Ds en 1997 1 DK Na 2013 09 Geoteknik

DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
National Annex to
Eurocode 7: Geotechnical design Part 1: General rules
_______________________________________________________________________
Foreword
This national annex (NA) is a revision of DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2010-09 and replaces the latter on
2013-05-15. For a transition period until 2013-09-01, this National Annex as well as the previous
National Annex will be applicable.
Previous versions, addenda and an overview of all National Annexes can be found at
www.Eurocodes.dk
This NA specifies the conditions for the implementation in Denmark of DS/EN 1997-1 for building
according to the Danish Building Act or the Danish building legislation and for civil engineering
works subject to the Road Rules of the Road Directorate and the Railway Codes published by
Banedanmark. Other parties can put this NA into effect by referring thereto.
The national choices may be in the form of nationally applicable values, an option between methods
given in the Eurocode, or the addition of complementary guidance.
This National Annex includes:
national choices and an overview of all clauses where national choices are allowed;
descriptions of national choices;
complementary (non-contradictory) information which may assist the user of the Eurocode.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
COPYRIGHT Danish Standards Foundation. Not for commercial use or reproduction. DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013 English
National choices and an overview of all clauses where national choices

are allowed
Clause
Subject
Choice
2.1(8)P
Design requirements
The manner in which these minimum
requirements are satisfied may be
given in the National Annex.
The national minimum requirements are

given in Annexes D, K and L of this National Annex.
2.4.6.1(4)P
Design values of actions

The values of the partial factors may
be set by the National Annex.
Values of the partial factors are given in

clauses A.2, A.3 and A.4 of this National
Annex.
2.4.6.2(2)P
Design values of geotechnical parameters


clauses A.2, A.3 and A.4 of this National
Annex.
2.4.7.1(2)P
Ultimate limit states - General


clauses A.2, A.3.1 and A.4 of this National
Annex.
2.4.7.1(3)


clause A.6 of this National Annex.
2.4.7.1(4)

clauses A.2, A.3.1 and A.4 of this National
Annex.

2.4.7.1(5)

2.4.7.1(6)


clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.

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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Clause
Subject
Choice
2.4.7.2(2)P
Verification of static equilibrium

(EQU)

2.4.7.3.2(3)P
Design effects of actions


2.4.7.3.3(2)P
Design resistances

2.4.7.3.4.1(P) Design approaches - General

NOTE 1 - The way to use equations
(2.6) and (2.7) and the particular design approach to be used may be given in the National Annex.
NOTE 1 The way to use equations (2.6)

and (2.7) refers in DK to design approach
3.
2.4.7.4(2)
Resistance to uplift by friction or anchor

forces is not to be treated as a stabilising
permanent vertical action (Gstb;d).
Verification procedure and partial

factors for uplift
(2) Additional resistance to uplift
may also be treated as a stabilising
permanent vertical action (GStb;d)
The paragraph corresponds to the
content of 10.2(2)P as changed by
corrigendum DS/EN 19971/AC:2010 and should be as follows:
(2) If allowed by the National Annex,
resistance to uplift by friction or anchor forces may also be treated as a
stabilising permanent vertical action
(Gstb;d).
2.4.7.4(3)P
Verification procedure and partial

factors for uplift

2.4.7.5(2)P
Verification of resistance to failure Values of the partial factors are given in

by heave due to seepage of water in clause A.5 of this National Annex.
the ground (HYD)
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Clause
Subject
Choice
2.4.8(2)
Serviceability limit states


2.4.9(1)P
Permitted foundation movements are given

Limiting values for movements of
in Annex H and the National Appendix to
foundations
The permitted foundation movements Annex H.
may be set by the National Annex.
2.5(1)
Design by prescriptive measures

Reference to such conventional and
generally conservative rules may be
set by the National Annex.
Conventional and generally conservative

rules are given in Annexes D, K and L of
this National Annex.
7.6.2.2(8)P
Ultimate compressive resistance

from static load tests
The values of the correlation factors

7.6.2.2(14)P


7.6.2.3(4)P

from ground test results

7.6.2.3(5)P


7.6.2.3(8)

If this alternative procedure is applied, the values of the partial factors
b and s recommended in Annex A
may need to be corrected by a model
factor larger than 1,0. The value of
the model factor may be set by the
National Annex.
The specifications are not applicable in

DK.
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Clause
Subject
Choice
7.6.2.4(4)P

from dynamic impact tests
The values of the partial factors and
correlation factors may be set by the
National Annex.

clauses A.3.1 and A.3.2 of this National
Annex.
7.6.3.2(2)P
Ultimate tensile resistance from

pile load tests

7.6.3.2(5)P

pile load tests

7.6.3.3(3)P

ground test results

7.6.3.3(4)P

ground test results

7.6.3.3(6)

ground test results
If this alternative procedure is applied, the values of the partial factor
s,t recommended in Annex A may
need to be corrected by a model factor larger than 1,0. The value of the
model factor may be set by the National Annex.
The model factor applied in DK is taken as

1,0 where design is based on the analytical
method for determining bearing resistance
specified in Annex L of this National Annex.
8.5.2(2)P
Design values of pull-out resistance Values of the partial factors are given in
determined from the results of
tests
The value of the partial factor may be
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Clause
Subject
Choice
8.5.2(3)
Design values of pull-out resistance

determined from the results of
tests
NOTE - 8.5.2(3) refers to those types
of anchorage that are not individually
checked by acceptance tests. If a correlation factor a is used, it is to be
based on experience or be set by the
National Annex.
NOTE - 8.5.2(3) applies to all types of

anchorage. The value of the correlation
factor a is given in clause A.3.3 of this
National Annex.
8.6(4)
Serviceability limit state design

The value of the model factor may be
No value of a model factor is given in DK.

