Enrichment Course (Maths)

Enrichment Program - 2011
MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS
Real number in mathematics, a quantity that can be expressed as an infinite decimal expansion. Real
numbers are used in measurements of continuously varying quantities such as size and time.
The real number system evolved over time by expanding the notion of what we mean by the word
number. At first, number meant something you could count, like how many sheep a farmer
owns. These are called the natural numbers, or sometimes the counting numbers.
Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .The use of three dots at the end of the list is a common mathematical notation to
indicate that the list keeps going forever.
At some point, the idea of zero came to be considered as a number. If the farmer does not have
any sheep, then the number of sheep that the farmer owns is zero. We call the set of natural numbers
plus the number zero the whole numbers.
Whole Numbers:
Natural Numbers together with zero
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, . . .
Integers:
A member of the set of positive whole numbers
{1,2,3,4...},negative whole numbers {-1,-2,-3,...}
45
and {0}
Rational Numbers
All numbers of the form p/q , where p and q are integers (but q cannot be zero)
Rational numbers include what we usually call fractions
Notice that the word rational contains the word ratio, which should remind you of fractions.
The bottom of the fraction is called the denominator. Think of it as the denominationit tells you
what size fraction we are talking about: fourths, fifths, etc.
The top of the fraction is called the numerator. It tells you how many fourths, fifths, or whatever.
Note: The denominator cannot be zero! (But the numerator can be zero)
irrational Numbers:
A number that can be expressed as an infinite decimal with no set of consecutive digits repeating
itself indefinitely and that cannot be expressed as the quotient of two integers.
Examples:
1/4 = 0.25
Rational (terminates)
1/3 = 0.33333 3
Rational (repeats)
5/11 = 0.454545
Rational (repeats)
5/7 = 0.7142857 714285
Rational (repeats)
VIKAS - The Concept School
Page : 1

2 = 1.41321356 ...
MATHEMATICS
Irrational (never repeats or terminates)
(But calculator only stops at eleven decimal places because it can hold no more. This number actually
goes on forever past the decimal point, without the pattern ever terminating or repeating)
3 =1.73205080...
= 3.14159265...

The Real Numbers:
Rationals + Irrationals
All points on the number line
All possible distances on the number line
When we put the irrational numbers together with the rational numbers, we finally have the complete
set of real numbers. Any number that represents an amount of something, such as a weight, a
volume, or the distance between two points, will always be a real number. The following diagram
illustrates the relationships of the sets that make up the real numbers.
e = 2.71828183...
Rational
Integers 9/2
An Ordered Set:
Whole 1
Natural
2 7.12
Irrational
1, 2, 3...
The real numbers have the property that they are ordered,
which3means that given
any two different
2.71828182846..
11.23
numbers we can always say that one is greater or less than the
4 other. A more formal
, 2 way of saying
3/4
this is:
For any two real numbers a and b, one and only one of the following three statements is true:
i)
a is less than b, (expressed as a < b)
ii)
a is equal to b, (expressed as a = b)
iii)
a is greater than b, (expressed as a > b)
The Number Line:

The ordered nature of the real numbers lets us arrange them along a line (imagine that the line is
made up of an infinite number of points all packed so closely together that they form a solid line). The
points are ordered so that points to the right are greater than points to the left:
Every real number corresponds to a distance on the number line, starting at the center (zero).
Negative numbers represent distances to the left of zero, and positive numbers are distances to the right.
The arrows on the end indicate that it keeps going forever in both directions.
Generally Real numbers are denoted by R, Natural numbers are denoted by N, Whole numbers
are denoted by W, Integers are denoted by Z, Rational numbers are denoted by Q
Page : 2
MATHEMATICS
A prime number is a natural number which has exactly two distinct natural number divisors one and
itself .
Note:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
1 is not a prime number, it is simply called as unity.

2 is the even prime, it is the only even prime.
All primes except 2 are odd natural numbers.
The first hundred primes are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61,
67,71,73,79,83,89,97
v) Primes occur non periodically, i.e., we cant find primes at regular intervals, hence there exist
no formula to denote prime number.
vi) Prime numbers which are differ by 2 are called twin primes.
Example: (3,5); (5,7); (11,13);(17,19); (29,31) etc
vii) Two or more numbers without any common factor except 1 are called as relatively prime
numbers (or) Coprimes.
Example: (5,7); (6,25) etc
viii) The prime numbers of the form
are called Centered square primes.
Example: 5,13,41 etc

ix) The prime numbers of the form
are called Centered triangular primes.
2
Example: 19,31,109 etc
[(0n3xan2,2+b[x+])0,1
(n=3n1+{] x+1)2 R : a < x < bb}
A composite number is a positive integer which has2 a positive divisor other than one and itself.
Example: 4,6,8,9, 10 etc
INTERVAL :
An interval is a part of the real numbers that start at one number and stops at another number. For
instance, all numbers greater than 1 and smaller than 2 form an interval. Another interval is formed
by numbers greater or equal to 1 and smaller than 2. Thus, when talking about intervals, it is necessary
to specify whether the endpoints are part of the interval or not. There are then four types of intervals
with three different names: open, closed and half-open. Let us next define these precisely.
A (real) interval is set of real numbers with the property that any number that lies between two
numbers in the set is also included in the set. For example the set of all real numbers x
satisfying
is an interval which contains 0 and 1 as well as all numbers between them.
It is denoted by
n
The open interval contains neither of the endpoints. If a and b are real numbers (a<b), then the open
interval of numbers between a and b is written as (a, b) and ( a, b ) = { x R : a < x < b}
The closed interval contains both endpoints. If a and b are real numbers (a<b), then the closed
interval is written as [a, b] and
A half-open interval contains only one of the endpoints. If a and b are real numbers(a<b), the half-open
intervals [a,b) and (a,b] are defined as
,
Page : 3
MATHEMATICS
Note that this definition includes the empty set as an interval by, for example, taking the interval
(a , b) for any a .
Infinite intervals
If we allow either (or both) of a and b to be infinite, then we define
n
o
p
q
Note: Let , be two real numbers ( < )
i) (x - ) (x - ) < 0 then
ii) (x - ) (x - ) 0 then
iii) (x - ) (x - ) > 0 then x ( , ) U ( , )
iv) (x - ) (x - ) 0 then
Modulus function (or) Absolute Value function:[(xx0,
a
aU
R[ R
a
,[(,
x: ,x:x>a)<a: }a(}a 0)
)aa,=
]),=,{a])x{]]x
The modulus function returns positive value of a
variable or an expression. For this reason, this

function is also referred as absolute value function.
In reference to modulus of an independent variable,
the function results in a non-negative value of the
variable, irrespective of whether independent
variable is positive or negative. The intent of this
expression for different values of x is expressed as :
x, x 0
x =
x, x < 0
4
3
2
1
1 1
The graph of the modulus function is as shown:
x is the numerical value of x
Graph of
is symmetric about Y-axis.
Graph of
never lies below x-axis.
Range of
is
Properties of Modulus functions:

i)
, i.e.
Page : 4
MATHEMATICS
ii)
i.e.
iii)
x < a a < x < a
iv)
x > a x < a, (or ) x > a : (a 0) i.e)
v)
ab a + b
i.e)
vi)
Logarithms:
Let a, b be two positive real numbers and
. The real number x such that
logarithm of b to the base a. It is denoted by
is called
Properties of Logarithms:
If a is a positive real number and
, then
Proof:
If a is a positive real number and
, then
Proof:
If a, m are positive real numbers and

Proof: Let
If a, m, n are positive real numbers and
m0)
x
x x+ y
a(1
(log
axaxa10log
log
(1a
b
mn
ma=
=m=,1m
a,)0m
13yxU
....
)
log
=)))log
1=
m
,
then
==
mn
a0
nm
xx=xm
==
nm
,(
a
aaya=
alog
aa,m
,k+
or
a am1: +(alog
a0)m2 + log a m3 + ... + log a mk
blog
baaa==[am
(ym
ax n
logaaa( a1 2)=a])log
a m log a n
n
, then
Proof: Let log a m = x ,

,
a x + y = mn log a (mn) = x + y = log a m + log a n
Hence log a mn = log a m + log a n

Note:
If
a, m1 , m2 , m3 ,....mk
are
positive
real
numbers
and
then
If a, m, n are positive real numbers and a 1 , then
Page : 5
MATHEMATICS
Proof:Let log a m = x ,
,
a x y =
m
m
log a = x y = log a m log a n
n
n
If a, m are positive real numbers a 1 ,n is a real number, then

Proof: Let log a m = x
a nx = m n log ( m n ) = nx log ( m n ) = n log a m
If a,b,m are positive real numbers a 1, b 1 then

Proof: Let log b m = x ,
yyx
x nxx
yb
1 am
log
log
nam=
= y)log
x
a)xn
==a=m
bnlog
mbnxxy m
mnmbaa==b(m
m
log
====a(=xnabb aylog
= aa
=ba am(ba=
logabba log a
n a y log
a xy = m log a m = xy log a m = log b m log a b
Note:
If a 1, b 1 are positive real numbers then
If a 1, b 1 ,m are positive real numbers then
log ab m n =
Let n be a positive real number and let n = m 10 p where p is an integer and m is a real number
between 1 and 10, i.e.,1 m < 10 , then p is called characteristic of n.
Logarithm of any positive real number consists of two parts; the integral part and decimal parts. The
integral part is known as the characteristic and the decimal part is called as mantissa.
n
log a m
b
Page : 6
MATHEMATICS
Graph of Logarithm Function :

y
y
logax
logax
0<a<1
a>1
(1,0)
(1,0)
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
01.
If
, then the value of
A) 17/6
02.
If
B) 6/17
equals to
C) 17/8
D) none of these
log x
log y
log z
2 a
log
log
x2nz3a
=
=
, then
xa2yab
== 4
log
l + m 2 n m + n 2l n + l 2 m
ab
A) 2
03.
04.
If 4 log 9 3 + 9 log 2 4 = 10log x 83 then x=

A) 1
B)10
If log16 x + log 4 x + log 2 x =
A) 1
05.
D) 1
C) 100
D) 83
C) 4
D) 8
C)
D) log x a
7
then x=
4
B) 2
B)
n(n + 1)
log a x
2
1
(37)x = (0.037)y = 10000 then y x =

A)
07.
C) 4
n
log a x + log a 2 x 2 + log a3 x 3 + .... + log a n x =
A) log a x
06.
B) 3
3
4
B)
1
2
C)
3
4
D)
1
2
The number log 2 7 is

A) an integer
B) a rational number
C) an irrational number
D)a prime number

Page : 7

08.
x 7
x
If log 3 2, log 3 ( 2 5 ) , log 3 2 are in A.P., determine the value of x
2
A)4
09.
B) 3
B)
D)1
C)
D)
If
, then x is
A) -2
11.
C) 2
The number of log 20 3 lies in

A)
10.
MATHEMATICS
B)
1
4
C)
D) 1
If ax=by=cz=dw, then loga (bcd) =

11 1 1
A) + +
xy z w
1 1 1
B) x + +
y z w
C)
A)0
B) 1
C) -1
y+z+w
x
D)x+y+z/w
12.
13.
=
A)log 2
14.
D) 2
1/ 332
bax
b7ylogcy
alog
2
+1,
x31/log
zy=+
log
1log
x13
z
13+3yc5log
4x+5c2+z3)7(121)
75 z
7=log
z1a1,+x5 b7
(6
83log
(2yz
5
=
=123x + 21) = 4 log (3 x + 7) (4 x + 12 x + 9)
,
2byC)0
324 cz2354 cz ax ax by D) -1
B)1
If a,b,c are all different positive real numbers different from 1 such that
( logb a log c a log a a ) + ( log a b log c b logb b ) + ( log a c logb c log c c ) =0 then abc =
A)0
15.
D) None
B)242
C)243
D)1
1
1
1
1
If n=2011!, then log n + log n + log n + .... + log n =
2
3
4
2011
A) 2010
17.
C) -1
=
A) 0
16
B) 1
B) 2011
If x,y,z>0 and
A)1
such that
B) 0
D) 0
then
C) -1
D) 2
C)
D)xyz=3
then
18*. If x,y,z>0
A) xyz=1
C) 1
B)
Page : 8

