HSCC Alg1 WSK 04

Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 173)
9.
1. (5, 2) corresponds to point G.
2y + 1 x = 7x
2y + 1 x + x = 7x + x
2y + 1 = 8x
2. (2, 0) corresponds to point D.
2y + 1 1 = 8x 1
3. Point C is located in Quadrant I.
2y = 8x 1
4. Point E is located in Quadrant IV.
5.
8x 1
2
1
y = 4x
2
2y
2
xy=5
xxy=5x
1
The rewritten equation is y = 4x .
2
y = 5 x
y
1
5x
1
y = 5 + x
The rewritten equation is y = 5 + x.
6.
6x + 3y = 1
6x 6x + 3y = 1 6x
3y = 1 6x
1 6x
3
1
y = 2x
3
3y
3
1
The rewritten equation is y = 2x.
3
7.
0 = 2y 8x + 10
0 2y = 2y 2y 8x + 10
10.
y 4 = 3x + 5y
y 5y 4 = 3x + 5y 5y
4y 4 = 3x
4y 4 + 4 = 3x + 4
4y = 3x + 4
4y
4
3x + 4
4
3
y = x 1
4
3
The rewritten equation is y = x 1.
4
11. When both coordinates of a point are multiplied by a
negative number, points in Quadrant I move to QuadrantIII,

points in Quadrant II move to Quadrant IV, points in
Quadrant III move to Quadrant I, and points in QuadrantIV
move to Quadrant II.
2y = 8x + 10
2y 8x + 10
=
2
2
y = 4x 5
The rewritten equation is y = 4x 5.
8.
x + 4y 28 = 0
x + 4y 4y 28 = 0 4y
x 28 = 4y
x 28 4y
4
4
1
x + 7 = y
4
1
The rewritten equation is y = x + 7.
4
Chapter 4 Mathematical Practices (p.174)

1. Solve a simpler problem.
Suppose you work 40 hours and earn $360.

$360 $9
Hourly wage = =
40 h
1h
In the simpler problem, you earn $9 per hour. Apply the
strategy to the original problem.
$352.50 $9.4
Hourly wage = _______
=
1h
371 h
2
In the original problem, you earn $9.40 per hour.

Suppose you drive 1250 miles and use 50 gallons of

gasoline.
1250 mi 25 mi
Gas mileage = =
50 gal
1 gal
In the simpler problem, your cars gas mileage is 25 miles
per gallon.
Apply the strategy to the original problem.
1244.5 mi 26.2 mi
Gas mileage = =
47.5 gal
1 gal
In the original problem, your cars gas mileage is 26.2 miles
per gallon.
Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

All rights reserved.
Algebra 1
Worked-Out Solutions
165
Chapter 4
y y
x2 x1
Suppose you drive 250 miles in 5 hours. At the same rate,

how long will it take you to drive 450 miles?
y = mx + b
250 mi 50 mi
Driving speed = =
5h
1h
450 h
1h
= = 9h
50
50 mi
In the simpler problem, it will take 9 hours to drive

450miles.
Apply the strategy to the original problem.
236 mi 51.3 mi
Driving speed =
4.6 h
1h
51.3 mi
Driving time = 450 mi
1h
= 450 mi
1
2
0=
2
Because the line crosses the

y-axis at (0, 2), the y-intercept
is2.
2+b
2
2 = b
1
An equation is y = x 2.
2
2. a. The y-intercept is the point where the line crosses the
y-axis, or the value of y when x = 0. For this situation,

the y-intercept is 20. In the context of this problem, the
y-intercept is the base cost of the plan, or $20 per month.
b. Sample answer: Pick two points: (0, 20) and (1500, 65)
45
y2 y1
65 20
m=
= = = 0.03
x2 x1 1500 0 1500
450 h
1h
= 8.8 h
51.3 mi
51.3
In the original problem, it will take about 8.8 hours to drive

450miles.
or
1
0 = (4) + b
2
50 mi
Driving time = 450 mi
1h
= 450 mi
1
2
1 0
24
2
1 ===
d. m =
So, for this smartphone plan, the charge is $0.03 per

megabyte of data used.
c. Sample answer:
4.1 Explorations (p.175)
y = mx + b
y2 y1 3 (1) 3 + 1 4
1. a. m =
====2
x2 x1
20
20 2
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 1), the
y-intercept is 1.
An equation is y = 2x 1.
y y
x2 x1
2 2
40
4
4
2
1 = = = 1
b. m =
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 2), the y-intercept
is2.
An equation is y = x + 2.
y = 0.03x + 20
So, an equation is y = 0.03x + 20.
3. Use the graph to find the slope m of the line by identifying
two points on the graph and calculating the change in y over

change in x. The y-intercept is the point (0, b) where the line
crosses the y-axis. Once you have found the values of m and
b, you can write an equation of the line by substituting them
into y = mx+ b.
4. Sample answer:
4
2
1 3 4
y2 y1
1 3
c. m =
= = = =
3
x2 x1 3 (3)
3+3
6
y = mx + b
or
2
3 = (3) + b
3
3=
2
Because the line crosses the

y-axis at (0, 1), the y-intercept
is 1.
2+b
2
1=b
2
3
166
Algebra 1
(2, 0)
4
4 x
(0, 2)
4
y2 y1 2 0 2
m=
===1
x2 x1
02
2
b = 2 because the line passes through 2 on the y-axis.
An equation of the line is y = x 2.

Chapter 4
4.1 Monitoring Progress (pp. 177178)
4.1 Exercises (pp.179180)
1. m = 7; b = 2
Vocabulary and Core Concept Check
y = mx + b
1. A linear function that models a real-life situation is called a
y = 7x + 2
linear model.
An equation is y = 7x + 2.
2. When you are given the slope m and y-intercept b, you can
write an equation of the line by substituting them into the

slope-intercept form y = mx + b.
1
2. m = ; b = 1
3
y = mx + b
Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics
1
y = x + (1)
3
1
y = x 1
3
3. y = mx + b
y = 2x + 9
1
3
4. y = mx + b
3. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and (x2, y2) = (4, 3).
y = 0x + 5
y=5
1
y2 y1 3 1 2
m=
= = , or
x2 x1 4 0 4
2
An equation is y = 5.
is 1.
1
So, the equation is y = x + 1.
2
4. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and (x2, y2) = (5, 3).
y = 3x
6. y = mx + b
is 1.
2
So, the equation is y = x 1.
5
10 + 2
40
y = 3x + 0
An equation is y = 3x.
2
y2 y1 3 (1) 3 + 1
m=
= = =
5
x2 x1
50
50
10 (2)
40
5. y = mx + b
12
4
5. m = = = , or 3
is2.
So, an equation is y = 3x 2.
y = 7x + 1
7. y = mx + b
2
y = x + (8)
3
2
y = x 8
3
2
3
8. y = mx + b
6. Write g(0) = 9 as (0, 9) and g(8) = 7 as (8, 7). Find the
slope of the line through these points.

1
7 9 2
m = = , or
4
80
8
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 9), the y-intercept is 9.
1
So, a function is g(x) = x + 9.
4
y2 y1 277 248 29
m=
= = = 5.8
x2 x1
50
5
= 248 +
5.8
= 248 +
5.8x
3
4
9. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 2) and (x2, y2) = (3, 3).
y2 y1 3 2 1
m=
==
x2 x1 3 0 3
7. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 248) and (x2, y2) = (5, 277).
Mega watt
Initial
Rate of
hours (millions) = value + change
3
y = x + (6)
4
3
y = x 6
4
Years since
2007
is 2.
1
3
The linear model is y = 5.8x + 248.

Algebra 1
167
Chapter 4
10. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 3) and (x2, y2) = (4, 2).
1
y2 y1 2 3 1
m=
= = =
4
x2 x1 4 0
4
is 3.
1
4
11. Let (x1, y1) = (3, 4) and (x2, y2) = (0, 0).
4
0 4 4
y2 y1
04
m=
= = = =
3
x2 x1 0 (3) 0 + 3
3
is 0.
4
4
So, the equation is y = x + 0, or y = x.
3
3
12. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 2) and (x2, y2) = (2, 2).
y2 y1 2 (2) 2 + 2 4
m=
= = = , or 2
x2 x1
20
20 2
is2.
So, the equation is y = 2x 2.
So, the equation is y = 3x + 10.

5 7 12
14. m = = , or 6
02
2
is 5.
4 + 4
02
0
2
15. m = = , = , or 0
is 4.
So, the equation is y = 0x + (4), or y = 4.
24 0 24 0 24
16. m = = = , or 4
0 (6)
0+6
6
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 24), the
y-intercept is 24.
4
1.5
0.5 2
5 2
1
10
is 3.
1
10
19. Write f (0) = 2 as (0, 2) and f (2) = 4 as (2, 4). Find the slope
of the line through these points.

42 2
m = = , or 1
20 2
is 2.
y = mx + b
y = 1x + 2
y=x+2
A function is f (x) = x + 2.

1 7 6
m = = , or 2
30
3
y = mx + b
is 10.
15
1.5 0
0.5
5
is 7.
9
10 1
13. m = = , or 3
03
3
4 (4)
02
2.53
5 0
18. m = = = =
4 2
1.5 2
8
3
17. m = = = =
is5.
y = 2x + 7
A function is f (x) = 2x + 7.
21. Write f (4) = 3 as (4, 3) and f (0) = 2 as (0, 2). Find
the slope of the line through these points.

1
1
2 (3) 2 + 3
m = = = =
4
04
04
4
is 2.
y = mx + b
1
y = x 2
4
1
A function is f (x) = x 2.
4
22. Write f (5) = 1 as (5,1) and f (0) = 5 as (0, 5). Find

5 (1) 5 + 1 4 4
m====
05
05
5 5
is 5.
y = mx + b
4
y = x 5
5
4
5
8
3
168
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
23. Write f (2) = 6 as (2, 6) and f (0) = 4 as (0,4). Find
28. The coordinates of the points were substituted incorrectly
when calculating the slope.
4 6 10
4 6
m = = = , or 5
0 (2)
0+2
2
Let (x1, y1) = (0, 4) and (x2, y2) = (5, 1).
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0,4), the y-intercept

is 4.
y = mx + b
3
y2 y1 1 4 3
Slope =
= = =
5
x2 x1 5 0
5
Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0, 4), the y-intercept is
4, which was correct.
y = 5x 4
y = mx + b
A function is f (x) = 5x 4.
3
y = x + 4
5
24. Write f (0) = 3 as (0, 3) and f (6) = 3 as (6, 3). Find the
slope of the line through these points.

0
33
m = = , or 0
6 0 6
is 3.
y = mx + b
y = 0x + 3
y=3
A function is f (x) = 3.
25. Let (x1, y1) = (1,1) and (x2, y2) = (0, 1).
2
y2 y1 1 (1) 1 + 1
m=
= = = = 2
x2 x1
01
0 1 1
Because the point (0, 1) is on the y-axis, the y-intercept is 1.
y = mx + b
y = 2x + 1
26. Let (x1, y1) = (4,2) and (x2, y2) = (0, 0).
1
y2 y1 0 (2) 0 + 2 2
m=
= = = , or
x2 x1 0 (4) 0 + 4 4
2
Because the point (0, 0) is on the y-axis, the y-intercept is 0.
3
5
29. a. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 3.91) and (x2, y2) = (20, 3.81).
y2 y1 3.81 3.91 0.1 0.1 10

m=
===
x2 x1
20 0
20
20 10
1
= , or 0.005
200
World record
Initial
Rate of
(in minutes) = value + change
Years
since 1960
x
+ 0.005
= 3.91
= 3.91 0.005x
A linear model is y = 3.91 0.005x.

b. y = 3.91 0.005x
y = 3.91 0.005x
y = 3.91 0.005 (40)
y = 3.91 0.005 (60)
y = 3.91 0.2
y = 3.91 0.3
y = 3.71
y = 3.61
The model estimates the record time for the mens mile in
2000 was 3.71 minutes, and the model predicts the record
time in 2020 will be 3.61 minutes.
30. a. Words: Total
cost =
y = mx + b
Initial
Rate of
fee + Change (cost
per hour)
Studio
(in
time
hours)
1
y = x + 0
2
1
y = x
2
Variables: Let y be the total cost and x be the time

(inhours) spent in the studio.
1
A function is f (x) = x.
2
y = 50 + 75x
27. The slope and y-intercept were substituted incorrectly. The
slope is 2. So, m= 2. The y-intercept is 7. So, b = 7.

y = mx + b
y = 2x + 7

Linear model: y = 50 + 75 x
A linear model is y = 50 + 75x.
b. y = 50 + 75x
y = 50 + 75 (12)
y = 50 + 900
y = 950
According to the model, 12 hours of recording time will
cost $950. So, it would be less expensive to purchase a $750
music software program.
Algebra 1
169
Chapter 4
2
31. Let (x1, y1) = (0,2) and (x2, y2) = (0, 5).
c. You can use the slope m = 9 and y-intercept b = 8
from part (a) to write a linear model that represents

this situation. Let y be the approximate U.S. box office
revenues (in billions of dollars) and x be the number of
years that have passed since the year 2000.
y2 y1 5 (2) 5 + 2 7
m=
===
x2 x1
00
00 0
no; Because you cannot divide by 0, the slope is undefined.
So, you cannot write an equation of the line in slopeintercept form.
y = mx + b
2
y = x + 8
9
Then, in order to predict the U.S. box office revenue in
2018, substitute 18 for x and solve for y.
32. Sample answer: You have $20 set aside for your savings,
and each week you plan to save another $15 out of your
babysitting earnings. Let y be how much you have saved,
andx be how long (in weeks) you have been saving.
2
y = x + 8
9
2
y = (18) + 8
9
Ax + By = C
33.
Ax + Ax + By = C Ax
By = C Ax
y=4+8
C Ax
y=
B
A
C
y = x +
B
B
In the equation 6x + 5y = 9, A = 6, B = 5, and C = 9.
9
6
So, the rewritten equation is y = x + .
5
5
9
6
So, the slope is m = , and the y-intercept is b = .
5
5
y = 12
So, based on this model, the predicted U.S. box office
revenue in 2018 is about $12 billion.
37. Let (x1, y1) = (0, b) and (x2, y2) = (1, b + m).
y2 y1 b + m b m
m=
===m
x2 x1
10
1
Because the line passes through the point (0, b), the
y-intercept is b. So, the equation is y = mx + b.
34. Your friend is correct. If f is a function, then the line is not
To be sure that the point (1, b m) lies on the line,

substitute 1 for x and b m for y.
vertical.
y = mx + b
?
b m = m(1) + b
?
b m = m + b
35. Reflect (0, 1) and (3, 4) in the x-axis. The reflected points
are (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and (x2, y2) = (3, 4).
y2 y1 4 (1) 4 + 1 5
Slope of line k =
===
x2 x1
30
30 3
Because line k passes through the point (0, 1), the
y-intercept of line k is 1.
5
So, an equation that represents line k is y = x 1.
3
36. a. Sample answer: Let (x1, y1) = (0, 8) and (x2, y2) = (9, 10).
y2 y1 10 8 2
m=
==
x2 x1
90
9
2
So, the slope is , or about 0.22.
9
Because the line appears to pass through the point (0, 8),
the y-intercept is 8.
b. Sample answer: The U.S. box office revenue was about
$8billion in 2000, and it has increased at a rate of about

$0.22billion each year from 2000 to 2012.
bm=bm
The equation b m = b m is always true. So, the point
(1, b m) is a solution of the equation y = mx + b and
lies on the line.
Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency
38.
3(x 15) =
x + 11
3(x) 3(15) = x + 11
3x 45 =
x
x + 11
2x 45 = 11
+ 45 + 45
2x = 56
2x
2
56
2
x = 28
The solution is x = 28.
170
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
39. 4y 10 = 4(y 3)
43.
3x + 5y = 15
4y 10 = 4(y) 4(3)
Let x = 0.
4y 10 = 4y 12
3x + 5y = 15
3x + 5y = 15
3(0) + 5y = 15
3x + 5(0) = 15
10 = 8y 12
5y = 15
3x = 15
+ 12
5y
=
15
5
+ 4y
+ 4y
+ 12
2 = 8y
4
3
6 5
6d + 6 = 7 + 6d
1 2 x
(0, 3)
6d
6=7
44. x 6y = 24
5(4 3n) = 10(n 2)

5(4) 5(3n) = 10(n) 10(2)
20 + 15n = 10n 20
5
6
4x + 2y = 16
4x + 2y = 16
4(0) + 2y = 16
4x + 2(0) = 16
2y = 16
4x = 16
2y
2
4x
4
(24, 0)
16
24
32 x
(0, 4)
16
4
x = 4
The y-intercept is 8.
The x-intercept is 24.
2
3
Let y = 0.
12
10
24
6
42. 4x + 2y = 16
y = 8.
x = 24
2
1
The solution is n = 0.
16
2
x 6(0) = 24
6y = 24
5n = 0
5n 0
=
5
5
n=0
0 6y = 24
y = 4
+ 20
Let x = 0.
Let y = 0.
x 6y = 24
20 + 5n = 20
+ 20
Let x = 0.
x 6y = 24
6y
6
10n 10n
(0, 8)
4
2
(4, 0)
6 5
3 21
2(3d) + 2(3) = 7 + 6d
The statement 6 = 7 is false. So, there is no solution.

41.
2
1
(5, 0)
2(3d + 3) = 7 + 6d
15
3
x = 5
1
The solution is y = .
4
6d
3x
3
y = 3
2 8y
8
8
1
=y
4
40.
Let y = 0.
3 21
1 2 x

Algebra 1
171
Chapter 4
b.
7x 2y = 21
45.
Let x = 0.
Let y = 0.
7x 2y = 21
7x 2y = 21
7(0) 2y = 21
7x 2(0) = 21
2y = 21
7x = 21
21
2
21
y=
2
21
The y-intercept is .
2
7x
7
2y
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
21
7
6 5 4 3 2 1
4 3 21
x=3
Use m = 2 and the point (4, 6).

y = mx + b
6 = 2(4) + b
(0, 212)
6=
8
(3, 0)
1 2 3 4 x
An equation of the line is y = 2x 2.