Reference is made to clause A.6 of this
National Annex.
10.2(2)P
Failure by uplift
Resistance to uplift by friction or anchor

forces shall not to be treated as a stabilising permanent vertical action (Gstb;d).
The third sentence:

Resistance to uplift by friction or
anchor forces may also be treated as
a stabilising permanent vertical action (Gstb;d)"
is replaced by
If allowed by the National Annex,
(Gstb;d).
The correction appears from corrigendum DS/EN 1997-1/AC:2010,
but is incorrectly stated for 10.2(3)
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Clause
Subject
Choice
10.2(3)
Failure by uplift
The modification (entered by CEN) refers

incorrectly to clause 10.2.3(3) but should
refer to clause 10.2(2).
Modification 23 in corrigendum
DS/EN 1997-1/AC:2010 refers to
clause 10.2 as follows (quote)
Part (3):
Replace the entire 1st paragraph
with the following:
If allowed by the National Annex,
(Gstb;d).
The original text:

(3) In simple cases, the check of equation
(2.8) in terms of forces may be replaced by
a check in terms of total stresses and porewater pressures.
is maintained.
NOTE - The values of the partial

factors may be set by the National
Annex.
11.5.1(1)P
Stability analysis for slopes


A.2
Partial factors for equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification
Partial factors and consequence factors are

given in clause A.2 of this National Annex.
A.3.1
Partial factors on actions (F) or

the effects of actions (E)
Partial factors and consequence factors are

given in clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
A.3.2
Partial factors for soil parameters

(M)
Partial factors are given in clause A.3.1 of

this National Annex.
A.3.3.1
Partial resistance factors for

spread foundations
Partial resistance factors ( R) for spread

foundations are not used in DK, cf. clause
A.3.1 of this National Annex.1
A.3.3.2
Partial resistance factors for pile

foundations
Partial resistance factors for pile foundations are given in clause A.3.1 of this National Annex.
A.3.3.3
Correlation factors for pile founda- Correlation factors for pile foundations are
given in clause A.3.2 of this National Antions
nex.
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Clause
Subject
Choice
A.3.3.4
Partial resistance factors for prestressed anchorages

Partial resistance factors for prestressed and non pre-stressed anchorages.
Partial resistance factors for anchorages

applicable to pre-stressed as well as non
pre-stressed anchorages are given in clause
A.3.1 of this National Annex. Correlation
factors to derive characteristic values on
the basis of static load tests and soil parameters, respectively, determined from
geotechnical investigations are given in
clause A.3.3.
A.3.3.5
Partial resistance factors ( R) for

retaining structures
Partial resistance factors ( R) for retaining

structures are not used in DK, cf. clause
A.3.1 of this National Annex.
A.3.3.6
Partial resistance factors ( R) for

slopes and overall stability
Partial resistance factors ( R) for slopes

and overall stability are not used in DK, cf.
A.4
Partial factors for uplift limit state

(UPL) verifications
Partial factors and consequence factors for

uplift limit state (UPL) verification are
given in clause A.4 of this National Annex.
A.5
Partial factors for hydraulic heave

limit state (HYD) verification
Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit

state (HYD) verification in DK are those
applied for uplift limit state (UPL) verification, cf. clause A.5 of this National Annex.
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Complementary (non-contradictory) information

Clause
Subject
Choice
2.4.7.3.4.4
Design approach 3
NOTE 2 applies in DK also for the determination of earth pressure.
7.6.2.2(9)


DK.
7.6.2.3(7)


DK.
A.6
Partial factors, correlation factors and Partial factors, correlation factors and
model factors for serviceability and
model factors for serviceability and acciaccidental limit states verification.
dental limit states verification are given in
Annex
Subject
Choice
Spread foundations Analytical method for bearing resistance calculation
Bearing resistance equations in combination with the partial factors for spread
foundations securing the safety required in
Denmark, are given in Annex D of this
National Annex..
Limiting values of structural deformation and foundation movement
Complementary information regarding

conventional building structures is given in
the Appendix to Annex H.
Special conditions for geotechnical

investigations and parameters
Particular Danish conditions for geotechnical investigations are given in Annex K

of this National Annex.
Pile foundations. Analytical method

for bearing resistance calculation.
An analytical method for determining the

bearing resistance of piles is given in Annex L of this National Annex.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
National choices
Annex A - normative
Partial and correlation factors for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit
states
A.1
Partial factors and correlation factors
(1)P The partial factors ( ) for ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states in persistent and
transient design situations and the correlation factors ( ) for pile foundations and anchorages in all
design situations, are given in this Annex.
(2)P The partial factors for soil parameters ( M) and resistance ( R) as well as the correlation factors
() for pile foundations and anchorages are stated for design situations, where the safety evaluation
shall be performed using the lower design values. Where the safety evaluation is to be performed
using the upper design values, reciprocal values of the partial factors and correlation factors given
shall be applied.
NOTE The partial factors apply to soil parameters determined taking account of the considerations specified in
DS/EN 1997-1, clause 3.3.6(1)P.
A.2
Partial factors for equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification
(1)P The partial factors () and consequences factors (KFI) are given in Table A.2-1.
(2)P For equilibrium limit state (EQU) verification, the partial factors on actions (F) and for soil
parameters (M) stated in Table A.2-1 shall be used.
The consequence factor KFI depends on the consequences class:
High consequences class
Medium consequences class
CC3:
CC2:
KFI = 1,1
KFI = 1,0
The low consequences class CC1 is not applied for geotechnical structures.
For the factor for the combination value of a variable action, 0, see DS/EN 1990.
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Table A.2 - Partial factors for EQU design

