Comparative/superlative

Comparative is the name for the grammar used when comparing two things. The two basic ways to compare are
using as .. as or than. Examples of each are shown below:

She's twice as old as her sister.

He's not as stupid as he looks!

I'm almost as good in maths as in science.

This book is not as exciting as the last one.

The cafeteria is not as crowded as usual.

Russian is not quite as difficult as Chinese.

This computer is better than that one.

She's stronger at chess than I am.

It's much colder today than it was yesterday.

Our car is bigger than your car.

This grammar topic is easier than most others.

I find science more difficult than mathematics.

Today's ESL lesson was more interesting than usual.

Note: In each of the example sentences above, the comparative form of

the adjective is shown. See the foot of this page for information about the comparison
of adverbs.
When comparing with as .. as, the adjective does not change. When comparing with than, however, some changes
are necessary, depending on the number of syllables the adjective has:
1-syllable adjectives: add -er to the adjective

My sister is much taller than me.

It's colder today than it was yesterday.

Note: If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually
doubled in the comparative. Examples: big-bigger, fat-fatter, hot-hotter.
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y: change the -y to -ier

She's looking happier today.

This grammar topic is easier than the last one.

Why is everyone else luckier than me?

Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in -y must be
compared with the word more. Example: I drive more quickly (quicklier) than my
brother.
Other 2-syllable adjectives: use more with the unchanged adjective

The shops are always more crowded just before Christmas.

Is there anything more boring than reading about grammar?

My sister is more careful with her writing than I am with mine.

Note: The comparative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with -er.
Examples:simple-simpler, clever-cleverer, narrow-narrower. To be sure which
comparative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.
Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: use more with the unchanged adjective

Russian grammar is more difficult than English grammar.

My sister is much more intelligent than me.

I find maths lessons more enjoyable than science lessons.

The older you get, the more irritating you become.

In the superlative you talk about one thing only and how it is the best, worst, etc. You do not compare two things. The
following guidelines apply to the superlative:
1-syllable adjectives: add -est to the adjective (plus the)

My sister is the tallest in our family.

Yesterday was the coldest day of the year so far.

Note: If the word ends: consonant-vowel-consonant, then the last consonant is usually
doubled in the superlative. Examples: big-biggest, fat-fattest, hot-hottest.
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y: change the -y to -iest (plus the)

The richest people are not always the happiest.

Which do you think is the easiest language to learn?

She's the luckiest person I know.

Beware: Do not confuse adjectives and adverbs. 2-syllable adverbs ending in -y form
their superlative with the words the most. Example: Of all the people I know my father
drives the most quickly (quickliest).
Other 2-syllable adjectives: use the most with the unchanged adjective

The most boring thing about ESL class is doing grammar exercises.

My sister is the most careful person I know.

Note: The superlative of some shorter 2-syllable adjectives can be formed with -er.
Examples:simple-simplest, clever-cleverest, narrow-narrowest. To be sure which
superlative method to use, you will need to consult a good dictionary.
Adjectives with 3 or more syllables: use the most with the unchanged adjective

Some people think that Russian is the most difficult language.

Albert Einstein was the most intelligent person in history.

My most enjoyable class is English.

You are the most irritating person I have ever met!

Following are two common irregular comaparative/superlative forms:

good-better-the best

bad-worse-the worst

The following guidelines apply to the comparative/superlative of most adverbs:

1-syllable adverbs: add -er/-est

I can run faster than you. / I can run the fastest in my class.

She works harder than me. / She works the hardest of all students.

Other adverbs: use more / the most*

She ran more quickly than me. / Of all the students she ran the most quickly.

* In informal English it is common to hear the adjectival comparative/superlative form of

two-syllable adverbs. For example: She ran quicker than me. | She ran the quickest.
Many educated English speakers prefer to use the nominative plus a verb rather than
the accusative in such comparative sentences, especially in formal situations. They say,
for example,My sister is taller than I am. or She ran more quickly than I did.
The alternative, omitting the verb as in the following examples, is considered to be even
more formal and is avoided by most British English speakers: My sister is taller than I.
or She ran more quickly than I.

Yuna : Hi Henry, good morning!

(Hai Henry, selamat pagi!)
Henry: Hi, good morning!
(Hai, selamat pagi!)
Yuna : How are you today Henry?
(Apa kabarmu hari ini Henry?)
Henry: I am fine. How about you?
(Aku baik. Bagaimana denganmu?)