2.

1. a.
6
5
4
3
m(x x1) = y y1,
or
y y1 = m(x x1)
The point-slope form of a linear equation

is y y1 = m(x x1).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
3. a. Let (x1, y1) = (4, 175) and m = 25.
2
3
4
5
6
y y1 = m(x x1)
A 175 = 25(t 4)
A = 25t 100 + 175
A = 25t + 75
1
Use m = and the point (3, 2).
2
The equation is A = 25t + 75.
y = mx + b
1
2 = (3) + b
2
3
2= +b
2
3
3

2
2
1
=b
2
yy
m = 1
x x1
(y y1)
m(x x1) =
(x x1)
(x x1)
2
1
b. Graph y = 25x + 75 using a graphing calculator.

300
( 2 32 = 42 23 = 12 )
1
The y-intercept is .
2
1
1
An equation of the line is y = x + .
2
2
172
8+b
2 = b
5 4 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
2
3
4
y
10
8
6
4
2
Algebra 1
4. When you are given the slope and a point on a line, you can
write an equation of the line by substituting the slope for m

and the coordinates of the point for x1 and y1 in the pointslope form of an equation y y1 = m(x x1).

Chapter 4
5. Sample answer: To write an equation of a line that passes
through the point (1, 2) and has a slope of 3, use the

point-slope form of a linear equation, and substitute 1 for
x1, 2 for y1, and 3 for m.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 3[x (1)]
y 2 = 3(x + 1)
An equation is y 2 = 3(x + 1).
1.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (1) = 2(x 3)
y + 1 = 2(x 3)
The equation is y + 1 = 2(x 3).
2. y y1 = m(x x1)
2
y 0 = (x 4)
3
2
y = (x 4)
3
2
The equation is y = (x 4).
3
10 4 6
3. m = = , or 3
31
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 4 = 3(x 1)
y 4 = 3(x) 3(1)
y 4 = 3x 3
+4
+4
y = 3x + 1
The equation is y = 3x + 1.
4.
1
4 (1) 4 + 1 3
m = = = , or
4
8 (4)
8+4
12
y y1 = m( x x1 )
1
y (4) = (x 8)
4
1
1
y + 4 = (x) (8)
4
4
1
y + 4 = x + 2
4
4
4
1
y = x 2
4
1
The equation is y = x 2.
4
5. Rewrite g(2) = 3 as (2, 3) and g(6) = 5 as (6, 5).
1
53 2
m = = , or
62 4
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 3 = (x 2)
2
1
1
y 3 = (x) (2)
2
2
1
y 3 = x 1
2
+3
+3
1
y = x + 2
2
1
A function is g(x) = x + 2.
2
428 302
302 176 126
3
96
63
554 428 126
= = 42
3
12 9
126
3
6. = = 42, = = 42,
C C1 = m(n n1)
C 176 = 42(n 3)
C 176 = 42(n) 42(3)
C 176 = 42n 126
+ 176
+ 176
C = 42n + 50
Because the cost increases at a constant rate, the situation
can be modeled by a linear equation. A linear model is
C = 42n + 50.
4.2 Exercises (pp. 185186)
1. y 5 = 2(x + 5)
y y1 = m(x x1)
The slope of the line is m = 2, and the line passes through
the point (x1, y1) = (5, 5).
2. Let (x, y) be another point on the line, where x 3. You can
write an equation relating x and y using the slope formula

with (x1, y1) = (3, 2), (x2, y2) = (x, y), and m = 4.
y2 y1
m=
x2 x1
y (2)
4=
x3
y+2
4=
x3
(y + 2)
4(x 3) = (x 3)
(x 3)
4(x 3) = y + 2
The equation in point-slope form is y + 2 = 4(x 3).

Algebra 1
173
Chapter 4
3. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 2(x 2)
The equation is y 1 = 2(x 2).
4. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 5 = 1(x 3)
y 5 = (x 3)
The equation is y 5 = (x 3).
5. y y1 = m(x x1)
y (4) = 6(x 7)
y + 4 = 6(x 7)
The equation is y + 4 = 6(x 7).
6.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (2) = 5[x (8)]
y + 2 = 5(x + 8)
The equation is y + 2 = 5(x + 8).
7. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 0 = 3(x 9)
y = 3(x 9)
The equation is y = 3(x 9).
8. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 4(x 0)
y 2 = 4x
The equation is y 2 = 4x.
9. y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y 6 = [x (6)]
2
3
y 6 = (x + 6)
2
3
The equation is y 6 = (x + 6).
2
10. y y1 = m(x x1)
2
y (12) = (x 5)
5
2
y + 12 = (x 5)
5
2
The equation is y + 12 = (x 5).
5
174
Algebra 1
1 (3)
31
1+3
31
4
2
11. m = = = , or 2
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 2(x 3)
y 1 = 2(x) 2(3)
y1=x6
+1
+1
y = 2x 5
The equation is y = 2x 5.
5 0
5 0
1 (4)
1+4
y y1 = m(x x1)
5
5
12. m = = = , or 1
y 0 = 1[x (4)]
y = 1(x + 4)
y = x 4
42
6 (2)
42
6 + 2
2
4
1
2
13. m = = = =
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 2 = [x (2)]
2
1
y 2 = (x + 2)
2
1
1
y 2 = (x) (2)
2
2
1
y 2 = x 1
2
+2
+2
1
y = x + 1
2
1
The equation is y = x + 1.
2
41 3
84 4
y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y 1 = (x 4)
4
3
3
y 1 = (x) (4)
4
4
3
y 1 = x 3
4
+1
+1
3
y = x 2
4
3
4
14. m = =

Chapter 4
9 (9) 9 + 9
3 1
3 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
10
12 2
27
5
y y1 = m(x x1)
15. m = = , or 2
y 2 = 2(x 7)
y (9) = 0(x 1)
y 2 = 2(x) 2(7)
y+9=0
y 2 = 2x + 14
+2
99
+2
y = 9
y = 2x + 16
The equation is y = 9.

1+2
12 6
1 (2)
12 6
3
6
1
2
16. m = = = =
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y (2) = (x 6)
2
1
1
y + 2 = (x) (6)
2
2
1
y + 2 = x 3
2
2
2
1
y = x 5
2
1
2
7 (1) 7 + 1 6
17. m = = = , or 2
36
36
3
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (1) = 2(x 6)
y + 1 = 2(x 6)
y + 1 = 2(x) 2(6)
y + 1 = 2x 12
1
y = 2x 13
The equation is y = 2x 13.
5 5 10
5 5
18. m = = = , or 5
4 (2) 4 + 2
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 5 = 5[x (2)]
y 5 = 5(x + 2)
y 5 = 5(x) + 5(2)
y 5 = 5x + 10
+5
0
4
19. m = = = , or 0
+5
y = 5x + 15

13 19
13 19
5 (5)
5+5
y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y 13 = (x 5)
5
3
3
y 13 = (x) (5)
5
5
3
y 13 = x + 3
5
+ 13
+ 13
6
10
3
5
20. m = = = , or
3
y = x + 16
5
3
The equation is y = x + 16.
5
21. Rewrite f (2) = 2 as (2, 2) and f (1) = 1 as (1, 1).
3
1 (2) 1 + 2
m = = = , or 3
12
1 2 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 3(x 1)
y 1 = 3(x) 3(1)
y 1 = 3x + 3
+1
+1
y = 3x + 4
07
7
m = = , or 1
2 5 7
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 7 = 1(x 5)
y 7 = 1(x) 1(5)
y7=x5
+7
+7
y=x+2
Algebra 1
175
Chapter 4
1
3 2 5
3 2
m = = = , or
2
6 (4)
6+4
10
26. Rewrite f (9) = 10 as (9, 10) and f (1) = 2
as (1, 2).
3
2 10 12
2 10
m = = = , or
2
1 (9)
1 + 9
8
y y1 = m(x x1)
y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y (2) = [x (1)]
2
3
y + 2 = (x + 1)
2
3
3
y + 2 = (x) (1)
2
2
3
3
y + 2 = (x)
2
2
2
2
1
y (3) = (x 6)
2
1
1
y + 3 = (x) (6)
2
2
1
y + 3 = x + 3
2
3
3
1
y = x
2
1
A function is f (x) = x.
2
3 4
7
3
2 = =
2
2 2
2
3
7
A function is f (x) = x .
2
2
44
0
44
m = = = , or 0
2 (10) 2 + 10 8
y y1 = m(x x1)
15 5 10
5 (1) 5 + 1 6
42 2
64
2
42
29 15 14
==7
2
86
47 29 18
==9
2
10 8
Because the y-values are not changing at a constant rate, the
data cannot be modeled by a linear equation.
27. = = = 3, = = 5,
y 4 = 0[x (2)]
y4=0
+4
3
7
y = x
2
2
+4
y=4
10 16 6
10 16
2
1 (3) 1 + 3
4 10 6
4 10
= = = 3,
1 (1)
1+1
2
8 (2) 8 + 2 6
2 4 6
= = 3, = = = 3
2
53
53
2
31
51
4
1
51
m = = = , or
13 (3) 13 + 3 16
4
28. = = = 3,
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 5 = (x 13)
4
1
1
y 5 = (x) (13)
4
4
13
1
y 5 = x
4
4
+5
y 4 = 3(x 1)
y 4 = 3(x) 3(1)
+5
13 20 7
13
+ 5 = + =
4
4
4
4
7
1
A function is f (x) = x + .
4
4
7
1
y = x +
4
4
176
y y1 = m(x x1)
Algebra 1
y 4 = 3x + 3
+4
+4
y = 3x + 7
Because the y-values decrease at a constant rate, the data can
be modeled by a linear equation. A linear model is
y = 3x + 7.

Chapter 4
1.6 1.4
1.4 1.2 0.2
1
21
10
0.4
2 1.6
= = 0.2
42
2
0.2
1
29. = = 0.2, = = 0.2,
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 0.2(x 4)
y 2 = 0.2(x) 0.2(4)
y 2 = 0.2x 0.8
+2
+2
y = 0.2x + 1.2
Because the y-values increase at a constant rate, the data
canbe modeled by a linear equation. A linear model is
y = 0.2x + 1.2.
15 18 3
12 15 3 9 12 3
30. = = 3, = , =
21
1
42
2 84
4
The y-values are decreasing at a constant rate, but the
x-values are not increasing at a constant rate. The rate of
change is not constant. So, the data cannot be modeled by a
linear equation.
31. In point-slope form, the slope is multiplied by the quantity
x x1. So, the equation is y y1 = m(x x1).

6
10 4
m = = = 3
35
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 4 = 3(x 5)
y 4 = 3(x) 3(5)
y 4 = 3x + 15
+4
+4
y = 3x + 19
A linear function is f (x) = 3x + 19.
32. The values that are substituted for x1 and y1 should be from
the same point.

32 1
m==
41 3
Let (x1, y1) = (1, 2).
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 2 = (x 1)
3
1
An equation is y 2 = (x 1).
3
33. a.
Words:
Total
cost (in
dollars)
Initial
Change
cost
per
= (for first + additional
1000)
1000
Number of
additional
stickers
ordered
Variables: Let y be the total cost (in dollars) and x be the

number (in thousands) of stickers ordered.
Equation: y = 225 + 80 (x 1)
y = 225 + 80x 80
y = 80x + 145
A linear equation that models this situation is
y = 80x + 145.
b. y = 80x + 145
= 80(9) + 145
= 720 + 145
= 865
The total cost of 9000 stickers is $865.
654 450
450 246 204
2
64
42
858 654 204
= = 102
86
2
204
2
34. a. = = 102, = = 102,
Because the rate of change is constant, the situation can

be modeled by a linear equation.
b. Let C be the total cost of renting the beach house and d be
the number of days of the rental.

C C1 = m(d d1)
C 246 = 102(d 2)
C 246 = 102(d) 102(2)
C 246 = 102d 204
+ 246
+ 246
C = 102d + 42
Because the situation can be modeled by the linear
equation C = 102d + 42, you know that the daily fee is
the rate of change, or m = $102, and the processing fee is
the initial charge, or b = $42.
c. 102d + 42 1200
42
42
102d 1158
102d
102
1158
102
d about 11.4
Because you cannot rent the beach house for part of a day,
the maximum number of days you can rent the beach house
is 11 days.

Algebra 1
177
Chapter 4
35. Sample answer: Because the equation is in point-slope form
y y1 = m (x x1), we can see immediately that the line

has a slope of m = 32 and passes through the point (x1, y1) =
(4, 1). So, one way to graph the equation is to plot the point
(4, 1) and then use the slope to plot a second point. Draw a
line through these two points.
A second way to graph this equation is to first rewrite the
equation in slope-intercept form.
b. Sample answer: The coordinates of the two points appear
( )
to be about 4, 53 and (8, 4).
y = mx + b
or
7
4 = (8) + b
12
14
4=+b
3
14
14
___
___
3
3
_____
= _____
2
b
__
3
2
14 12 14
4 = =
3
3
3
3
The y-intercept is 5, so plot the point (0, 5). Then use

the slope to plot a second point. Draw a line through these
two points.
36. Sample answer:
2
Let m = and (x1, y1) = (12, 5).
5
y y1 = m (x x1)
2
y (5) = (x 12)
5
2
2
y + 5 = (x) (12)
5
5
24
2
y + 5 = x
5
5
5
5
function appears to be negative, because if you connect

the points with a straightedge, the line crosses the y-axis
below the origin.
You can use these coordinates to calculate the slope of

the line. Then, you can either use slope-intercept form to
calculate the value of b, or you can write an equation of
the line in point-slope form and rewrite the equation in
slope-intercept form to identify the value of b.
7
5
4 __
3 3
7
m===
8 4 4 12
3
y 1 = (x 4)
2
3
3
y 1 = (x) (4)
2
2
3
y 1 = x 6
2
+1
+1
3
y = x 5
2
24 25
49
24
49
2
y = x
5 = =
5
5
5
5
5
5
Two ways to represent this function are
2
49
2
and
f (x) = x .
y + 5 = (x 12)
5
5
5
38. a. Sample answer: The y-intercept of the graph of the linear
y y1 = m(x x1)
7
y 4 = (x 8)
12
7
7
y 4 = (x) (8)
12
12
14
7
y 4 = x
12
3
+4
+4
2
7
y = x
12
3
2
So, b = , which confirms that the y-intercept of the
3
graph is negative.
39. Sample answer: The graph of y 1 = 2(x + 3) is the graph
of y = 2x translated 1 unit up and 3 units left. So, the graph

of y k = m(x h) is a translation h units to the right and
k units upward of the graph of y = mx.
37. Sample answer: In order to write an equation of a the line
that passes through two points that are not on the y-axis, use
the point-slope form to write the equation because you can
quickly use the coordinates of the two points to calculate the
slope and use one of the points to write the equation in pointslope form. In order to use slope-intercept form, you would
have to calculate both the slope and the y-intercept.
178
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
40. a. Because the graph of Sibling As spending crosses the
y-axis at (0, 8), Sibling As initial value is $80.

If you insert a row at the beginning of Sibling Bs table
by subtracting 1 in the x column and adding $25 in the
ycolumn, you get (0, 125). So, Sibling Bs initial value
is$125.
Because Sibling Cs equation, y = 22.5x + 90, is in
slope-intercept form y = mx + b, you know that b = 90,
or Sibling Cs initial value is $90.
So, Sibling B had the most money initially, and therefore
received the most money for the holiday. Sibling A had
the least amount of money initially and therefore received
the least.
b. Calculate the slope of the line that represents Sibling As

1
41. The reciprocal of 5 is .
5
1
8
42. The reciprocal of 8 is .

3x + 4y = 6
1. a.
3x 3x + 4y = 6 3x
4y = 6 3x
20 50 30
m = = , or 15
42
2
6 3x
4
3 3
y = x,
2 4
4y
4
The slope is m = 15. So, Sibling A spends $15 per week.

Calculate the rate of change in the table that represents
Sibling Bs spending.
4y = 12 3x
12 3x
4
3
y = 3 x, or
4
4y
4
4x + 3y = 12
3y = 12 4x
5 and 6, Sibling A runs out of money after more than

5weeks.
y = 22.5x + 90
0 = 22.5x + 90
90
90
90 = 22.5x
22.5x
90
=
22.5
22.5
4=x
3
y = x + 3
4
4x 4x + 3y = 12 4x
c. Sibling A: Because the line crosses the x-axis between
Sibling C: Let y = 0.
3
3
y = x +
4
2
3x 3x + 4y = 12 3x
Because Sibling Cs equation, y = 22.5x + 90, is

inslope-intercept form y = mx + b, you know that
m = 22.5. So, Sibling C spends $22.50 per week.
Sibling B: If you add one more row at the end of the table
by adding 1 in the x column and subtracting $25 in the
ycolumn, you get (5, 0). So, Sibling B runs out of money
after exactly 5 weeks.
or
3x + 4y = 12
The rate of change is m = 25. So, Sibling B spends

$25per week.
So, Sibling B spends money at the fastest rate, and

SiblingA spends money at the slowest rate.
2
3
3
2
44. The reciprocal of is .
spending.
75 100 25
m = = , or 25
21
1
7
2
2
7
43. The reciprocal of is .
3y 12 4x
=
3
3
4
y = 4 x, or
3
4
y = x + 4
3
y=
3
4x
y = 4x + 3
3
2
y = 3x + 4
3
The first two lines, y = 4 x + 32 and y = 4 x + 3, are

parallel because they are always the same distance apart.
Note that they have the same slope.
So, Sibling C runs out of money after exactly 4 weeks.

So, Sibling C runs out of money first, and Sibling A runs
out of money last.