F
Partial factors on actions
Unfavourable
G;dst
1,1KFI
Favourable
G;stb
0,9
Unfavourable
G;dst
1,1KFI
Favourable
G;stb
0,9
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,5KFI
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,4KFI5)
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
Permanent action
Self-weight,
in general 1)
Variable action
Bridges3)
Variable action
Buildings
Self-weight
of soil and
(ground)
water, geotechnical
structures 2)

Angle of shearing resistance
1,2
Effective cohesion
1,2
Undrained shear strength
cu
1,8
Unconfined strength
1,8
Weight density
1,0
7)
1)
2)
3)
5)
7)
For structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf. clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
Geotechnical actions, which comprise the self-weight of soil and (ground) water interacting with the geotechnical structure: cf. clause 1.5.2.1 in
DS/EN 1997-1 and clause A.3.1(2)P, NOTE, in DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
For variable actions on railway and road dams, quays i.a., the same partial factors are to applied as for bridges
For heavy carriages on rails (SW/2): 1,2 KFI and 1,2, respectively
The partial factor is valid for tan
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A.3
Partial factors for structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states
verification
A.3.1
Partial factors on actions (F) or the effects of actions (E), for soil parameters (M)
and for resistance (R)
(1)P Partial factors () and consequence factors (KFI) are given in Table A.3-1 for spread
foundations, earth pressures and stability, and in Table A.3-2 for piles and anchors.
(2)P For structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states verification, design approach 3 shall
be used with:
Combination: (A1* or A2) "+" M2 "+" R3
and the partial factors on actions (F), for soil parameters ( M) and for resistance ( R) according to
Tables A.3-1 and A.3-2, as well as a factor (0) to the partial factor for strength parameters and resistances of structural materials, cf. DS/EN 1992 DS/EN 1996 and DS/EN 1999.
The consequence factor, KFI, depends on the consequences class:
Medium consequences class
CC3:
CC2:
KFI = 1,1
KFI = 1,0
The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
NOTE Partial factors as stated for Self-weight, in general are to be assigned to structural actions referred to geotechnical actions.
(3) The load combinations 1-5 in Tables A.3-1 and A.3-2 refer to all types of geotechnical structures where the load constitutes combinations of structural actions, earth pressures and/or water
pressures. The verifications refer to the equations:
(2.6a) with the design value of the effect of actions Ed = E{F Frep; Xk/M; ad}
(2.7a)with the design value of the resistance to an action Rd = R{F Frep; Xk/M; ad}
(2.7b) with the design value of the resistance to an action Rd = R{F Frep; Xk; ad}/R.
NOTE 1 In all 5 load combinations the partial factors for the strength parameters and for the bearing capacity of the
structural materials related to DS/EN 1992 DS/EN 1996 and DS/EN 1999, are to be factorised by 0. For the ground
parameters and ground resistances related to DS/EN 1997-1, 0 is incorporated in the partial factors M and R.
NOTE 2 For structures not being exposed to geotechnical actions, the verification may be carried out solely by load
combinations 1 and 2.
NOTE 3 For structures solely exposed to geotechnical actions, the verification may exclude load combinations 1 and 2.
NOTE 4 Load combination 5 is to be used for verification of STR for structural materials in geotechnical structures. In
this verification the partial factors for the structural materials as stated in the respective structural Eurocodes are to be
factorised by 0. The partial factors for ground parameters and ground resistances is to be 1,0 in load combination 5.
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This load combination will typically be critical for geotechnical structures, where water pressures constitute the essential part of the actions.
(4)P The partial factors for spread foundations ensure that the required Danish safety is attained
when the equations for resistance given in Annex D are applied.
(5)P Partial factors for piles and anchors shall be used in combination with the correlation factors
specified in clauses A.3.2 and A.3.3.
(6)P For Geotechnical Category 1, the partial factors given for soil parameters and resistances given
shall be multiplied by a model factor s = 1,25.
(7)P For excavation supports, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures under construction, partial factors shall be used with values taken as ( M ) and ( R ) , where is a number for
which the following applies: 0 1. Where failure involves the risk of personal injury or damage
to third party buildings and/or areas with heavy road and rail traffic, or will have considerable social
consequences, partial factors corresponding to = 1 shall be used.
NOTE - Where failure of retaining structures, temporary excavations and other geotechnical structures during construction do not have serious consequences, partial factors corresponding to = 0,5 or, circumstances permitting, corresponding to values closer to = 0 (partial factor 1,0) may be used.
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Table A.3-1 Partial factors for STR/GEO design: Spread foundations, earth pressure and stability
Design approach
Limit state
STR/GEO
Load combination

see equation (2.6a) 8)
Permanent action 6)
A1* or A2
G;sup
1,2KFI 4)
1,0KFI
1,2 4)
1,0
1,0
Favourable
G;inf
1,0
0,9
1,0
0,9
1,0
Unfavourable
G;sup
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Favourable
G;inf
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,5KFI
1,5
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
1,50
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,4KFI5)
1,4 5)
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
1,50
Self-weight of soil
and (ground)
water, geotechnical structures 2)
Variable action, Buildings