Yuna : I am fine too thank you. What is that Henry?

(Aku juga baik. Apa itu Henry?)
Henry: Oh,, this is the task given by Mr. Chen. I just read it, but I
cant understand it well. It is quite difficult I thought. Have you
read it?
(Oh.. ini adalah tugas yang diberikan oleh oleh Pak guru Chen.
Aku baru saja membacanya, tapi aku tidak bisa memahaminya
dengan baik. Tugasnya cukup sulit menurutku. Apakah kamu
sudah membacanya?)
Yuna : Yes, I have read it.
(Iya, aku sudah membaca tugasnya.)
MATERI LAINNYA Contoh Percakapan 2 Orang Dalam Bahasa Inggris di Pasar Beserta Artinya

Henry: What do you think?

(Bagaimana menurutmu?)
Yuna : I do think it is difficult. I also cant understand it well.
(Aku juga berpikir itu sulit. Aku juga tidak dapat memahaminya
dengan baik.)
Henry: Hm.. how if we do it together? Study together?
(Hm.. bagaimana kalau kita mengerjakan tugasnya bersama?
Belajar bersama?)
Yuna : Thats good idea.
(Itu ide yang bagus.)
Henry: So, where will we go? At my house or yours?
(Jadi, kita akan kemana? Ke rumahku atau rumahmu?)
Yuna : I think, it is better if we study at my house. We can ask to
my sister June if we get difficulties in doing the task. Probably my
sister can help us.
(Aku pikir, lebih baik jika kita belajar bersama di rumahku. Kita
bisa bertanya pada kakakku June jika kita mengalami kesulitan
saat mengerjakan tugasnya. Mungkin saja kakakku bisa
membantu kita.)
Henry: Thats right. At what time will we start?
(Itu benar. Jam berapa kita akan mulai belajar?)
Yuna : How about 3 p.m after school. Can you?
(Bagaimana kalau jam 3 sore sepulang sekolah. Kamu bisakan?)
Henry: Of course I can!
(Tentu saja aku bisa.)
Yuna: Thats good then.
(Baguslah kalau begitu.)
Henry: Oh.. the bell is ringing. Lets go to class!
(Oh.. bel tanda masuk sudah berbunyi. Ayo kita masuk ke kelas!)
Yuna : Lets go!

Berdasarkan waktu, tenses dibagi menjadi 3 waktu:

1.

Sekarang (Present)

2.

Dulu (Past)

3.

Akan datang (Future)

Masing-masing dari 3 waktu tersebut dikategorikan menjadi 3 bagian berdasarkan cara mengerjakannya:
1.

Simple (Sederhana). Artinya tidak ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaanya tersebut sedang
dilakukan, telah dilakukan atau masih berlangung.

2.

Continuous (Sedang dilakukan). Artinya ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaanya tersebut sedang
dilakukan.

3.

Perfect (Telah dilakukan). Artinya ingin menunjukkan bahwa pekerjaannya telah selesai
dilakukan.

B. 16 Tenses dalam Bahasa Inggris:

Berikut ini adalah 16 Tenses dalam Bahasa Inggris dan Contoh Kalimatnya. Untuk memperoleh
penjelasan yang lebih detail, klik pada nama tenses yang kamu inginkan.
1.

Simple Present
(+) S + V1 (+es/s)

e.g: Sun Rises from east (matahari terbit dari timur).

(-) S + Do/Does + not +V1

e.g: I dont know where to go.

(?) Do/Does + not + S + V1?

e.g: Do you speak English (apakah kamu berbahasa Inggris?)

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan kebenaran mutlak. seperti contoh nomor 1.
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan rutin. e.g: I go to school everyday
2.

Present Continuous.
(+) S + am/is/are + Ving

e.g: I am going to your home tomorrow

(-) S + am/is/are + not + Ving

e.g: I am not crying

(?) Am/is/are + S + Ving?

e.g: Are you still waiting for some one?

Fungsi:
Menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sedang berlangsung
Menunjukkan Pekerjaan yang pasti dilakukan di masa yang akan datang (contoh nomor 1)
3.

Present Perfect
(+) S + have/has + V3

e.g: Peter has gone just now.

(-) S + have/has + not + V3

e.g: I have not done my home work yet.

(?) Have/has + S + V3?

e.g: Have you already taken a bath?

Fungsinya:
Menunjukkan pekerjaan yang telah usai pada saat sekarang.
4.