Algebra 1
179
Chapter 4
3
The first line y = 4x + 32 and the third line y = 43x 4

are perpendicular because they intersect at a right angle.
3
Note that their slopes, m = 4 and m = 43 are negative
reciprocals.
5x + 2y = 6
b.
5x 5x + 2y = 6 5x
2y = 6 5x
6 5x
2
5
y = 3 x,
2
2x + y = 3
2y
2
2x + 5y = 10
b.
or
5
y = x + 3
2
or
y = 2x + 3
2x 2x + 5y = 10 2x
5y = 10 2x
5y 10 2x
=
5
5
2
y = 2 x, or
5
2x 2x + y = 3 2x
y = 3 2x,
2.5x + y = 5
2x + y = 3
2.5x 2.5x + y = 5 2.5x

y = 5 2.5x,
or
y = 2.5x + 5
2x + 2x + y = 3 + 2x
y = 3 + 2x,
y=
5
2x
+3
y = 5 2.5x
y 5 2.5x
=
1
1
y = 5 + 2.5x,
The first line y = 2 x + 3 and the third line y = 2.5x + 5

are parallel because they are always the same distance apart.
Note that they have the same slopes because
5
m = 2 = 2.5.
4y
4
3
3
y = x +
4
2
or
4y = 12 3x
4y 12 3x
=
4
4
3
y = 3 + x,
4
4x 3y = 12
y = 2.5x 5
The first line y = 5x + 2 and the third line y = 2.5x 5

are perpendicular because they intersect at a right angle.
Note that the slope of the third line is 2.5 = 52 . So, the
slopes of the perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals.
3. Parallel lines are in the same plane and are always the same
4. The parallel lines in Exploration 1 have the same slope.
This will always be true because lines that are increasing or

decreasing at the same rate will never intersect.
or
3
y = x 3
4
5. The perpendicular lines in Exploration 2 have slopes that
are reciprocals of each other and have opposite signs. When

twolines have slopes that are negative reciprocals, the lines
will always be perpendicular.
4x 4x 3y = 12 4x
3y = 12 4x
3y 12 4x
=
3
3
4
y = 4 + x,
3
3
distance apart. Perpendicular lines are in the same plane and

intersect at right angles.
3x 3x 4y = 12 3x
y = 3x 4
1 3 4
1 3
6 (5) 6 + 5 1
7 (2) 7 + 2 5
Line b: m = = = = 5
23
23
1
Lines a and b do not have the same slope. So, they are not
parallel.
or
4
3
2
y = 5 x + 2
4y = 6 3x
y = 4 x +
y = 2.5x 5
3x 3x + 4y = 6 3x
or
y = 2x + 3
3x + 4y = 6
6 3x
4
3 3
y = x,
2 4
3x 4y = 12
y = 2x + 3
2.5x 2.5x y = 5 2.5x
y = 2x + 3
2. a.
or
2.5x y = 5
y = 2.5x + 5
2
y = x + 2
5
4
y = x 4
3
1. Line a: m = = = = 4
y = 4x 3
6
180
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
2.
13
y = mx + b
1
2 = (4) + b
4
2 = 1 + b
+1
y y1 = m(x x1)
+1
3=b
Using m = 14 and b = 3, an equation of the parallel line is
y= 14x + 3.
3. Line a: 2x + 6y = 3

1
1
y = x
3
2
or
1. Nonvertical parallel lines have the same slope.

7
2. The slope of the other line is 5 . The slopes, 7 and 5 ,
are negative reciprocals of each other, so the lines are

perpendicular.
Line c: 6y + 18x = 9
6y + 18x 18x = 9 18x
6y = 9 18x
31 2
31
0 (3) 0 + 3 3
20 2
Line b: m = =
30 3
0 (3) 0 + 3 3
Line c: m = = =
3 (2) 3 + 2 5
3. Line a: m = = =
6y
6
or
3
y = 3x
2
Lines b and c have slopes of 3. So, they are parallel. Line a

1
has a slope of 3, which is the negative reciprocal of 3. So,
it is perpendicular to lines b and c.
4. y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 5 = [x (3)]
3
1
y 5 = (x + 3)
3
1
1
y 5 = (x) + (3)
3
3
1
y 5 = x + 1
3
+5
2
y = x + 9
3
2
6y = 3 2x
9 18x
6
3
y = + 3x,
2
2
y 3 = (x 9)
3
2
y 3 = x + 6
3
+3
+3
An equation that represents the path of the boat is y = 3x + 9.
2x 2x + 6y = 3 2x
6y 3 2x
=
6
6
1 1
y = x,
2 3
Line b: y = 3x 8
5. The slope of the shoreline is m =

= 3.
41
+5
1
y = x + 6
3
An equation of the perpendicular line is y = 13x + 6.
Lines a and b have the same slope. So, they are parallel.
5
05
2
20
0 4 4
Line b: m = = , or 2
53
2
2
46
, or 2
Line c: m = =
54
1
4. Line a: m = =
Because they have the same slope, lines b and c are parallel.
0 (2) 0 + 2 2
1 (1) 1 + 1 2
2 2 4
Line b: m = = , or 2
24
2
1
12
Line c: m = = , or 1
1 0 1
5. Line a: m = = = , or 1
Because they have the same slope, lines a and c are parallel.
93
93 6
1 (1) 1 + 1 2
14 12 2
14 12
Line b: m = = = , or 2
1 (2) 1 + 2 1
10 8 2
Line c: m = =
63
3
6. Line a: m = = = , or 3
Because none of the lines have the same slope, none

are parallel.

Algebra 1
181
Chapter 4
9.
7. Line a: 4y + x = 8
4y + x x = 8 x
4y = 8 x
4y 8 x
=
4
4
1
y = 2 x,
4
1
Line a has a slope of .
4
Line b: 2y + x = 8
3 = 2(1) + b
3 = 2 + b
+2
or
+2
5=b
1
y = x + 2
4
Using m = 2 and b = 5, an equation of the parallel line is

y= 2x + 5.
10. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 5(x 1)
2y + x x = 8 x
y 2 = 5(x) 5(1)
2y = 8 x
8x
2
1
y = 4 x,
2
1
Line b has a slope of .
2
Line c: 2y = 3x + 6
y = mx + b
y 2 = 5x + 5
2y
2
+2
or
+2
y = 5x + 7
1
y = x + 4
2
An equation of the parallel line is y = 5x + 7.

11.
3y x = 12
3y x + x = 12 + x
2y 3x + 6
=
2
2
3
y = x + 3
2
3y = 12 + x
12 + x
3
1
1
y = 4 + x, or y = x 4
3
3
3y
3
3
Line c has a slope of .
2
Because none of the lines have the same slope, none are
parallel.
y = mx + b
1
2 = (18) + b
3
8. Line a: 3y x = 6
2=
3y x + x = 6 + x
3y = 6 + x
6+x
3
1
y = 2 + x,
3
1
The slope of line a is .
3
6+b
6
4 = b
3y
3
Using m = 13 and b = 4, an equation of the parallel line

or
1
y = x + 2
3
Line b: 3y = x + 18
x + 18
3
1
y = x + 6
3
3y
3
1
The slope of line b is .
3
Line c: 3y 2x = 9
3y 2x + 2x = 9 + 2x
3y = 9 + 2x
3y 9 + 2x
=
3
3
2
2
y = 3 + x, or y = x + 3
3
3
2
The slope of line c is .
3
is y= 13x 4.
12.
2y = 3x + 10
3x + 10
2
3
y = x + 5
2
2y
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y (5) = (x 2)
2
3
3
y + 5 = (x) (2)
2
2
3
y + 5 = x 3
2
5
3
y = x 8
2
An equation of the parallel line is y = 32x 8.
Because lines a and b have the same slope, they are parallel.
182
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
3
4 (1) 4 + 1 3
5 (3) 5 + 3 2
2
1
6 (4) 6 + 4 2
Line b: m = = = , or
2
2 (6) 2 + 6
4
1 (6) 1 + 6 5
Line c: m = = =
0 (3)
0+3
3
13. Line a: m = = = , or
17. Line a: 4x 3y = 2
4x 4x 3y = 2 4x
3y = 2 4x
Because none of the slopes are the same or negative

reciprocals of each other, none of the lines are parallel or
perpendicular.
01
01
2 (1) 2 + 1
4 5 1
Line b: m = =
30
3
50 5
Line c: m = =
20 2
Line b:
1
3
14. Line a: m = = =
Line c: 4y + 3x = 4
4y + 3x 3x = 4 3x
4y = 4 3x
4 3x
4
3
3
y = 1 x, or y = x + 1
4
4
4y
4
Lines a and b have the same slope. So, they are parallel.
None of the slopes are negative reciprocals of each other. So,
none of the lines are perpendicular.
31
31
0 (2) 0 + 2
41 3
Line b: m = =
64 2
1 3 2
Line c: m = =
41
3
2 4x
3
2 4
4
2
y = + x, or y = x
3 3
3
3
4
y = x + 2
3
3y
3
Lines a and b have slopes of 43 . So, they are parallel. Line c

3
has a slope of 4 , the negative reciprocal of 43 . So, line c is
perpendicular to lines a and b.
2
2
15. Line a: m = = = , or 1
Line b:
6y = x
x
6
1
y = x
6
6y
6
None of the lines have the same slope. So, none are parallel.
2
Line bs slope of 32 and line cs slope of 3 are negative
reciprocals. So, lines b and c are perpendicular.
Line c: y + 6x = 1
y + 6x 6x = 1 6x
13 10 3
42
2
12 9 3
Line b: m = =
64
2
9 10 1
Line c: m = =
42
2
16. Line a: m = =
Lines a and b have slopes of 32. So, they are parallel. None
of the lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals of each
other. So, none are perpendicular.
y = 6x 2
18. Line a:
y = 1 6x, or y = 6x + 1
1
Line as slope of 6 and line bs slope of 6 are

negative reciprocals of each other. So, lines a and b are
perpendicular.None of the lines have the same slope. So,
none are parallel.
19. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 10 = 2(x 7)
y 10 = 2(x) 2(7)
y 10 = 2x + 14
+ 10
+ 10
y = 2x + 24
20.
y = mx + b
3
1 = (4) + b
4
1 = 3 + b
33
4 = b
3
Using m = 4 and b = 4, an equation of the perpendicular

3
line is y = 4 x 4.
Algebra 1
183
Chapter 4
21.
2y = 8x 6
b.
8x 6
2
2y
2
1
3 = (4) + b
4
y = 4x 3
3=1+b
y y1 = m(x x1)
11
2=b
1
y 3 = [x (3)]
4
1
y 3 = (x + 3)
4
1
1
y 3 = (x) (3)
4
4
1
3
y 3 = x
4
4
+3

line is y = 14 x + 2.
1 (4)
21
a.
y = mx + b
2 = 9 + b
99
11 = b
Using m = 3 and b = 11, an equation of the parallel
line is y = 3x 11.
2y + 4x = 12
2y + 4x 4x = 12 4x
2y = 12 4x
2y 12 4x
=
2
2
y = 6 2x, or y = 2x + 6
y = mx + b
b.
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y (2) = (x 3)
3
1
1
y + 2 = (x) (3)
3
3
1
y + 2 = x + 1
3
1
1 = (8) + b
2
3 = b
line is y = 12x 3.
4
1
23. m = = , or 4
a. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 3 = 4(x 4)
y 3 = 4(x) 4(4)
y 3 = 4x + 16
+3
y = 4x + 19
184
Algebra 1
1
y = x 1
3
1=4+b
44
+3
3
1
2 = 3(3) + b
3 12 9
3
+ 3 = + =
4
4
4
4
1
9
An equation of the perpendicular line is y = x + .
4
4
26
21
1 + 4
21
24. m = = = , or 3
+3
1
9
y = x +
4
4
22.
y = mx + b
An equation of the perpendicular line is y = 3 x 1.

25. Parallel lines have the same slope, not negative reciprocal
slopes.
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 3 = (x 1)
4
1
1
y 3 = (x) (1)
4
4
1
1
y 3 = x
4
4
+3
+3
1 12 11
1
+ 3 = + =
4
4
4
4
11
1
An equation of the parallel line is y = x + .
4
4
1
11
y = x +
4
4

Chapter 4
26. The reciprocal of the slope was used, but the slopes of
29.
perpendicular lines are negative reciprocals of each other.

y y1 = m(x x1)
y + 5 = 3x + 12
5
A
0
y y1 = m(x x1)
3
y 0 = (x 2)
4
3
3
y = (x) (2)
4
4
3
3
y = x +
4
2
and
the sides are parallel. Similarly, opposite sides, BC
AD , are parallel because they have the same slope. So,

quadrilateral ABCD is a parallelogram.
b. no; The slopes of adjacent sides AB and BC , 2 and 3, are
not negative reciprocals. So, the sides are not perpendicular.

None of the other pairs of adjacent sides are perpendicular
either. So, quadrilateral ABCD is not a rectangle.
y y1 = m(x x1)
4
y 5 = (x 4)
3
4
4
y 5 = (x) (4)
3
3
16
4
y 5 = x
3
3
30.
6y = 2x + 4
2y = ax + 5
2x + 4
6
1
2
y = x +
3
3
1 a
=
3 2
1
a
= 2
3
2
2
= a
3
ax + 5
2
a
5
y = x +
2
2
a
3=
2
a
2 3=2
2
2y
2
6y
6
+5
1
16 15
16
+ 5 = + =
3
3
3
3
4
40
m==
11 8 3
a. yes; Opposite sides, AB and CD , have the same slope. So,
3
3
An equation that represents the new pipe is y = x + .
4
2
1
4
y = x
3
3
1
42 2
=
= , or
slope of AB
62 4
2
10 4 6
slope of BC = = , or 3
86
2
1
10 8 2
slope of CD = = , or
84
4
2
82 6
slope of AD = = , or 3
42 2
3 (1) 3 + 1 4
m===
0 (3) 0 + 3 3
+5
y = 3x + 7
28.
y + 5 = 3(x) 3(4)
27.
y (5) = 3(x 4)
y
10
An equation that represents the new bike path is y =
2
4
3 x
1
3 .
6=a
If a = 3 , then the lines will be parallel, because their slopes

1
will both be 3. If a = 6, then the lines will have slopes of
1
3 and 3, which are negative reciprocals of each other. So,
the lines are perpendicular.
80 8
80
0 (4) 0 + 4 4
8 16 8
8 16
m = = = , or 2
0 (4)
0+4
4
31. m = = = , or 2
no; The slopes of the two segments of the pucks path are
2 and 2, which are opposites but not reciprocals of each
other. So, they are not perpendicular.

Algebra 1
185
Chapter 4
32. a. yes; The graph of the total amount paid by StudentB
3. Sample answer: The diagram was used to identify two points
crosses the y-axis at a point that is greater than the

y-intercept of Student As graph. So, StudentB had a
greater initial cost, or registration fee.
on each segment of the pucks path. Then find the slope of

each segment and compare the slopes to determine whether
they are negative reciprocals. Because they are not, you know
that your friend is incorrect about them being perpendicular.
b. no; The lines are parallel. They have the same slope and
are increasing at the same rate. So, they pay the same
monthly fee.
33. never; The slopes of perpendicular lines must be negative
reciprocals of each other. So, if one is positive, the other

must be negative.
34. always; All vertical lines are parallel to each other, and because
the y-axis is a vertical line, it is parallel to all vertical lines.

35. sometimes; If two lines have slopes that are negative
reciprocals of each other, then they are perpendicular. If they

also have the same y-intercept, then they intersect on the
y-axis to form right angles.
3 (2)
10
3+2
10
5
1
1. m = = = , or 5
is 2. So, the equation is y = 5x 2.
45
30
1
3
2. m = =
1
5. So, the equation is y = 3x + 5.
04
0 (2)
04
0+2
4
2
3. m = = = , or 2
36. Sample answer:

y
8
0. So, the equation is y = 2x + 0, or y = 2x.
Math
1 5
1 (2)
1 5
1+2
y y1 = m(x x1)
0
6
3
4. m = = = , or 2
Club
2
0
4.14.3 Quiz (p.194)
8 x
The equations of the lines that form the long sides of the
equal sign are y = 3, y = 4.5, y = 4.75, and y = 6. They
all have a slope of 0. So, they are all parallel. The lines
that form the long sides of the multiplication sign are
y= x + 1, y = x 1, y = x + 8, and y = x + 10. The
slopes of these lines are either 1 or 1, which are negative
reciprocals of each other. These four lines form four pairs of
perpendicular lines, such as y = x + 1 and y = x + 8, and
two pairs of parallel lines, such as y = x + 1 and y = x 1.
37. yes; Each x-value is paired with exactly one y-value. So, the
relation is a function.
38. no; The same x-value, 1, is paired with two different y-values,
4 and 6, and the same x-value, 1, is paired with multiple

y-values, 2, 5, and 6. So, the relation is not a function.
4.14.3 What Did You Learn? (p. 193)
1. Sample answer: The graph shows the increase in U.S. box
office revenue over time.
or
y (1) = 2(x 1)
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 5 = 2[x (2)]
y + 1 = 2(x 1)
y 5 = 2(x + 2)
So, an equation is y + 1 = 2(x 1) or

y 5 = 2(x + 2).
1 (2)
2 (3)
1 + 2
2+3
1
5
5. m = = =
y y1 = m(x x1)
or
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y (1) = (x 2)
5
1
y + 1 = (x 2)
5
1
1
So, an equation is y + 2 = (x + 3) or y + 1 = (x 2).
5
5
1
y (2) = (x (3))
5
1
y + 2 = (x + 3)
5
40
41
4
3
6. m = =
y y1 = m(x x1)
4
y 0 = (x 1)
3
4
y = (x 1)
3
or
y y1 = m(x x1)
4
y 4 = (x 4)
3
4
4
So, an equation is y = (x 1) or y 4 = (x 4).
3
3
2. Sample answer: The slopes were the same, so the lines were
parallel. The constants in the point-slope form indicated the

graph was translated vertically and horizontally.
186
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
11. Line a: 2x + 6y = 12
2x 2x + 6y = 12 2x
3 2 5
m = = , or 1
50
5
6y = 12 2x
y y1 = m(x x1)
12 2x
6
1
1
y = 2 x, or y = x 2
3
3
6y
6
y 2 = 1(x 0)
y 2 = 1(x)
y 2 = x
y 2 + 2 = x + 2
y = x + 2
3
Line b: y = x 5
2
Line c: 3x 2y = 4
3x 3x 2y = 4 3x
So, a linear function is f (x) = x + 2.
2y = 4 3x
2y 4 3x
=
2
2
3
3
y = 2 + x, or y = x + 2
2
2
6 (6) 6 + 6 0
m = = = , or 0
4 (1)
4+1
5
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (6) = 0(x 4)
y+6=0
66
y = 6
Lines b and c each have a slope of 32. So, they are parallel.
None of the lines have slopes that are negative reciprocals.
So, none are perpendicular.
12. Let (x1, y1) = (1, 1) and (x2, y2) = (2, 2).
y2 y1 2 (1) 2 + 1 3
m=
= = = , or 3
x2 x1
21
21 1
So, a linear function is f (x) = 6.