19.
If
and
MATHEMATICS
then
A) 0
B) 2
C) 1
D) -1
20*. If a,b,c are all positive real numbers, then
21.
A)
B)
C)
D)
If
A)
, then log(a+2b)=
1
( log a + log b log 2 )
2
C)
22.
23.
D)
1
( log a log b + 4 log 2 )
2
4a
If log12 81 = a then log 6 2 = k
then k =
4+a
2
2 b log ca2 log c4 logab log a9 log b c
12log
3(
nn+12
24
+log
2)
log
54
2b==xab12
log
aab
41518
b+
.=
.c x +log a=
0 log x n
bx ) ab
=
x
(
a
log
1
+
log
+
b
c
A) 2
B)3
C)4
D)1
log
a
+
log
b
+
4
log
2
( ) (bc )2 (ca3) ) = 10 n =
(log
ab
2log
33x1+ log
2 x x + log x + log x
If a = log 24 12, b = log 36 24, c = log 48 36 then 1 + abc
A) 2
24.
a
b
B) log + log + log 2

2
2
B) bc2
C) 2 bc
D) 2abc
If log 0.3 ( x 1) < log 0.09 ( x 1) then x lies in the interval

A) (0, )
B(2, )
C)(1,2)
D) none
B)
C)
D)
e f ( x) 2
C) f ( x )
+2
e
e f (2 x ) 1
D) f (2 x )
+1
e
25.
A)
26.
2n + 1
3
If f(x) =
then x =
1 e f (x) 1
A) f ( x )
2e
+1
e f (x) 1
B) f ( x )
+1
e
Page : 9
MATHEMATICS
If log 2 a + log 4 b + log 4 c = 2, log 3 b + log 9 c + log9 a = 2, log 4 c + log16 a + log16 b = 2, then
27.
2
27
32
A) a = , b = , c =
3
8
3
C) a =
28.
B) a =
32
27
2
,b= ,c=
3
8
3
2
32
27
D) a = , b = , c =
3
3
8
If log10 2 =0.30103 then the number of digits in

A) 120
27
2
32
,b= ,c=
8
3
3
B) 121
is
C) 50
D) 256
KEY
1. a
2. d
3. b
4. b
5. c
6. b
7. c
8. b
9. b
10. b
11. b
12. a
13. c
14. b
15. b
16. c
17. a
18. abc
19. b
20. ab
21. c
22. d
23. c
24. b
25. a
26. a
27. a
28. b
1.
Sequence
A sequence is a function whose domain is the set N of natural numbers
a
ta
,a 50,a3R
,....
,t 3 ,....
A sequence whose range is subset of Real numbers
is or
called
sequence.
anby,...t1,ta 2real
n1
256
1 , a22 , a
3 ,...,
i.e., A real sequence is a function with domain N and the range a subset of the set R of real numbers.
The different terms of a sequence are usually denoted by
The subscript
(always a natural number) denotes the position of the term in the sequence. The term at the nth place
of a sequence. i.e., is called the general term of the sequence.
2.
Series:
If
3.
is a sequence, then expression a1 + a2 + a3 + ... + an + ... is a series
Progression
It is not necessary that the terms of a sequence always follow a certain pattern or they are described
by some explicit formula for nth term. Those sequences whose terms follow certain pattern are called
progressions (or) The sequence which obey the definite rule and its general term is always expressible
in terms of n, is called progression.
4.
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)

A sequence is called an arithmetic progression if the difference of a term and the previous term is
always same.
i.e, A sequence of number {an} is called an arithmetical progression, if there is a number d, such that
d = an an1 for all n; and d is called as common difference (C.D).
4.1 Useful Formulae:

If a = first term, d = common difference and n is the number of terms, then
Page : 10
MATHEMATICS
(a) nth term is denoted by tn and is given by tn = a + (n 1)d.

(b) Sum of first n terms is denoted by Sn and is given by Sn =
Sn =
(a + ), where
= last term in the series i.e.
[2a + (n 1)d] or
= tn = a + (n 1)d.
where, n N.
(c) Sum of natural numbers ( n)

(d) Sum of first n odd numbers
2n = 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 2n = n ( n + 1)
(e) Sum of first n even numbers

(f) Sum of squares of natural numbers ( n2)
(g) Sum of cubes of natural numbers ( n3)
(h)Sumof fourth powers of first n natural numbers ( n ) n =1 +2 +.... +n =

4
(i) Arithmetic mean A of any two numbers a and

2 A=
l b is given by
n( n+1)( 2n+1) 3n2 +3n1

30
a+b
n
1b(2n
2na)n(n
n(n
1) +=+1)11)(2n
+ 3 ++51)+ ... +2( 2n 1) = n2
(
n23== n(n + 1)
n
2nn+ 1= 2 2 6
Also A =
5.
(a1 + a2 + ... + an) is arithmetic mean of n numbers a1, a2, ..., an
Selection of terms in an A.P.

For three terms (a d), a, (a + d)
For four terms (a 3d), (a d), (a + d), (a + 3d)
For five terms (a 2d), (a d), a (a + d), (a + 2d)
In general, if we are to take (2r + 1) terms in A.P. we take them as a rd, a (r - 1) d, ..., a d, a,
a + d, ..., a + rd
And if we have to take 2r terms in A.P. we take them as{a (2r 1)d}, {a (2r 3)d}, ...., {a + (2r
3)d}, {a + (2r 1)d}
6.
Insertion of n AMs between two given numbers

If in between two numbers a and b we have to insert n AM A1 , A2 ........ An then a, A1 , A2 , A3
.... An , be in A.P.
The series consist of (n+2) terms and the last term is b and first term is a .
a + (n +2 1) d = b
d=
A1 = a + d , A2 = a + 2d , ..... An = a + nd or An = b d
Page : 11
MATHEMATICS
Note :- (i) Sum of n AMs inserted between a and b is equal to n times the single AM between a and b
i.e.,
= nA where A =
a+b
2
(ii) between two numbers
ii)Middle term: If the number of terms is n, and n is odd, then
iii) If n is even, then

7.
and
term is the middle term.
terms are middle terms.
Some Useful Properties:

(a)If tn = an + b, then the series so formed is an A.P.
(b) If Sn = an2 + bn + c, then series so formed is an A.P.
(c) If every term of an A.P. is increased or decreased by the same quantity, the resulting terms will
also be in A.P.
(d) If every term of an A.P. is multiplied or divided by the same non-zero quantity, the resulting terms
will also be in A.P.
(e) If terms a1, a2,....., an, an + 1,....., a2n + 1 are indasum
A.P.
n
Then
sum
these terms will be equal to (2n +
th 2
m 2AM'
s2 of m
an=n+
a1arofan+th+
+
n1+1b + c
n
A+
=
+
1
=1is2
AM's
n
1)an+1. Here total number of terms in the seriesrsum
and middle
term is an+1.
2of+n1)
2 2(2n
(f) In an A.P. the sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant and equal to sum of
first and last terms.
(g) Sum and difference of corresponding terms of two A.P.s will form a series in A.P.
(h) If terms a1, a2, ..., a2n 1, a2n are in A.P. The sum of these terms will be equal to (2n)
where
= A.M. of middle terms.
(i) nth term of a series is an = Sn Sn 1 (n 2)

08. Illustrations (Based on A.P)
Illustration : 1
If a, b, c, d are distinct integers in AP such that
A) 0
B) 1
then a + b + c + d is
C) 2
D) 3
Solution: d = a 2 + b2 + c 2 a + 3t = (a + t )2 + a 2 + (a + 2t ) 2
5t 2 + 3(2a 1)t + 3a 2 a = 0
Page : 12
MATHEMATICS
a = 1, 0
D 0 24a 2 + 16a 9 0
4
a = 1, t = 1, ,
5
t =1
Key : C
Illustration : 2
If the sum of the first n even natural numbers is equal to k times the sum of first n odd natural numbers,
then k is equal to
A)
B)
Solution: Let
C)
denotes the sum of the first n even natural numbers

=
S1 =
D)
n
2 2 + ( n 1) 2 [Q a1 = 2,d = 2]
2
n
n
( 4 + 2n 2 ) = ( 2n + 2 ) = n ( n + 1) ..... (1)
2
2
Let S2 denotes the sum of the first n odd natural numbers

n
2 1 + ( n 1) 2 [Q a1 = 1,d = 2]
2
an111+
b==+
c+n+)++1+34d1bc
S
S(1p
1q
....to nn terms
terms
3++)=56(2q++n....to
ab
n2
(r1 p )
x 1
+t (+=
1S
k==12==
S
(p0,
)2=y +r1) += ca
aS11=
0,
1+
2
a
n
2n
n
n
n
n
n
5
n
n
n
S2 = ( 2 + 2n 2 ) = ( 2n ) = n2 ......... (2) S2
2
2
=
Dividing (1) by (2),

Hence
Key: D
Illustration : 3
1 1 1
a b c
If , , are the pth, qth, rth terms respectively of an A.P. then

A) 1
B)
C) 0
equals to
D) 3
Key: C
Solution: Let x be the first term and y be the c.d. of corresponding A.P., then
..... (1)
1
= x + ( q 1) y ..... (2)
b
Page : 13

1
= x + ( r 1) y
c
MATHEMATICS
..... (3)
Multiplying (1), (2) and (3) respectively by abc ( q r ) ,abc ( r p ) ,abc (p q) and then adding we get
Illustration : 4
K and d (d being variable) are the nth term and common difference of an A.P. If the multiplication of
(n-1)th term and (n+3)th term of A.P. is maximum, then
A) 3
B) 4
=_
C) 5
D) 6
Key: A
Solution: Required product = (k+d)2-4d2= -3d2 + 2kd + k2
Maximum at d =
2 K
K
=3
6
d
Illustration : 5
If m arithmetic means are inserted between 1 and 31 so that the ratio of the 7th and (m1)th means
is 5:9, then the value of m is
A) 9
B) 11
Key: D
Solution: Let the means be x1,x 2 ,...,xm so that
C) 13
D) 14
+r5)2+==aca
1
+,31
5 =
xT
bc
k,x
m
=+,x
22m),....,x
a75m
+(7d
r(
mp+1020
d
(qm) =
+=101022
(2m
) 1=+) ab
(1p+73m
(31
)d
8qT
71
== + 2 m
T
a
+
m
1
d
9
x
9
(
)
dmm1
is an A.P. of
terms.
Now,
d =
30
m +1
Given:
9a + 63d = 5a + ( 5m 5 ) d 4.1 = ( 5m 68 )
m =
30
m +1
1022
= 14
73
Illustration : 6
The ratio of nth terms of two APs is (14n 6):(8n + 23). Then the ratio of their sum of first m terms is
A)
4m + 4
7 m + 24
B)
7m 1
4m + 24
C)
7m + 1
4m + 27
D)
28m 20
16 m + 15
Key: C
a1 + ( n 1) d1 2a1 + ( 2n 2 ) d1 14n 6
Tn
=
Solution: 1 a + n 1 d = 2a + 2n 2 d = 8n + 23
Tn
( ) 2
(
) 2
2
2
Page : 14
MATHEMATICS
2a1 + ( m 1) d1
7m + 1
Put 2n-2=m-1in both sides, 2a + m 1 d = 4m + 27
(
) 2
2
Illustration : 7
x 7
x
If log 2 , log ( 2 5) , log 2 2
3
3
3
A) 2
are in A.P., then x is equal to
B) 3
C) 4
D) 2 , 3
Key: B
Solution:
7
2 5
= x 2
2
2 5
2x
2 2x 10 . 2 x + 25 = 2 . 2 x 7 ; put 2x = y
elog2 (52j =5)2 log 72 = log FH 2 72 IK log (2
; hence
x = 3 (as
x = 2 is rejected) ]
2d)+
+
20
da=1=32
=+0225
08ax=
a24++0
d +a15
aa
a12
,.....
=y
,
+ a424 x
3
a336
a=24=8=aor
y152(,xa+35a1a2a++,12
1a56
20
10a1+y
175
x24
Illustration : 8
The sum of first 24 terms of the A.P.

