THESIS

MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL

INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR (D-InSAR) AND ITS APPLICATION TO
MONITORING LAND SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS

PUTU EDI YASTIKA

POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2015

THESIS

MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL

INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE
RADAR (D-InSAR) AND ITS APPLICATION TO
MONITORING LAND SURFACE DISPLACEMENTS

PUTU EDI YASTIKA

NIM 1391261009

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

GRADUATE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2015

MULTI-TEMPORAL ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIAL

INTERFEROMETRY SYNTHETIC APERTURE RADAR (D-InSAR) AND
ITS APPLICATION TO MONITORING LAND SURFACE
DISPLACEMENTS

Thesis to Get Master Degree at Graduate Study of Environmental Science

Postgraduate Program Udayana University

PUTU EDI YASTIKA

NIM 1391261009

MASTER DEGREE PROGRAM

GRADUATE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2015
ii

AGREEMENT SHEET
THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED
ON AUGUST 25th, 2015

Knowing,

Head of Graduate Study

Director of

on Environmental Science
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University

Postgraduate Program
Udayana University

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS.

NIP. 196703031994031002

Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K).

NIP. 195902151985102001

iii

Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture

Radar (D-InSAR) and Its Application to Monitoring Land Surface
Displacements
Thesis
Thesis to Get Master Degree
At Graduate Study of Environmental Science
Postgraduate Program Udayana University
By:
Putu Edi Yastika
Approved by:

Committee Member,

Committee Member,

Asst. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa

Dr. I Wayan Nuarsa, M.Si.

NIP. 196805111993031003

Committee Member,

Committee Member,

Prof. I Wayan Arthana, MS. PhD.

NIP. 196007281986091001

Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS.

NIP. 196703031994031002

Head of Committee,

Prof. Made Sudiana Mahendra, PhD.

NIP. 195611021983031001
iv

This Thesis Has Been Examined and Assessed

By the Examiner Committees of Postgraduate Program Udayana University
On August 13th, 2014

Based on the Letter of Agreement from Rector of Udayana University

Number

: 2470/UN.14.4/HK/2015

Date

: August 7th, 2015

The Examiner Committees are:

Head of Examiner : Prof. Made Sudiana Mahendra, PhD.
Members:
1. Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS.
2. Prof. Ir. I Wayan Arthana, MS, PhD.
3. Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M. Si.
4. Ass. Prof. Dr. Takahiro Osawa

STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM

The undersigned below:

Name

: Putu Edi Yastika

Students ID

: 1391261009

Dates of Born

: Bengkel, August 2nd 1990

Address

: Jalan Pendidikan, Gang Baja III/8 Denpasar

Thesis Title

: Multi-Temporal

Analysis

for

Differential

Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR)

and Its Application to Monitoring Land Surface
Displacements

Hereby declare that the scientific work is plagiarism free. If in the future
prove to have plagiarism in scientific work, and then I am willing to accept
sanctions in accordance with the regulations of the Minister of Republic number 17
in 2010 and regulations applicable in the Republic of Indonesia.

Denpasar, August 2015

I respectfully,

Putu Edi Yastika

vi

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Om Swastyastu Awignam Astu Nama Sidham, I am grateful to Ida Sang

Hyang Widhi Wasa the almighty God for the good health and wellbeing that were
necessary to complete this Thesis.
It is with great pleasure that I present my sincere thanks to all those who
helped me to complete this work.
I would like to express my deep gratitude to Professor Norikazu Shimizu,
my supervisors, for his patient guidance, enthusiastic encouragement and useful
suggestions to finishing this research through dozens of research meeting. I would
also like to thank Professor Tasuku Tanaka, for his advice and support in keeping
my progress on schedule.
My sincere thanks to Dr. Masanobu Shimada for his valuable advice and
knowledge to enhancing this research. My sincere thanks also to Dr. Luhur Bayuaji,
Professor David Sandwell and Dr. Xiaopeng Tong for their valuable assistance to
installing and configuring GMTSAR on my PC.
I would like to thank all the examiner in Yamaguchi University for
accepting to review my work: Professor Fusanori Miura, Professor Tasuku Tanaka,
Associate Professor Motoyuki Suzuki and Dr. Sinichiro Nakashima. I also would
like to thank all the examiner in Udayana University for the reviewing on this work:
Prof. Made Sudiana Mahendra, PhD., Prof. Dr. I Wayan Budiarsa Suyasa, MS., Prof.
Ir. I Wayan Arthana, MS, PhD., Dr. Ir. I Wayan Nuarsa, M. Si., and Ass. Prof. Dr.
Takahiro Osawa and also to Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S(K) as a director
of Post Graduate program of Udayana University.
I am belong to double degree program between Udayana University and
Yamaguchi University, many thanks to both universities principal for the chance,
facility and accepting me in this program. A lot of thanks also to the Government
of Republic of Indonesia for the financial support through the BUPKLN (Beasiwa
Unggulan Luar Negeri) scholarship.
I would like to thanks all of parties who, providing the data used in this
research: JAXA for the Alos-Palsar Data, NASA for the DEM data and Dr.Abidin
and Dr.Irwan Gumelar from the Geodesy Research of ITB for the GPS data on
Semarang.

