Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1, 2012
**
Muhammad Azher Nawaz, Waqar Ahmed , Muhammad Maqbool , Basharat Ali Saleem***, Zahoor
Hussain, Mudassir Aziz and Anum Shafique
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
*
Institute of Horticultural Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
**
Department of Horticulture, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakriya University, Multan, Pakistan
***Department of Agriculture (Extension), Government of Punjab, Pakistan
ABSTRACT
The success of citrus industry depends upon the availability of promising planting material (cultivars) as
dissemination of genetically inferior trees can have catastrophic effect on the productivity and quality of citrus
plants in coming years. In present study, physicochemical analysis of sixteen important citrus cultivars
comprising of seven sweet orange, six mandarin and three grapefruit cultivars was performed to evaluate their
contribution to sustain citrus industry of Pakistan. Results revealed that Salustiana produced the heaviest fruit
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(218.2 g fruit ) and maximum juice percentage (54%), Succari produced maximum total soluble solids
(11.53%) and minimum acidity (0.23%), and Pineapple produced the highest Vitamin C contents (63 mg 100
-1
mL juice) among the sweet orange cultivars. Among mandarin cultivars, Kinnow gained the maximum fruit
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weight (187.7 g fruit ) and total soluble solids (12.23%), Freemont produced highest juice percentage
(53.20%). However, Feutrells Early produced the lowest juice percentage. The acidity was also lowest
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(0.73%) in Feutrells Early. Highest amount of Vitamin C contents (43.43 mg 100 mL juice) were produced in
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Wilking. Marsh Seedless produced heaviest fruit (552.7 g fruit ), maximum acidity (1.5%) and vitamin C (42.00
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mg 100 mL juice) among the grapefruit cultivars. It was concluded that other citrus cultivars had much higher
potential compared to Kinnow for diversification and sustainable development of citrus industry in Pakistan.
Key words: Grapefruit, mandarins, physiochemical properties, sweet oranges
INTRODUCTION
M.A. Nawaz, W. Ahmed, M. Maqbool, B.A. Saleem, Z. Hussain, M. Aziz and A. Shafique
Physicochemical analysis
Sweet oranges
Fruit size is one of the quality parameter in citrus
fruits that has been considered markedly in recent
years. The consumers preference for large fruit size
causes huge difference in prices between large and
small fruit to the point that income from smaller fruit
is often less than the picking and handling costs
(Guardiola and Garcia-Luis, 2000). Among the
sweet orange cultivars, maximum average fruit
weight (218.2 g) was observed in Salustiana,
followed by Blood Red (183.7 g), Hamlin (182.0 g),
Pineapple (178.1 g), Valencia Late (175.3 g),
Musambi (174.2 g) and Succari (172.5 g) as shown
in Table 1. Results for average fruit weight were
similar to that of Khan et al. (2010) who reported that
Tarocco-N and Salustiana showed meritorious
properties having better fruit size along with
reasonable yield potential and can be cultivated as
commercial cultivars to get better returns and to fulfill
the orange requirement of Pakistan.
Mandarins
Mandarins are among the important group of citrus
fruits. The main characteristic of this group is that
these have loose skin and used for table purpose.
The results showed that Kinnow mandarin produced
on average the heaviest fruit (187.70 g) as shown in
Table 2 and was statistically better than other
cultivars tested. The lowest average fruit weight was
recorded for the cultivars Freemont (118.3 g),
Feutrells early (119.3 g) and Honey (120.3 g), but
was statistically at par with one another. However,
average fruit weight was medium for the cultivars
Fairchild (152.7 g) and Wilking (148 g) and was
statistically at par with one another (Table 2).
Grapefruits
Results of physicochemical characteristics depicted
significant differences among various cultivars of
grapefruit (Table 3). Average fruit weight was
heaviest in Marsh seedless (552.70 g) and was
statistically different from other two tested cultivars.
However, lowest average fruit weight was observed
in Duncan (525.00 g) and Shamber (522.30 g) which
was statistically at par with one another (Table 3).
M.A. Nawaz, W. Ahmed, M. Maqbool, B.A. Saleem, Z. Hussain, M. Aziz and A. Shafique
Acidity
(%)
Vitamin-C
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(mg 100 mL juice)
Succari
Pineapple
Hamlin
Valencia Late
Salustiana
Musambi
Blood Red
0.23 d
0.79 c
0.72 c
1.10 a
0.83 bc
0.80 c
0.93 b
51.00 bc
63.00 a
53.33 b
48.67 c
52.57 bc
51.77 bc
54.50 b
172.5 d
178.1 bcd
182.0 bc
175.3 bcd
218.2 a
174.2 cd
183.7 b
11.53 a
8.77 c
9.03 c
10.07 b
10.27 b
10.20 b
9.03c
47.00 bc
47.03 c
45.00 cd
42.33 d
54.00 a
45.80 cd
51.30 ab
Values in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p 0.05
Acidity
(%)
0.733 b
1.100 a
0.96 a
1.02 a
0.95 a
1.03 a
Values in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p 0.05
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Vitamin C
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(mg 100 mL juice)
35.40 c
41.60 ab
43.43 a
39.97 abc
40.80 ab
37.17 bc
Acidity
(%)
1.50 a
1.41 a
1.41 a
Vitamin C
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(mg 100 mL juice)
42.00 a
40.37 a
40.17 a
Values in columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p 0.05
CONCLUSION
This research might help the researchers in
understanding potential citrus genetic resources in
Pakistan and their better utilization in national and
international research programs, and for diversified
commercial production. Moreover, the citrus growers
would come to know that citrus species/cultivars with
good quality characters are present and these may
be used for further propagation and diversification of
citrus industry in Pakistan to eliminate the trend of
monoculture, which is a serious threat to citrus
industry of Pakistan.
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