3+2
5
3 (2)
m = = = , or 5
2 (3) 2 + 3 1
y = mx + b
2 = 5(3) + b
2 = 15 + b
+ 15
+ 15
13 = b
Using m = 5 and b = 13, a linear function is f (x) = 5x + 13.
1 2 1
12
2 (2) 2 + 2
4
0 (8) 0 + 8 8
Line b: m = = = , or 4
31
31 2
2 (3) 2 + 3 1
Line c: m = = =
0 (4)
0+4
4
10. Line a: m = = =
None of the lines have the same slope. So, none of the
1
lines are parallel. The slopes of lines a and b, 4 and 4
respectively, are negative reciprocals of each other. So, lines
aand b are perpendicular.

a.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 3(x 6)
y 2 = 3(x) 3(6)
y 2 = 3x 18
+2
+2
y = 3x 16
So, an equation of the parallel line is y = 3x 16.
b. y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 2 = (x 6)
3
1
1
y 2 = (x) (6)
3
3
1
y 2 = x + 2
3
+2
+2
1
y = x + 4
3
1
So, an equation of the perpendicular line is y = x + 4.
3
Algebra 1
187
Chapter 4
13. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 2) and (x2, y2) = (2, 1).
y2 y1 1 2 1
m=
==
x2 x1 2 0
2
a.
y = mx + b
1
3 = (2) + b
2
3 = 1 + b
11
15. a. Words:
Number
of months
Linear model: C = 48 + 44 m
A linear model that represents this situation is C = 48 + 44m.
4 = b
b. C = 48 + 44m
1
= 48 + 44(6)
= 48 + 264
= 312
y = mx + b
3 = 2(2) + b
The total cost of setting up a website and maintaining it

for 6months is $312.
3 = 4 + b
+4
Initial
Charge
+ per month
fee
Variable: Let C be the total cost of setting up and

maintaining a website and m be the number of
months it is maintained.
Using m = 2 and b = 4, an equation of the parallel line

1
is y = 2x 4.
b.
Total
cost
+4
1=b
line is y = 2x + 1.
14. Let (x1, y1) = (3, 3) and (x2, y2) = (2, 1).
y2 y1
1 3
1 3 4
m=
= = = , or 4
x2 x1 2 (3) 2 + 3
1
a. y y1 = m(x x1)
y 0 = 4[x (4)]
y = 4(x + 4)
y = 4(x) 4(4)
y = 4x 16
So, an equation of the parallel line is y = 4x 16.
b. y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 0 = [x (4)]
4
1
y = (x + 4)
4
1
1
y = (x) + (4)
4
4
1
y = x + 1
4
So, an equation of the perpendicular line is y = 14 x + 1.
c.
C = 48 + 44m
C = 62m
620 = 48 + 44m
620 = 62m
62m
620
=
62
62
10 = m
48 48
572 = 44m
572 44m
=
44
44
13 = m
At the original company, you can set up and maintain a

website for 13 months, but at the second company, you
can only set up and maintain a website for 10 months. So,
with $620, you can maintain the website for a longer time
at the original company.
150 155
10 8
5 145 150
2 12 10
5
2
140 145
14 12
5 130 140
2 16 14
5
2
16. = , = ,
= , =
w w1 = m(t t1)
5
w 150 = (t 10)
2
5
5
w 150 = (t) (10)
2
2
5
w 150 = t + 25
2
+ 150
+ 150
5
w = t + 175
2
Because the amount of water decreases at a constant rate,
the situation can be modeled by a linear equation. A linear
5
model is w = 2 t + 175.
188
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
4.4 Explorations (p. 195)
2. a. Sample answer:
Ages of American Women at First Marriage
Ages of Married Couples

y=x2
Age
y
80
Wifes age
75
70
65
60
55
50
Year
45
40
35
30
0
28
26
24
1
22
y = 8 x + 19.75
20
18
0
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
0 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 x
Husbands age
Notice that as the husbands age increases, the wifes

age also increases at an approximately constant rate. So,
the trend can be modeled by a line with a positive slope.
Draw a line that appears to fit the data closely. Draw the
line through the middle of the points so that there are
approximately as many points above the line as below it.
Then write an equation using two points on the line such
as (40, 38) and (75, 73).
73 38 35
The slope of the line is m = = , or 1.
75 40 35
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 38 = 1(x 40)
y 38 = x 40
+ 38
+ 38
y=x2
An equation of a line that approximates the data is
y=x2.
b. Sample answer: Based on the equation, married couples are
usually close to the same age, but women are, on average,

a couple of years younger than their husband. The slope of
the line is 1 because their ages increase at the same rate.
Notice that the ages are increasing at an approximately

constant rate over time. So, the trend can be modeled by
a line with a positive slope. Draw a line that appears to
fit the data closely. Draw the line through the middle of
the points so that there are approximately as many points
above the line as below it. Then write an equation using
two points on the line such as (10, 21) and (50, 26).
5
1
26 21
The slope of the line is m = = , or .
50 10 40
8
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 21 = (x 10)
8
1
1
y 21 = (x) (10)
8
8
5
1
y 21 = x
4
8
+ 21
+ 21
1
y = x + 19.75
8
y = 18 x + 19.75.
1
b. Sample answer: The slope is 8 . So, every 8 years, the
median age of American women at their first marriage

increases by 1 year. The y-intercept is 19.75. So, in 1960
the median age of American women at their first marriage
was just under 20 years old.
1
8
1
y = (60) + 19.75
8
c. y = x + 19.75
y = 7.5 + 19.75
y = 27.25
So, if the trend continues, the median age of American
women at their first marriage in the year 2020 will be just
over 27 years old.
3. Sample answer: Scatter plots can show trends in data so that
you can identify any correlations between data sets. If the

data can be modeled by a line, then you can draw a line that
appears to fit the data closely. You can use two points on the
line to write an equation in slope-intercept form. So, you will
know the approximate rate of change, or slope, of the data
and an initial value if applicable.

Algebra 1
189
4. Sample answer: The data in the graph is from the
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation.

PA Statewide Car Crashes
The scatter plot shows a negative correlation.

5. Sample answer:
Monthly Income vs. Monthly Car Payment
y
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
The number of crashes is decreasing at a fairly constant

rate over time. So, the data can be modeled by a line with
a negative slope. Estimate a line through the middle of the
plotted data, then use two points on that line to find the
equation. Use the points (6, 124.9) and (7, 122.8).
122.8 124.9 2.1
The slope of the line is m = = ,
76
1
or 2.1.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 124.9 = 2.1 (x 6)
y 124.9 = 2.1x 2.1(6)
y 124.9 = 2.1x + 12.6
+ 124.9
+ 124.9
y = 2.1x + 137.5
y = 2.1x + 137.5.
1. The smoothie has 260 calories.
2. The smoothie has 52 grams of sugar.
y
6
Attendance (thousands)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
Age of car (years)
Years since 2005
3.
y
25
20
15
10
5
0
Monthly car payment

(dollars)
Crashes (thousands)
y
140
138
136
134
132
130
128
126
124
122
0
4.
Value (thousands
of dollars)
Chapter 4
y = 5x
440
400
(1900, 380)
360
(1700, 340)
320
280
0
0 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Monthly income (dollars)
Use (1700, 340) and (1900, 380).

40
1
380 340
The slope of the line is m = = = .
1900 1700 200 5
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 340 = (x 1700)
5
1
1
y 340 = (x) (1700)
5
5
1
y 340 = x 340
5
+ 340
+ 340
1
y = x
5
An equation of the line of fit is y = 15 x. The slope of the line is 15.
This means that a persons monthly car payment increases by
about $100 for every $500 increase in their monthly income, or
about $0.20 per dollar. The y-intercept is 0, meaning that a person
with no monthly income, has no car payment.
1. When data show a positive correlation, the dependent
variable tends to increase as the independent variable

increases.
0 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 x
Temperature (F)
2. A line of fit is a line drawn on a scatter plot that is close to
most of the points of a data set.
The scatter plot shows a positive correlation.
190
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
3. (16, 6)
4. (3, 14)
5. (7, 12)
6. (8, 17)
7. a. The laptop with a hard drive capacity of 8 gigabytes costs
$1100.
b. The $1200 laptop has a hard drive capacity of
12gigabytes.
c. The price tends to increase as the hard drive capacity
15. Sample answer:

World Birth Rates
Number of births
per 1000 people
increases.
8. a. The pitcher with an earned run average of 4.2 has a
winning percentage of 0.600.

b. The pitcher with a winning percentage of 0.33 has an
earned run average of 5.0.

c. The winning percentage tends to decrease as the earned
run average increases.

9. The y-values tend to increase as the x-values increase. So, the
scatter plot shows a positive correlation.

10. The points show no pattern. So, the scatter plot shows no
correlation.
11. The points show no pattern. So, the scatter plot shows no
correlation.
12. The y-values tend to decrease as the x-values increase. So,
the scatter plot shows a negative correlation.

y
4
3
2
1
0
(10, 32.5)
30
(40, 22.5)
20
0
40
a. Use (10, 32.5) and (40, 22.5).
1
22.5 32.5 10
The slope of the line is m = = , or .
3
40 10
30
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 32.5 = (x 10)
3
1
1
y 32.5 = (x) (10)
3
3
1
10
y 32.5 = x +
3
3
+ 32.5
+ 32.5
1
215
y = x +
3
6
1
215
An equation of the line of fit is y = x + .
3
6
1
b. The slope of the line is 3 . This means that every 3 years
the world birth rate decreases by 1 birth per 1000 people.
215
The y-intercept is
, or about 35.8, which is close to the
6
actual initial birth rate of 35.4 in 1960.
Working in Food Service

0 1 2 3 4 x
y
80
120
80
(0, 0)
40
0
60
y = 18x
(1, 18)
0
Hours worked
40
a. Use (0, 0) and (1, 18).
20
0
20
16. Sample answer:
The points show no pattern. So, the scatter plot shows no

correlation.
14.
215
y = 3x + 6
Years since 1960
Total earnings
(dollars)
13.
40
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
As the x-values increase, the y-values decrease. So, the

scatter plot shows a negative correlation.
18 0 18
10
1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 0 = 18(x 0)
y = 18x
An equation of the line of fit is y = 18x.
b. The slope of the line is 18. This means that the server
earns about $18 per hour. The y-intercept is 0, which

means that if the server does not work any hours, then the
server will not make any money.

Algebra 1
191
Chapter 4
17. Sample answer:
20. Sample answer: A car is going around the curve of an
High temperature
(degrees Fahrenheit)
32
43
50
65
73
80
Attendance at
exercise facility
100
95
83
72
63
55
I randomly chose 6 days out of the year. Then I compared

the high temperature in my town with the number of people
who went to a local indoor exercise facility to work out. The
data would probably show a negative correlation as with this
sample data set, because as the weather gets warmer, more
people exercise outside and fewer people go to the gym.
entrance ramp at 20 miles per hour. Then, as the ramp starts

to straighten out, the car begins to accelerate. For every
1second of acceleration, the cars speed increases by about
5miles per hour until the car merges with traffic on the
highway. The data could look something like this:
Elapsed time
(hours), x
Speed (miles
per hour), y
20 26 29 35 41 43 49 56 62 66
Arm span (inches)
23. no; A line of fit is used to model a trend in the data and
should be close to most of the data points. If there is no

trend, it is not possible to draw a line that is close to most of
the points.
(65, 65)
24.
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
y=x
(50, 50)
0 45
line, such as (0, 10), (17, 135), (13, 107) and (21, 163).
75
45
22. Sample answer: Choose points that are on or close to the
55
relationship between two sets of numerical data, such as age

and time.
Height vs. Arm Span
65
21. Sample answer: A scatter plot is the best way to display a
18. no; Both the independent variable x and the dependent
variable y are decreasing. So, as you go backward through

the chart, both are increasing. Therefore, the data shows a
positive correlation.
55
65
75 x
Height (inches)
Use (50, 50) and (65, 65).
65 50 15
65 50 15
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 50 = 1(x 50)
18
y 50 = 1(x) 1(50)
The data follows a curve that decreases and then increases

(a parabola). The data cannot fit a line because the data
points do not have a linear trend.
y 50 = x 50
+ 50
+ 50
y=x
An equation of the line of fit is y = x.
b. The slope of the line is 1. This means that a persons arm
span increases by about 1inch for every 1inch increase

in height. The y-intercept is 0. The y-intercept has no
meaning in this context, because the height cannot be
0inches.
15
15
18 x

25.
g(x) = 6x
g(3) = 6(3)
= 18
When x = 3, g(x) = 18.
g(x) = 6x
g(0) = 6(0)
=0
When x = 0, g(x) = 0.
g(x) = 6x
g(4) = 6(4)
= 24
When x = 4, g(x) = 24.
192
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
26.
h(x) = 10x
h(3) = 10(3)

1. a. The ordered pair (25, 23.3) means that 25 years after
1960, or in 1985, the median age of American women at

their first marriage was 23.3.
= 30
When x = 3, h(x) = 30.
b. Check students work.
h(x) = 10x
c. Sample answer: An equation of the line of best fit is
h(0) = 10(0)
y = 0.13x + 19.8. The equation for Exploration 2 in

Section 4.4 was y = 18x + 19.75. The slope of this
equation, 18 = 0.125, is very close to the actual slope of
about 0.126 that was calculated by the linear regression
feature of a graphing calculator. The y-intercept, 19.75,
of the equation from Section 4.4 is also very close to the
calculated y-intercept, 19.845, for the line of best fit. So,
the equation from Section 4.4 is a close model for the
data, but not exactly the best fitting model.
=0
When x = 0, h(x) = 0.
h(x) = 10x
h(4) = 10(4)
= 40
When x = 4, h(x) = 40.
f (x) = 5x 8
f (3) = 5(3) 8
2. You can use a computer, spreadsheet, or the linear regression
feature of a graphing calculator to find an exact slope and

y-intercept of a line of best fit, or a line that minimizes the
distance from each data point to the line.
= 15 8
= 23
When x = 3, f (x) = 23.
f (x) = 5x 8
f (0) = 5(0) 8
=08
= 8
When x = 0, f (x) = 8.
f (x) = 5x 8
f (4) = 5(4) 8
= 20 8
= 12
When x = 4, f (x) = 12.
28.
v(x) = 14 3x
v(3) = 14 3(3)
3.
Temperature (F)
27.
y
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 x
Chirps per second
An equation of the line of best fit is y = 3.2746x + 24.984.

y = 3.2746x + 24.984
= 3.2746(19) + 24.984
= 62.2174 + 24.984
= 87.2014
So, when there are 19 chirps per second for striped ground
crickets, the outside temperature is about 87 F.
= 14 + 9
= 23
When x = 3, v(x) = 23.
v(x) = 14 3x
v(0) = 14 3(0)
= 14 0
= 14
When x = 0, v(x) = 14.
v(x) = 14 3x
v(4) = 14 3(4)
= 14 12
=2
When x = 4, v(x) = 2.