A) 700
B) 850
if it is known that a1 +a5 +a10 +a15 +a20 +a24 = 225 is

C) 900
D) 1250
Key: C
Solution: We know that
Given relation
Illustration : 9
In an A.P . five times the fifth term is equal to eight times the eighth term, then the sum of the first
twenty five terms is equal to
A)25
B) 25/2
C) -25
D) 0
Key : D
Solution: Let a be the first term and d be the common difference
Given 5.T5 = 8.T8
5(a + 4d ) = 8(a + 7d )
Page : 15
5)
MATHEMATICS
S25 =
25
0 = 0
2
Illustration : 10
All terms of an A.P. are natural numbers. The sum of its first nine terms lies between 200 and 220. If
the second term is 12, then
A) First term = 8
Key: A, B, C
B) Common difference = 4 C) 5th term = 24
All terms of an A.P. are
Solution: According to the given condition

200 <
9
( 2 (12 d ) + 8d ) < 220 d = 4
2
5th term = 8 + 4 4 = 24
first term = 12 d = 8 , Common difference = 4 ,

Illustration : 11
Few identical balls are arranged in a form whose base is an equilateral triangle and one side of the
base triangle contains n balls then
A)Number of balls in base triangle are n2 + n
B) Number of balls in base triangle are
C)Total number of balls in pyramid are
n ( n +1)( n + 2 )
+d
f 2 ==
14
bca1 +
14
25
S25
6( n= + n()2a + 24d )
2
2
D) Total number of balls in pyramid are
n ( n + 1)( n + 3)
8
Key: B, C
Solution: Total no. of balls in base triangle =
Total no of balls in pyramid =
n = 2 (n
1
+ n)
1
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
n2 + n =
2
6
Illustration : 12
If a , b , c , d , e , f are 6 A.M.s between 2 and 12 then
A) a + b + c + d + e + f = 42
Key: A, C, D
Solution : a + b + c + d + e + f =
B)
n
( a + b ) = 42 ,
2
C)
D)
a + f = b + e = c + d = 14
Illustration : 13
Statement-1: If three prime numbers all greater than 3, are in A.P. then their common difference
must be divisible by both 2 and 3.
Page : 16
MATHEMATICS
Because
Statement-2: The difference between two consecutive prime numbers goes on decreasing.
A) Both the statements are TRUE and Statement: 2 is the correct explanation of Statement: 1
B)Both the statements are TRUE but Statement: 2 is NOT the correct explanation of Statement-1
C)Statement-1 is TRUE and Statement: 2 is FALSE.
D)Statement-1 is FALSE and Statement: 2 is TRUE.
Key: C
Solution : By observation we can see that when prime numbers are in A.P. then the common difference
is always multiple of 6 .
The Statement 1 : is correct but not 2.
Illustration : 14
Statement I : If the interior angles of n sided polygon are in A.P.,
, 1250 ,1300 ,......, then it
has 16 sides
Statement II : The sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n sides is ( n 2 )1800 .
Key: D
n43= 016
120
A) Both the statements are TRUE and Statement:
4 2 is the correct explanation of Statement: 1
B)Both the statements are TRUE but Statement: 2 is NOT the correct explanation of Statement-1
C)Statement-1 is TRUE and Statement: 2 is FALSE.
D)Statement-1 is FALSE and Statement: 2 is TRUE.
0
Solution: Sn = ( n 2 )180
n
2400 + ( n 1) 5o ) = ( n 2 )1800
(
2
n = 9 or 16
But
is not possible.
Illustration : 15
Passage:
Three numbers in Arithmetic Progression are removed from n consecutive natural numbers a n d
average of the remaining numbers is found to be
. If one of the removed number is a perfect
square. Based on the above information answer the following:

01. The value of n is
A) 19
B) 18
C) 17
D) 16
Page : 17
MATHEMATICS
02. The middle term of A.P. is

A) 1
B) 11
C) 9
D) 6
03. The sum of the three removed numbers is
A) 16
B) 17
C) 18
D) 19
Key: A, D, C
Solution: Three numbers in A.P. with least and the greatest sum are (1 + 2 + 3) and
(n 2 + n 1 + n) respectively.
Sum of non removed numbers =
n (n + 1)
3 (n 1)
18 n 25
As
43
(n 3 )
4
n (n + 1)
43
6
(n 3 )
4
2
n = 18,19,20,21,22,23
is a natural number
n 3 should be divisible by 4, so only possibility are 19, 23 .
Also
is sum of removed number
this should be divisible by 3 19 is the only possibility

. So sum of removed number = 190-172 = 1818
43
n
(n=(n+6,1)3 ) 43
(n 3 )
3
4 2
4
so removed numbers can be (1,6,11), (4,6,8), (3, 6, 9)
middle term of A.P. =
Illustration : 16
Passage:
Let a1,a2 ,a3 , be in an A.P. whose general term is am and b1,b2 ,b3 .. be anotherA . P .
whose general term is bn. To find the common term of these two A.P.s one can equate am and bn
to create a relation between m and n so that the two A.P.s will have the common terms. Or other
wise by expanding two A.P.s further, try to locate first term and the
common difference can
be found by taking L.C.M. of common difference of two given A.P.s.
01. The number of terms common to the two A.P.s 3, 7, 11, , 407 and 2, 9, 16, .., 709, are.
A) 13
B) 14
C) 17
D) 15
02. The sum of common terms of the two A.P.s. 2, 5, 8, 11 .. upto to 60 terms and 3, 5, 7, 9
..upto 50 terms is
A) 1008
B) 1004
C) 901
D) 1005
03. Certain numbers appear in both arithmetic progressions 17, 21, 25,and 16, 21,26, then
the ratio of 22nd term to first term of common A.P.is
A) 1 : 21
B) 2 : 1
C) 21 : 1
D) 1 : 11
Key: B, C, C
Page : 18
MATHEMATICS
Solution: 1. First term of A.P. is 23 and common difference is L.C.M. of 4,7 = 28 .

So number of common terms = 14
02. In this no. of common terms are 17
So sum =
17
2 5 + (17 1) 6 = 901
2
22nd term
441
= 21 :1
03. In this first term is 21, common difference = 20 ratio of I st term of common A.P. =
21
Illustration : 17
Passage:
If a sequence or series is not a direct form of an AP, GP, etc. Then its nth term can not be
determined. In such cases, we use the following steps to find the nth term (Tn ) of the given
sequence.
Step I : Find the differences between the successive terms of the given sequence. If these
differences are in AP, then take Tn = an2 + bn + c , where a,b,c are constants.
Step II : If the successive differences found in step I are in GP with common ratio r, then take
Tn = a + bn + cr n 1 , where a, b, c are constants.
S50 (Differences of the differences) in step I are in AP,

Step III : If the second successive differences
then take Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d , where a, b, c, d are constants.

Step IV : If the second successive differences (Differences of the differences) in step I are in GP,
then take Tn = an 2 + bn + c + dr n 1 , where a, b, c, d are constants.
Now let sequences :
A : 1, 6, 18, 40, 75, 126, .. B : 1, 1, 6, 26, 91, 291, . C : ln 2 ln 4, ln 32, ln 1024 ..
01. If the nth term of the sequence A is Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d then the value 6a + 2b d is
(A) ln 2
(B) 2
(C) ln 8
(D) 4
50
02. For the sequence 1, 1, 6, 26, 91, 291, .. Find the
(A)
5 50
3 1 3075
8
(B)
5 50
3 1 5075
8
(C)
where S50 = Tr
r =1
5 50
3 1 1275
8
(D) None of these
03. The sum of the series 1.n + 2. ( n 1) + 3. ( n 2 ) + .... + n.1

(A)
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
6
(B)
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
3
(C)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6
(D)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
3
Key: D, A, A
Page : 19

Solution:
MATHEMATICS
01. Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d

T1 = a + b + c + d = 1
T2 = 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 6
6a + 2b d = 4
02.
S50 =
5 350 1 5 50.51 450

5
5
9
+
.
1 + 3 + ... + 349 (1 + 2 + .... + 50 ) + 50. =
4 2 2 2
4
4
2
4
5 50
3 1 3075
8
r =1
r =1
r =1
2
03. r ( n r + 1) = ( n + 1) r r = ( n + 1) n n2
n ( n + 1)
6
( 3n + 3 2n 1) =
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
6
Illustration : 18
Passage:
A sequence is called A.P of the difference of a term and previous term is always same. i.e If a n +1 a n =
2 2 2 5n 2 9
(2k
(8
(3k
t3k)d
2k)d
5+
N.
n
daE2nn
S
+)n+t(n
1)d
+n==
bnna8)d
13
nd(+
n=
+ 16difference
1
n=
(a
)(] 2=nn+[1a) + is
constant
For an A.P whose first termTS
and
has
++(n
1)d
a +d
(n
1)dits] =nth term
(a + l)
[ 2a1ncncommon
nn =
=is
422
2 4 6 2
2
. Sum of n terms of A.P whose first term is a last term is l and the common
as
difference is d is
01. a1a 2 ...............a 8 is an A.P with common difference d. Then a 8 2k a k (1 k < 4 k w) is equal to
A)
B)
C)
D)
02. If sum of n terms

for a sequence is given by S n = An 2 + Bn + C then the sequence is an A.P
whose common difference is
A) A
B) B
C) 2A
D) 2B
03. If a,b,c,d are distinct integers in A.P and d = a 2 + b2 + c2 then

A) a + b + c + d = 0
B)
C) Common difference of A.P is 2
D) Common difference of A.P is 3
Key: C, C, B
Solution: t n = s n s n 1
Page : 20
MATHEMATICS
03. 5x 2 + (6a 3)x + (3a 2 a) = 0
D0
Illustration : 19
Match the following:
Column-I
A)Let Sn denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P. whose first term is a,
Column-II
p) 29
if the common difference d = Sn KS-n1 +Sn-2 then K=

B) The minimum number of terms from the beginning of the series
20 + 22
C) If 51+x + 51x,
q) 4
so that the sum may exceed 1568, is

a
and 25x + 25-x are three consecutive terms of an A.P. r) 2
2
then a K, where K =
D) If log21/2a + log21/4a + loga1/6a + loga1/8a + up to 20 times is 840,s) 12
then a is equal to
r+
;+1
B(bn
1,0
+pcn
;)C2c s; D q
T
=n
ba=
S2Ann+
=a25
40
+2n(......,
n 11)8
/ 3 > 1568
Key:
3 2
Solution:
A) tn = Sn Sn1 so, d = tn tn1 d = Sn 2Sn1 + Sn2

B) a = 20, d = 8/3,
Sn > 1568
n 2 + 14n 1176 > 0 min. value of n = 29.

(n + 42) (n 28) > 0
C) a = 51+x + 51x + 25x + 25x
a 12,
D) 2 log2a + 4 log2 a + 6 log2 a + ............

420 log2 a = 840
a=4
Illustration : 20
Column-I
A) If sum of n terms of an AP is given by
Column-II
where p) Tn = a + b + ( 2n 1) c
a, b, c are independent of n , then

B) If sum of n terms of an AP is given by
q)
Page : 21
MATHEMATICS
S n = ( a 1) n 3 + ( b 2 ) n 2 + ( c 3 ) n , then
where b r)r) Tn = c a 4n + b( 2n a)
C) The sum of n terms of an AP is given by

and c are independent of n, then
D) The format of n th ( tn ) term of the sequence ln 2, ln 4, ln 32, ln1024,..... s) Tn = an 2 + bn + c

t) Common difference
(D) = (2b 4)
Key: A p, q; B r , t ; C q; D s
A) For an AP, sum of n terms is a purely quadratic expression in n.
= b + c ( 2n 1)
Tn = Sn Sn 1
or Tn = a + b + c ( 2n 1) (Q a = 0 ) and D = Tn Tn 1 = {b + c ( 2 n 1)} {b + c ( 2 n 3 )} = 2c
B) According to reason in (A). a 1 = 0 a = 1
2
Tn = Sn Sn 1 = ( b 2 ) n ( n 1) + ( c 3) {n ( n 1)}
2
= ( b 2 )( 2n 1) + ( c 3 ) (i)
= b ( 2n 1) 4n + 2 + c 3
}}
2
2 22 2
2
22
=bn
cn
=
b+
c1)1+
=
b=
2bx
T=
ax
0,
then
SnnT
)(
nn=
n+
+2S(cn
)+3+c)cncn( n( n11) )
((aS=bn
)S2) +n)+n10Scb(nn+(=n(bn
= c 1 4n + b ( 2n 1)
= c a 4n + b ( 2n a )
And D = Tn Tn 1
(Q a = 1)
= 2b 4 (T )
C) Q Sn = bn + cn2
= b + c ( 2n 1) and D = Tn Tn 1 = 2c
D) Find the difference between the successive terms of the given series. If there differences are in A.P,
then
, where a, b, c are constants.Total number of common terms of 3, 7, 11, 15,
19 ... upto 60 terms and -3, -1, 1, 3 .... upto 26 terms is 2k then k=
Illustration : 21
Total number of common terms of 3, 7, 11, 15, 19 ... upto 60 terms and -3, -1, 1, 3 .... upto 26 terms
is 2k then k=
Ans: 6
Page : 22
MATHEMATICS
Solution: T26 = -3 + (26 - 1) 2 = 47

T60 = 3 + (60 - 1) 4 = 239
Hence new series is 3, 7, 11 .....
Tm = 3 + (m - 1). 4 47
4m - 1 47
4m 48
m 12.
Hence number of common terms is 12.