Present Perfect Continuous

(+) S + have/has + been + Ving

e.g: It has been raining since at six oclock

(-) S + have/has + not + been + Ving

e.g:I havent been eating for whole day

(?) Have/has + S + been + Ving

e.g: Has she been waiting for me for a long this time?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sudah terjadi dan masih ada kemungkinan terjadi sampai
nanti.

5.

Simple Past.
(+) S + V2 + O

e.g: I went to school alone yesterday.

(-) S + did + not + Inf (V1)

(?) Did + S + Inf (V1)

e.g: You didnt tell that you took my money yesterday.

e.g: Did you came home last year?

Fungsi:
Menunjukkan pekerjaan yang terjadi pada masa lampau, tanpa ingin menekankan bahwa ia sedang,
atau telah selesai melakukan pekerjaan tsb.
6.

Past Continuous.
(+) S + was/were + Ving

e.g: I was sleeping when you came.

(-) S + was/were + not + Ving e.g: You werent listening to me when I was singing
(?) Was/were + S + Ving

e.g: Was she still reading while father called her?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau, ketika pekerjaan lain terjadi,
baik pekerjaan lain itu menyela (seperti contoh nomor1) atau terjadi bersama-sama (seperti contoh
nomor 2).
7.

Past Perfect.
(+) S + Had + V3

e.g: She had gone before you came

(-) S + Had + not + V3 e.g: I hadnt already taken a bath when you visit me
(?) Had + S + V3

e.g: had you already graduated from senior high school last year?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang telah selesai ketika pekerjaan lain baru dimulai pada masa
lampau.
8.

Past Perfect Continuous.

(+) S + had + been + Ving

e.g: Rooney had been playing football for 3 years till he decided to

stop last year.

(-) S+had+not+been+Ving e.g: I had not learning English for a year at 2010
(?) had+S+been+Ving

e.g: Had father been working at PT.Astra for 10 years last year?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sudah terjadi pada masa lalu dan masih berlangsung hingga
waktu tertentu pada masa lampau.
9.

Simple Future.
(+) S + will + Inf (V1)

e.g: I will always love you if you love me to

(-) S + will+ not + Inf (V1) e.g: I wont let you go

(?) Will + S + Inf (V1)

e.g: will you come to my party?

Fungsinya:
Menunjukkan pekerjaan sederhana yang akan terjadi
Untuk membuat Conditional Sentence type I.
10.

Future Continuous.
(+) S + will + be + Ving

e.g: he will be climbing Krakatau with her friends on sunday

(-) S+ will + not + be + Ving e.g: I wont be traveling next week.

(?) Will + S + be + Ving

e.g: will you be still sleeping at 7 a.m tomorrow morning?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sedang terjadi pada masa yang akan datang.
11.

Future Perfect.
(+) S + will + have + V3

e.g: he will have arrived by the end of this month

(-) S + will + have + not + V3 e.g: he will not have slept at the time you go home.
(?) Will + S + have + V3

e.g: will you have taken bath at 4 pm?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang telah selesai di masa yang akan datang.

12.

Future Perfect Continuous.

(+) S+will+have+been+Ving,

e.g: he will have been working for 3 hours at 9 am tomorrow.

(-) S+will+have+not+been+Ving, e.g: she will have not been traveling for 3 weeks next sunday.
(?) Will+S+have+been+Ving,

e.g: will you have been diving in the sea for 3 hours at mid day?

Fungsi:
Sama dengan Present Perfect Continuous, bedanya: kejadiannya tidak sekarang tapi di masa
depan.
13.

Past Future.
(+): S + would + Infinitive/V1,

e.g: I would have gone if you didnt prevent me.

(-): S + would + not + Infinitive/V1, e.g: You would not come to your party yesterday, whatever
happened.
(?): Would + S + Infinitive/V1,

e.g: would you attend my wedding party if I invited you?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang akan dilakukan pada masa lampau.
Untuk membuat kalimat Conditional Sentence Type II.
14.

Past Future Continuous.

(+) S + would + be + Ving

e.g: When I was born, He would be working at this company for 2

years
(-) S + would + not + be + Ving

e.g: You would not be walking alone, if I were not sick.

(?) Would + S + be + Ving

e.g: would you be standing by me, if I slept yesterday?

Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang akan sedang dilakukan di masa lampau.
15.

Past Future Perfect.

(+) S + would + have + been + V3

e.g: This house would have been painted if all workers

had came yesterday.