Bygninger
Unfavourable
Self-weight,
general 1)
Variable action,
Bridges3)
STR

see equation (2.7a)
M9)
M2
Angle of shearing resistance 7)
1,2
1,2 KFI
1,0
Effective cohesion
1,2
1,2 KFI
1,0
cu
1,8
1,8 KFI
1,0
Unconfined strength
1,8
1,8 KFI
1,0
Weight density
1,0
1,0
1,0
Partial factors for ground resistances

See equation (2.7b)
Spread foundations
Earth pressure and stability
Factor to partial factor to strength parameters and bearing capacity for structural
materials, cf. DS/EN 1992 DS/EN 1996 og
DS/EN 1999
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
R9)
R3
R;e
1,0
1,0
KFI
KFI
1,2KFI 4)
Structural actions, which include all types of permanent actions: cf. clause 2.1 in DS/EN 1991-1-1
For bridges: 1,25KFI and 1,25, respectively
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6)
7)
8)
9)
The characteristic values to all permanent actions from one single source are to be multiplied byG;sup if the total resulting action effect is unfavourable and byG;inf if the total resulting action effect is favourable. As an example all actions originating from the self-weight of the structure
may be considered as coming from one source.
The partial factor is valid for tan .
Reference is also made to DS/EN 1990, equations (6.10a) and (6.10b).
For ground parameters and ground resistances, 0 is incorporated in the partial factors M and R.
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Table A.3-2 Partial factors for STR/GEO design: Piles and anchors
Design approach
Limit state
STR/GEO
Load combination

see equation (2.6a) 8)
Permanent action 6)
A1* or A2
G;sup
1,2KFI 4)
1,0KFI
1,2 4)
1,0
1,0
Favourable
G;inf
1,0
0,9
1,0
0,9
1,0
Unfavourable
G;sup
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Favourable
G;inf
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,5KFI
1,5
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
1,50
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,4KFI5)
1,4 5)
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
1,50
Self-weight of
soil and
(ground) water,
geotechnical
structures 2)
Variable action,
Buildings
Unfavourable
Self-weight,
general 1)
Variable action, Bridges 3)
STR

see equation (2.7a)
M9)
M2
Angle of shearing resistance 7)
Effective cohesion
cu
Unconfined strength
Weight density
1,0
1,0
1,0
Partial factors for resistance

see equation (2.7b)
R9)
R3
Base resistance of compression piles
1,3
1,3 KFI
1,0
Shaft resistance of compression piles
1,3
1,3 KFI
1,0
Total/combined resistance of compression

piles
1,3
1,3 KFI
1,0
Face of compression piles
s;t
1,3
1,3 KFI
1,0
Anchorage resistance
1,3
1,3 KFI
1,0
Factor to partial factor to strength parameters and bearing capacity for structural
materials, cf. DS/EN 1992 DS/EN 1996
and DS/EN 1999
1) - 9)
1,0
1,0
KFI
KFI
1,2KFI 4)
See Table A.3-1.
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A.3.2 Correlation factors for pile foundations

A.3.2.1 Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from static pile load tests
(1)P When determining the characteristic ultimate resistance, Rc;k, from values of Rc;m, measured in
one or several pile load tests, allowance shall be made for the variability of the ground conditions
and the effect of pile installation. The characteristic ultimate resistance is determined as:
Rc;k
Rc;m
where
= 1,1 for the actual test loaded piles
= 1,25 for other piles where the pile load tests are representative.
A.3.2.2 Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from soil parameters determined
by geotechnical investigations
(3) The characteristic ultimate resistance:
Rc ;k
Rc ;ber
shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations between the results of static load
tests and the results of field or laboratory tests. These design rules shall be such that the ultimate
resistance when applying the characteristic value Rc;k does not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by
= 1,5
(4)P The design rules shall be based on recognised documentation. An analytical method for determining the bearing resistance is given in Annex L of this National Annex.
(5)P The bearing resistance for bored piles shall be determined according to the specifications given
in Annex L of this National Annex.
NOTE The resistance of CFA piles is to be determined as for bored piles.
A.3.2.3 Correlation factors to derive characteristic values from driving resistance

(1)P The characteristic ultimate resistance:
Rc;k
Rc;m
shall be derived from design rules based on verified correlations between the results of static load
tests. These design rules shall be such that the average ultimate resistance when applying the characteristic value Rc;k does not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by
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= 1,5 where the resistance is based on a pile driving formula