Illustration : 22
If the sum of the first n terms of a sequence is of the form An2 + Bn where A, B are constants
independent of n, then the sequence is
A) an A.P.
B) a G.P.
C) an H.P.
D) None of these
Key: A
Solution: We have,
Sn 1 = A ( n 1) + B ( n 1)
2
22 2
a
a
2An
,a
r,....,a
B
a1A
an + an +1
S
=n1nrna,a
An
S
Bn
2An
+)N
Bn
SA
B
=
=2A
2An
n2n
+2An
a12n+)+
+1na+
a
A
n=
2n
+(+nAn
(1>a=n(2+1na0,
32n
n2n
12
(nBA1B1+A2A
) Aa3( n+Bn
2n
2BA
)+2++1+B+)BaBn
An
1
+
+ ..... +
2
2
= An + Bn ( An 2An + A +a11B+
an2)+1 a2 a3
a3 + a 4
an + an +1
n B
Now
= 2A (a constant)
Hence the sequence is an A.P.

Illustration : 23
If
and
are in A.P. then

=
n 1
A) n 1
B)
C) a + a
1
n +1
D) 0
Key: B
Solution:
a1 + a2n = a2 + a2n 1 = ... = an + an +1 = k ( say )
Page : 23

a1 a 2
Expression = k
a1 a2
MATHEMATICS
+ .... +
an an+1 k
=
an an +1 d
k a1 an +1
= ( a1 + a2n ) .
d a1 + an+1
d
nd
k a1 an+1
= ( a1 + a2n ) .
d a1 + an+1
d
a1 + an +1
a1 an +1
) ,where d = common difference
where d = common difference
nd
a1 + an +1
Illustration : 24
1
3
2
3
The maximum sum of the series 20 + 19 + 18 + 18 + ..... is

A) 310
B) 290
C) 320
D) 0
Key: A
Solution:
2
3
The given series is arithmetic whose first term = 20, common difference = .
As the common difference is negative, the terms will become negative after some stage. So the sum
is maximum if only positive terms are added.
Now
If
n
S62
nS22nSn32n
2S
31
2
1 2=2a
31 31
31
1) d20} = 310
t n111S=0=
20or
+2a
01
=
+1)(d31
( n+2 (1n)20
)
1 or
60 2 ( n 1)S
nn
31 =
3 =+ 2( n{140
2 2
3
1
The first 31 terms are non-negative

Maixmum sum
Illustration : 25
If S1 , S2 and S3 denote the sum of first n1 , n2 and n3 terms respectively of an A.P., then
S
S1
S
( n2 n3 ) + 2 ( n3 n1 ) + 3 ( n1 n2 ) =
n1
n2
n3
A) 0
B) 1
C)
D)
Key: A
Solution:
We have ,
S2 =
n2
2S2
2a + ( n2 1) d
= 2a + ( n2 1) d
2
n2
S3 =
n3
2S3
2a + ( n3 1) d
= 2a + ( n3 1) d
2
n3
Page : 24
MATHEMATICS
2S
2S1
2S
(n2 n3 ) + 2 ( n3 n1 ) + 3 ( n1 n2 )
n1
n2
n3
= 2a + ( n 1) d ( n2 n3 ) + 2a + ( n2 1) d ( n3 n1 ) + 2a + ( n3 1) d ( n1 n2 ) = 0
Illustration : 26
If S1, S2, S3, ...... Sp are the sums of n terms of 'p' arithmetic series whose first terms are 1, 2, 3,
4........ and whose common difference are 1, 3, 5, 7, ......; prove thatS1 + S2 + S3 + ....... + Sp
=
Solution: S1 =
n
[2 + (n 1)] =
2
S2 =
[4 +
Sp =
[2p +
3] =
S1 + S2 + ..... + Sp =
n (3n + 1)
2
(2p 1)] =
n (2p 1)n + 1
2
2
n
[n + 3n + 5n + ...... + (2p 1)n + p]
2
np
nn (1n(1np
+ 1) 1)
n
=
[n(1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + 2p +
1) + p] =
b22+2c
[np2 + p] =
(np+1) ]
Illustration : 27
If a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. then prove that
a)
1
1
,
are in A.P.
c+a a+b
b)
a
b
c
,
,
are in A.P.
b+c c+a a+b
Solution:
a2, b2, c2 are in A.P. (given)
2(a)a2 + ab + bc + ca, b2 + ab + bc + ca, c2 + ab + bc + ca are in A.P.
(a + b)(a + c), (b + c)(b + a), (c + a)(c + b) are in A.P.
or
1
1
1
,
,
are in A.P.
b+c c+a a+b
2(b) TPT
b
a
c
,
,
are in A.P.
b+c c+a a+b
or TPT
a
c
b
+ 1,
+ 1,
+ 1 are in A.P.
b+c
a+b
c+a
Page : 25

or TPT
MATHEMATICS
a+b+c
,
b+c
or TPT
are in A.P.
1
1
,
are in A.P. ]
c+a a+b
Illustration : 28
A number sequence a1, a2, a3 ....... an is such thata1 = 0 ; | a2 | = | a1 + 1 | ; | a3 | = | a2 + 1 | ...... | an
| = | an 1 + 1 |.Prove that the arithmetic mean of a1, a2, ....... an is not less than
1
.
2
Solution:
Given a1 = 0 ; | a2 | = | a1 + 1 | ; | a3 | = | a2 + 1 | ........... | an | = | an 1 + 1 |
also let an + 1 = | an + 1 |
now squaring a12 = 0
a 22 = a12 + 2a1 + 1 ,
a 32 = a 22 + 2a 2 + 1 ,
2
+a 2
1++baa+22nc++ ....
aa1112n+
+1 2 ..... + ann + a n +1
b a+
c +c ab n
2
a 24 = a 32 + 2a 3 + 1
.........................
a 2n +1 = a 2n + 2a n + 1 adding
= a12 + a 22 + ..... + a 2n + 2(a1 + a 2 + ..... + a n ) + n

or a 2n +1 = 2(a1 + a 2 + ..... + a n ) + n
or 2 (a1 + a2 + ...... + an) =
hence,2 (a1 + a2 + ...... + an) n
Illustration : 29
Suppose F(n+1) =
2 F ( n) + 1
for n = 1,2,3,. And F (1) = 2. Then F (101) equals.
2
A) 50
B) 52
C) 54
D) 56
Key: B
Page : 26

Solution: F(n+1) =
MATHEMATICS
2 F ( n) + 1
2
F(n+1) F(n) =
1
2
Hence given series is an A.P with common difference
1
and first term being 2.
2
F (101) is 101 the term of A.P.

F (101) = 2 + (101-1)
1
=52
2
Exercise-1
1.
10th term of 4 + 6 + 8 + ... is

a) 18
2.
c) 86
d) 116
b) Rs.300,Rs.10
c) Rs.150, Rs.20
d) Rs. 150, Rs.15
b) 9
c) 10
d) 11
b) 110
c) 111
d) 100
b) 42
c) 345
d) 386
How many terms are to be added to make the sum 52 in the series (- 8) + (- 6) + (- 4) + ...?
a) 3
9.
b) 120
Sum of first 15 terms of 2 + 5 + 7 + 9 + .... is

a) 44
8.
d) - 34
The number of numbers that are divisible by 9 between 1, 1000 is

a) 101
7.
c) - 32
Which term of the A.P; 5, 2, - 1, .... is - 22?

a) 8
6.
b) 32
An employee got Rs.200 per month in his 11th year service and got Rs. 495 per month in his 24th
year service. If his monthly salary is in A.P., then what is his initial salary? What is his incriment?
a) Rs.200, Rs.10
5.
d) 26
In an A.P., if 16th term is 47 and 31st term is 92, then 27th term is
a) 80
4.
c) 22
If the first term of an A.P is - 1 and common difference is - 3, then 12th term is
a) 34
3.
b) 20
b) 13
c) 12
d) 31
In an A.P., if common difference is 2, sum to n terms is 49, 7th term is 13, then n =
a) 0
b) 5
c) 7
d) 13
10. If 8th term of an A.P is 15, then the sum of 15 terms is

a) 15
b) 0
c) 225
d) 225/2
11. If the sum of the first ten terms of an A.P is four times the sum of its five terms, the ratio of the first term
to the common difference is
a) 1 : 2
b) 2 : 1
c) 1 : 4
d) 4 : 1
Page : 27
MATHEMATICS
12. If the sum of three numbers which are in A.P. is 15 and their product is 45, then the numbers are
a) 1, 5, 9
b) 1, 4, 10
c) 2, 5, 8
d) 4, 5, 6
13. If pth, qth rth terms of an A.P are a, b, c then a (q - r) + b (r - p) + c (p - q) =

a) 0
b) 1
c) a + b + c
d) abc
14. The sum of n terms in two A.P's are in the ratio 3n + 1; n + 4, then the ratio of 4th terms is
a) 13 : 8
b) 2 : 1
c) 27 : 7
d) 13: 22
15. If S n denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P., then S n + 3 3S n + 2 + 3S n+1 S n =

a) 0
b) 1
3) 3
d) 2
c) 12/5
d) 6/5
c) 48
d) 69
16. Arithmetic mean of 1/2 & 1/3 is

a) 5/6
b) 5/12
17. Sum of 4 Arithmetic means between 3 and 23 is

a) 52
b) 50
18. In an AP S n = pn 2 and Sm = pm 2 where S r denotes the sum of 'r' terms of the A.P then
a)
b) mnp
c) p3
d) (m + n)p2
19. If 'Sn' denotes sum of first 'n' terms of an A.P. If

then S3n : Sn =
j 2
i+3
1
S3nnpn2p2(32nn(4=
S
1
2
n
+
1
)
)(
)
1
, c)
35,n +811)n1 = 35 + 1
a) 4
b) 6
d) 10
5i 2
25j23=42 4k3=61,
=13
2
2
56789
20.
................
a)
b)
c)
d)
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
6
21. If the length of sides of a right angled triangle are in A.P then sines of the acute angle are
a)
b)
c)
d)
22. The natural numbers are divided into rows as follows:
The sum of the numbers in the 10th row is ...

a) 1720
b) 1721
c) 1723
d) 1729
Page : 28
MATHEMATICS
23. The sum of the first 'p' terms of an A.P is q and the sum of the first 'q' terms is 'p'. The sum of the first
(p + q) terms is
a) 0
b) p + q
c) - (p + q)
d) -2 (p + q)
24. The interior angles of a convex polygon are in A.P. The smallest angle is 1200 and the common
difference is 500, then number of sides is .....
a) 9
b) 10
25. If a1, a2, a3, .... an are in AP when ai > 0

1
a1 + an
a)
n
a1 + an
b)
c) 13
d) 16
then
=
n +1
a1 + an
c)
n 1
a1 + an
d)
26. Let Tr be rth term of an A.P for r = 1, 2, 3, .... If for some positive integers 'm' and 'n' we have
Tm =
1
1
, Tn = then
n
m
a)
b)
c) 1
d) 0
27. The fourth power of common difference of an A.P

of any
q11rmn(iSp3with
1+1 q )integer
1 entries
1 is added to the product
1
T
+ ......... +
four consecutive terms of it. The resulting sumTmis+=... , Tn =+
mn
m
S 2a11+nSnp1 a2 m a2 + a3
an 1 + an
4
3
2
a) (integer)
b) (integer)
c) (integer)
d) (integer)5
28. If the sum of first '2n' terms of the A.P 2, 5, 8, .... is equal to the sum of the first 'n' tems of A.P is 57,
59, 61, .... then n =
a) 10
b) 11
c) 12
d) 13
be the rth term of an A.P whose first term is 'a' and common difference 'd'. If for some positive
29.
integer 'm', 'n', m
n,
a) 0
then a - d =
b) 1
c)
d)
30. If S1, S2, S3 are the sums of 'n', '2n' '3n' terms respetively of an A.P then
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
=
d) 4
31. In an A.P of which '1' is the first term if the sum of the first 'p' terms is zero, then sum of next 'q' terms is ....
a)
b)
q ( p q)
1+ p
c)
p ( p + q)
1 p
d)
p ( p q)
1+ p
Page : 29

MATHEMATICS
32. The sum of four numbers is A.P is 48 and the product of extremes is to the product of two middle
terms is 27 to 35. The largest term of the AP is
a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 18
33. 28 is divided into four parts which are in A.P. The ratio of the product of the first and third to the
product of second and fourth is 8 : 15, then the largest part is ....
a) 6
b) 8
c) 10
d) 12
34. In an A.P the sum of the first n terms bears a constant ratio 'l' with the sum of the next n terms then l =
a) 1/2
b) 1/3
c) 1/4
d) 2/5
20
35. The successive terms of an A.P are a1, a2, a3 ..... If a6 + a9 + a12 + a15 = 20 then
a) 75
36. If
b) 100
a
r =1
c) 120
d) 150
c) 10
d) 6
5 + 9 + 13 + ....upto 'n' terms 5

= , then n =
7 + 9 + 11 + ....upto 12 terms 12
a) 12
b) 18
37. If (b - c)x2 + (c - a)xy + (a - b)y2 = 0 is a perfect square, then a, b, c are in .....

