoconductslightlybetterthan
theotherone(transistorsareneverexactlyidentical)willgetalittlehotter,
whichwillincreaseit'sresistance,andtheresultingincreaseinvoltagedrop
acrosstheMOSFETwillcausetheotherMOSFETinparallelwithitto
conduct more of the total current. This effect automatically forces the
MOSFET'stosharecurrentevenlywhentheyareoperatedinparallel.
Evenbetter,parallelingMOSFETSresultsinsomethingfornothingthe
totalpowerlostinheatishalfofthelosswhenjustoneMOSFETisused.
Forexample,assumethatasingleMOSFETdrops2voltswhencarryinga
currentof2amperes.Thelossisthen2vX2a=4Watts.Splittingthe
currentbetweentwoMOSFET'sresultsin1ampereofcurrentthrougheach
MOSFET, but since the voltage drop is proportional to the current, the
voltageacrosstheMOSFET'sfallsto1volt.Nowthepowerlossforeach
MOSFETis1vX1a=1Watttimes2transistors=2wattstotalloss.Not
onlyhavewedecreasedthetotalheatlossinthecircuitbyhalf,wehave
reducedtheheatlossineachMOSFETtoonefourthoftheoriginalvalue.
Athighpower,thiscanmeanthedifferencebetweencomfortableoperation
andblowntransistors.Usingthealuminumheatspreaderblockallows
suddenheatsurgesgeneratedunderoverloadconditionstoberapidly
removedfromthetransistorsanddissipatedoveralargerchassisareathan
wouldbepossibleifthetransistorswerebolteddirectlytothechassis
withouttheuseoftheAluminumblock.
ItisimportantthattheMOSFET'saremountedsothattheirleadscanbe
connectedtogetherwithshortleads.Thisisnecessaryforpropercurrent
sharingandtopreventVHFoscillations.Theheavycopperwirefromthe
MOSFETsourceleadstothechassismaybeseeninthispicture.
MOSFET'saregoodchoicesforpowerinverteruse,becausetheI^Rpower
lossandtheresultingheatgeneratedatfullpoweroperationarelessthanthe
lossesinbipolardevices.Thecombinationofthethin(1/8")aluminum
chassisandthealuminumblockprovidessufficientheatsinkingforthe
MOSFET's.Thethermalmassoftheheatspreaderblocksandthe
surroundingchassismaterialallowsoverloadoperationupto700wattsfor
severalminutes.(Thefusesblowoutatthatpoint.)

ThisistheRCsnubbernetworkthatisplacedacrossthewindingofthe
oscillatortransformer.Itisusedtocleanupthewaveformandhelpsproduce
acleansquarewavefromtheoscillator.Notethatallthreecapacitorsusedin
thismodificationhavebeensalvagedfromusedcomputerpowersupplies.
ThecapacitorisattachedtothechassisthelazyHam'swayISuperGlued
itthere!!

AcloseupoftheRCsnubberthatisplacedacrosstheprimaryoftheoutput
transformer.Thisnetworktakescareoftheenergystoredintheleakage
inductanceinthetransformer.Thenetworkis"tuned"byadjustingtheR8
andC2valuesfortheminimumwaveform"ringing"(transientoscillations")
asseenonthedrainoftheMOSFET's.Thisadjustmentneedstobebalanced
againsttheminimumcrossover(switching)waveformspikeasseenatno
load.Allowingtheswitchingspiketogettoolargecanresultinfailureof
theMOSFET's.NotethatchangingthevalueofC3willrequireadjustingthe
valuesoftheR8andC2,seenhere.

ThisiswaveformcorrectioncapacitorC3.Itmustberatedforatleast250
voltsAC.Thiscapacitorwassalvagedfromacomputerpowersupply.

Ifyou'vefollowedmethisfar,it'stimetotakealookattheschematic
diagramandthespecificationsforsomeofthecomponents.Theseareall
PDFfiles.
Schematicdiagramoftheinverter
Datasheetforthe1N2805ZenerDiode
Datasheetforthe2SC2625transistor
DatasheetfortheHUF75645PMOSFET