vii

I wish to thank all Professor and Lecturer from Udayana and Yamaguchi
University who involved in my program study for the valuable knowledge and
experiences.
Special thanks to all friends belong to Shimizu Laboratory and Shinji
Laboratory: Uesaka san, Furuyama, Ito, Fujimoto, Kawaguchi, Okazaki, Ichihara,
Sakai, Nakashima, Sasaki, Kobayashi, Hayashi, Sakamoto, Terada, Iwamoto,
Okuda, Amafuji, Suma and Taguchi for the spirit support, hospitality, help and
convenient environment to study. I also thanks to all of my friend from Udayana
University: Rian, Arto, Hanggar, Yogi, Shanti, Putri, Nita, Olive, Tri, Ardi, Riri,
Dhita, Martiwi, Masita and many others for support and friendship.
The last, but not least I wish to thank my beloved Mother (Komang Yastini),
Father (Ketut Rauh) and Brother (Kadek Rudiantika) for their support, motivations,
loves and prayers. Also thanks to beloved Dian Meita Sari for hers loves,
motivations and patience.

Denpasar, August 2015

Putu Edi Yastika

viii

ABSTRAK
Analisis Multi-Temporal untuk Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture
Radar (D-InSAR) dan Aplikasinya untuk Pemantauan Pergeseran
Permukaan Tanah

Tingkat penurunan permukaan tanah (land subsidence) di Semarang telah

diamati dengan teknik D-InSAR berdasarkan data ALOS PALSAR pada orbit
ascending dan descending. D-InSAR diproses dengan menggunakan software
GMTSAR dan ArcGIS. Dua jenis strategi yaitu Single D-InSAR dan MultiTemporal D-InSAR dipilih untuk diaplikasikan pada studi ini. Untuk menghapus
komponen topografi menggunakan data DEM SRTM3 dan ASTER1DEM,
sejumlah 67 pasang inteferogram telah dihasilkan. Daerah timur laut dan daerah
pantai teramati telah terjadi penurunan muka tanah sekitar 200-320 mm selama 4
tahun atau rata-rata tingkat 50-80 mm / tahun. Karena daerah barat laut dan daerah
pusat, memiliki tingkat penurunan yang lebih rendah dan bahkan tidak ada
penurunan yang teramati, daerah ini tampaknya lebih stabil membandingkan daerah
timur laut. Fase dari komponen topografi yang dihapus dari interferogram dengan
menggunakan SRTM3 DEM dan data DEM ASTER1, keduanya menghasilkan
hasil yang sangat mirip dengan nilai korelasi 0,995. Ambang batas koherensi
merupakan faktor penting untuk mendapatkan akurasi yang lebih baik, tetapi jika
pengaturan ambang batas terlalu tinggi, proses interferensi akan gagal dan tidak
mampu mendapatkan hasil di banyak daerah. Perpendicular baseline dan temporal
baseline merupakan faktor penting untuk menentukan ambang batas koherensi.
Dengan menggunakan banyak SAR data, Multi-Temporal D-InSAR diterapkan, dan
dengan memilih hanya pada interferogram yang dianggap baik, keakuratan hasilnya
akan meningkat. Nilai korelasi hasil dari Multi-Temporal D-InSAR dengan GPS
meningkat dari 0,63 menjadi 0,77. Untuk memperkirakan penurunan muka tanah
akhir, pengabungan metode Multi-Temporal D-InSAR dan metode hiperbolik
diusulkan dalam penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan penggabungan dua metode
tersebut, subsidence akhir diperkirakan mencapai lebih dari 50 cm dan terjadi lebih
dari 50 tahun untuk stabil.