38.
39.
40.
41.
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) A.G.P
The sum of first '10' terms common to the series 17, 21, 25, ..... and 16, 21, 26, .... is
n
S
S2
S
S
m111nS2
+22nn:c)
a) 1100
b) 1010
m
n3 ) + 2 ( n3 n1 ) + 3 (d)
n1 1200
n2 ) =
( np23n31110
n
n
n
2
3
np the 7th and
m1 +of
There are 'n' A.Ms between 1 and 31. If the ratio
(n - 1)th means
is 5 : 9 then m =
a) 10
b) 12
c) 14
d) 16
4
If the sum of 'm' consecuitve odd integers is m , then the first integer is .....
a) m3 + m + 1
b) m3 + m - 1
c) m3 - m - 1
d) m3 - m + 1
If the sum of 'm' terms of an A.P is equal to the sum of either next 'n' terms or the neet 'p' terms
1 1
m n =
then 1 1
m p
m+n
b)
c)
d)
m+ p
42. If S1 , S2 and S3 denote the sum of first n1 , n2 and n3 terms respectively of an A.P., then
a)
a) 0
b) 1
c)
d)
43. If the ratio of sum of m terms and n terms of an A.P. be

, then the ratio of its mth and n th
terms will be
a) 2m 1 : 2n 1
b) m: n
c) 2m + 1 : 2n + 1
d) None
Page : 30
MATHEMATICS
1
1
1
44. If a1, a2, a3, a4001 are terms of an AP such that a a + a a + .... + a a
= 10 and
1 2
2 3
4000 4001
a2 + a4000 = 50 then |a1 a4001| is equal to

a) 20
b) 30
c) 40
d) 10
45. 150 workers were engaged to finish a piece of work in a certain number of days. For workers
stopped working on second day, four more workers stopped their work on third day and so on. It
took 8 more days to finish the work. The number of days in which the work was completed is
a) 17days
b) 21days
c) 25days
d) 29days
46*.If a1 , a2 , a3 .....an is sequence of +Ve numbers which are in AP with common difference d &
a1 + a4 + a7 + ...... + a16 = 147 then.
a) a1 + a6 + a11 + a16 = 98
b) a1 + a16 = 49
c) a1 + a4 + a7 + ....a16 = 6a1 + 45
49
d) Maximum value of a1a2 .......a16 is
2
16
Passage:
There are two sets A and B each of which consists of three numbers in A.P. whose sum is 15 and D
p 7
= where p and q are the product of the
q 8
numbers in those sets A & B respectively, and D,d > 0 in two sets
and d are their common differences such that D-d=1. If
47. Sum of the product of the numbers in set A taken two at a time is
a) 51
b) 71
c) 74
d) 86
48. Sum of the product of the numbers in set B taken two at a time is
a) 74
b) 64
c) 15
d) 25
b) 30
c) 15
d) 25
49. Value of q-p is

a) 20
KEY
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. d
5. c
6. c
7. c
8. b
9. c
10. c
11. a
12. a
13. a
14. b
15. a
16. b
17. a
18. c
19. b
20. d
21. a
22. d
23. c
24. a
25. d
26. c
27. c
28. b
29. a
30. c
31. a
32. d
33. c
34. b
35. b
36. d
37. a
38. c
39. c
40. d
41. a
42. a
43. a
44. b
45. c
46. a,b,c,d
47. d
48. a
49. c
Geometric progression (G.P):

A sequence of non zero numbers is called geometric progression, if the ratio of a term and the term
preceeding to it is always a constant quantity.
The constant ratio is called common ratio of the G.P
Page : 31

*
MATHEMATICS
If a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an are in G.P then
=r , here r is called common ratio.
a, ar , ar 2 , ar 3 ,... are the terms of G.P.

*
nth term of a G.P is

a ( r n 1)
, when r > 1
r 1
Sum to n terms of a G.P is a (1 r n )

, when r < 1
1 r
Sum of infinite terms of G.P is
a
, when r < 1
1 r
Selection of terms in G.P:

If terms are given in G.P. and their product is known, then the terms must be picked up in following way.
For three terms
a
r
For five terms
, a, ar
For four terms
, ar, ar3
, a, ar, ar2
1 an 1
anab
a ar
a
a
a
t
2,= a
3
nb
n +1 ,....,
=
= ...,a,ar,...,ar
= n k
3
2 ,G
rrak rrkr1a
r an 1
2
r =a11
Note : In general, if we have to take (2k + 1) terms in G.P. we take them as
Geometric mean (G):

(i) G = ab where a, b are two positive numbers.
(ii) G = (a1 a2 ...... an)1/n is geometric mean of n positive numbers a1, a2, a3,...... an.
n GMs between two given numbers :
If in between two numbers a and b, we have to insert n GM G1 , G2...... Gn then a, G1, G2 ..... Gn
b will be in GP. The series consist of (n+2) terms and the last term is b and first term is a.
arn+21 = b
r=
G1 = ar , G2 = ar2 ..... Gn = arn or Gn = b/r

Note : Product of n GMs inserted between a and b is equal to nth power of the single GM between
a and b
i.e.
= (G)n where G =
Page : 32

Properties:
MATHEMATICS
a)
The product of the terms equidistant from the beginning and end is constant. And it is equal to the
product of first and last terms.
b)
If every term of G.P. is increased or decreased by the same nonzero quantity, the resulting series
may not be in G.P.
c)
If every term of G.P. is multiplied or divided by the same nonzero quantity, the resulting series is in
G.P.
d)
If a1, a2, a3 ..... and b1, b2, b3 ..... be two G.P.s of common ratio r1 and r2 respectively, then
a1b1, a2b2,....... and
........ will also form G.P. common ratio will be r1r2 and
respectively.
Illustrations (Based on G.P):

Illustration : 1
a, b, c are positive integers forming an increasing G.P. where b a is perfect cube
and
, then a + b + c =
A) 1000
B) 111
C) 122
D)189
Key: D
Solution: log 6 (abc ) = 6 abc = 66
Let a =
b
and c = br
r
b = 36 and a =
x
log
a+=log
a
rlog
loglog
6c =log
log
6
=aabay=log
cz c b +
11 b
,x 62=, 3 a,y6 =
,z =
b3
rb21 b2 loga
logb
logc
36
r
r = 2,3,4,6,6,9,12,18
as 36 1 is a perfect cube r = 4
r
Illustration : 2
If x, y, z are in G.P. and
then
B) logc b = loga c
A)
C) logb a = logc b
D) None of these
Key: 3
Solution : x, y, z are in G.P. y 2 = xz
We have, ax = by = c z = ( say )
x loga = y logb = zlogc = log
log
log log
putting x, y, z in (i), we get logb = loga . logc
(logb )
= loga.logc
or loga b = logb c logb a = logc b
Page : 33
MATHEMATICS
Illustration : 3
If a, b, c are three distinct real numbers in G.P. and if a + b + c = xb, then
A)x 1 or x 3
Key: A
B)
or
Solution: Let b = ar and c = ar2 (
C)
or
D)
or
a, b, c are in G.P.)
r 2 + (1 x ) .r + 1 = 0
since r is real Disc. is
x 2 2x 3 0 ,
( x + 1)( x 3) 0 ,
x 1 or
Illustration : 4
If a, b, c, d are in G.P., then
A) A.P.
are in
B) G.P.
C) H.P.
D) None of these
Key: B
Solution:
Let b ar,c = ar 2 and d = ar 3 . Then,
1
1
1
Q
2
3
x1a<
a>
3x21+b4
13b)32ar+
b3xb
+=
c 3x.ar
<a++
0) , ( c 3 + d3 )
(
)+c,4.1.1
(=ar
1
1
1
1
= 3
, 3
= 3 3
3
3
3
a +b
a 1+ r b + c
a r 1+ r3
and c 3 + d3 = a3r 3 (1 + r 3 )
Clearly, ( a3 + b3 ) , (b3 + c 3 ) and ( c 3 + d3 ) are in G.P. with common ration

1
1
r3
Illustration : 5
If
< 1 , 1 + + .... = S
2
3
and 1 + + ....... = S2 , then,
1 + 2 2 3 3 + ....... =
A) S1S2
SS
1 2
B) 1 + S S
1 2
SS
1
1 2
C) 1 S S + 2 S S D) 1 + S S
1 2
1 2
1 2
Key: C
Solution:
1
1
1
1
1 .
= S 2 = 1 and =
= S1 and
S1
S2
1+
1+
1 + 2 2 3 3 + ....... =
Hence,
1
=
1 +
1
S1S 2
1
1
1 + 1 1 = 1 S S + 2 S S
1
2
1 2
S1 S 2
Page : 34

Illustration : 6
MATHEMATICS
IF Sn denotes the sum of n terms of a G.P. whose first therm is a and the common ratio r, then the
sum S1 + S3 + S5 + .... + S2n1 is
2a
1 r 2n
A) 1 r n r. 1 r 2
B)
C)
D) None of these
Key: C
Solution.We have
S2n1 =
a
1 r 2n 1
1 r
Putting 1, 2, 3, ..., n for n is it and summing up we get S1 + S3 + S5 + .... + S2n 1

=
a
1 r
[(1+1+.....n term ) (r + r3 + r5 +.... n term )]
Illustration : 7
n
1/ 32 / 3 n
2n
2abc
c 1 two
b+2 c
The A.M. between two numbers b and c is a=3a
and
the
G.M.
them are g1 and g2. If
3 a
1rrcc3)1rc
=(crb22)c scbetween
3 (23 1 +
= ab
n
r.
+
=
+
g
=
=
br
br
=
=
b
b
g
g
b
S
=
a
a
1 r 2n
2
1
2
1
2
n
1
r b
=
nr1bbbr b 2 b=b n r.
g13 + g32 = kabc , then k is equal to
1
2
A) 1
B) 2
1 r
C)3
1 r
1 r
D) 4
1 r
Key: B
Solution: The A.M. between b and c is a = bc ( 2a ) [ b + c = 2a]
Again G1 and g2 are two G.M.'s between b and c

b,g1,g2 ,c
are in G.P.
1/ 3
c
If r be the common ratio, then c = br 3 r =
b
and
= bc ( 2a )
[ b + c = 2a]
Page : 35
MATHEMATICS
Illustration : 8
Passage:
In a sequence of (4n + 1) terms the 1st (2n + 1) terms are in A.P. whose common difference is 2 and
the last (2n + 1) terms are in G.P. whose common ratio is
1
. If the middle terms of the A.P. and G.P.
2
are equal, then

01. Middle term of the sequence is
A)
n.2n +1
2n 1
B)
n.2n +1
22 n 1
C) n2n
D) (n + 1)2n +1
2n n 2 n
C)
2n 1
2n + n 2 n
D)
2n 1
02. First term of the sequence is

4n + 2n 2n
A)
2n 1
4 n 2n 2 n
B)
2n 1
03. Middle term of the G.P. is

2n
A) n
2 1
n 2n
B) n
2 1
C)
n
2 1
n
D)
2n
2 1
n
Key: A,B,D
Solution: 1st (2n + 1) terms of A.P. are A , A + 2 , ., A + 4n .
21k
1
1
Last (2n + 1) terms of G.P. are ( A + 4n) , ( A + 4n) , ., ( A + 4n) 2 n
2
2
= A + 2n =
A + 4n
4 n 2n 2 n
A
=
2n
2n 1
Middle term of sequence = T2 n +1 = A + 4n =

Middle term of G.P. = Tn +1 =
n 2 n +1
2n 1
2n 2 n
1
2n
2 = n
n
2 1 2
2 1
Illustration : 9
For the series 21, 22, 23, .. k1, k, the arithmetic mean and geometric mean of the first and last
number exist in the given series. If K is a three digit integer then
A) k can attain two values
C) k can attain four values
Key: A, B
Solution: AM =
B) one of the possible values of k is 525

D) one of the possible values of k is 756.
21 + k
, GM =
2
k = 212 ( Q GM = integer) and I

Page : 36

100 21k 999
MATHEMATICS
= 3, 4, 5, 6 but should be odd as AM is an integer.