= 1,25 where wave equation analysis has been used to assess the resistance of the pile considered
= 1,4 for the piles where the wave equation analysis is representative.
(2) For end-bearing piles driven into non-cohesive, the characteristic ultimate resistance may be
determined using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula", see Annex L of this National Annex and the
values given.
A.3.3 Correlation factors for resistance of pre-stressed and non pre-stressed anchorages
(1)P When deriving the characteristic anchorage resistance (ultimate resistance), Ra;k, from values
of Ra;m, measured in one or several load tests, allowance shall be made for the variability of the
ground conditions and the effect of the construction method. The characteristic ultimate resistance
shall be determined as:
R
Ra;k a;m
where
a = 1,1 for the actual test loaded anchors and

a = 1,25 for other anchors where the load tests are representative.
(2)P When deriving the characteristic anchorage resistance (ultimate resistance), Ra;k, from values
of Ra;ber determined using design rules, these rules shall be based on verified correlations between
the results of static load tests and the results of field or laboratory tests. The characteristic ultimate
resistance shall be determined as:
Ra;k
Ra;ber
The design rules shall be such that the ultimate resistance using the characteristic value, Ra;k, does
not exceed the measured ultimate resistance divided by
a =1,75.
(3) Where documented experience is available, the resistance may be determined on the basis of
design rules in accordance with the principles specified in Annex L of this National Annex.
(4)P Special consideration shall be given to the risk of progressive debonding.
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A.4
Partial factors for uplift limit state (UPL) verifications
(1)P The partial factors () and consequence factors (KFI) are given in Tables A.4-1 and A.4-2.
(2)P For uplift limit state (UPL) verification, the partial factors on actions ( F ), soil parameters ( M )
and for resistance ( R ) stated in Tables A.4-1 and A.4-2 shall be used.
The consequence factor KFI depends on the consequences class:
CC3: KFI = 1,1
Medium consequences class CC2: KFI = 1,0
The low consequences class, CC1, is not applied for geotechnical structures.
Table A.4-1 Partial factors for UPL verification
F
Unfavourable
G;dst
1,1KFI
Favourable
G;stb
0.9
Unfavourable
G;dst
1,1KFI
Favourable
G;stb
0,9
Variable action,
Buildings
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,5KFI
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
Variable action,
Bridges)
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,4KFI5)
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
Self-weight, general
Permanent action
1)
Self-weight of soil
and (ground) water,
geotechnical structures 2)

1,2
Effective cohesion
1,2
cu
1,8
Shaft resistance, piles in tension
s;t
1,3
Pull-out resistance for

anchors
1,3
7)
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
1)
2)
3)
5)
7)
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Table A.4-2 Partial factors for UPL verification

- valid solely for structures where water pressures have been fixed to the limits by overflow arrangements;
- no stabilising adhesive and frictional actions on the vertical sectional surfaces may be taken into account.
F
Unfavourable
G;dst
1,0KFI
Favourable
G;stb
1,0
vourable
G;dst
1,05KFI
Favourable
G;stb
1,0
Variable action,
Buildings
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,5KFI
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
Variable action,
Bridges 3)
Leading
Unfavourable
Q,1
1,4KFI5)
Accompanying
Unfavourable
Q,i
1,50KFI
Self-weight, general
Permanent action
1)
Self-weight of soil
and (ground) water,
geotechnical structures 2)
(Unfa-
1,2
Effective cohesion
1,2
cu
1,8
Shaft resistance, piles in tension
s;t
1,3
Pull out resistance for anchors
1,3
7)
1)
2)
3)
5)
7)
(3)P For pure uplift problems (e.g. for dry docks, basins and basements), the verification shall be
based on either the values stated in Table A.4-1 with partial factor G,stb = 0.9 on the permanent actions and partial factor G,dst = 1.1 KFI on the buoyancy or the values stated in Table A.4-2 with partial factor G,stb = 1.0 on the permanent actions and partial factor G,dst = 1.05KFI on the buoyancy,
disregarding shear forces on the vertical sectional surfaces. The most adverse, realistic water level
as well as carefully assessed permanent actions are to be considered.
(4) Pure uplift problems refer to verifications, unequivocally related to the uplift limit state (UPL).
The contrast to this is the uplift related to stability analyses and design of spread foundations, where
the uplift is an integrated part of the structural (STR) and geotechnical (GEO) limit states analysis.
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(5)P The two sets of partial factors in 3(P) may be used at the designers discretion for verifying the
UPL limit state provided that the underlying assumptions of the two methods are obeyed. The partial factors in Table A.4-1 represent the basic case, where stabilising shear forces can be included.
The partial factors given in Table A.4-2 can be applied solely for structures, where the water pressures have been fixed to well-defined limits by overflow arrangements, and where stabilising shear
forces on the vertical sectional surfaces are ignored.
NOTE Overflow arrangements may be a combination of overflow via the top edge or openings in walls and/or via
goosenecks through the floor structure. Requisite capacity with respect to quantity and distribution throughout the structure is to be ensured by the arrangement of drains. Overflow of water constitutes a stabilising element, and water is not
to be pumped away, until the water pressures have been stabilised at an acceptable level.
(6) For geotechnical structures where the weight of parts of the structure and water are the leading
forces, the use of structural means to provide well-based assumptions with a relatively low degree
of associated design safety may often be preferred instead of verifying greater design safety with
less established assumptions. For example, to secure a structure against erosion and uplift, it will
usually not be sufficient solely to apply a partial factor for the water pressure. It will be necessary to
protect the structure by structural measures.
(7)P To the extent that the verification of uplift is based upon tensile elements, the block effect shall
be verified by using the same partial factors as applied for the individual tensile element.
(8)P The configuration of a group of tensile structural elements shall ensure that the individual tensile element as well as the group is counteracted by the effective weight of a ground volume, at least
corresponding to Rd and Rd, respectively. is the correlation factor, is the partial factor,
and Rd and Rd are the requisite design resistances of the individual tensile element and the group
of elements, respectively.
NOTE Shear forces may be taken into account for the active part of the anchorages (the tensile elements), even though
shear forces along vertical sectional surfaces are not to be included when using Table A.4-2.
(9)P If a tensile element has been incorporated for obtaining static equilibrium, this element shall be
designed to compensate the out of balance static equilibrium.
(10)P The level in the ground, above which the stabilising ground volume is defined, is the level at
which compatibility between deformations and forces are achieved for the tensile element.
NOTE In engineering practice, the stabilising ground volume is often calculated as a truncated cone, inclined 1:2 (horizontal/vertical). For conventional bond type ground anchors this truncated cone has the starting level halfway down the
anchor bond length, as no forces are transmitted along the free length of the tendon. For compression type ground anchors the nadir top point may refer to the very anchor toe.For piles, the stabilising soil volume will depend on the distribution of the shear resistance along the pile shaft.
A.5
Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit state (HYD) verification
(1)P Partial factors for hydraulic heave limit state (HYD) verification in DK are those applied for
uplift limit state (UPL) verification.
NOTE Piping and erosion require special considerations.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
A.6
Partial factors, correlation factors and model factors for serviceability