(-) S + would + not + have + been + V3 e.g: It would not have been finished by the end of last
month.
(?) Would +S+ have+ been+ V3

e.g: Would he have been delivered all my orders if I had

paid my bill?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang akan sudah selesai dilakukan pada masa lampau.
Untuk membuat kalimat Conditional Sentence Type III.
16.

Past Future Perfect Continuous.

(+) S + would + have + been + V-ing

e.g: You would have been sleeping

(-) S + would + not + have + been + V-ing e.g: She would not have been crying
(?) Would + S + have + been + V-ing?

e.g: Would you have living at London for 3 years last

year?
Fungsi:
Untuk menunjukkan pekerjaan yang sedianya akan telah dilakukan dan masih dilakukan pada masa
lalu.
Exercise, please translate in english

1.

Apakah kamu mempunyai seekor kucing ?

2.

Bunga pergi ke kampus tadi malam ?

3.

Teman-temanku sedang melihat film sekarang

4.

Saya sudah mengerjakan pr saya

5.

Kita akan mengikuti tes bahasa inggris minggu depan

6.

Saya akan mengunjungi bali di hari sabtu

7.

Dia sedang mandi sekarang

8.

Saya tidak membaca koran setiap hari

9.

Saya tidak membeli makanan dan minuman kemarin

10. Dia tidak akan meninggalkanmu

11. Kapan kamu akan mengunjungiku?
12. Sudahkah kamu membeli baju ?
13. Sudahkah kamu berbicara dlm bhs inggris ?
14. Saya sudah membawa semua perlengkapan
15. Saya belum minum kopi
16. Saya belum bertemu dia
17. Saya pergi ke kampus kemarin
18. Apakah kamu mempunyai kamus bahasa inggris ?
19. Apa yg sedang kamu lakukan skrg?
20. Kita sedang belajar sekarang
Nama saya dewi. Saya 20 tahun, saya berasal dari jawa barat. Saya tinggal di jalan kaliurang no
100. Saya adalah mahasiswa ugm. Saya menyukai kucing dan anjing. Saya juga suka berenang
dan memasak. Saya memasak setiap hari dan saya berenang setiap minggu sekali. Saya suka
membaca buku dan majalah. Saya mengambil jurusan akuntansi. Saya nyaman tinggal di
yogyakarta, ada banyak mall dan tempat wisata disini. Itu semua tentang diri saya. Makasih.

VERB / KATA KERJA

BENTUK 1

BENTUK 2

BENTUK 3

GO

WENT

STUDY

STUDIED

MAKE

MADE

BUY

BOUGHT

WRITE

WROTE

WRITEN

MENULIS

SEND

SENT

SENT

MENULIS

BRING

BROUGH

STAND

STOOD

STOOD

BERDIRI

SPEAK

SPOKE

SPOKEN

BERBICARA

GIVE

GAVE

GIVEN

MEMBERI

CHOOSE

GONE

PERGI
STUDIED

MADE

BROUGH

CHOSEN

DRINK

DRANK

DRUNK

MINUM

DRIVE

DROVE

DRIVEN

MENYETIR

FORGET

FORGOT

FORGOTEN

MELUPAKAN

FORGIVE

FORGAVE

BELAJAR

MEMBUAT
BOUGHT

CHOSE

ARTI

FORGIVEN

KEEP

KEPT

KEPT

MENYIMPAN

MEET

MET

MET

BERTEMU

MEMBELI

MEMBAWA

MEMILIH

MEMAAFKAN

PUT

PUT

PUT

MELETAKAN

READ

READ

READ

MEMBACA

SEE

SAW

SEEN

MELIHAT

TRY

TRIED

TRIED

MENCOBA

CHANGE

CHANGED

CHANGED

UNDERSTAND

UNDERSTOOD

UNDERSTOOD

MENGERTI

EAT

ATE

EATEN

MAKAN

TAKE

TOOK

TAKEN

MENGAMBIL

DRIVE

DROVE

DRIVEN

MENGENDARAI

PUSH

PUSH

PUSH

MENDORONG

ADD

ADDED

ADDED

MENAMBAH

HAVE

HAD

HAD

MEMPUNYAI

WANT

WANTED

MAKE

MADE

MADE

MEMBUAT

SLEEP

SLEPT

SLEPT

TIDUR

Play

played

played

bermain

Increase

increased

WANTED

increased

BERUBAH

MENGINGINKAN

meningkatkan