Algebra 1
193
Chapter 4
3. y = 9.6x + 844.5
1.
= 9.6(12) + 844.5
= 115.2 + 844.5
y-Value
from model
Residual
850
850
850 850 = 0
845
840.2
845 840.2 = 4.8
828
830.4
828 830.4 = 2.4
798
820.6
798 820.6 = 22.6
800
810.8
800 810.8 = 10.8
792
801
785
791.2
785 791.2 = 6.2
781
781.4
781 781.4 = 0.4
775
771.6
775 771.6 = 3.4
760
761.8
760 761.8 = 1.8
10
792 801 = 9
residual
10
= 729.3
So, in 2017, if the trend continues, the attendance at the
amusement park will be about 729,300 people.
4. Sample answer: There may be a correlation but no causal
relationship. Playing video games does not directly affect

your grade point average. However, it is likely that a student,
who spends a lot of time playing video games, will probably
spend less time studying and therefore have a lower grade
point average.
1. A residual is positive when the y-value of the actual data
point is greater than the y-value of the corresponding point

on the line of fit that has the same x-value. A residual is
negative when the y-value of the actual data point is less than
the y-value of the corresponding point on the line of fit that
has the same x-value.
2. A scatter plot of the residuals shows how well a model fits a
20
There are more points below the x-axis than there are above
the x-axis. So, the equation y = 9.8x + 850 does not model
the data well.
2. a. After entering the data from the table into two lists using
a graphing calculator, the linear regression feature yields

the equation y = 9.6x + 844.5.
870
data set. If the model is a good fit, then the absolute values of
the residuals are relatively small, and the residual points will
be more or less evenly dispersed about the horizontal axis. If
the model is not a good fit, then the residual points will form
some type of pattern that suggests the data are not linear.
3. Using a graph or its equation to approximate a value between
two known values is called interpolation. Extrapolation also

involves using a graph or its equation to approximate a value,
but extrapolation is predicting a value outside of the range of
known values.
4. The correlation coefficient r = 0.09 does not belong with
0
750
12
the other three, because this value is close to 0 and represents

a weak correlation, but the other three are close to either 1 or
1 and represent strong correlations.
b. The correlation coefficient is about 0.964. This means
that the relationship between the year and the attendance

has a strong negative correlation and the equation closely
models the data, as shown in the graph.
c. The slope of the line is 9.6. This means the attendance
at the amusement park decreases by about 9600people

each year. The y-intercept is 844.5. This means the
attendance in 2005 was 844,500 people.
194
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
7.
5.
y-Value
from model
18
21
18 (21) = 3
13
17
13 (17) = 4
10
13
10 (13) = 3
7 (9) = 2
2 (5) = 3
0 (1) = 1
63=3
10
10 7 = 3
15
11
15 11 = 4
Residual
11.4
10
8.8
6.2
5 6.2 = 1.2
3.6
8 3.6 = 4.4
1 1 = 2
1.6
1 (1.6) = 2.6
4.2
4 (4.2) = 0.2
12
6.8
12 (6.8) = 5.2
9.4
7 (9.4) = 2.4
10 8.8 = 1.2
8 x
4
4
The points are evenly dispersed about the horizontal axis. So,
the equation y = 1.3x + 1 is a good fit.
4 x
8.
All of the residual values are above the horizontal axis. So,
the equation y = 4x 5 does not model the data well.
y-Value
from model
Residual
1 (4) = 3
3 (5) = 2
6 (6) = 0
10
8 (7) = 1
12
10
10 (8) = 2
14
10
10 (9) = 1
16
10
10
10 (10) = 0
18
11
9 (11) = 2
20
12
9 (12) = 3
6.
y-Value
from model
13
10
13 10 = 3
14
16
14 16 = 2
23
22
23 22 = 1
26
28
26 28 = 2
31
34
31 34 = 3
42
40
42 40 = 2
45
46
45 46 = 1
52
52
52 52 = 0
62
58
62 58 = 4
9 11.4 = 2.4
residual
Residual
residual
y-Value
from model
Residual
residual
residual
4
12
16
20 x
The residual points form a -shaped pattern, which suggests

the data are not linear. So, the equation y = 0.5x 2 does
not model the data well.
the equation y = 6x + 4 is a good fit.
Algebra 1
195
Chapter 4
9.
13. After entering the data from the table into two lists using a
y-Value
from model
6.1
5.5
5.4
5.5 5.4 = 0.1
4.7
4.7
4.7 4.7 = 0
3.9
3.3
3.3
Residual
6 6.1 = 0.1
3.9 4 = 0.1
3.3 3.3 = 0
residual
0.1
graphing calculator, the linear regression feature yields the

equation y = 1.38x + 15.7. The correlation coefficient is
about 0.999. This means that the relationship between the
independent and dependent variables has a strong positive
correlation and the equation closely models the data.
14. After entering the data from the table into two lists using

the equation y = x + 11.25. The correlation coefficient is
independent and dependent variables has a weak negative
correlation and the equation does not model the data well.
15. The slope and y-intercept are reversed. Because the equation
is in the form y = ax + b, the slope is a = 4.47 and the

y-intercept is b = 23.16. An equation of the line of best fit is
y = 4.47x + 23.16.
0.1
16. Because the correlation coefficient is a negative number, the
The points are evenly dispersed about the horizontal axis.

So, the equation y = 0.7x + 6.8 is a good fit.
correlation is negative. The correlation coefficient is about

0.999. So, the data have a strong negative correlation.
10.
y-Value
from model
27
28.3
1.3
28
29.6
1.6
36
30.9
5.1
28
32.2
4.2
32
33.5
1.5
35
34.8
0.2
Residual
residual
4

the equation y = 381x 566.
2200
8
0
b. The correlation coefficient is about 0.989. This means that
there is a strong positive correlation between the number

of the minutes after an earthquake ended and the number
of people who reported the earthquake. So, the equation
closely models the data, as shown in the graph.
c. The slope of the line is 381. This means that the number
6 x
Most of the residual values are below the horizontal axis. So,
the equation y = 1.3x + 27 does not model the data well.
11. After entering the data from the table into two lists using

the equation y = 2.1x 7.5. The correlation coefficient is
independent and dependent variables has a strong positive
correlation and the equation closely models the data.
of people who reported an earthquake increased by

about 381 each minute after the earthquake ended. The
y-intercept is 565.7, which is meaningless in this
context. There cannot be a negative number of people.

the equation y = x + 7.
20
10
0
12. After entering the data from the table into two lists using a
graphing calculator, the linear regression feature yields the

equation y = 1.35x + 7.8. The correlation coefficient is
independent and dependent variables is a reasonably strong
negative correlation and the equation models the data well.
196
Algebra 1
the relationship between the day and the number of people

who volunteer has a weak positive correlation and the
equation does not model the data well.

Chapter 4
c. The slope of the line is 1. This means, the number of
volunteers increases by 1 each day. The y-intercept is

6.75, which has no meaning in this context because there
is no day 0.

the equation y = 0.18x + 19.7.
that the relationship between the mileage of a used

automobile and its selling price has a strong negative
correlation, and the equation y = 0.18x + 19.7 closely
models the data.
c. The slope of the line is 0.18. This means that the price
of a car decreases by about $180 for every thousand miles

the car has been driven. The y-intercept of the line is 19.7,
which has no meaning in this context because a used car
cannot have 0 mileage.
d.
y = 0.18x + 19.7
15.5 = 0.18x + 19.7
19.7
19.7
4.2 = 0.18x
0.18x
4.2
=
0.18
0.18
23.3 x
So, a car that costs $15,500 will have about 23,300 miles
on it.
e. y = 0.18x + 19.7
= 0.18 (6) + 19.7

= 1.08 + 19.7
= 18.62
So, a car with 6000 miles will cost about $18,620.

the equation y = 4.9x 37.7.
that the relationship between the lengths and costs of

the sailboats has a strong positive correlation, and the
equation y = 4.9x 37.7 closely models the data.
c. The slope of the line is 4.9. This means that the cost of a
sailboat increases by about $4900 per foot of a sailboats

length. The y-intercept of the line is 37.7. However,
the y-intercept is meaningless in this context because
a sailboat cannot be 0 feet long, and the cost cannot be
negative.
e.
y = 4.9x 37.7
147 = 4.9x 37.7
+ 37.7
+ 37.7
184.7 = 4.9x
37.7 x
So, a sailboat that costs $147,000 is about 37.7 feet long.
21. There is a negative correlation and a causal relationship
because the more time you spend talking on a cell phone, the
more you will drain the remaining battery life.
22. There may be a positive correlation but no causal
relationship. Growing taller will not cause a toddler to learn

new words, but as a toddler grows, he or she will probably be
learning more words.
23. There is no correlation between the number of hats you own
and the size of your head because buying more hats will not
change the size of your head.
24. There may be a positive correlation but no causal
relationship. The weight of a dog does not determine the

length of its tail.
25. Sample answer: Each week of the summer season, a shop
at the beach recorded the numbers x of ice cream cones sold

and the numbers y of surf board rentals. This data set has a
strong positive correlation but no causal relationship. Selling
more ice cream cones will not cause the number of surf
board rentals to increase. However, on the days with good
weather in the height of the season, both numbers will likely
be high, and on days with bad weather, both numbers will
likely be low.
26. a. B; The correlation coefficient is r = 0.98 because the
graph shows data with a strong positive correction that is

closely modeled by the line.
b. C; The correlation coefficient is r = 0.97 because the
graph shows data with a strong negative correlation that is

closely modeled by the line.
c. A; The correlation coefficient is r = 0 because the graph
shows data with no correlation.

d. D; The correlation coefficient is r = 0.69 because the
graph shows data with a weak positive correlation that is

roughly modeled by the line.
d. y = 4.9x 37.7
= 4.9(20) 37.7
= 98 37.7
= 60.3
So, a sailboat that is 20 feet long will cost about $60,300.

Algebra 1
197
Chapter 4
using a graphing calculator, the linear regression feature
yields the equation y = 0.08x + 3.8. The correlation
coefficient is about 0.965. This means that the
relationship between grade point average and hours spent
watching television has a strong negative correlation.
b. The slope of the line is 0.08. This means that a students
grade point average decreases by about 0.08 for every

hour spent watching television each week. The y-intercept
of the line is 3.8. This means that a student who watches
no television is likely to have a grade point average of
about 3.8.
c. y = 0.08x + 3.8
= 0.08 (14) + 3.8

= 1.12 + 3.8
= 2.68
So, a student who watches 14 hours of television each
week will have a grade point average of about 2.68.
d. Sample answer: no; Watching a lot of television does not
directly cause a student to get lower grades. However,

students who spend a lot of time watching television will
probably spend less time studying and therefore earn
lower grades.
30. Sample answer:

Beach Attendance for One Week
y
Beach 2
27 a. After entering the data from the table into two lists
yes; The model predicts that a student who watches 2hours

of television will have a grade point average of about 3.64.
Because the actual grade point average, 2.4, is significantly
less, it will weaken the correlation between the model and
the actual data.
y = 381x 566
= 381(9) 566
= 381(15) 566
= 3429 566
= 5715 566
= 2863
= 5149
So, using the equation y = 381x 566 of the model

from Exercise 17, the number of people who reported
the earthquake 9 minutes after in ended was about 2863
and the number of people who reported the earthquake
15minutes after it ended was about 5149.
b. The difference between the first extrapolation and the
actual data value is only 113. The difference between the

second extrapolation and the actual data value is 1949.
So, the second prediction was less accurate than the
first. This fits with what you would expect because the
farther removed a value is from the known values, the less
confidence you can have in the accuracy of the prediction.
Sometimes trends change over time.
Algebra 1
20
40
60
80
Beach 1
As the number of people at Beach1 increases, the number

of people at Beach2 also increases. A possible correlation
coefficient is about 0.9 because there is a strong positive
correlation between the number of people at the two beaches,
and the graph shows that the points could fit closely to a line.
This does not represent a causal relationship, however. The
factors that affect how many people come to the beaches are
things such as the temperature outside and whether it is a
weekend or holiday.
31. a. After entering the data from the table into two lists
using a graphing calculator, the linear regression feature

yields the equation y = 513.5x 298. The correlation
coefficient is about 0.993. This means that the relationship
between the year and the numbers of the messages sent
has a strong positive correlation and the equation closely
models the data.
does not just go up simply because another year has
passed. The number of text messages increases each year
because cell phone service gets faster, more efficient,
and less expensive over time as the cell phone companies
work to improve their services.
= 3.64
198
b. no; Sample answer: The number of text messages sent
= 0.16 + 3.8
29. a. y = 381x 566
40
0
28. y = 0.08x + 3.8
= 0.08(2) + 3.8
80
c.
y-Value from
model
241
215.5
601
729
1360
1242.5
1806
1756
2206
2269.5
Residual
241 215.5 = 25.5
601 729 = 128
1360 1242.5 = 117.5
1806 1756 = 50
2206 2269.5 = 63.5
residual
100
100
The points are evenly dispersed about the horizontal axis.

So, the equation y = 513.5x 298 is a good fit.

Chapter 4
d. Sample answer: Using the graphing calculator to calculate
a correlation coefficient is faster than calculating and

graphing the residuals. Both methods will reveal how
closely a model fits the actual data. The graph of the
residuals sometimes reveals why a linear model is not a
good fit, if the data fits a nonlinear model for instance.
The correlation coefficient, however, will simply reveal
that the linear model is not a good fit but does not help
determine why.
2. An arithmetic sequence can describe a pattern in which
the difference between consecutive terms is the same. For

example, if every time you beat a level of a game, you earn
50 points.
3. The number y of atoms increases by 3 for each additional
water molecule. Each y-value is 3 times the corresponding

x-value. So, 23 molecules of water have 3(23) = 69 atoms.

32. nonlinear; As x increases by 1, the y-value alternates between
1. Position
4 and 4. The rate of change is not constant. So, the

function is not linear.
change is constant. So, the function is linear.
2.

1. a. Number of stars, n
Number of sides, y
10
20
30
40
50
Number of circles, y
1
2
2
3
3
4
Position
Term
1
0.2
3. Position
Term
1
2
2
4
3
6
4
5
4
8
6
48
7
60
5
1.8
6
2.2
7
2.6
+12 +12 +12
2
0.6
3
1
4
1.4
2
3
3
4
3
1
3
2
4
1
3
4
5
6
The next three terms are 3,

4.
7
1
2
2
2 34 ,
and 2 12 .
Position, n
Term, an
12
an
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
(4, 12)
(3, 9)
(2, 6)
(1, 3)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
The points lie on a line.

5.
The y-values increase by 2 each time a row is added. So,

each y-value is twice the corresponding value of n.
6
3
2
4
( ) ( ) ( )
5
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
1
1
1
+ + +
4
4
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
Number of rows, n
Number of dots, y
5
36
The next three terms are 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6.
The y-values increase by 1. So, each y-value is 1 more

than the corresponding value of n.
y
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
4
24
0 1 2 3 4 5 n
b. n
c.
3
12
+0.4 +0.4 +0.4
The y-values increase by 10. So, each y-value is 10 times

the corresponding value of n.
y
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
0
The next three terms are 36, 48, and 60.
33. linear; As x increases by 2, y decreases by 5. The rate of
y
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
12
Term
Position, n
Term, an
5
4
3
2
1
1
2
3
an
(1, 4)
(2, 2)
n
(3, 0)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(4, 2)

Algebra 1
199
Chapter 4
6. Position, n
Term, an
2
0.8
3
0.6
4
0.4
11. a. f (n) = a1 + (n 1)d
f (n) = 7 + (n 1)(2)
f (n) = 7 + n(2) 1(2)
f (n) = 7 + 2n 2
f (n) = 2n + 5
(1, 1)
(2, 0.8)
(3, 0.6)
(4, 0.4)
The function f (n) = 2n + 5 represents the arithmetic

sequence.
b.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n

7. Position, n
Term, an
1
2
2
4
3
7
4
11
+2
+3
+4
Consecutive terms do not have a common difference. So, the

sequence of terms 2, 4, 7, 11,... is not arithmetic.
8. an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 4 + (n 1)(1)
an = 4 + n(1) 1(1)
an = 4 + n 1
an = n + 3
An equation for the nth term is an = n + 3.
an = n + 3
a25 = 25 + 3
= 28
The 25th term of the arithmetic sequence is 28.
9. an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 8 + (n 1)(8)
an = 8 + n(8) 1(8)
an = 8 + 8n 8
an = 8n
An equation for the nth term is an = 8n.
an = 8n
Total cost (dollars)
an
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1
1
an
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
Games
c. f (n) = 2n + 5
29 = 2n + 5
5
12 = n
You can play 12 games.
1. The graph of an arithmetic sequence is a graph of a linear
function whose domain is the set of positive integers.

2. The one that is different is find the difference between the
terms a2 and a4. This answer is 16 10 = 6. The answer of

all the others is 13 10 = 3.
3. Position
Term
a25 = 8(25)
= 200
10. an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 1 + (n 1)(1)
an = 1 + n(1) 1(1)
an = 1 n + 1
an = n + 2
An equation for the nth term is an = n + 2.
an = n + 2
a25 = 25 + 2
= 23
24 = 2n
24 2n
=
2
2
1
2
2
15
3
28
4
41
+13
+13
+13

4. Position
Term
1
18
2
12
3
6
4
0
+(6) +(6) +(6)

5. 18 13 = 5, 23 18 = 5, 28 23 = 5
The common difference is 5.

6. 150 175 = 25, 125 150 = 25, 100 125 = 25
200
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
17. Position, n
7. 12 (16) = 12 + 16 = 4,
8 (12) = 8 + 12 = 4,
4 (8) = 4 + 8 = 4
an
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0

1 1
1
2
3
2
2
8. 3 4 = 3 3 = , 3 3 = ,
3 3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
4
1
3 3 = 2 2 =
3
3
3
3
1
The common difference is .
3
9. 5 6.5 = 1.5, 3.5 5 = 1.5, 2 3.5 = 1.5
2
22
3
25
4
28
5
31
6
34
7
37

+3
+3
+3
2
0
3
15
4
30
2
3
3
5
4
7
2
19
3
36
4
53
(1, 4)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
50
40
30
20
10

1
19
4
28
(2, 12)
11 2 = 9
Position
Term
3
20
(3, 20)
1
15
Term, an
10. 7 (16) = 7 + 16 = 9, 2 (7) = 2 + 7 = 9,
2
12
(4, 28)
18. Position, n
The common difference is 1.5.
11.
1
4
Term, an
10
20
30
an
(4, 30)
(3, 15)
(2, 0)
2 3 4 5 6 7 n
(1, 15)

12. Position
1
1
Term
2
12
3
23
4
34
5
45
6
56
7
67
+11
+11 +11
13. Position
1
16
Term
2
21
3
26
4
31
5
36
6
41
7
46

+5
+5
+5

14. Position
Term
1
60
2
30
3
0
4
30
5
60
6
90
7
120
+(30) +(30) +(30)

15. Position
Term
1
1.3
2
1
3
0.7
4
0.4
5
0.1
6
0.2
7
0.5
+(0.3) +(0.3) +(0.3)

The next three terms are 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5.
16. Position
Term
1
5
2
2
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
0
19. Position, n
1
1
Term, an
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
an
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
(1, 1)
(2, 3)
(3, 5)
(4, 7)
20. Position, n
1
2
Term, an
an
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
(4, 53)
(3, 36)
(2, 19)
(1, 2)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
7
1
( ) ( ) +( 16 )
1
1
+ +
6
6

Algebra 1
201
Chapter 4
21. Position, n
Term, an
an
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
(4,
1
13 2
1
13
2
28. Position
Term
1
5
2
9
3
14
+4
+5
+6
4
20
Consecutive terms do not have a common difference.