= 3, 5
k = 189, 525
Illustration : 10
Column-I
A)Let Sn denotes the sum of n terms of an A.P. whose first term is a,
Column-II
p) 29
if the common difference d = Sn KS-n1 +Sn-2 then K=

B) The minimum number of terms from the beginning of the series
20 + 22
q) 4
2
1
+ 25 + ......, so that the sum may exceed 1568, is
3
3
C) If 51+x + 51x,
a
and 25x + 25-x are three consecutive terms of an A.P. r) 2
2
then a K, where K =
D) If log21/2a + log21/4a + loga1/6a + loga1/8a + up to 20 times is 840,s) 12
then a is equal to
A
s; D q
n r ; B
100
999p; C 2
1)8 n/
3], > 1568
[ 40
+2(nn
z=
cos
,sin
212n =0
21
Key:
Solution:
A) tn = Sn Sn1 so, d = tn tn1 d = Sn 2Sn1 + Sn2

B) a = 20, d = 8/3,
Sn > 1568
n 2 + 14n 1176 > 0 min. value of n = 29.

(n + 42) (n 28) > 0
C) a = 51+x + 51x + 25x + 25x
a 12,
D) 2 log2a + 4 log2 a + 6 log2 a + ............

420 log2 a = 840
a=4
Illustration : 11
Does there exist a G.P. containing 27, 8 and 12 as three of its term? If it exists, how many such
progressions are possible.
Solution:
Let 8 be the mth, 12 be the nth and 27 be the tth terms of a G.P. whose first term is A and common ratio
is R.
Then 8 = ARm-1, 12 = ARn 1, 27 = ARt-1
Page : 37
MATHEMATICS
2
12
8
2
2
= R n t = ,
= R m t =
27
27
3
3
2m 2n = n t and 3m 3n = m t
2m + t = 3n and 2m + t = 3n
There are infinity of sets of values of m, n, t which satisfy this relation. For example, take m = 1, then
By giving different values to k we get integral values of n and t.
Hence there are infinite number of G.P.s whose terms are 27, 8, 12 (may not be consecutive).
Exercise:2
1.
If 2nd term of a G.P. is 24 and 5th term is 81 then the first term is
a) 16
2.
b) 9
c) 12
b) 3(219 1) / 2
b) 32,766
b) 0.04
If
a)
8.
d) 1/512
d) 15
2
4
83x2+20|=
t+y,1t m)y/=
|
(x22m
<
x 3 t=x3k
+...2.,
=1R
= n==nn2=
kx 2
/x3,n += k,
1233c) 3(2 20 1)
d) 3(219 1)
c) 64,432
d) None
c) 25/24
d) 24/25
1 + (0.04) + (0.04) 2 + (0.04)3 + .... =

a) 1
7.
c) 1/256
If 5th term of a G.P is 32 and common ratio 2, then the sum of 14 terms is
a) 16,388
6.
b) 1/1024
Sum of 20 terms of 3 + 6 + 12 + .... is

a) 3
5.
d) 12
Which term of the series 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + .... is 256

a) 6
4.
c) 21
If 6th term of a G.P. is - 1/32 and 9th term is 1/256, then 11th term =
a) 1024
3.
b) 18
then the value of x in terms of y is

y
y +1
b)
y
y 1
c)
y
1 y
d)
1 y
y
If exp {(tan 2 x tan 4 x + tan 8 x tan 6 x + ... ) log e 16}, 0 < x < / 4, satisfies the quadratic
equation x 2 3 x + 2 = 0, then value of cos 2 x + cos 4 x is
a) 4/5
9.
b) 21/16
c) 17/11
d) 19/31
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
+ + + + ... = x, + +
+ + ... = y, then
2 4 8 16
3 9 27 81
a) x = y
b) 2x + 4y = 4
c)
d) x + y = 0
Page : 38

10. The sum to infinity of
MATHEMATICS
1 2 1 2
+ + + + ... is
7 7 2 73 7 4
a) 1/5
b) 7/24
c) 5/48
d) 3/16
11. The sum of an infinite G.P. is 2. If the sum of their squares is 4/3, then the third term is
a) 1/2
b) 1
c) 1/4
d) 1/8
12. The greatest value of n so that 1 + 5 + 52 + 53 + ....n terms is less than 4321 is
a) 6
b) 7
c) 8
d) 9
13. 7 + 77 + 777 + ....n terms =

a)
70(10n 1) 7 n
81
9
b)
7(10n 1) 7n
81
9
n
c) 7(10 1)
7n
9
d) None
14. .7 + .77 + .777 + ... n terms =

1
7n 7
1 n
a)
9 81 10
7(10 n 1) 7 n
b)
9
81
70(10 n 1) 7 n
c)
81
9
d) None
15. (666...n digits) 2 + (888.... n digits) =

a)
4 n
(10 1)
9
b)
4 2n
(10 1)
9
16*.If 0 < < / 2, and

a) xyz = xz + y
c)
4 n
(10 1) 2
9
d) none of these
y 3 +z 3
x = cos 2 n, y = sin 2 n
2n0
xyz
n=0
, sin 2 n , then
and z = cos n =
n=0
b) xyz = xy + z
c) xyz = x + y + z
d) xyz = yz + zx
17. If the sum of three numbers in G.P is 21 and their product is 206, then the numbers are
a) 3, 6, 12
b) 2, 4, 8
c) 5, 7, 9
d) None
18. Let S1 , S 2 ....be squares such that for each n 1, the length of a side of S n equals the length of a
diagonal of S n +1 . If the length of a side of S1 is 10cm, then the smallest value of n form which Area
( Sn ) < 1 is
a) 7
b) 8
c) 9
d) 10
19. Geometric mean of 6 and 24 is
a) 12
b) 15
c) 13
d) 30
20. If the A.M. and G.M. of two numbers are 13 and 12 respectively then the two numbers are
a) 8, 12
b) 8, 18
c) 10, 18
d) 12, 18
21. Let x be the arithmetic mean and y, z be the two geometric means between any two positive numbers.
Then value of
a) 2
is
b) 3
c) 1/2
d) 3/2
Page : 39
MATHEMATICS
22. If S1 and S2 represent the sums of n terms of an A.P. and a G.P. with first term 2, common difference
and common ratio both d which is an even integer, then S1 + S2 is
a) an even integer
b) odd integer c) neither even nor odd

a
r
23. If r > 1 and x = a + +

a)
a
+ .....to ,
r2
b)
d) none of these
and
c)
, then
d) None of these
24. Let
is a G.P.. If 2, 5 are two geometric means inserted between a 4 and a 7 then the
product of first 10 terms of G.P is equal to
b) 105
a) 510
c) 50
d) 210
a + bx b + cx c + dx
=
=
, x 0 , then a, b, c, d are in
a bx b cx c dx
25. If
a) A.P.
b) G.P.
c) H.P.
d) A.G.P.
26. In an increasing G.P, the sum of the first and the last term is 66, the product of the second and the last
but one term is 128, and the sum of all the terms is 126. The number of terms in progression are
a) 10
b) 8
c) 6
d) 5
27. The sum of an infinite G.P is 57 and the sum of their cubes 9747, then common ratio of the G.P is
a) 13
b) 2 3
c) 1 6
d) 1
aa
bc
ab
ac
xy
b
c
b
c
a
'
b'ad
3
+
b
+
c
=
3
/
2
,
,
b
a
,
,
b
a
..........
b
>
0
1
(
)
1
2
3
1
zy1<= r=cb2<+
32 ++ 24 +.....to
....to
28. If a, b, c are three distinct numbers such that1abcza,

b, c2rrare
rin
r A.P. and b a, c b, a are in G.P., then
2 2
a : b : c are in
a) 2 : 3 : 4
b) 3 : 4 : 5
c) 1 : 3 : 5
d) 1 : 2 : 3
29. Suppose a, b, c are in A.P and a 2 , b 2 , c 2 are in G.P. If a < b < c and
value of
is
1
a)
b)
c)
2 3
1 1
2
3
then the
d)
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
30. 21 x + y + z = ( x + 2 y + 4 z ) , then x, y, z are in
a) A.P
31*.If , , c ,
a) 2
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) None in A.P/G.P/H.P
are in G.P. and a 2 , b 7 , c 9 , d 5 are in A.P. then a + b + c + d is divisible by
b) 3
c) 5
d) 7
32*.If the arithmetic mean of two positive numbers a and b ( a > b ) is twice their geometrical mean
then a : b is
a) 2 + 3 : 2 3
33*.If
b) 7 + 4 3 :1
c) 1: 7 4 3
d) 2 : 3
are three successive terms of a G.P. with common ratio r, the value of r for which
the inequality b3 > 4b2 3b1 holds is given by

a) r > 3
b)
c) r < 1
d) None of these
Page : 40
MATHEMATICS
34*.Let a1, a2. be in A.P. q1.q2, .. be in G.P if a1=q1=2 and a10=q10=3 then
a) a7 q19 an integer
b) a19 q7 is an integer
c) a7 q19 =a19q10
d) a9q28 is not an integer
35*.If a,b,c are in G.P and a,p,q are in A.P such that 2a, b+p, c+q are in G.P then the common difference
of A.P is
b) ( 2 + 1)(a b)
36. The next term of G.P. x, x2 + 2, x3 + 10, is
c) ( 2 1)(a + b)
a)
a) 0
b) 6
c)
d) ( 2 1)(b a )
729
16
d) 54
Passage:
The sum of the squares of three distinct real numbers which are in strictly increasing GP is S 2 . If their
sum is S .
37.
lies in
1 1
a) ,
3 3
22
c) , 19
7
b) ( 5, 7 ) (10,17 )
1
d) ,1 (1,3)
3
38. If S = 10 3 , then one of the value of the middle term is

a) 5
b) -20
c) 10
d) 10 3
39. If we drop the condition that the GP is strictly increasing and take r 2 = 1 , (where r is common ratio
2
of GP) then the value of is
122a3 1
a) 0
1 c)
1 1
+ ( n 1)
a
b a
b)
d)
KEY
1. a
2. b
3. b
4. c
5. b
6. c
7. c
8. b
9. b
10. d
11. c
12. a
13. a
14. a
15. b
16. b,c
17. a
18. b
19. a
20. b
21. b
22. a
23. a
24. b
25. b
26. c
27. b
28. d
29. d
30. b
31. b, c
32. a,b,c 33. a,c
36. c,d
37. d
38. a
39. d
34. a,c,d 35. b,d
Harmonic Progression:
A sequence a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an ,... of non zero numbers is called a harmonic progression, if the sequence
1 1 1
1
, , ..., ,... are in A.P.
a1 a2 a3 an
For example: 1 , 1 , 1 ........ form a H.P. because 2, 4, 6,........... are in A.P.

2 4 6
Some Useful Formulae & Properties:

(a) If a, b are first two terms of an H.P. then tn =
Page : 41
MATHEMATICS
(b) Harmonic mean H of any two numbers a and b is given by H =
where a, b are two
nonzero numbers. Also H =
the harmonic mean of n nonzero numbers a1, a2, a3,....., an.

Selection of terms of H.P:
If terms are given in H.P. then the terms could be picked up in the following way
For four terms
For three terms

For five terms
1
1
1
1
1
,
, ,
,
a 2d a d a a + d a + 2d
Note : In general, if we are to take (2r + 1) terms in H.P. we take them as

1
1
1
1
1
1
,
, ....... ,
, ,
, .......,
a rd a (r 1)d
ad a a+d
a + rd
Harmonical Mean (H.M.)

