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PHILIPPINE INSTITUTIONS 10
2ND SEMESTER | 2016-2017
I. Claro M Recto
o 1958 Rizal Lecture
o Rizal as a realist (which in the context of the times could mean cautious
and therefore not yet prone to act)
o Bonifacio as an idealist (who saw the need to act against all odds)
II. On Freedom
o Individuals are said to be free if and only if they have reached that stage of
personal discipline, intellectual integrity, and moral uplift, which, combined
with love of country and a refusal to submit to tyranny, results in a
willingness to give their lives in defense of all these qualities.
o Rizals idea of freedom focuses on the individual level, not the political
level.
Internal (individualist) freedom: self-development
External (societal) freedom: self-determination
II. On Freedom
o Goals:
The need to develop the intellectual virtues, like love of study and of
what is just and noble
Cultivation of moral virtues like love of fellowmen, temperance, etc.,
and the possession of a sense of dignity that was both personal and
racial
II. On Freedom
o For Rizal, freedom does not entail political independence.
Criticism: Even if individuals achieve their fullest potentials, but the
country is not free at all, then how can they achieve total freedom?
Rizals Defense: No matter how free a country is, if no one fully
understands the true meaning of freedom, tyranny and moral
degradation will still be emerging.
o For Rizal, freedom is a REQUISITE for political independence.
II. On Freedom
o People have every right to be free.
o People learn and educate themselves in the process of struggling for
freedom and liberty. They attain highest potential only when they are
masters of their own destiny.
Colonialism is the only agency still trying to sell the idea that freedom is a diploma to
be granted by a superior people to an inferior one after the years of apprenticeship.
- Epifanio San Juan
o But insofar as the Filipinos were viewed as having duties to themselves and
their fellowmen, and having permitted themselves to arrive at a stage where
Spaniards were allowed to tyrannize over them, they were responsible.