and accidental limit states verification
(1)P For serviceability limit states and accidental situations, partial factors M=1,0 for the strength
and deformation parameters of ground and structural materials shall be used. For piles and anchors,
partial factors R = 1,0 and correlation factors =1,0 are applied. Design values of actions are
determined according to DS/EN 1990 (Table A.1.3).
(2) Model factors for actions in serviceability limit states should be determined on the basis of an
interaction analysis using varying stiffness for the ground, the anchors and the structure. The value
of the model factor is determined such that the safety of the anchor resistance always corresponds to
the safety at the ultimate limit state.
(3) The factors for the combination values of variable actions, 0, 1 and 2, in DS/EN 1990
should be applied taking into account the duration of the action and the ground properties.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Annex D - informative
Spread foundations - Analytical method for bearing resistance calculation
D.1
General
(1) The design vertical bearing resistance, Rd, of a foundation should be examined both for undrained
and drained conditions.
(2) Allowance should be made for the effects of the following:
the strength of the ground, generally represented by the design values of cu, c' and ';
eccentricity and inclination of design loads;
the shape, depth and inclination of the foundation;
the slope of the ground surface;
ground water pressures and hydraulic gradients;
the variability of the ground, especially layering.
(3) It is not possible to provide a general definition of deposits able to resist loads. Examples of
deposits that may not be considered to be resisting without special measures include gyttja, peat,
post-glacial clay, topsoil, uncontrolled fill, and re-excavated or frozen soil.
(4) Frost-safe depth for foundations may in DK normally be taken as 0,9 m for conventional
buildings and 1,2 m for detached structures. The depth may be reduced by heating or insulation.
(5) For foundations on clay with IP >15 %, desiccation and water absorption may cause
considerable vertical and horizontal movements which may be met by using a fortified foundation
(extra foundation depth, reinforcement) and by specifying restrictions on vegetation close to the
foundation.
D.2
Analytical method
D.2.1
General information regarding the analytical method
(1) The following symbols are used in Annex D.

A' = B' L the design effective foundation area
b the design values of the factors for the inclination of the foundation, with subscripts c, q and
B the foundation width
B' the effective foundation width
e the eccentricity of the resultant action, with subscripts B and L
H the horizontal load
i the inclination factors of the load, with subscripts cohesion c, surcharge q and weight density
L the foundation length
L' the effective foundation length
m exponent in formulas for the inclination factor i
N the bearing capacity factors, with subscripts for c, q and
q overburden or surcharge pressure at the level of the foundation base
q' the design effective overburden pressure at the level of the foundation base
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
the shape factors of the foundation base, with subscripts for c, q and
the vertical load
the inclination of the foundation base to the horizontal
structure-ground interface friction angle
' the design effective weight density of the soil below the foundation level
s
V
(2) The equations given in clauses D.2.2 and D.2.3 for the design vertical bearing resistance may be
used with the following clarification: for design purposes, the strength of the ground, generally represented by the design values of cu, c and , is assumed to be constant for the ground volume governing the limit state considered.
D.2.2
Undrained conditions
(1) The design resistance is calculated from:
Rd / A' 2 cu;d bc sc ic q
(D.1)
with the dimensionless factors for:

the inclination of the foundation base:
2
bc 1
2
the shape of foundation:
sc 1 0,2 B' / L'
the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:
1
H
ic 1 1
2
A' cu ;d
where H A' cu ;d
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
D.2.3
Drained conditions
(1) The design resistance is calculated from:
Rd / A' c' d N c bc sc ic q' N q bq s q iq 0,5 ' B' N b s i
(D.2)
with the design values of dimensionless factors for:

the bearing resistance:
N q e tan d tan 2 (45 'd / 2)
Nc N q 1cot 'd
N 1 / 4 N q 1cos 'd
3/ 2
provided that d ' / 2 (rough base)
the inclination of the foundation base:
bc bq 1 bq / Nc tan d '
bq b 1 tan d '
the shape of foundation:
sq sc 1 0,2 B' / L'

s 1 0,4 B' / L'
the inclination of the load, caused by a horizontal load H:
i iq2
Hd
iq ic 1
Vd A' c'd cot 'd
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Appendix to Annex H - informative