So, the sequence is not arithmetic.
29. Position
(3, 9)
Term
(2, 4 12)
1
48
2
24
3
12
4
6
+(24) +(12) +(6)
(1, 0)
Consecutive terms do not have a common difference.

So, the sequence is not arithmetic.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 n
22. Position, n
1
6
Term, an
an
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2
1
4
2
2
5.25
3
4.5
4
3.75
30. Position
Term
1
87
2
81
3
75
4
69
+(6) +(6) +(6)

(1, 6)
The sequence is arithmetic with a common difference of 6.
(2, 5.25)
(3, 4.5)
31. Position
(4, 3.75)
Term
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
23. The points do not lie on a line. So, the sequence 1, 4, 1,
4,... is not arithmetic.

24. Position, n
Term, an
1
5
3
19
Term
4
26
+7
+7
+7
Term, an
1
70
2
55
3
40
4
25

+(15) +(15) +(15)
Consecutive terms have a common difference of 15.

So, the graph represents the arithmetic sequence 70, 55, 40,
25, . . . .
26. Position, n
Term, an
1
2
2
10
3
16
4
20

+8
+6
+4
Consecutive terms do not have a common difference, and the

points do not lie on a line. So, the sequence 2, 10, 16, 20, . . .
is not arithmetic.
27. Position
Term
1
13
2
26
3
39
+13
+13
+13
3
8
+2
+2
+2
1
2
2
5
3
8

+3
Consecutive terms have a common difference of 7. So, the

graph represents the arithmetic sequence 5, 12, 19, 26, ....
25. Position, n
2
6
4
10

So, the sequence 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . is arithmetic.
32. Position
2
12
1
4
+3
4
11
+3

So, the sequence 2, 5, 8, 11, . . . is arithmetic.
33. d = 4 (5) = 4 + 5 = 1
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 5 + (n 1)(1)
an = 5 + n(1) 1(1)
an = 5 + n 1
an = n 6
An equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence
is an = n 6.
an = n 6
a10 = 10 6
=4
4
52
The sequence is arithmetic with a common difference of 13.
202
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
34. d = 9 (6) = 9 + 6 = 3
37. d = 0 10 = 10
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 6 + (n 1)(3)
an = 10 + (n 1)(10)
an = 6 + n(3) 1(3)
an = 10 + n(10) 1(10)
an = 6 3n + 3
an = 10 10n + 10
an = 3n 3
an = 10n + 20

is an = 3n 3.

is an = 10n + 20.
an = 3n 3
an = 10n + 20
a10 = 3(10) 3
a10 = 10(10) + 20
= 30 3
= 100 + 20
= 33
= 80

1
2

4
7
1
2
3
7
1
7
38. d = =
35. d = 1 =
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = a1 + (n 1)d
()
1
1
1
a = + n ( ) 1( )
2
2
2
3
1
an = + (n 1)
7
7
1
1 1
an = + n
2
2 2
1
3 1
an = + n
7
7 7
1
an = n
2
2
1
an = n +
7
7

is an = 12 n.

is an = 17 n + 27 .
1
an = n
2
1
a10 = (10)
2
2
1
an = n +
7
7
2
1
a10 = (10) +
7
7
10 2
=+
7
7
5
12
= = 1
7
7
1
1
an = + (n 1)
2
2
n
=5
36. d = 110 100 = 10
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 100 + (n 1)(10)
an = 100 + n(10) 1(10)
an = 100 + 10n 10
an = 10n + 90
is an = 10n + 90.
an = 10n + 90
()
3
1
1
a = + n ( ) 1( )
7
7
7
n

39. Because consecutive terms are decreasing by 1, the common
difference should be negative.

2,
1,
0,
1, . . .
+(1) +(1) +(1)

a10 = 10(10) + 90
= 100 + 90
= 190

Algebra 1
203
Chapter 4
40. The equation an = a1 + (n 1)d should be used to write an
44. a. The next three figures are:
equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence.

14, 22, 30, 38, . . .
d = 22 14 = 8
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 14 + (n 1)(8)
an = 14 + n(8) 1(8)
b. The 20th figure in the sequence is a circle with 40 equal
sections.
an = 14 + 8n 8
an = 8n + 6
45. a. d = 10 5 = 5
An equation for the nth term of the arithmetic sequence is

an = 8n + 6.
f (n) = a1 + (n 1)d
f (n) = 5 + (n 1)(5)
f (n) = 5 + n(5) 1(5)
41. a1 = 3
f (n) = 5 + 5n 5
d = 1.5(3) = 4.5
Position, n
Term, an
1
3
2
7.5
3
12
f (n) = 5n
4
16.5
A function that represents the arithmetic sequence is

f (n) = 5n.
The next three terms are 7.5, 12, and 16.5.
b.
Total babies born
an
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
(4, 16.5)
(3, 12)
(2, 7.5)
(1, 3)
Term, an
1
10
2
12
3
14
4
16
5
18
The first five terms are 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18.
an
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
(2, 12)
(1, 10)
(4, 20)
(3, 15)
(2, 10)
(1, 5)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
Minutes after Midnight

January 1st
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
42. Position, n
an
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
(5, 18)
(4, 16)
(3, 14)
c. f (n) = 5n
100 = 5n
100 5n
5
5
20 = n
It takes about 20 minutes for 100 babies to be born.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 n
43. a. The next three figures are:
b. The 20th figure in the sequence is a regular polygon with
22 sides.
204
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
51. Sample answer:
46. a. d = 40 48 = 8
an = a1 + (n 1)d
Position
Term
an = 56 + (n 1)(8)
1
6
an = 56 + n (8) 1(8)

an = 8n + 64.
an = 8n + 64
an = 6 + n(3) 1(3)
an = 6 3n + 3
Position
Term
64
48 = 8n
1
5
4
14
Another arithmetic sequence

with a common difference
of3 is 5, 8, 11,
14, . . .. An equation
forthe nth term is
an = 3n 2.
an = 5 + (n 1)(3)
The movie earns $16 million in week 6.

c. 56 + 48 + 40 + 32 + 24 + 16 + 8 = 224
The movie earns $224 million overall.

1
1
2
5
3
9

+4
+4
f (n) = a1 + (n 1)d
f (n) = 1 + (n 1)(4)
f (n) = 1 + n(4) 1(4)
an = 5 + n(3) 1(3)
an = 5 3n + 3
an = 3n 2
52. Sample answer: An algebra class had 22 students at the
beginning of the term, and then after the first week, one
new student joined the class each week for 5 more weeks.
The sequence of how many students were in the class at the
end of each of the first 6 weeks, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, is
arithmetic with a common difference of 1.
53. 20 + 19 + 18 + 17 + 16 + 15 + 14 = 119
f (n) = 1 + 4n 4
The pile has 119 logs in total.
f (n) = 4n 3
54. a. Size
f (30) = 4(30) 3
Cost
= 120 3
1
20,000
= 117
2
32,500
+12,500
Because the areas of consecutive figures have a common

difference of 4, the areas form an arithmetic sequence 1, 5,
9, . . . . A function that represents the arithmetic sequence is
f (n) = 4n 3. The 30th figure has an area of 117 square
inches.
Term, an
3
11
an = a1 + (n 1)d
6=n
48. Position, n
2
8
+(3) +(3) +(3)
48 8n
=
8
8
Term, an
An arithmetic sequence
witha common difference
of3 is 6, 3, 0, 3, . . . . An
equation for the nth term is
an = 3n + 9.
an = 6 + (n 1)(3)
an = 3n + 9
16 = 8n + 64
47. Position, n
4
3
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 8n + 64
64
3
0
+(3) +(3) +(3)
an = 56 8n + 8
b.
2
3
1
4
2
9
3
25
+5
+16
Because the sequence of areas 4, 9, 25, . . . does not have a

common difference, the sequence is not arithmetic.
49. The domain and range of an arithmetic sequence are both
discrete because they consist of individual numbers, not a

range of numbers.
3
45,000
4
57,500
+12,500 +12,500
yes; Consecutive terms have a common difference of

$12,500. So, the sequence 20,000, 32,500, 45,000,
57,500,... is arithmetic.
b. Sample answer: You could write an equation for the nth
term in the sequence and then find a6.

an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 12,500n 7500
an = 20,000 + (n 1)(12,500)
a6 = 12,500(6) 7500
an = 20,000 + n(12,500) 1(12,500)

an = 20,000 + 12,500n 12,500
an = 12,500n 7500
An equation of the nth term
of the arithmetic sequence is
an = 12,500n 7500.
= 75,000 7500
= 67,500
A six-page
advertisement would
cost $67,500.
50. no; If the first term of the sequence is negative and the output
values constantly increase, or if the first term of the sequence

is positive and the output values constantly decrease, the
range contains positive and negative numbers.
Algebra 1
205
Chapter 4
41 23
4 1
18
3
55. d = = = 6
Position
Term
58. x + 8 9
1
23
2
29
3
35

+6
+6
4
41
x 17
The solution is x 17.
+6
f (n) = a1 + (n 1)d
30 25 20 15 10
f (n) = 23 + (n 1)(6)
f (n) = 23 + n (6) 1(6)
+4
f (n) = 6n + 17
10
10
12
14
16
y 4
62. x
h(x)
2
6
8
7
6
5
4
3
= 3x + 1 x 1
= 6x
30
The solution is y 4.
b. 3x + 1 (x + 1)
= 9x + 1 3x 1
25
yes; Because consecutive terms have a common difference

of 2x, the sequence is arithmetic.
9x + 1 (3x + 1)
20
+ 21
= 2x
= 2x
10
7+y3
61.
= 2x
= 7x + 6 5x 6
t<9
You must wait 7 minutes for the train.
7x + 6 (5x + 6)
The solution is t < 9.
7:36 7:29 = :07
= 5x + 6 3x 6
15
+4
+ 21
+12 +12 +12 +12
= 2x
10
60. t 21 < 12
+12 +12 +12 +12
5x + 6 (3x + 6)
The solution is b > 19.
56.
= 3x + 6 x 6
19 < b

f (n) = 6n + 17.
57. a. 3x + 6 (x + 6)
15 < b 4
59.
f (n) = 23 + 6n 6
Stop
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
number
Time
6:00 6:12 6:24 6:36 6:48 7:00 7:12 7:24 7:36
4 3 21
1
3
0
0
1
3
2
6
h(x) = 3
x
1 2 3 4 x
The function h is of the form y = a f (x), where a = 3. So, the

graph of h is a vertical stretch of the graph by a factor of 3.
The domain is all real numbers. The range is y 0.
27x + 1 (9x + 1)
= 27x + 1 9x 1
= 18x
no; Because consecutive terms do not have a common
difference, the sequence is not arithmetic.
206
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
63. x
3
2
v(x)
8
7
6
5
4
3
4
1
5
0
6
1
7
1
1. a. yes; No vertical line can be drawn through more than one
point on the graph. So, each x-value is paired with exactly

one y-value, and the graph represents y as a function of x.
b. If x = 0, then y = 0 because there is a closed dot at (0, 0).

c. Use (2, 2) and (1, 1).
v(x) =
x 5
12
1
12
m = = = , or 1
1 (2) 1 + 2
1
y y1 = m(x x1)
2
1
y 1 = 1(x (1))
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
The function v is of the form y = f (x h), where h = 5.

So, the graph of v is a horizontal translation 5 units right of
the graph of f.
64.
8
7
6
5
4
3
y 1 = 1(x) 1(1)
y 1 = x 1
+1
g(x)
y 1 = 1(x + 1)
+1
y = x
So, f (x) = x, if x 0.
d. Use (1, 2) and (2, 2).
22 0
m = = , or 0
21 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
g(x) =
x
+ 1
y 2 = 0(x 1)
y2=0
+2
4 3 21
y=2
1 2 3 4 x
The function g is of the form y = f (x) + k, where k = 1.

So, the graph of g is a vertical translation 1 unit up of the
graph of f.
65.
r(x)
3
4
5
6
7
8
So, f (x) = 2, if x > 0.

e. f (x) =
{ x,2,
if x 0
if x > 0
2. a. yes; No vertical line can be drawn through more than one
4 3 21
+2
1 2 3 4 x
r(x) = 2
x
point on the graph. So, each x-value is paired with exactly

one y-value, and the graph represents y as a function of x.
2, if 6 x < 3
0,
if 3 x < 0
b. f (x) =
2,
if 0 x < 3
4,
if 3 x < 6
3. Sample answer: In order to describe a function that is
represented by more than one equation, you can write an

equation for each portion and give the range of domain
values for which the equation describes the graph. Combine
all of the equations and corresponding ranges of domain
values into one function with a bracket { symbol.
The function r is of the form y = a f (x), where a = 2. So,

the graph of r is a vertical stretch of the graph of f by a factor
of 2 and a reflection in the x-axis.

Algebra 1
207
Chapter 4
4. For x 0, use (2, 2) and (1, 1).
7.
12
1
12
m = = = , or 1
1 (2) 1 + 2
1
y y1 = m(x x1)
Closed Open
x
y 2 = 1[x (2)]
2
1
y 2 = 1(x + 2)
y 2 = 1(x) 1(2)
4 3
1 2 3 4 x
y 2 = x 2
+2
2
3
4
+2
y = x
For x > 0, use (1, 1) and (2, 2).
21 1
m = = , or 1
21 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 1 = 1(x 1)
y 1 = 1(x) 1(1)
y1=x1
+1
5
6

8.
Open Closed
x
0.5
+1
8
6
y=x
So, the graph can be represented by the function
x, if x 0
.
f (x) =
x, if x > 0
4 3 21
The value of f is 3 when x = 8.

2.
f (x) = x + 2
f (2) = 2 + 2
f (2) = 0
3. f (x) = x + 2
f (0) = 0 + 2
f (0) = 2
4. f (x) = x + 2
f (3) = 3 + 2
f (3) = 5
5. f (x) = x + 2
f (5) = 5 + 2
f (5) = 7
6. f (x) = 4x
f (10) = 4(10)
f (10) = 40
208
Algebra 1
1 2 3 4 x
4
6
8
f (x) = 3
f (8) = 3
4
2

1.
The domain is all real numbers. The range is y < 2 or y 0.

9. For x 0, use (2, 1) and (1, 0).
01
1
01
m = = = , or 1
1 (2) 1 + 2
1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 0 = 1[x (1)]
y = 1(x + 1)
y = 1(x) 1(1)
y = x 1
For x > 0, use (1, 3) and (2, 4).
43 1
m = = , or 1
21 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 3 = 1(x 1)
y 3 = 1(x) 1(1)
y3=x1
+3
+3
y=x+2
So, a piecewise function for the graph is
x 1, if x 0
f (x) =
.
x + 2, if x > 0

Chapter 4
10. For x 2, use (4, 2) and (3, 1).
12
1
12
m = = = , or 1
3 (4) 3 + 4
1
g(x) = a x 5 + 4
0 = a3 5 + 4
y y1 = m(x x1)
0 = a 2 + 4
y 2 = 1[x (4)]
0 = a(2) + 4
y 2 = 1(x + 4)
0 = 2a + 4
y 2 = 1(x) 1(4)
y 2 = x 4
4 = 2a
4 2a
=
2
2
2 = a
+2
+2
y = x 2
For 2 < x < 1, y = 2.
b. g(x) = 2 x 5 + 4
g(x) =
y 1 = 2(x 2)
g(x) = 2(x) 2(5) + 4,
y = 2x 3
x 2, if x 2
f (x) = 2,
if 2 < x < 1.
2x 3, if x 1
Number of
days
Total cost
(dollars)
0<x1
100
1<x2
150
2<x3
200
3<x4
250
g(x) = 2x 10 + 4,
g(x) = 2x 6,
if x < 5
g(x) = 2(x 5) + 4, if x 5 0
+5+5
g(x) = 2(x) 2(5) + 4,
g(x) = 2x + 10 + 4,
g(x) = 2x + 14,
if x 5
So, a piecewise function for g(x) = 2 x 5 + 4 is

g(x) =
2x 6,
{2x
+ 14,
if x < 5
if x 5.

if 0 < x 1
if 1 < x 2
if 2 < x 3
if 3 < x 4
1. Sample answer: A piecewise function is a function defined
by two or more equations. Each piece of the function

applies to a different part of its domain. A step function is a
type of a piecewise function, specifically one that is defined
by a constant value over each part of its domain.
Wood Chipper Rental

if x 5 < 0
g(x) = 2(x + 5) + 4,
+1
if x 5 < 0
if x 5 0
+5+5
y 1 = 2x 4
100,
150,
f (x) =
200,
250,
5)] + 4,
{ 2[(x
2(x 5) + 4,
g(x) = 2[(x 5)] + 4,
y 1 = 2(x) 2(2)
+1
So, the function g(x) = 2 x 5 + 4 represents the

path of the reference beam.
For x 1, use (2, 1) and (3, 3).

31 2
m = = , or 2
32 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
11.
12 a. g(x) = a x h + k
y
300
200
100
0
Number of days

Algebra 1
209
Chapter 4
2. Sample answer:
y
9. g(x) = 3
g(0) = 3
f(x) =
x 2
The value of g is 3 when x = 0.
4
2
10. g(x) = 3
4
The graph of an absolute function, such as the graph of

f (x) = x 2 shown, is symmetric about the line x = h, or
x= 2 in this example. So, the graph can be split at x = 2,
and a piecewise function can have one equation define the
graph for x < 2 and another equation define the graph for
x 2.
3.
g(1) = 3
f (x) = 5x 1

11. g(x) = 2x 5
g(2) = 2(2) 5
g(2) = 4 5
g(2) = 1
12. g(x) = 2x 5
g(5) = 2(5) 5
f (3) = 5(3) 1
g(5) = 10 5
f (3) = 15 1
g(5) = 5
f (3) = 16
4.
f (x) = x + 3

13. Because 2 < 4 5, use g(x) = 65x 20.
g(x) = 65x 20
f (2) = 2 + 3
g(4) = 65(4) 20
f (2) = 1
g(4) = 260 20
g(4) = 240
5. f (x) = x + 3
f (0) = 0 + 3
f (0) = 3
You travel 240 miles in 4 hours on a trip.