Kata Kunci: ALOS-PALSAR, D-InSAR, GPS, Metode hiperbolik, MultiTemporal method, Penurunan permukaan tanah.

ix

ABSTRACT
Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture
Radar (D-InSAR) and Its Application to Monitoring Land Surface
Displacements

Land subsidence rate in Semarang has been observed by D-InSAR

technique based on ALOS-PALSAR data on ascending and descending orbits,
which is processed by GMTSAR and ArcGIS software. Two kind of strategy
namely single D-InSAR and Multi-Temporal D-InSAR has been done. By
employing SRTM3 and ASTER1 DEM data to remove the topography component,
total 67 pairs of inteferogram has generated. Northeast area and shoreline area has
largest subsided about 200-320 mm for 4 years or average rate 50-80 cm/year. Since
the northwest area and center area has lower subsidence rate and even no
remarkable subsidence occurred, this area seems to be stable comparing the
northeast area. Removing the topography component phase to get displacement
phase from the phase interferogram by using SRTM3 DEM and ASTER1 DEM
data respectively, the both results coincided with 0.995 correlation value. The
coherence threshold is an important factor to get better accuracy, but if setting the
threshold too high, the process of interference will be failed and not be able to obtain
the results in a lot of area. The perpendicular baseline and the temporal baseline
(time period) is an important factor to determining the coherence threshold. By
using many scenes the Multi-Temporal D-InSAR was applied, and by selecting only
good pairs of the scenes the accuracy of the results will be improved. The
correlation value for GPS data eventually increased from 0.63 to 0.77. In order to
estimate the final subsidence, a method coupling the Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and
hyperbolic method was proposed in this study. By using the method the final
subsidence was predicted to reach more than 50 cm and to take more than 50 years
for settling down.

Keywords: ALOS-PALSAR, D-InSAR, GPS, Hyperbolic method, Land

Subsidence, Multi-Temporal method.

SUMMARY
Putu Edi Yastika, Multi-Temporal Analysis for Differential Interferometry
Synthetic Aperture Radar (D-InSAR) and Its Application to Monitoring Land
Surface Displacements
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) is a powerful
technology for observing the Earth surface, especially for mapping the Earth's
topography and deformations (Hanssen, 2003). From previous study on InSAR
concludes, some factor affected on its accuracy. These factors affected on the
coherence of two images, and determination of coherence threshold become the
important point. Another factor severely decreasing the accuracy of InSAR is
atmospheric disturbance. Many scientist are study in mitigating on atmospheric
effect on InSAR such as, Shimada (2014), Xiao-li (2008), and Wadge (2002).
Removing the atmospheric effects especially by ionospheric disturbance needs
sophisticated technique and programs and this problems is challenging on
improvement of InSAR accuracy.
Although the application of D-InSAR by single pair interferogam has a
good result, but when applying to derive the subsidence for long periods, it is will
lose their coherence. Time series analysis by using only single inferogram also not
possible, because of that in this study not only generating for single inteferogram
but also multi-temporal interferogram. By applying the multi-temporal
interferogram method the land subsidence behavior of the chosen observation point
can be obtained.
The study area is Semarang City Indonesia, this is the main city in Central
Java with a dense population which industry activity as a main business. Semarang
extremely threatened by land subsidence that make some buildings and
infrastructure sinking to the ground. Land subsidence phenomena in Semarang has
been observed by many researcher with various method and discipline such as
InSAR method (Kuehn et al., 2009, Leveling method (Marfai and King 2005),
Gravity method (Sarkowi et al., 2005) and Global Positioning System (GPS) by
Geodesy Reseach group of Institute of Technology Bandung ITB (Abidin et al.,
2008-present). Monitoring of land subsidence in this area should be continued and
the accuracy should be improved especially on D-InSAR technique. This research
result compared to Geodesy research group (ITB) results, as a validation of the
InSAR result to the GPS result.
All pairs both of ascending and descending direction data has been
processed, the coherence, phase interferogram, phase filtering, phase masking,
phase unwraping and geocoding has been done by using GMTSAR. Single DInSAR has a bigger correlation to GPS data instead of Multi-Temporal D-InSAR in
this case. Comparing to GPS data single D-InSAR has root mean squared error
(RMSE) 4.27 cm for observation during 2008-2009 and 5.47 cm for 2009-2010
respectively. On the other hand RMSE value of multi-temporal D-InSAR is 4.57
xi

cm for observation during 2008-2009 and 5.21 cm for 2009-2010 respectively.