SchematicDiagramDiscussion:
Thedesignoftheoscillatorcircuitisthemostcriticalinthisinverter.Inan
attempttomakethedesignassimpleaspossible,somedesignfeatureswere
omittedthatmaymakepuristscringe.However,teststodestruction(!)
revealedthatforthemostpart,whatisshownhereworksjustfine.
Theoscillatorisasimplecrosscoupledsaturatedcoredesign.Theoscillator
frequencyiscontrolledbyseveralfactors,theDCsupplyvoltage,the
inductanceofthetransformer,theloadacrossthetransformer,andthebase
drivetotheoscillatortransistors.
Thetransformerwaschosenbasedonthefactthatmostsmalltransformers
aredesignedtooperateatthedesignvoltagewiththemagneticfluxlevelin
thecoresomewhatrunningsomewherebelowcoresaturation.Becausemost
commerciallyavailabletransformersusecorematerialwithsimilarmagnetic
characteristics,usingacentertappedwindingtransformerwithanendto
endACvoltageratingroughlyequaltotheDCsupplyvoltagewillresultin
anoscillatorrunningsomewhereclosetothetransformer'sdesignfrequency.
Thereareexceptionstothis,ofcourse,ifthecorematerialhasgreatly
differentmagneticcharacteristics.
Thereasonweneedtoapply12voltsacrossonehalfofthe12voltwinding
ofthetransformerisbecausethepeakfluxgeneratedbya12voltACsine
waveisgreaterthanthepeakfluxgeneratedbya12voltDCsquarewave.
Sincetheoscillatorfunctionsbyvirtueofcoresaturation,wehavetoallow
enoughtimeforthecoretosaturatewiththe12voltsDCappliedtothe
transformerwinding.Ifweusedtheentirewinding,thetimerequiredforthe
fluxleveltoreachsaturationwouldbegreaterthandesired,andtheresult
wouldbeanoscillationatafrequencyoflessthan60Hz.Byusingonlyhalf
ofthewinding,thefrequencyisraisedtoabout90Hz.Thisisthenreduced
to60HzbyreducingtheDCsupplyvoltageandadjustingthebasedriveof
theoscillatortransistors.
Thetransformerseesareactiveloadduetothecapacitanceofthegatesof
theMOSFET's.Thiscapacitanceisacrossthetransformerwinding,andso
willreducetheresonantfrequencyoftheoscillatorslightly.
TheDCsupplyvoltageisacriticalcomponentinfrequencytolerance.The
voltageisheldtoaverytighttolerancebyusinga50watt7.5voltZener
diode.Theselectionofthevoltagetobeusedwassetbythefactthatthe

endsoftheoscillatortransformerwindingareconnecteddirectlytothegates
oftheMOSFET's.SincetheMOSFET'shaveamaximumallowablegate
voltageof+/20volts,Ineededtoensurethatthedrivesignalfromthe
oscillatorcircuitwouldnotexceedthatvalue.Whentheoscillatoris
running,theMOSFETgatevoltagewillswingbetween+15and0volts,
causingtheMOSFETtoswitchonandoff.15voltsisareasonablevalue,
andallowssomesafetymargin.ThissetstheoscillatorDCsupplyvoltageat
amaximumof+7.5volts.TheDCsupplyvoltageisdoubledbecauseofthe
actionoftheoscillatortransformerastheoscillatortransistorsswitchonand
off.
Theselectionoftheoscillatortransformersetsthetransformerinductance,
andsincewehavesettheDCsupplyvoltagewiththeZenerdiode,andwe
havesettheloadonthetransformerbychoosingaparticularMOSFET,the
onlyremainingvariableisthebasedrivetotheoscillatortransistors.That
makesiteasytogettherightfrequencyjusttrimthevalueofthecrossover
feedbackbaseresistors,andthejobisdone!Thereisasmallfrequency
changeastheoscillatortransistorswarmup,butthisisnormallylessthan
0.1Hzandsettlesdownafterabout5minutes.Excessivefrequencydrift
mayindicateinsufficientheatsinkingoftheoscillatortransistorsor
excessivebasedrive.
Notethattheworstpossiblefailuremodeisfortheoscillatortofailtostart.
Inthatcase,asteady+7.5voltswillbeappliedtothegatesofthe
MOSFET's.TransformerT2willthensaturate,andallowexcessivecurrent
topassthroughthetransformerprimarywindingandtheMOSFET's.
Something'swillblowout,andhopefullyitwillbethefuse.Morelikely,it
willbeablownoutMOSFET,whichthenblowsthefuse.
Fusefailureduringnormaloperationisusuallytheresultofoverloadingthe
inverter.Inthatcase,thetotalDCcurrentissharedbyallfourMOSFET'sso
thechancesarethatyou'llhaveablownfusebeforeyoufryaMOSFET.
Nocurrentlimitingresistorsareusedbetweentheoscillatortransformerand
thegatesoftheMOSFET's.Thiscausesmorerapidturnonandturnoffof
theMOSFET'sandalsohelpspreventcrossconductionbetweenthe
MOSFET'sduringtheswitchtime.
R6andR7areonlyusedforESDprotectionduringconstruction,andarenot
requiredforproperoperation.InormallysolderESDprotectionresistors
acrossthegateandsourceleadsofMOSFET'swhenIworkwiththem,and
usuallyjustleavetheminplaceaftertheyareinstalledinthecircuit.

Makethesourceleadsniceandshortbetweenthetransistorsandchassis
ground.LongleadscancauseVHFoscillations.Ifthishappens,placea
smallferritebeadoverthegateleadsoftheMOSFET's.Youcanusually
findsomesuitableferritebeadsontherectifierdiodesincomputerpower
supplies.
Asalways,TuneforMinimumSmoke!

73,RalphW5JGV

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