14. Because 25 26 < 50, use c(x) = 15.80x + 20.
c(x) = 15.80x + 20
c(26) = 15.80(26) + 20
c(26) = 410.8 + 20
6. f (x) = x + 3
f (5) = 5 + 3
c(26) = 430.8
f (5) = 8
The total cost of ordering 26 shirts is $430.80.

7.
g(x) = x + 4
g(4) = (4) + 4
g(4) = 4 + 4
15.
Open Closed
x
g(4) = 8
2
1

8.
g(x) = x + 4
g(1) = (1) + 4
g(1) = 1 + 4
g(1) = 5
21
1 2 3 4 5 6 x
2
3
4
5
6
The domain is all real numbers.

The range is y 4.
210
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
16.
19.
Closed Open
Open Closed
Closed Open
10
16
12
8 x
4
4
4 x
8
16
12
The range is y < 6.
The range is y 2.
17.
8
7
6
5
4
3
20.
Closed Open
Open Closed
2
1
4 3 2
1
21
1 2 3 4 x
2
3
1 2 3 4 5 6 x

The range is y 1.

The range is y 1 or 0 < y < 3.
18.
10
12
16
20
32
21. Because 5 5, when x = 5, f (x) = x + 8 should be used.
f (x) = x + 8
f (5) = 5 + 8
f (5) = 13
24
16
22. Because x 2 and x > 2, there should be a closed dot at
(2, 4) and an open dot at (2, 1).

4
12 x
6
5
4
3

The range is all real numbers.
5 4 3 21
1 2 x

Algebra 1
211
Chapter 4
23. For x < 0, use (2, 0) and (1, 1).
10
1
10
m = = = , or 1
1 (2) 1 + 2 1
26. For x 2, use (4, 6) and (3, 4).
4 (6) 4 + 6 2
m = = = , or 2
3 (4) 3 + 4 1
y 0 = 1[x (2)]
y y1 = m(x x1)
y = 1(x + 2)
y (4) = 2[x (3)]
y = 1(x) + 1(2)
y + 4 = 2(x + 3)
y=x+2
y + 4 = 2(x) + 2(3)
For x 0, y = 2.
y + 4 = 2x + 6

f (x) =
{ x2,+ 2,
if x < 0
.
if x 0
24. For x 0, y = 3.
For x > 0, use (1, 0) and (2, 3).

3 0 3
m = = , or 3
21
1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 0 = 3(x 1)
y = 3(x) 3(1)
y = 3x + 3
f (x) =
{ 3,
3x + 3,
if x 0
.
if x > 0
25. For x < 4, use (2, 2) and (3, 3).
3 (2) 3 + 2 1
m = = = , or 1
32
32
1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (2) = 1(x 2)
y = 2x + 2
For x > 2, use (0, 1) and (2, 0).
0 (1) 0 + 1 1
m===
20
20 2
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 0 = (x 2)
2
1
1
y = (x) (2)
2
2
1
y=x1
2
f (x) =
2x + 2, if x 2
.
1
x 1, if x > 2
2
27. For x 2, y = 1.
For 2 < x 0, use (1, 2) and (0, 0).

0 (2) 0 + 2 2
m = = = , or 2
0 (1) 0 + 1 1
y + 2 = 1(x) 1(2)
y y1 = m(x x1)
y + 2 = x + 2
y 0 = 2(x 0)
y = 2(x)
y = 2x
y = x
For x 4, use (5, 4) and (6, 5).
For x > 0, use (2, 1) and (4, 0).
1
5 (4) 5 + 4
m = = = , or 1
65
1
65
0 1 1
m==
42
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (4) = 1(x 5)
y + 4 = 1(x 5)
y + 4 = 1(x) 1(5)
y + 4 = x + 5
4
y = x + 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 0 = (x 4)
2
1
1
y = (x) (4)
2
2
1
y = x + 2
2
x,
f (x) =
x + 1,
212
if x < 4
.
if x 4
Algebra 1
f (x) =
1,
2x,
1
x + 2,
2
if x 2
if 2 < x 0
.
if x > 0

Chapter 4
y
32.
28. For x 1, use (3, 1) and (2, 2).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
21
1
21
m = = = , or 1
2 (3) 2 + 3 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 1[x (2)]
12
y 2 = 1(x + 2)
16
y 2 = 1(x) + 1(2)
The domain is 1 < x 5.
y2=x+2
+2
The range is 10, 8, 6, and 4.
+2
y=x+4
33.
For 1 < x < 3, use the open dots at (1, 0) and (3, 1).
16
12
1 0 1
1 0
m===
3 (1)
3+1
4
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 0 = [x (1)]
4
1
y = (x + 1)
4
1
1
y = (x) (1)
4
4
1
1
y = x
4
4
12
16 x
The domain is 1 < x 12.

34.
For x 3, y = 3.
8
x
2
x + 4,
if x 1
1
1
f (x) = x , if 1 < x < 3.
4
4
3,
if x 3
The domain is 6 x < 0.

29. A step function for the graph is
5,
f (x) = 3,
1,
if 5 x < 3
if 3 x < 1.
if 1 x < 1
4,
3,
30. A step function for the graph is f (x) =
2,
1,
31.
8
7
6
5
4
3
if 0 < x 1
if 1 < x 2
.
if 2 < x 3
if 3 < x 4
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
The domain is 0 x < 8.


Algebra 1
213
Chapter 4
Number
of team
members
35.
39. g(x) =
Total cost
(dollors)
0<x5
180
5<x6
210
6<x7
240
7<x8
270
8<x9
300
180,
210,
f (x) = 240,
270,
300,
if 0 < x 5
if 5 < x 6
if 6 < x 7
if 7 < x 8
if 8 < x 9
g(x) = x 2, if x 2 0
+2+2
+2+2
g(x) = x + 2, if
g(x) =
{ xx +2,2,
x2
if x < 2
.
if x 2
+ 5),
{ (x
x + 5,
if x + 5 < 0
if x + 5 0
g(x) = (x + 5), if x + 5 < 0
g(x) = x + 5, if x + 5 0
250
55
55
200
g(x) = x 5, if
150
So, a piecewise function for y = x + 5 is
100
g(x) =
10
41. g(x) =
12
Number of people on team
Number of
hours
1<x2
2<x3
12
3 < x 24
15
{ xx +5,5,
x < 5 g(x) = x + 5, if
+ 3)],
{ 2[(x
2(x + 3),
g(x) = 2[(x + 3)],
4,
8,
f (x) =
12,
15,
x 5
if x < 5
.
if x 5
if x + 3 < 0
if x + 3 0
if x + 3 <
g(x) = 2(x 3),
Total cost
(dollors)
0<x1
0
3
g(x) = 2(x) 2(3),

if 0 < x 1
if 1 < x 2
if 2 < x 3
if 3 < x 24
g(x) = 2x 6,
if x < 3
g(x) = 2(x + 3),
if x + 3
g(x) = 2(x) + 2(3),
g(x) = 2x + 6,
0
3
x 3
if
So, a piecewise function for y = 2 x + 3 is
g(x) = x 2, if
300
g(x) =
16
12
42. g(x) =
6,
{ 2x
2x + 6,
g(x) = 4[(x 1)],
g(x) = 4(x + 1),
12
16
20
24
37. A piecewise function for y = x + 1 is
g(x) =
{ xx ++1,1,
if x < 0
.
if x 0
38. A piecewise function for y = x 3 is
g(x) =
3,
{ x
x 3,
if x < 0
.
if x 0
Algebra 1
if x < 3
.
if x 3
1)],
{ 4[(x
4(x 1),
Time parked (hours)
214
x<2
So, a piecewise function for y = x 2 is
50
36.
if x 2 < 0
if x 2 0
g(x) = (x 2), if x 2 < 0
40. g(x) =
2),
{ (x
x 2,
if x 1 < 0
if x 1 0
if x 1 <
+1 +1
g(x) = 4(x) + 4(1),

g(x) = 4x + 4,
if
g(x) = 4(x 1),
if x 1
g(x) = 4(x) 4(1),

g(x) = 4x 4,
x<1
+1
if
0
+1
x1
So, a piecewise function for y = 4 x 1 is

g(x) =
+ 4,
{ 4x
4x 4,
if x < 1
.
if x 1

Chapter 4
43. g(x) =
8)],
{ 5[(x
5(x 8),
g(x) = 5[(x 8)],
if x 8 < 0
if x 8 0
if x 8 <
g(x) = 5(x + 8),
+8
46. g(x) =
g(x) = 7[(x + 1)] 5,
g(x) = 5(x 8),
if x 8
g(x) = 5(x) 5(8),

g(x) = 5x + 40,
0
+8
So, a piecewise function for y = 5 x 8 is

g(x) =
5x 40,
{5x
+ 40,
3[(x + 6)],
44. g(x) =
3(x + 6),
g(x) = 3[(x + 6)],
if x < 8
.
if x 8
g(x) = 3(x 6),
g(x) = 3(x + 6),
if x + 6
g(x) = 3(x) 3(6),
g(x) = 7x + 7 5,
g(x) = 7x + 2,
x 1
if
12,
{ 7x
7x + 2,
if x < 1
.
if x 1
g(x) = a x 3 + 0
x < 6
6
2 = a 1
2 = a(1)
2=a
x 6
if
So, a piecewise function for y = 3 x + 6 is
45. g(x) =
if x + 1 0
2 = a 4 3 + 0
if
x < 1
47. a. g(x) = a x h + k
g(x) = 3x + 18,
3x + 18,
g(x) =
3x 18,
g(x) = 7(x + 1) 5,
g(x) =
g(x) = 3(x) 3(6),
g(x) = 3x 18,
if
So, a piecewise function for y = 7 x + 1 5 is
if x + 6 < 0
if x + 6 0
if x + 6 <
0
1
g(x) = 7x 12,
g(x) = 7(x) + 7(1) 5,
x8
if
g(x) = 7x 7 5,
x<8
+8
if x + 1 <
g(x) = 7(x) 7(1) 5,
g(x) = 5(x) 5(8),

if
if x + 1 < 0
if x + 1 0
g(x) = 7(x 1) 5,
+8
g(x) = 5x 40,
+ 1)] 5,
{ 7[(x
7(x + 1) 5,
if x < 6
.
if x 6
3)] + 2,
{ [(x
(x 3) + 2
g(x) = [(x 3)] + 2,
if x 3 <
+3
g(x) = x 1,
if
g(x) = (x 3) + 2,
if x 3
g(x) = x + 5
if x 3 < 0
if x 3 0
if x 3 < 0
+3 +3
g(x) = 2(x) + 2(3),

0
+3
g(x) = 2x + 6,
if
g(x) = 2(x 3),
if x 3
g(x) = 2(x) 2(3),
x<3
+3
if
3)],
{ 2[(x
2(x 3),
g(x) = 2(x + 3),
g(x) = x 3 + 2,
g(x) = x + 3 + 2
b. g(x) =
g(x) = 2[(x 3)],
if x 3 < 0
if x 3 0
g(x) = (x + 3) + 2,
So, the function g(x) = 2 x 3 represents the path of the

sunlight that reflects off the water.
g(x) = 2x 6,
0
+3
x3
x<3
+3
if
+3
x3
So, a piecewise function for g(x) = 2 x 3 is

g(x) =
+ 6,
{ 2x
2x 6,
if x < 3
.
if x 3
So, a piecewise function for y = x 3 + 2 is

g(x) =
x 1,
{ x
+ 5,
if x < 3
.
if x 3

Algebra 1
215
Chapter 4
48. a.
g(x) = a x h + k
g(x) = a x 6 + 4
2 = a 9 6 + 4
2 = a 3 + 4
2 = a(3) + 4
2 = 3a + 4
4
2 = 3a
2 3a
=
3
3
2
= a
3
2
So, the function g(x) = x 6 + 4 represents the path
3
of the golf ball.
2
[(x 6)] + 4, if x 6 < 0
3
b. g(x) =
2
if x 6 0
(x 6) + 4,
3
2
if x 6 < 0
g(x) = (x + 6) + 4,
3
2
2
+6 +6
g(x) = (x) (6) + 4,
3
3
2
g(x) = x 4 + 4,
3
2
if
x<6
g(x) = x,
3
2
if x 6 0
g(x) = (x 6) + 4,
3
2
2
+6 +6
g(x) = (x) (6) + 4,
3
3
2
g(x) = x + 4 + 4,
3
2
if
x6
g(x) = x + 8,
3
2
So, a piecewise function for g(x) = x 6 + 4 is
3
2
if x < 6
x,
.
g(x) = 3
2
x + 8, if x 6
3
49. a. For x 3, use (0, 1) and (2, 2).
21 1
m==
20 2
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 1 = (x 0)
2
1
y 1 = x
2
+1
+1
1
y = x + 1
2
1
So, f (x) = x + 1 represents the graph for x 3.
2
1
f (x) = x + 1
2
1
f (10) = (10) + 1
2
= 5 + 1
= 4
So, f (10) = 4.
b. For x > 3, use (4, 2) and (5, 3).
32 1
m = = , or 1
54 1
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 2 = 1(x 4)
y 2 = 1(x) 1(4)
y2=x4
+2
+2
y=x2
So, f (x) = x 2 represents the graph for x > 3.
f (x) = x 2
f (8) = 8 2
=6
So, f (8) = 6.
50. a. When the inequality symbols are changed, the open dot at
(2, 4) becomes a closed dot, and the closed dot at (2, 3)

becomes an open dot. The domain is still all real numbers.
The range of the original equation was y < 4, but when
the open dot at (2, 4) becomes a closed dot, the range
becomes y 4.
b. Because both parts of the graph meet at the point (1, 2),
changing the inequality symbols will not change the

graph. So, the domain and range will also stay the same.
216
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
51.
x + 2
(4) + 2
3
2
53.
Domain
Range
4 x < 3
(3) + 2
3 x < 2
(2) + 2
2 x < 1
1 x < 0
Open dot:
8
7
6
5
4
3
|x|
0x<1
1x<2
2x<3
3x<4
4
3
2
1
y
4 3 2
1 2 3 4 x
3
4
2
1
4 3 21
The greatest integer function is both a piecewise function

and a step function. It is a piecewise function because each
piece of the function applies to a different part of the
domain. More specifically, it is a step function, because it is
defined by a constant value over each part of its domain,
and therefore the graph consists of a series of horizontal
line segments.
1 2 3 4 x

The range is y 0.
52. a. It costs more to make 100 copies than 101 copies.
The closed dot at (100, 10) represents a cost of $10

for 100copies. The point that represents the cost of
101copies is on the next portion of the graph, and it has
ay-value that is less $10.
b. Yes: The portion of the graph that is farthest to the
right has a point on it with a y-value of $40, and the

corresponding x-value is greater than 500. So, with $40,
you can buy more than 500 copies.