By setting the higher coherence threshold in D-InSAR resulting the higher
correlation to the GPS data which is 0.84576 while coherence threshold set at 0.25
comparing to 0.69893 while coherence threshold set at 0.13. The RMSE for
threshold at 0.25 also smaller than threshold at 0.13. In general higher coherence
threshold will lead better accuracy in subsidence monitoring. But the higher
coherence threshold resulting many area loss of their data.
Although subsidence rate derived by multi-temporal D-InSAR has worse
correlation than single D-InSAR comparing to GPS data, but multi-temporal DInSAR providing the time series analysis which that is impossible in single DInSAR. There are three major pattern of land subsidence in Semarang, North east
area seem has a largest subsidence comparing to another area.
By using ArcGIS software, the map of Subsidence rate can be made based
on multi-temporal D-InSAR results. Subsidence rate for 4 years derived by using
multi-temporal D-InSAR which the topography phase removed by using SRTM3DEM. Northeast area and shoreline area seem has largest subsidence range 200-320
mm for 4 years or average rate 50-80 mm/year, at the northwest area subsidence
observed at lower rate about 20-80 mm for 4 years or 5-20 mm/year in center area
there is no subsidence or slightly uplifted relative to reference point.
In order to predict the final subsidence, the hyperbolic method (Tan, et al
1991) is adopted in this study. From those results, Semarang city will settle down
for some decades into future. In the area including the point RMPA the subsidence
may continue for more than 73 years and will exceed more than 82 cm. The periods
of subsidence depend on ground condition of those area, which is composed by
alluvium with low permeability. On the other hand, the point 1124 and K370 which
lies on sandy and gravel area has shorter periods to reach the final subsidence
conditions that is not more than 3 decades and also amount of subsidence is smaller
than other points. The estimation of final subsidence by coupling on MultiTemporal D-InSAR and Hyperbolic method was proposed in this study.

xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
i
ii

INSIDE COVER
PREREQUISITE
AGREEMENT SHEET
APPROVED BY COMMITTEES
EXAMINERS OF THESIS
STATEMENT FREE FROM PLAGIARISM
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

iii
iv
v
vi
vii

ABSTRAK
ABSTRACT
SUMMARY
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ix
x
xi
xiii

LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF APPENDIX
CHAPTER I

CHAPTER II

xvi
xvii
xxi
xxiii

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
1.2 Problems Formula
1.3 Research Objectives

1
1
4
4

1.4 Benefit of the Research

BASIC THEORY
2.1 Remote Sensing
2.1.1 Definitions
2.1.2 Types of Remote Sensing
2.2 Radar Remote Sensing
2.2.1 Radar Remote Sensing Satellites
2.2.2 ALOS-PALSAR System Overview

6
6
6
7
8
9
10

2.3 Basic Concept of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

13

xiii

2.3.1 Observation Geometry and Principles of SAR

Imaging
2.3.2 SAR Geometric Resolution
2.3.3 Geometrical Effects Introduced by SAR
2.4 Interferometry SAR (InSAR) Basic
2.4.1 Geometrical Equations of CT-InSAR
2.4.2 Contributors to Signal Phase
2.4.3 Coherence
2.4.4 Applications
2.5 Differential InSAR (D-InSAR)
2.5.1 D-InSAR Processing to Land Deformation
Monitoring
2.5.2 Derivation of Land Subsidence from LOS
Displacement
2.6 D-InSAR Processor, GMTSAR
2.7 Reviews of Application of D-InSAR to Land Displacement Monitoring

16
17
21
26
27
29
30
31
32
32
35
36
39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FRAMEWORK AND CONCEPT

3.1 Research Framework
3.2 Research Concept

41
41
42

CHAPTER IV RESEARCH METHOD

4.1 Study Area
4.2 Data Collections

44
44
45

4.2.1 Primary Data

45
4.2.1.1 SAR Images
45
4.2.1.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data
48
4.2.2 Secondary Data
50
4.3 D-InSAR Generation by Images on Ascending Orbit
51
4.3.1 Selecting Pairs of Interferogram to Single D-InSAR 53
4.3.2 Selecting Pairs of Interferogram to Multi-Temporal
D-InSAR
53
4.3.3 Selecting Pairs of Interferogram to Avoid Ionospheric and Orbital Error on Multi-Temporal
4.4 D-InSAR Generation by Images on Descending Orbit
xiv