As a supplement to the provisions given in Annex H, it may be specified as guidance for conventional building structures that settlements for floors on the ground should not exceed the settlements of
the adjoining walls by more than 5 mm.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Annex K - informative
Special conditions for geotechnical investigations and parameters
K.1
General
(1) Deposits lying below stiff, late-glacial deposits, or older strata are generally characterised by good
strength and deformation properties. Important exceptions are:
late-glacial Allerd deposits;
inter-glacial marine and marsh deposits;
fissured clay, where the exception relates to normal structural actions;
clays characterised by IP >15 %, where the exception relates to seasonal variations of water content (vegetation);
calcareous deposits crushed by ice or disintegrated (dissolved) by percolation of surface water
("sinkholes").
(2) A geological evaluation is to be made of soil samples or of soil strata on site in order to ensure that
the investigation covers all significant soil strata, including in particular:
highly compressible deposits consisting of gyttja, peat, post-glacial clay, topsoil, uncontrolled
fill and remoulded soil;
swelling clays;
deposits susceptible to sliding.
The investigation is normally to be performed down to stiff late-glacial deposits or older strata. If this
is not possible, the investigation is to be carried out to a depth beyond which the strata have no substantial influence on the resistance of the structure to failure, or on its movements and deformations.
K.2
Design investigations
(1) Design investigations comprise various types of geophysical surveys, mechanical explorations,
test drillings or test pits with sampling, vane tests and registration of water tables, measurement of
pore water pressures, pumping tests and laboratory analyses. The laboratory analyses comprise geological evaluation and soil description, classification tests and more specialised tests to determine
strength, deformation properties, permeability and geochemical properties, etc. It is practical to divide
design investigations into three phases:
Site investigations, which will typically include a few separate investigation points (boreholes,
CPT etc.) to give a rough estimate of the foundation conditions of a given site. At the same time
it could be investigated whether the site is contaminated. The object of such investigation will
e.g. be to point out the most appropriate areas for placing of the building.
Parameter investigations, which will typically be investigations to determine which kind of
foundation will be appropriate for a given project. Such investigations will normally be performed to such an extent that they can form the basis for a foundation project. In case of contamination, tests from the drillings will often be analysed to estimate the environmental conditions.
Optimisation investigations, which are usually performed to obtain an economic optimisation
of a foundation project. In this connection it might be advantageous to assign the project to
Geotechnical Category 3.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
(2) For the extent of design investigations, reference is made to DS/EN 1997-2.
K.3
Geotechnical categories
(1) Structures of Geotechnical Category 1 are not to involve the risk of damaging neighbouring structures, sewage and supply pipes, public traffic areas, etc.
(2) Structures with spread foundations, fillings and floors supported directly on the soil should only be
assigned to Geotechnical Category 1 when the foundation bed consists of stiff, late-glacial deposits or
older deposits, which are not included in the exceptions specified in clause K.1.
(3) The following are examples of structures or parts of structures which can be assigned to Geotechnical Category 1:
light buildings with a maximum design foundation action of 250 kN for spread footings and 100
kN per m for continuous footing, for which no special requirements regarding settlement conditions etc. are made;
0,30 m and 0,40 m thick in situ cast concrete basement walls subject to earth pressure; wall sections up to 10 m2 and 15 m2, when the walls are supported only by transverse walls and basement floor, respectively, and 15 m2 and 20 m2, respectively, when the basement wall is also restrained on top by e.g. a floor. It is assumed that walls do not have openings for windows or
doors;
gravity walls and retaining walls for excavations, where the difference in the ground levels does
not exceed 2 m;
fillings with a maximum depth of 3 m;
pipes and drainage which can be laid in accordance with standard procedures as specified in the
relevant standards;
compacted sand fillings below floors not exceeding 0,6 m;
floor slabs and pavements established with dimensions according to common practice without
detailed design analyses;
cuttings with inclinations not exceeding 1 vertical to 1,5 horizontal and a maximum difference
in level of 4 m.
(4) The design action of Geotechnical Category 2 is not to exceed 5 000 kN for spread foundations or
1 000 kN per m strip foundation. For structures with such foundations, the design bearing pressure of
the effective area is not to exceed 1 000 kN/m2 in Geotechnical Category 2.
(5) Where a project, e.g. by excavation, pile driving or ground water lowering, involves a risk of damaging neighbouring structures, sewage and supply lines, public traffic areas, or similar, the geotechnical investigations and calculations with regard to these neighbouring structures should at least correspond to Geotechnical Category 2, adapted to the nature, size and foundation of these structures.
(6) Where permanent damage to structures or bearing strata can occur without prior warning due to
the absence or failure of ground water lowering or drainage systems, the structure should be assigned
to Geotechnical Category 3.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
(7) Foundation on chalk with cavities and on Tertiary high plasticity clay is to be analysed and assigned to Geotechnical Category 3.
(8) In deposits where the permeability increases with depth, excavations considerably below the water
table is to be assigned to Geotechnical Category 3.
K.4
Geotechnical parameters
(1) For plane strain conditions, the angle of shearing resistance, pl, for sand and gravel should be
determined by increasing the angle of shearing resistance determined by triaxial measurement, corresponding to pl = (1 + 0,1 ID) tr.
NOTE When the analytical methods are applied to determine bearing resistances of foundations according to DS/EN
1997-1 DK NA, clause D.2, the plane angle of shearing resistance may be used.
(2) For unloading (excavation and active earth pressure) in fissured clay and clay with slickensides,
c = 0 is assumed. For loading conditions (resistance or passive pressure) fully developed failure,
particularly for normally consolidated deposits, may cause deformations of a magnitude that only
allows the corresponding strength parameters to be defined by applying deformation dependent failure criteria.
NOTE Apart from unloading for fissured clay and clay with slickensides, effective cohesion in the ground may be
taken into account when the effective normal stress on the failure surface is positive.
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DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
Annex L - informative
Pile foundations. Analytical method for bearing resistance calculation
(1) The bearing resistance of individual prismatic or cylindrical piles with the base into cohesive
soil should be determined by:
Rc;k
Rt ;k
Rb;ber Rs;ber
for compression piles
Rs;ber
for tension piles
where
Rb; ber 9 cu Ab
Rs; ber
in cohesive soil
mrc
i 1
n
Asi in cohesive soil
Rs ;ber N m qm' Asi in non-cohesive soil