If three or more than three terms are in H.P, then all the numbers lying between first and last term are
called Harmonical Means between them. i.e.
a11211
12ab
1 11
1 1 n 12ab
nh11 1
log
ax ,4x,
,=that
, 7a,, H
=, bHare
, = in H.P. i.e.
The H.M. between two given quantities a and ba11His+, H
H
so
3d
d
b1a1baabad+Hd1a + dn a1 +a3d
+b
++
+ ... +
a1 ba2
an
a
j 1
are in A.P.
n H.Ms between two given numbers

To find n HMs between a and b we first find n AMs between 1/a and 1/b then their reciprocals will
be required HMs
Relation Between A.M, G.M and H.M
If A, G and H are A. M., G.M. and H.M. of two positive numbers a and b, then
(i) G2 = AH,
(ii) A G H
Note :(i)For given n positive numbers a1, a2, a3,.......... an, A.M. G.M. H.M. . The equality holds when
the numbers are equal.
(ii)If sum of the given n positive numbers is constant then their product will be maximum if numbers
are equal.
Illustrations (Based on H.P):
Illustration : 1
If
logbx x log cx x are in H.P. where a, b, c, x belong to (1, ), then a, b, c are in
A)A.P.
Key: B
B) G.P.
C)H.P.
D) A.G.P.
Page : 42
MATHEMATICS
Solution: Since logaxx, logbxx, logcxx are in H.P.

are in A.P.
are in A.P.
are in A.P.
log a, log b,log c are in A.P.

a, b, c are in G.P.
Illustration : 2
n
f
(
K
)
=
ar ak . Then
are in H P and
r =1
Suppose
a1
a2
a3
a
,
,
,......., n are in
f (1) f (2) f (3)
f (n)
n
A) A P
B) G P
C) H P
D)
r =1
ar
=0
f (ar )
Key: C
n
Solution: f ( K ) + aK = ar
r 1
2alog
b.....
=+2n
+b,1
log
= log
ac
rlog
+, aam
log
b alog
ccx
log
ad(1+say
, log
ax,log
a,1
alog
bx,log
log
+ clog
f (1) + a1 = f (2) + a2 = .... = f (n) + an = K1
x c
=x 2) x2 3, x n , x x
a logn x log
rm x log x
1 1
1
, ,.....
a1 a2
an are in AP
K K
K
, , ....
a1 a2
an are in AP
f (1) + a1 f ( 2) + a2
f ( n ) + an
,
, .......
are in AP
a1
a2
an
f (1) f ( 2)
f (n)
,
, .......
a1
a2
an are in AP
Illustration : 3
If the (m + 1)th, (n + 1)th and (r + 1)th terms of an A.P. are in G.P., m, n, r, are in H.P., show that the
ratios of the common difference to the first term in the A.P. is (2/n).
Solution:
Let a be the first term and d be the common difference of the A.P. Let x, y, z, be the (m + 1)th,
(n + 1)th and (r + 1)th terms of the A.P. Then x = a + md, y = a + nd, z = a + rd.
Since x, y, z are in G.P. y2 = xz i.e., (a + nd)2 = (a + rd) (a + md)
Page : 43

Now m, n, r are in H.P.
MATHEMATICS
r+m
2
n
d
2
Hence =
rm
a
nn
n
Exercise: 3
1.
2.
3.
4.
1
2
1
+ 2 + 3 + ..... is
1
2
3
a) 2/5
b) - 5/2
c) 5/2
d) - 2/5
If the fourth term of a H.P is 1/3 and 7th term is 1/4, then 16th term is
a) 1/5
b) 1/6
c) 1/7
d) 1/8
If the third and seventh term of a H.P are 1/7, 1/15 respectively, then nth term is
a) 2n + 1
b) 1/(2n + 1)
c) 2n - 1
d) 1/(2n - 1)
If mth term of a H.P is n and nth term is m, then (m + n)th term is
10th term of the harmonic progression is
a) 0
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
b) 1
c) - 1
d)
mn
m+n
If a, b, c are in H.P and

then ca =
n/++
1m
1 =/ 15,
h....,
2110
+=/+
ahab
=ha3,
=1hbc
,....
=2aca
3, 6
a) 5
b) 7
c)
9nhr1+4,
d) 10
mr
4,h
=2722,+1 b10+ 1010n
n
n
n aare
mmr
n r 2
in
The cotangents of the angles
= + b
=
rm n
c) H.P.
a) A.P.
b) G.P.
d) A.G.P
nn
If there are four harmonic means between 1/12,1/42, then

n the third harmonic mean is
a) 1/18
b) 1/24
c) 1/30
d) 1/36
Two harmonic means between 1/2, 4/17 are
a) 4/11, 2/7
b) 11/4, 7/2
c) 4/7, 2/11
d) 7/4, 11/2
Let
a) 2
be in A.P. and
b) 3
If the arithmetic mean between a and b is
be in H.P. If
c) 5
and
then
is
d) 6
, then n =
a) 0
b) 1
c) -1
d) 1/2
The harmonic mean of two numbers is 4. Their arithmetic mean is A and geometric mean is G.
If G satisfies 2A + G2 = 27, the numbers are
a) 1, 13
b) 9, 12
c) 3, 6
d) 4, 8
If b + c, c + a, a + b are in A.P then a, b, c are in
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) None
If a, b, c are in G.P then a + b, 2b, b + c are in
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) A.G.P
If three numbers are in H.P, then the numbers obtained by subtracting half of the middle number
from each of them are in.
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) A.G.P
Page : 44

15.
Let p, q are two positive numbers, where p > q and for the numbers 4 (G.M) = 5 (H.M) then p =
a) 4q
b) 1/4q
c) 2q
d) q
16.
17.
18.
MATHEMATICS
is the H.M between 'a' and 'b' if 'n' is....

a) 0
b) 1/2
If a, b, c, d are in H.P, then ab + bc + cd =
a) ad
b) 2ad
c) -1/2
d) 1
c) 3ad
d) 4ad
a
b
c
,
,
we in
b+c c+a a+b
b) G.P
c) H.P
If a, b, c are in H.P then

a) A.P
d) A.G.P
are in
19.
If x > 1, y > 1, Z > 1 are in G.P then
20.
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) A.G.P
The A.M, G.M and H.M between any two positive real numbers p, q are themselves in
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) A.G.P
21.
The A.M, G.M and H.M between two numbers are
144
,15 and 12, but not necessarly is this
15
order. Then H.M, G.M and A.M respectively are

22.
23.
If
are 'n' harmonic means between a and b

then
n
n
a
)
|(
x
|
<
1
bH3,1n....+
b1bHb
c 1 c
21a1+
H
,+abHxab12b, H
aa1=1 +c)
, 2;+2n
,,c+ , ; n ,
a) n + 1
b) n - 1
d) 2n + 3
n
7
n
7
2a+
a+bc
bx
c2aa+1H
c2+
a)b
bc1bb+ lnz
1b(1
+ac blny
aH++1lnx
n+a
If a, b, c are in H.P then
a)
are in H.P
b)
c)
are in G.p
24.
If
then 1 + 3x + 5x2 + 7x3 + .....
25.
2+ x
x
c)
d) 0
2
(1 x)
(1 x)2
If a, b, c are in A.P then (2011)a, (2011)b, (2011)c are in
a) A.P
b) G.P
c) H.P
d) None
If a,b,c are in A.P; b,c,d are in G.P and c,d,e are in H.P , then a,c,e are in
27.
d)
are in H.P.
b)
a)
26.
is
a) A.P
b) A.G.P
c) H.P
d) G.P
If A.M between two positive numbers exceeds their G.M by 15 and H.M by 27 , then the numbers are
a) 120,30
b) 100,50
c) 90,60
d) none of these
KEY
1. b
2. c
3. b
4. d
5. a
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. d
10. a
11. c
12. a
13. a
14. b
15. a
16. a
17. c
18. c
19. c
20. b
21. a
22. c
23. abcd 24. a
25. b
26. d
27. a
Page : 45
MATHEMATICS
ARITHMETICO-GEOMETRIC SERIES:
A sequence of the form a, (a + d )r , (a + 2d )r 2 , (a + 3d )r 3 ,...., (a + (n 1)d )r n 1 ,... is called an
Arithmetico Geometric Sequence
(i) Summation of n terms of an Arithmetic-Geometric Series
Let Sn = a + (a + d) r + (a + 2d)r2 + ... + [a + (n 1)d] rn1, d 0 ,
Multiply by r and rewrite the series in the following way
rSn = ar + (a + d)r2 + (a + 2d)r3 + ... + [a + (n 2)d]rn1 + [a + (n 1)d ]rn on subtraction,
Sn (1 r) = a + d(r + r2 + ... + rn1) [a + (n 1)d]rn
or,
a
dr(1 r n 1 ) [a + (n 1)d] n
+
.r
1 r
(1 r) 2
1 r
Summation of Infinite Series :
or, Sn =
(ii)
If |r| < 1, then (n 1)rn, rn1 0, as n
. Thus S
=S=
Exercise: IV
1.
Find the sum of infinity of the series 1 +
2.1 3.1 4.1

+ 2 + 3 + ....... .
3
3
3
3.
1
1
Find sum to n terms of the series, 3 + 5
+
7
+ ,...T
rT
1
,TTT
T
n2T
.............
n 1 T
dr
T412a,T,...T
T212,,....T
,n,T
) n 2
4
3.....and
2
1T
2dr(1
3 a,
nbr1R.
T
,...,
1
1
2
2
2
n
3
1
n
1
+
Sn (121 r) = a3 +2
[a + (n 1)d].r n
r + (1
r)+ .... 1when
10x
Find sum to n terms of the series, 1 + 4x +17x
r | x | < 1.
4.
If the sum to the infinity of the series 3 + 5r + 7r2 + .. is
5.
If the sum to infinity of the series
2.
44
, then find r.
9
1
44
1
+ (3 + 2d) 2 + .. is
, then find d.
4
9
4
SUM OF MISCELLANEOUS SERIES
(i)
Deference Method
3 + (3 + d)
Let T1, T2, T3 ... Tn be the terms of a sequence and let (T2 T1) = T1 , (T3 T2) =
(Tn Tn1) =
... ,
Case I: If
are in A.P. then Tn is a quadratic in n. If
A.P., then Tn is a cubic in n.
Case II: If
are not in A.P., but if
, ... are in
are in G.P., then Tn = arn + b,
where r is the C.R. of the G.P.

Again if
are not in G.P. but
are in G.P., then Tn is of the
form arn + bn + c; r is the C.R. of the G.P. T2 T1,T3 T2 T4 T3 ... and a, b, c R.

Page : 46

(ii)
MATHEMATICS
Vn Vn1 Method
Let T1, T2, T3 , ... be the terms of a sequence. If there exists a sequence V1, V2, V3 ... satisfying
Tk = Vk Vk1, k 1,
then
Illustrations (Based on Miscellaneous concepts):

Illustration : 1
Sum of first n terms of a sequence is given by 3 Sn = Tn 2 + 3Tn 2, (Tn > 0 ) where Tn is
the nth term of sequence, then the value of T22 is =
A) 2 2
Key:C
Solution: S1 =
S 2 S1 =
B) 2 + 2
C) 2 + 3 2
D) 3 + 2 2
T12 + 3T1 2
= T1 T12 = 2
3
T22 T12 + 3 (T2 T1 )
3
= T2
T22 T12 + 3 (T2 T1 ) = 3T2
T22 = T12 + 3T1 = 2 + 3 2
Illustration : 2
The sum of the series
9
13
17
+ 3
+ 4
+ upto infinity
5 .2.1 5 .3.2 5 .4.3
2
9
(B)
5
(A) 1
Sn =(C)
T1k = (Vk Vk 1 ) = V(D)n 2V0
k =1
k =1
Key: C
4r + 1
Solution: Tr = 5r r ( r 1) , r 2
5r ( r 1)
1
1
= r 1
r
r
5 r ( r 1) 5 ( r 1) 5 r
Illustration : 3
r =2
1 1
1 1
1
= 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 +
5 .1 5 .2 5 .2 5 .3 5 .3 5 .4
1 1
1 1
1
1
p
1
1 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 2 + .... + 1 +
+
= p + , then p equals
2
2
5
1 2
2 3
1999 2000
q
(A) 1999
(B) 2000
(C) 2001
(D) 1998
Key: A
1999
Solution: S =
a =1
1999
1
1
a 4 + 2a 3 + 3a 2 + 2a + 1
1+ 2 +
=
a (a + 1) 2 a =1
a 2 (a + 1) 2
1999
a 2 + a + 1 1999
1
1
1
1999
= 1 +
=
+
a(a + 1)
a +1
a =1 a(a + 1)
a =1
a =1 a
1999
Page : 47
MATHEMATICS
1
1999
= 1999 + 1
= 1999 +
2000
2000
Hence p = 1999
Illustration : 4
On the ground n stones are placed. The distance between the first and second is one metre,
between second and third three metres, between 3rd and 4th five metres, and so on. How far will a
person have to travel to bring them one by one to the basket placed at the first stone, if he starts from
the basket.
A)
n ( n 1)( 2n 1)
6
B)
n ( n 1)( 2n 1)
3
C)
n ( n + 1)
2
D)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
2
Key: B
Solution:
Distance covered to bring 1st stone to the basket = 0
Distance covered to bring 2nd stone to the basket = 2 1 = 2
Distance covered to bring 3rd stone to the basket =
Distance covered to bring 4th stone to the basket = 2 (1 + 3 + 5 )
the nbasket
Total distance covered to bring02 (+1n2.1
+ stones
3+
1 + 3one
+ 5 ) +to
....upto
terms =
) 2 (1 + 3one
) + 2 (by
= 2 1 + (1 + 3) + (1 + 3 + 5 ) + .......upto ( n 1) terms
tn = 2 (1 + 3 + 5 + .....to n terms ) = 2n 2
Illustration : 5
Passage:
If a sequence or series is not a direct form of an AP, GP, etc. Then its nth term can not be
determined. In such cases, we use the following steps to find the nth term (Tn ) of the given sequence.
Step I : Find the differences between the successive terms of the given sequence. If these
differences are in AP, then take Tn = an2 + bn + c , where a,b,c are constants.
Step II : If the successive differences found in step I are in GP with common ratio r, then take
Tn = a + bn + cr n1 , where a, b, c are constants.
Step III : If the second successive differences (Differences of the differences) in step I are in AP,
then take Tn = an3 + bn 2 + cn + d , where a, b, c, d are constants.
Step IV : If the second successive differences (Differences of the differences) in step I are in GP,
then take Tn = an 2 + bn + c + dr n 1 , where a, b, c, d are constants.
Now let sequences :
A : 1, 6, 18, 40, 75, 126, .. B : 1, 1, 6, 26, 91, 291, . C : ln 2 ln 4, ln 32, ln 1024 ..
Page : 48
MATHEMATICS
01. If the nth term of the sequence A is Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d then the value 6a + 2b d is
(A) ln 2
(B) 2
(C) ln 8
(
D) 4
50
02. For the sequence 1, 1, 6, 26, 91, 291, .. Find the