54
55

4.5 Land Subsidence Derivation Flowchart

55

CHAPTER V RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Results of D-InSAR on Ascending Orbits
5.1.1 Coherence
5.1.2 Phase Interferogram
5.1.3 Line of Sight (LOS) Displacement

57
57
58
59
59

5.2 Results of Descending Orbits

5.2.1 Coherence
5.2.2 Phase Interferogram
5.2.3 Line of Sight (LOS) Displacement
5.3 Discussions of Ascending Results

60
60
61
61
61

5.3.1 Phase Interferogram Pairs for Derive Subsidence

By Single D-InSAR and Multi-Temporal D-InSAR 61
5.3.2 Subsidence Rates for Each Observation point Derived by Single D-InSAR and Multi-Temporal DInSAR
5.3.3 Comparison of Single and Multi-Temporal DInSAR Result with GPS data
5.3.3.1 SRTM3 DEM and ASTER1 DEM Issues
5.3.3.2 The Coherence Thresholds Issues
5.3.4 Subsidence Rate inn Time Series Analysis
5.3.5 Correction of Multi-Temporal D-InSAR From
Ionospheric and Orbital Error
5.4 Discussions of Descending Results
5.5 Comparison of Ascending and Descending Results
5.6 Map of Subsidence Rate of Semarang City
5.7 Prediction of Land Subsidence by Using Hyperbolic
Method

62
64
69
71
74
83
94
96
102
104

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSION AND SUGETION

6.1 Conclusion
6.2 Suggestion

110
110
111

REFERENCES
APPENDICES

112
115
xv

LIST OF TABLES
Page
8
11
12
12

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

Frequency and wavelength for microwave bands (Lusch, 1999)

Processing Levels and Their Definitions
Processing Levels of Observational Modes
File names and its content on ALOS-PALSAR product format

2.5

Selected fields of SAR application examples. Note that not all

applications are in practical use; many applications are still at
developing stages Ouchi,2013)
14
Highlights of SAR History with space emphasis, modified from USA
SAR Marine Users Manual
15

2.6
4.1a

4.1b

4.2
4.3
4.4
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4

ALOS-PALSAR data set on ascending orbit used in the study, all

data has same observation path number (431) and same Center
frame number (7040)
46
ALOS-PALSAR data set on Descending orbit, that use in the study,
all data has same observation path number (96) and same Center
frame number (3760)
47
Data acquisition date of ALOS-PALSAR and GPS
47
The Comparison of ASTER GDEM data and SRTM3 DEM
data (jspacesystems.or.jp, 2015)
49
Interferogram pairs information for ascending orbit
54
Baseline perpendicular information for each pair on ascending orbit 57
Baseline perpendicular information of each pair has generated
60
Correlation value and RMSE for both of coherence threshold
(0.13 and 0.25) for Single and Multi-temporal D-InSAR
Results of subsidence parameter to predict the land
subsidence by hyperbolic fitting method, and its results

xvi

74
109

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1
2.2
2.3

2.4
2.5

2.6
2.7
2.8

2.9

2.10
2.11

Satellite radar system available now and into the future

Picture of Alos satellite with the its parts (eorc.jaxa)
SAR geometry (1): Off-nadir angle (2): Depression angel
(3): Range beam width (4): Incidence angle (5): Azimuth beam

Page
9
11

width (source: Restec/Jaxa)

16
The illustration how SAR work to make an radar imagery
(adopted and modified from Restec/Jaxa)
17
The relationship between the ground range (x) and slant range (R).
The distance (height) of spacecraft from the ground surface
represent as H
18
Top view of SAR antenna imaging a point reflector (P)
19
Schematic illustration showing how mountainous terrain can create
noise through layover and shadow effects (Farretti et al, 2007)
22
Illustration of foreshortening effect on radar imaging
system. Foreshortening effect occurs as long as the slope of the
terrain is smaller than the local incidence angle
24
An example of SAR image of Mount Fuji Japan. Yellow circle
area in the image severely affected by shadow, dark color representing
no energy backscattered from those are
25
Illustration of Geometry of repeat pass CT-InSAR (left) and
AT-InSAR (right)
26
InSAR geometry: B-the base line; Br-the radial base line;