54.
x 2x 2
1 2(1) 2
2 2(2) 2
3 2(3) 2
y
0
2
4
x y
3 3
4 3
5 3
Because there are closed dots at both (3, 4) and (3, 3), the
same x-value, 3, is paired with two different y-values, 3
and 4. So, it is not a function. If you replace with < or
with >, then one will be a closed dot and the other will
be an open dot so that no vertical line can be drawn through
more than one point on the graph, which means that y will
represent a function.
Algebra 1
217
Chapter 4
55. a. x
58.
1
2
y
1(1)
1(2)
y
1
2
2 + 2(3 2)
2 + 2(4 2)
2 + 2(8 2)
14
9 14 + 1(9 8)
15
h(x) = 4x + 3
4 3 2
The transformations are a vertical stretch by a factor of 4 and

then a vertical translation 3 units up.
59.
h(x) = x 8
Depth of snow (inches)
So, a piecewise function that represents the depth of snow is

x,
if 0 x 2
f (x) = 2x 2, if 2 < x 8.
x + 6,
if 8 < x 9
6 5 4 3 2
x
2
3
f(x) = x
60.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 x
b. no; The point (9, 15) represents the total accumulation of
15 inches in 9 hours. There were 2 inches of accumulation

in the first 2 hours, an additional 12 inches in the next
6hours, and 1 more inch in the last hour for a total of
2 + 12 + 1 = 15 inches.
{ {
56. A number r is greater than 12 and no more than 13.
t4
t 18
r > 12
r 13
and
An inequality is 12 < r 13.
4
5
6
12
16
or
An inequality is t 4 or t 18.
0
12
16
20
24
6
5
4
3
f(x) = x
h(x) = 12 x + 5
2
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
2
Sample answer: The translations are a vertical shrink by a

factor of 12, followed by a reflection in the y-axis and then a
vertical translation 5 units up.
4.44.7 What Did You Learn? (p. 225)
1. Sample answer: You could use the Internet or an almanac to
search for statistics or other data about your favorite sport or

pastime.
57. A number t is less than equal to 4 or no less than 18.
y
2
1
Sample answer: The translations are a reflection in the y-axis

followed by a vertical translation 8 units down.
Time (hours)
1 2 3 4 x
2
3
{
{
16 12
f(x) = x
1(x),
if 0 x 2
if 2 < x 8
f (x) = 2 + 2(x 2),
14 + 1(x 8), if 8 < x 9
y
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2. Sample answer: You first subtract the values of consecutive
terms to find the common difference. Then you repeatedly

add this amount to the last term in order to get the next.
If you write an equation for an in the form
an = a1 + (n 1)d, then you can use this equation to
calculate the value of a term, such as the 50th term, a50,
without knowing the values of all the terms before it.
3. Use the definitions of a piecewise function and a step
function. A piecewise function is broken up into two or more

pieces that are each defined by a separate equation over
the corresponding part of the domain. A step function is a
type of piecewise function, whose pieces are horizontal
segments, each of which are defined by a different
constant value.
218
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Review (pp. 226228)
3 4 1
40
4
0 1 1
Line b: m = =
40
4
40 4
Line c: m = = , or 2
42 2
6. Line a: m = =
1. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and (x2, y2) = (4, 1).
1
y2 y1 1 1 2
m=
= = , or
2
x2 x1
40
4
is1.
1
2
2. y y1 = m (x x1)
y 7 = 1(x 4)
Lines a and b have slopes of 4 . So, they are parallel. None

of the lines have negative reciprocal slopes, so none are
perpendicular.
7. Line a:
2x 7y = 14
2x 2x 7y = 14 2x
The equation is y 7 = (x 4).
7y = 14 2x
14 2x
7
2
y = 2 + x,
7
7y
7

3 5 8
m = = , or 1
2 10
8
y y1 = m(x x1)
Line b:
7
y = x 8
2
y 5 = 1(x 10)
Line c:
2x + 7y = 21
y 5 = 1(x) 1(10)
7y = 21 2x
21 2x
7
2
y = 3 x, or
7
7y
7
y=x5
4 (4) 4 + 4 0
m = = = , or 0
53
53
2
y y1 = m(x x1)
8. y y1 = m(x x1)
y+4=0
44
y 5 = 4(x 1)
y 5 = 4(x) 4(1)
y = 4
y 5 = 4x + 4
+5
5
y 8 = (x 6)
3
5
5
y 8 = (x) (6)
3
3
5
y 8 = x + 10
3
+8
+8
5
y = x + 18
3
+5
y = 4x + 9
y y1 = m(x x1)
2
y = x 3
7
The slope of line b is 72 . The slope of line c is 27, which

is thenegative reciprocal of 72 . So, lines b and c are
perpendicular. The slope of line a is 27 , which is not the
sameas either of the other two slopes. So, none of the lines
are parallel.
3 8 5
m==
96
3
2
y = x 2
7
2x 2x + 7y = 21 2x
y 5 = x 10
+5
+5
y (4) = 0(x 3)
or
9.
y = mx + b
1
3 = (2) + b
2
3 = 1 + b
1 1
4 = b
Using m = 12 and b = 4, an equation of the
perpendicularline is y = 12 x 4.
10. The roasting time for a 12-pound turkey is 4 hours.
5
3
Algebra 1
219
Chapter 4
11. Sample answer:
b. y = 0.50x 23.5
Use (8, 3.0) and (20, 5.5).
y = 0.50(60) 23.5
5
5.5 3.0 2.5
20 8
12
24
y y1 = m(x x1)
5
y 3 = (x 8)
24
y = 30 23.5
y = 6.5
A student, who is 60 inches tall, has a shoe size of about
6.5.
5
5
y 3 = (x) (8)
24
24
14. no; Height does not determine shoe size.
5
5
y3=x
24
3
+3
+3
15. d = 10 11 = 1
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 11 + (n 1)(1)
4
5
y=x+
3
24
an = 11 + n(1) 1(1)
4
5
An equation of a line that models the data is y =
x + 3 .
24
5
The slope of this line is
,which
means
that
the
roastingtime
24
5
increases by about
hour for each pound the weight ofthe
24
turkey increases. The y-intercept is 43, which has no meaning
in this context because the weight of a turkey cannot be
0 pounds.
12.
an = 11 n + 1
an = n + 12
is an= n + 12.
an = n + 12
a30 = (30) + 12
a30 = 30 + 12
y-Value
from model
Residual
64
8.5
9 8.5 = 0.5
62
7.5
7 7.5 = 0.5
70
12
11.5
12 11.5 = 0.5
63
88=0
72
13
12.5
13 12.5 = 0.5
68
9.5
10.5
9.5 10.5 = 1
an = 6 + 6n 6
66
9.5
9 9.5 = 0.5
an = 6n
74
13.5
13.5
13.5 13.5 = 0
68
10
10.5
10 10.5 = 0.5

is an= 6n.
59
6.5
6.5 6 = 0.5
a30 = 18
16. d = 12 6 = 6
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 6 + (n 1)(6)
an = 6 + n(6) 1(6)
an = 6n
a30 = 6(30)
a30 = 180
residual

60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74 x
the equation y = 0.50x 23.5 is a good fit.
13. a.
y = 0.50x 23.5
9 = 0.50x 23.5
+ 23.5
+ 23.5
32.5 = 0.50x
32.5
0.50
0.50x
0.50
65 = x
A student whose shoe size is 9 is about 65 inches tall.
17. d = 6 (9) = 6 + 9 = 3
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 9 + (n 1)(3)
an = 9 + n(3) 1(3)
an = 9 + 3n 3
an = 3n 12
is an= 3n 12.
an = 3n 12
a30 = 3(30) 12
a30 = 90 12
a30 = 78
220
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
3
18. a. Because 0 0, use y = 2 x + 3.
22. g(x) =
3
y = x + 3
2
3
y = (0) + 3
2
=0+3
g(x) = 4(x + 5),
if x + 5
g(x) =
The value of y is 10 when x = 5.

x
x+6
2 2 + 6
1 1 + 6
0
0+6
y
4
5
6
open dot:
23. g(x) =
x 3x
y
0 3(0)
0
1 3(1) 3
2 3(2) 6
0
5
x 5
if
20,
{ 4x
4x + 20,
if x < 5
.
if x 5
+ 2)] 3,
{ 2[(x
2(x + 2) 3,
if x + 2 < 0
if x + 2 0
g(x) = 2[(x + 2)] 3,
if x + 2 <
g(x) = 2(x 2) 3
0
2
g(x) = 2(x) 2(2) 3
6
5
4
3
g(x) = 2x 4 3
2
1
5 4 3 21
g(x) = 2x 7,
if
x < 2
g(x) = 2(x + 2) 3,
if x + 2
g(x) = 2(x) + 2(2) 3
1 2 x
0
2
g(x) = 2x + 4 3
g(x) = 2x + 1,
4x + 2
2x 6
6 4(6) + 2 22
4 2(4) 6 14
5 4(5) + 2 18
3 2(3) 6 12
4 4(4) + 2 14
2 2(2) 6 10
g(x) =
8 x
24
The domain is all red numbers.

The range is all real numbers.
21. A piecewise function for y = x + 15 is
x + 15,
g(x) =
x + 15,
if x < 0
.
if x 0

if x < 2
.
if x 2
0<x1
65
1<x2
100
2<x3
135
65,
f (x) = 100,
135,
if 0 < x 1
if 1 < x 2
if 2 < x 3
Popcorn Machine Rental
16
7,
{ 2x
2x + 1,
24. Number of days Total cost
x 2
if
So, a piecewise function for y = 2 x + 2 3 is
The range is y 6.
x < 5
A piecewise function for y = 4 x + 5 is
= 10
if
g(x) = 4x + 20,
y = 2(5)
0
5
g(x) = 4x 20,
g(x) = 4(x) + 4(5)
y = 2x
g(x) = 4(x) 4(5)
b. Because 5 > 0, use y = 2x.
if x + 5 <
g(x) = 4(x 5)
The value of y is 3 when x = 0.
20.
if x + 5 < 0
if x + 5 0
g(x) = 4[(x + 5)],
=3
19.
+ 5)],
{ 4[(x
4(x + 5),
y
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Days
Algebra 1
221
Chapter 4
Chapter 4 Test (p. 229)
1.
2x + 4
6.
3 2(3) + 4 2
1
3
x 1
1
3
(0) 1
1 2(1) + 4
(3) 1
Using m = 4 and b = 5, the equation of the perpendicular

line is y = 4x + 5.
7. y y1 = m(x x1)
1 2
6 (3)
1 2
6+3
3
9
1
3
8. m = = = , or
8 x
y y1 = m(x x1)
12
The domain is all real numbers. The range is all real

numbers.
or
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y (1) = (x 6)
3
1
y + 1 = (x 6)
3
1
y 2 = (x (3))
3
1
y 2 = (x + 3)
3
1
The equation is y 2 = 3(x + 3) or y + 1 = 3(x 6).
9. a1 = 42 and d = 3
2
10
12
The domain is 0 x 12 and the range is 2, 1, 0, 1.

3. y = mx + b
an = 42 + (n 1)(3)
an = 42 + n(3) 1(3)
an = 42 + 3n 3
a. an = 3n + 39
2
5
9
3
3 6
30
4. m = = , or 3
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 6 = 3(x 0)
y 6 = 3(x)
y 6 = 3x
+6
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 3n + 39
2
y = x + (7)
5
a25 = 3(25) + 39
a25 = 114
So, row 25 has 114 seats.
b. an = 3n + 39
90 = 3n + 39
39
39
51 = 3n
51
3
3n
3
+6
y = 3x + 6
5.
+4
5=b
The equation is y 2 = 10(x 6).
2
1
+4
y 2 = 10(x 6)
2.
1 = 4 + b
1
3
1 = 4(1) + b
1
1
open dot: 1
(1) 1 1
3
3
2 2(2) + 4
y = mx + b
17 = n
So, row 17 has 90 seats.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y (8) = 3(x (2))
y + 8 = 3(x + 2)
y + 8 = 3(x) + 3(2)
y + 8 = 3x + 6
8
y = 3x 2
The equation of the parallel line is y = 3x 2.
222
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
d. There may be a casual relationship in the data but the
Neighborhood Festival Attendance
Yearly attendance
10. a.
correlation may be caused by other factors, such as the

quality of the attractions each year.
y
1600
e.
1200
2000 = 0.19x + 309
800
309
309
1691 = 0.19x
400
0
y = 0.19x + 309
1000 2000 3000 4000
8900 = x
Advertising (dollars)
The scatter plot shows a positive correlation.

b. Sample answer: A line through (1000, 500) and
(2000,700) models the data.
700 500
200
1
2000 1000 1000 5
12. Line 1:
y c = ax
y c + c = ax + c
y = ax + c
Line 2:
y y1 = m(x x1)
ay = x b
x b
a
b
1
y = x
a
a
ay
a
1
y 500 = (x 1000)
5
1
1
y 500 = (x) (1000)
5
5
1
y 500 = x 200
5
+ 500
In order to get 2000 people to attend the festival, $8900

should be spent on advertising.
Line 3: ax + y = d
ax ax + y = d ax
+ 500
y = d ax,
1
y = x + 300
5
y = ax + d
1
An equation of the line of fit is y = 15x + 300.

1
c. Sample answer: The slope of the line is 5 . This means that
the yearly attendance at the festival increases by about

1 person for every $5 spent on advertising. The y-intercept
is 300, meaning that if no money is spent on advertising,
about 300 people would attend the festival.

the equation y = 0.19x + 309.
there is a strong positive correlation between the amount

spent on advertising and the yearly attendance of the
festival. So, the equation y = 0.19x + 309 closely models
the data.
c. Sample answer: Because the data show a strong positive
correlation and the line of best fit closely models the data,
you would expect the scatter plot of the residuals to show
a relatively even distribution of residuals on both sides of
the x-axis.

or
The slope of line 1 is a. The slope of line 2 is a, which

is the negative reciprocal of a. So, lines 1 and 2 are
perpendicular. The slope of line 3 is a, which is the
1
opposite of a and the reciprocal of a , but neither the same
nor the negative reciprocal of either. So, line 3 is neither
parallel nor perpendicular to the other two lines.
13. Sample answer:
1, if x 3
f (x) = x,
if 3 < x 1
a,
if x > 1
Chapter 4 Standards Assessment (pp. 230231)
1. C; d = 21 24 = 3
an = a1 + (n 1)d
an = 24 + (n 1)(3)
an = 24 + n(3) 1(3)
an = 24 3n + 3
an = 27 3n
Algebra 1
223
Chapter 4
2.
3x + 6 8 + 2x
2x
5x 5 7x 9
2x
5x
x+68
4. g(x) = f (x + 2) is of the form y = f (x h), where h = 2.
So, the graph of g is a horizontal translation 2 units left of

the graph of f, which is represented by the green line.
5x
5 2x 9
6 6
+9
x2
+9
h(x) = f (3x) is of the form y = f (ax), where a = 3. So, the

graph of h is a horizontal shrink of the graph of f by a factor
of 1 3 = 13, which is represented by the red line.
4 2x
4
2
2x
2
k(x) = f (x) + 4 is of the form y = f (x) + k, where k = 4. So,

the graph of h is a vertical translation 4 units up of the graph
of f, which is represented by the purple line.
2x
12 3x 18
12
q(x) = f (x) is of the form y = f (x). So, the graph of q is a

reflection in the x-axis of the graph of f, which is represented
by the blue line.
12
3x 6
3x 6
3
3
x 2
5.
y = mx + b
3
2 x 3 x
2
3
3
+ x
+x
2
2
1
2 3 + x
2
+3
1
1 = (6) + b
2
2 3 1
3
1 + = + =
2
2 2 2
+3
1
2 1 2 x
2
Situation Correlation
a.
No
Causation
Yes
No
{ 2x2x + 3,3,
c.
if x < 0
.
if x 0
The left portion of the graph has a y-intercept of positive 3,

and an open dot where x = 0. The right portion of the graph
has a y-intercept of negative 3 and a closed dot where x = 0.
7. Sample Answer:
My function:
b.
d.
2 = b
y=
Three of the inequalities are equivalent because they have

the same solution, x 2. They are 3x + 6 8 + 2x,
5x 5 7x 9, and 2 32x 3 x.
Yes
33
6. A piecewise function that represents the graph is
2x
3.
1=3+b
Using m = 12 and b = 2, the equation of the line is

y = 12 x 2.
1
1 x
2
1
3 1 4
m = = , or
2 6 8
2
x 3 2 1
y 4
Friends relation:
a. Increasing the price of a pair of pants will cause fewer
people to buy them.

b. Increasing the number of cell phones in a city will not
cause the number of taxis in the city to increase.

c. A persons IQ, or intelligence level, is not related to the
persons athletic ability.

d. Spending more time studying affects the score earned.
x 3 2 3 2 3
y
8. Let x be how much your total bill is before the discount.
0.80x = x 5
x x
0.2x = 5
0.2x
0.2
(0.80 1.00 = 0.2)
5
0.2
x = 25
Both coupons will save you the same amount of money on a
total bill of $25.
224
Algebra 1

Chapter 4
9. a.
y-Value
from model
Residual
54
40
112
40 112 = 72
60
120
130
120 130 = 10
68
180
154
180 154 = 26
72
260
166
260 166 = 94
78
280
184
280 184 = 96
84
260
202
260 202 = 58
92
220
226
220 226 = 6
98
180
244
180 244 = 64
The points that appear on a scatter plot of the residuals

are (92, 6), (78, 96), (60, 10), (84, 58), (98, 64),
(72, 94), (54, 72), and (68, 26).
b. no; The residual points form a -shaped pattern,
whichsuggests the data are not linear. So, the equation

y= 3x 50 does not model the data well.

Algebra 1
225

HSCC Alg1 WSK 04

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Chapter 4

Chapter 4 Maintaining Mathematical Proficiency (p. 173)

1. (5, 2) corresponds to point G.

2. (2, 0) corresponds to point D.

3. Point C is located in Quadrant I.

4. Point E is located in Quadrant IV.

negative number, points in Quadrant I move to QuadrantIII,

Chapter 4 Mathematical Practices (p.174)

Suppose you work 40 hours and earn $360.

In the original problem, you earn $9.40 per hour.

Suppose you drive 1250 miles and use 50 gallons of

Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Suppose you drive 250 miles in 5 hours. At the same rate,

In the simpler problem, it will take 9 hours to drive

Because the line crosses the

y-axis, or the value of y when x = 0. For this situation,

In the original problem, it will take about 8.8 hours to drive

So, for this smartphone plan, the charge is $0.03 per

4.1 Explorations (p.175)

two points on the graph and calculating the change in y over

Because the line crosses the

Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

4.1 Exercises (pp.179180)

Vocabulary and Core Concept Check

1. A linear function that models a real-life situation is called a

write an equation of the line by substituting them into the

Monitoring Progress and Modeling with Mathematics

3. Let (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and (x2, y2) = (4, 3).

6. Write g(0) = 9 as (0, 9) and g(8) = 7 as (8, 7). Find the

slope of the line through these points.

The linear model is y = 5.8x + 248.

So, the equation is y = 3x + 10.

of the line through these points.

of the line through these points.

the slope of the line through these points.

the slope of the line through these points.

Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

28. The coordinates of the points were substituted incorrectly

the slope of the line through these points.

when calculating the slope.

Let (x1, y1) = (0, 4) and (x2, y2) = (5, 1).

Because the line crosses the y-axis at (0,4), the y-intercept

slope of the line through these points.

y2 y1 3.81 3.91 0.1 0.1 10

A linear model is y = 3.91 0.005x.

y = 3.91 0.005 (40)

y = 3.91 0.005 (60)

Variables: Let y be the total cost and x be the time

27. The slope and y-intercept were substituted incorrectly. The

slope is 2. So, m= 2. The y-intercept is 7. So, b = 7.

Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

c. You can use the slope m = 9 and y-intercept b = 8

from part (a) to write a linear model that represents

34. Your friend is correct. If f is a function, then the line is not

To be sure that the point (1, b m) lies on the line,

are (x1, y1) = (0, 1) and (x2, y2) = (3, 4).

$8billion in 2000, and it has increased at a rate of about

Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

5(4 3n) = 10(n 2)

The x-intercept is 24.

The statement 6 = 7 is false. So, there is no solution.

Copyright Big Ideas Learning, LLC

Use m = 2 and the point (4, 6).