(A)
5 50
3 1 3075
8
(B)
5 50
3 1 5075
8
(C)
where S50 = Tr
r =1
5 50
3 1 1275
8
(D) None of these
03. The sum of the series 1.n + 2.( n 1) + 3.( n 2 ) + .... + n.1
(A)
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
6
(B)
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
(C)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(D)
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
3
Key: D, A, A
Solution:
01. Tn = an3 + bn2 + cn + d
T1 = a + b + c + d = 1
6 a + 2b d = 4
02.
5 350 1 5 50.51 450
5
125.51 450 5 50
=
+
.
= 350 1
+
= 3 1 3075
4 2 2 2
4
22+
8
m
n85+a1+n2441nb +5nn2c8n+9+d1= 62n + 1
T
S250
=
n
n
)
T=n (= 3) (+ )(
42
2 4 6
n
n
n
2
03. r ( n r + 1) = ( n + 1) r r = ( n + 1) n n2
r =1
r =1
n ( n + 1)
r =1
( 3n + 3 2n 1)
6
Miscellaneous Exercise
1.
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
6
Sum of first n terms of a sequence is given by 3 Sn = Tn 2 + 3Tn 2, (Tn > 0 ) where Tn is the nth
term of sequence, then the value of T22 is =
A) 2 2
2.
C) 2 + 3 2
D) 3 + 2 2
1
7
1 20
The nth term of the series 2 + 1 + 1 + + ........ is
2 13 9 23
A)
3.
B) 2 + 2
5n + 3
20
B)
20
5n + 3
C) 20(5n + 3)
D)
20
5n 2 + 3
If the ( m + 1) , ( n + 1) and ( r + 1) terms of an A.P are in G.P. and m, n, r are in H.P, then the
th
th
th
ratio of the first term to the common difference of A.P is
n
B) m + n + r
C)
2
The number of terms in sequence 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ..,5050 is
A) 120
B) 110
C) 100
A)
4.
D)
D) 90
Page : 49

5*.
MATHEMATICS
Let a, b , c are the A.M.s between two positive numbers p and q such that a + b + c = 15 and
, then ( p, q )
1 , , are H.M.s. between the same two numbers such that

can be
A) 9, 1
6*.
If log log
B) 9, 2
2
x
2
(x
08*.
D) 2, 9
C) x ( 7, )
D) x ( 3,5 + 3 ) ( 7, )
10 x + 22 ) > 0 then
A) x ( 3,5 + 3 )
7*.
C) 1, 9
B) x ( 3,5 3 )
Few identical balls are arranged in a form whose base is an equilateral triangle and one side of
the base triangle contains n balls then
(A)Number of balls in base triangle are n2 + n
(B) Number of balls in base triangle are
1 2
(n + n)
2
(C)Total number of balls in pyramid are
n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
6
(D) Total number of balls in pyramid are
n ( n + 1)( n + 3)
8
Let a and b be two positive real numbers. Suppose A1 , A2 are two arithmetic means; G1 and G2
are two geometric means and H1, H2 are two harmonic means t\between a and b. then
1an1++1
(n
a100
bb ),=1
(100
a +5b2 ),(a3 + b3 )..
G1G2
A1 + A2
G+1(Ga2rn1++ b5r )=2 =210000
a b
a) H H = H + H
b) r =1 = 3 +
H1 H 2 9 9 b a
1 2
1
2
H1 + H 2
9ab
c) A + A = ( 2a + b )( a + 2b )
1
2
09*.
H1 + H 2 2 5 a 2 + b 2
=
d)
A1 + A2 9 9 a + b
Let a1 , a2 , a3 ,.... and b1 , b2 , b3 ,.... be arithmetic progressions such that a1 = 25, b1 = 75 and
a100 + b100 = 100 then

A) The difference between successive terms in progression a is opposite of the difference in
progression b
B)
for any
C)
. Are in A.P
D)
10*.
If a,b,c are non zero real numbers such that 3(a 2 + b2 + c2 + 1) = 2(a + b + c + ab + bc + ca) ,
C) in H.P
11*.
then a,b,c are

A) in A.P
B) in G.P
The next term of G.P. x, x2 + 2, x3 + 10, is
A) 0
C)
B) 6
729
16
D) equal
D) 54
Page : 50

12.
MATHEMATICS
Statement-1 : If two arithmetic means A1, A2, two geometric means G1, G2, and two harmonic
A1 + A2
G1 G 2
means H1,H2 are inserted between any two positive numbers, then H + H = H H .
1
2
1
2
Because
Statement-2: If A,G, H are the A.M.,G. M.,H.M. between two positive numbers then G2 = A H .
A) Both the statements are True and Statement-2 is the correct explanation of Statement-1
B) Both the statements are True but Statement-2 is not the correct explanation of Statement-1
C) Statement-1 is True and Statement-2 is False
D) Statement-1 is and Statement-2 is True
13.
14.
Statement-1 : If log 0.3 ( x 1) < log 0.09 ( x 1) , then x lies in the interval ( ,2) .
Because
Statement-2 : log a x < log ay x > y > 0 if 0 < a < 1
Statement I : If three consecutive positive numbers in G.P represent sides of a triangle then the
5 1
5 +1
.
and
2
2
Statement II : Three positive real numbers can form a triangle if sum of any two is greater than
the third.
Statement I : If the interior angles of n sided polygon are in A.P., 1200 ,1250 ,1300 ,......, then
it has 16 sides
Statement II : The sum of the interior angles of a polygon of n sides is n 2 1800 .
common ratio of the G.P must lie between
15.
Passage:
Let a1,a2 ,a3 , be in an A.P. whose general term is am and b1,b2 ,b3 .. be another
A.P. whose general term is bn. To find the common term of these two A.P.s one can
equate am and
bn to create a relation between m and n so that the two A.P.s will have the
common terms. Or
other wise by expanding two A.P.s further, try to locate first term and the
common difference can
be found by taking L.C.M. of common difference of two given A.P.s.
16.
The number of terms common to the two A.P.s 3, 7, 11, , 407 and 2, 9, 16, .., 709, are.
A) 13
B) 14
C) 17
D) 15
17.
The sum of common terms of the two A.P.s. 2, 5, 8, 11 .. upto to 60 terms and 3, 5, 7, 9
..upto 50 terms is
A) 1008
B) 1004
C) 901
D) 1005
Page : 51
MATHEMATICS
18.
Certain numbers appear in both arithmetic progressions 17, 21, 25,and 16, 21,26,
then the ratio of 22nd term to first term of common A.P.is
A) 1 : 21
B) 2 : 1
C) 21 : 1
D) 1 : 11
Passage :
n ( n + 1)
n = 2 ,
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
6
If Tn = n ( n + 1) , then Sn = n ( n + 1)
n ( n + 1)
,n =
( n + 2)
3
if Tn = n ( n + 1)( n + 2 ) , then Sn = n ( n + 1)( n + 2 )
( n + 3)
4
Answer the following questions based upon above passage :
19.
13 13 + 23 13 + 23 + 33
+
+
+ ....to 16 terms is
Sum of the series
1 1+ 3
1+ 3 + 5
(A) 346
(B) 446
(C) 546
(D) 444
4 7 10
+ + + ....to is
5 52 53
(A) 16/35
(B) 11/8
(C) 35/16
(D) 7/16
1
1
1
+
+
+ ....to is
21.
The sum of the series
3 7 7 11 11 15
(A) 1/3
(B) 1/6
(C) 1/9
(D) 1/12
2
2
2
2
(2k
(8
2k)d
S
Enn+=3k)d
++(n
1)d
a(3k
bna8)d
d =1)d
6 = n a + a + (n 1)d = n (a + l)
S
[ 2ac ++(n
] [
]
n =
Passage:
2
2
2
A sequence is called A.P of the difference of a term and previous term is always same. i.e If
20.
1+
a n +1 a n = constant n N. For an A.P whose first term is a and common difference is d has its nth
term as
. Sum of n terms of A.P whose first term is a last term is l and the common
difference is d is
22.
a1a 2 ...............a 8 is an A.P with common difference d. Then a 8 2k a k (1 k < 4 k w) is equal to

A)
23.
24.
B)
C)
D)
If sum of n terms
for a sequence is given by S n = An 2 + Bn + C then the sequence is an A.P
whose common difference is
A) A
B) B
C) 2A
D) 2B
If a,b,c,d are distinct integers in A.P and d = a 2 + b2 + c2 then
A) a + b + c + d = 0
C) Common difference of A.P is 2
B)
D) Common difference of A.P is 3
KEY
1. c
2. b
3. a
4. c
11. cd
12. b
13. d
14. a
21. d
22. c
23. c
24. b
5. a,c
15. d
6. b,c
16. b
7. b,c
17. c
8. a,b,c 9.abcd 10.abcd

18. c
19. b
20. c
Page : 52

Enrichment Course (Maths)

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Enrichment Course (Maths)

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Enrichment Program - 2011

Natural Numbers or Counting Numbers

5/7 = 0.7142857 714285

VIKAS - The Concept School

Enrichment Program - 2011

Irrational (never repeats or terminates)

Irrational (never repeats or terminates)

The Real Numbers:

All points on the number line

All possible distances on the number line

a is less than b, (expressed as a < b)

a is greater than b, (expressed as a > b)

The Number Line:

Enrichment Program - 2011

1 is not a prime number, it is simply called as unity.

are called Centered square primes.

Example: 5,13,41 etc

are called Centered triangular primes.

VIKAS - The Concept School

Enrichment Program - 2011

variable or an expression. For this reason, this

The graph of the modulus function is as shown:

x is the numerical value of x

is symmetric about Y-axis.

never lies below x-axis.

Properties of Modulus functions:

Enrichment Program - 2011

x < a a < x < a

x > a x < a, (or ) x > a : (a 0) i.e)

. The real number x such that

logarithm of b to the base a. It is denoted by

If a is a positive real number and

If a is a positive real number and

If a, m are positive real numbers and

If a, m, n are positive real numbers and

Proof: Let log a m = x ,

a x + y = mn log a (mn) = x + y = log a m + log a n

Hence log a mn = log a m + log a n

If a, m, n are positive real numbers and a 1 , then

VIKAS - The Concept School

Enrichment Program - 2011

If a, m are positive real numbers a 1 ,n is a real number, then

a nx = m n log ( m n ) = nx log ( m n ) = n log a m

If a,b,m are positive real numbers a 1, b 1 then

a xy = m log a m = xy log a m = log b m log a b

If a 1, b 1 are positive real numbers then

If a 1, b 1 ,m are positive real numbers then

VIKAS - The Concept School

Enrichment Program - 2011

Graph of Logarithm Function :

, then the value of

If 4 log 9 3 + 9 log 2 4 = 10log x 83 then x=

(37)x = (0.037)y = 10000 then y x =

The number log 2 7 is

VIKAS - The Concept School

D)a prime number

Enrichment Program - 2011

The number of log 20 3 lies in

If ax=by=cz=dw, then loga (bcd) =

VIKAS - The Concept School

Enrichment Program - 2011

20*. If a,b,c are all positive real numbers, then

B) log + log + log 2

If log 0.3 ( x 1) < log 0.09 ( x 1) then x lies in the interval