2.15

Bn-the normal baseline (Lazarov, 2010)

27
Flow chart of focusing process to form Single Look Complex (SLC)
image from raw SAR image
33
Illustration of processing stage to obtain Line of Sight (LOS)
displacement by D-InSAR technique, (source: Wang, etal 2013)
35
Illustrations of the relation between LOS displacement and
subsidence or vertical displacement (Z) observed in
ascending and descending direction (A)
36
Flow diagram of two-pass processing in GMTSAR
37

3.1
3.2

Research Flowchart
Research concept

2.12
2.13
2.14

42
43
xvii

4.1
4.2
4.3

4.4
4.5
5.1

Semarang city location on a map (Google earth image, 2015)

45
An example of superimposed of phase InSAR image to DEM image 48
Images of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Semarang city
and surrounding area to remove topography phase in this study,
(A) for ASTER DEM and (B) for SRTM3 DEM
50
The GPS stations for land subsidence in Semarang city by
Abidin et al (2012)
51

5.2

Flow diagram of two-pass processing in GMTSAR

Subsidence rate for 2008-2009 of each observation points
observed by GPS and D-InSAR. Subsidence period taken by
GPS and D-InSAR in July 2008-June 2009
Subsidence rate for 2009-2010 of each observation points

5.3

observed by GPS and D-InSAR. Subsidence data taken by GPS

for June 2009-July 2010, while for June 2009-June 2010
by D-InSAR
Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single

5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7

5.8

5.9

5.10

56

63

63

D-InSAR (dem SRTM3) for subsidence during 2008-2009

65
Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem ASTER1) for subsidence during 2008-2009
66
Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem SRTM3) for subsidence rate during 2009-2010
67
Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single
D-InSAR (dem ASTER1) for subsidence during 2009-2010
68
Correlation of Multi-Temporal D-Insar obtained by utilizing
SRTM3 DEM data and ASTER1 DEM data to remove topography
phase during observation in 2008-2009
69
Correlation of Multi-Temporal D-Insar obtained by utilizing SRTM3
DEM data and ASTER1 DEM data to remove topography phase
during observation in 2009-2010
70
Chart of the difference in the altitude direction from DEM and
SAR in relationship with Baseline perpendicular for ALOS-PALSAR
(GSI, 2004)
71
Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR
(dem SRTM3) for subsidence rate during 2008-2009 where
the coherence threshold is 0.25

xviii

72

5.11

5.12

5.13

Correlation GPS with Multi-Temporal D-InSAR and Single D-InSAR

(dem SRTM3) for subsidence rate during 2009-2010 where
the coherence threshold is 0.25
73
In this Figure showing the pattern of subsidence globally,
for each observation point obtained by Multi-Temporal
D-InSAR on ascending orbit
75
Pattern of land subsidence of 12 observation points derived

5.15
5.16

by Multi-Temporal D-InSAR during Jan 2007-Dec 2010

There are 3 major pattern of land subsidence in Semarang city
distinguished in dash orange circle, blue circle and black area
Phase Interferograms pair state
Comparison of subsidence pattern obtained by Multi-Temporal

5.17

D-InSAR before corrected (orange lines) and after excluding

the pairs that suspected has large error (after corrected) represent
by blue lines
The Subsidence pattern of each observation point during

5.14

5.18

5.19

5.20
5.21

5.22
5.23
5.24

Jan 2007- Dec 2010 derive by multi-temporal D-InSAR after

correction on its combination
Subsidence rate for 2009-2010 of each observation points
observed by GPS and Multi-Temporal D-InSAR before and after
corrected
Correlation of subsidence data derived by GPS and
Multi-Temporal D-InSAR after and before correction of pair
combination land subsidence observation during 2009-2010
Phase interferogram state of Descending direction images
Subsidence rate of each observations points relative to reference
point (SMG1) during September 2007-August 2009,
observed at descending orbit
Comparison of subsidence for each points observed at ascending
and descending orbits during June-September 2007
Comparison of subsidence for each points observed at ascending
and descending orbits during September 2007-December 2008
Comparison of the subsidence pattern in time series analysis
observed at ascending orbits and descending direction for
selected observation points