i 1
Ab cross-sectional area
Asi surface area in ground layer i
Nm 0,6 for compression piles
N m 0,2 for tension piles
1,0 for wood
m 1,0 for concrete

0,7 for steel
(2) For driven piles with the base in very firm glacial clay, the following empirical expression may
be used:
Rb; ber 18 cu Ab
(3) The regeneration factor r will depend on the strength of the clay, and r will decrease with increasing strength. Where a precise determination is not made, the regeneration factor for cohesive
soil may be taken as r = 0,4, when the strengths used in the calculations do not exceed cu = 500
kN/m2 . For geostatic calculation of the downdrag r = 1,0 should be assumed.
(4) For calculation of the pile base resistance, the strength in the layers above as well as below the
pile base level should be taken into account.
Page 31 of 33
DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
(5) For driven piles with the base in non-cohesive soil, the geostatic calculation is so unreliable that
it should not be used for the final determination of the compressive resistance.
(6) For bored cast in situ piles, the resistance may be considerably lower than for corresponding
driven piles. A shaft resistance greater than 30% of the shaft resistance of the corresponding driven
pile or a design base resistance greater than 1000 kN/m2 should not be assumed, unless recognised
documentation allowing a larger bearing resistance is available.
(7) Where a pile driving formula is applied to determine the resistance of compression piles, the
validity of the formula is to be based either on recognised documentation or measured in static load
tests on the same pile type, of similar length and cross-section, and in similar conditions.
(8) For piles driven into conhesionless soil, the characteristic ultimate resistance can be determined
using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula".
(9) In Geotechnical Category 1, the Danish Pile Driving Formula is allowed being used when the
pile base is driven below the compressible layers.
(10) The characteristic ultimate bearing resistance, Rc,k, of piles driven by drop hammer may be
determined using the "Danish Pile Driving Formula:
Rdyn;m
Rc;k Rdyn;k
where
Rdyn;m
s0
hG
s 0,5s0
2hGLp
Ab E
0 (1 tan )
efficiency factor
0 efficiency factor for vertical lead
friction coefficient between hammer and lead
inclination of the lead
weight of the drop hammer
vertical component of the drop height
is the permanent subsidence of pile per blow
Lp pile length
Ab cross-sectional area of the pile
E
modulus of elasticity of the pile.
Page 32 of 33
DS/EN 1997-1 DK NA:2013
The formula assumes the use of the following values of the moduli of elasticity:
Concrete piles
E = 20 106 kN/m 2
Wooden piles
E = 10 106 kN/m 2
Steel piles
E = 210 106 kN/m 2 .
For piles shorter than 20 times the pile width, the mean value of the actual pile length and 20 times
the pile width should be inserted in the pile driving formula. For wooden piles, the mean diameter is
used for calculating the area Ab. For steel piles, Ab is the cross-sectional area of the steel.
(11) For minor pile foundations, the serviceability limit state analysis may normally be reduced to
an analysis of the influence of downdrag on the settlements, provided there are no highly compressible deposits below the pile bases. The analysis may be performed as a substitute calculation, subject to the following conditions:
Fc;d Fneg
Rb;ber Rs;ber
Fc;d
design axial compression load in the ultimate limit state with the square-root of
partial factors for load combination STR/GEO without contribution from
downdrag
Fneg
design downdrag of the pile using partial factor R = 1,0 and correlation factor =
1,0, determined as the lower value of the shaft resistance above the underside of
compressible strata or the action generating settlements
Rb;ber, Rs;ber
part of the design resistance of the pile due to the strata below the compressible
deposits
correlation factor according to clause A.3.2 of this National Annex
partial factor in accordance with Tables A.3-2, A.4-1 and A.4-2 of this National
Annex.
(12) For geostatic calculation of downdrag, the upper characteristic values of the soil strength
should be applied.
Page 33 of 33
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