78
83
84

86

90

93

94
95

96
97
97

99

xix

5.25

5.26

5.27

5.28
5.41

Map of Subsidence rate map of the Semarang city derived

by ALOS-PALSAR Multi-Temporal D-InSAR for 4 years
(Jan 2007 Dec 2010)
103
Land subsidence in Semarang during January 2007 to Dec 2010
derived by ALOS-PALSAR data using Multi-Temporal D-InSAR
methods, superimposed on the Google eye image was taken
on March 2007
104
Landsat 7 image (gap-filled, slc-off, bands 4/R, 5/G, 7/B)
taken on September 17, 2006 showing the investigation area
(dashed frame) and simplified geological section AB (not to scale)
(Kuehn, et al 2009)
105
Selected observation point on map, to analyzing of its subsidence
behavior from geotechnical view point
106
The land subsidence value plotted against its periods, both of
measured by Multi-Temporal D-InSAR (blue dots) and prediction
(orange lines)
107

xx

ABREVIATIONS LIST
ADSP
AIRSAR
ALOS
ALOS-AVNIR2
ALOS-PALSAR

: Advanced Digital SAR processor

: Air-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar
: Advanced Land Observation Satellite
: ALOS-Advanced Visible Near Infrared2
: ALOS-Phase Array L Synthetic Aperture Radar

ALOS-PRISM

: ALOS-Panchromatic Remote-sensing Instrument

for Stereo Mapping

ASTER

: Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and

Reflection Radiometer

AT-InSAR

: Along Track-InSAR

CCRS
CLI
CEOS
CT-InSAR

: Canadian Center of Remote Sensing

: Command Line Interface
: Committee on Earth Observation Satellites
: Cross Track-InSAR

DEM
DSM
D-InSAR
ERS-1, ERS-2
ESRI
FBD
FBS
FORTRAN
KOMPSAT

: Digital Elevation Model

: Digital Surface Model
: Differential InSAR
: European Remote Sensing Satellites 1-2
: Environmental System Research Institute
: Fine Beam Dual
: Fine Beam Single
: Formula Translating System
: Korean Multi-Purpose Satellites

GDEM
GIS
GMTSAR
GPS
GSI
ITB

: Global Digital Elevation Model

: Geographic Information System
: Generic Mapping Tools SAR
: Global Positioning System
: Geospatial Information Authority
: Institut Teknologi Bandung (Bandung Technology
Institute).

In-SAR
JAXA

: Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR

: Japan Space Exploration Agency

JPL
LANDSAT

: Jet Propulsion Laboratory

: Land Satellite
xxi

LOS
NASA
RADAR
RISAT
RMSE
SAR
SIR-C

: Line of Sight
: National Aeronautics and Space Agency
: Radio Detection and Ranging
: Radar Imaging Satellites
: Root Mean Square Error
: Synthetic Aperture Radar
: Shuttle Imaging Radar-C

SLC
SNAPHU

: Single Look Complex

: Statistical-cost Network-flow Algorithm for Phase
Unwrapping

SPOT
SRTM

: Satellite Pour lObservation de la Terre

: Shuttle Radar Terrain Mission

TInSAR
UAV

: Terrestrial SAR Interferometry

: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

xxii

LIST OF APPENDIX

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

11

12
13
14
15

Page
DEM generation steps
173
Table of Subsidence values
174
Images of the Correlation of Master and slave image for each pair 122
Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using SRTM3-DEM)
Images of the Phase of D-InSAR after unwrapping, process
continued to obtain LOS displacement
Images of the Correlation of Master and slave image for each
pair in Descending direction

124
140
148

Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component

removed using SRTM3-DEM)
151
Images of the Phase of D-InSAR after masking, the phase below
the threshold was removed, showing by dark grey area in the image154
Images of the Phase of D-InSAR after unwrapping, process
continued to obtain LOS displacement
156
Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using SRTM3-DEM), the coordinates system already
converted to geographic coordinates from radar coordinates
158
Images of the Phase of D-InSAR (topographic phase component
removed using ASTER1-DEM), the coordinates system already
converted to geographic coordinates from radar coordinates
160
Geocoded of Phase interferogram masked at coherence threshold
0.25 to derive the subsidence during July 2008 until June 2010
The inteferogram that involved in corrected Multi_temporal
D-InSAR on ascending orbit
The phase interferogram that involve to derive land subsidence
observed at descending orbit
Subsidence data derived by using selected interferogram at
descending orbit.

xxiii

162
163
164
165

24