NEANDERTHALS: EXTINCTION

OUR BROTHERS FROM ANOTHER MOTHER

PRESENTED BY GROUP 7

Del Prado, Jesuitas,

Ramos, Yamamoto

INTRODUCTION
The Neanderthals, were a species
or subspecies of archaic human, in
the genus Homo, which became
extinct around 40,000 years ago.
Lived in Europe and Asia from 400,000 to
about 28,000 years ago after the Homo
rhodesiensis and before the Homo floresiensis.
There are a number of clear anatomical
differences between anatomically modern
humans (AMH) and Neanderthal populations.
They are also evidences that Neanderthals
practiced burial behavior and intentionally
buried their dead.

TIMELINE
1829: Neanderthal skulls were
first discovered in the Engis
Caves (the partial skull dubbed
Engis 2), Belgium

TIMELINE
1848: Neanderthal skull Gibraltar 1 found in Forbes Quarry, Gibraltar. Called an ancient human
at the time
1856: Johann Karl Fuhlrott first
recognized the fossil called Neanderthal man, discovered in Neanderthal, a valley near Mettmann
in what is now North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

TIMELINE
1880: The mandible of a Neanderthal child was found in a secure context and associated with
cultural debris, including hearths,
Mousterian tools, and bones of
extinct animals.
1886: Two nearly perfect skeletons of a man and woman were
found at Spy, Belgium at the
depth of 16 ft with numerous
Mousterian-type implements.

TIMELINE
1899: Hundreds of Neanderthal
bones were described in stratigraphic position in association
with cultural remains and extinct
animal bones.
1908: A nearly complete Neanderthal skeleton was discovered
in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France
in association with Mousterian
tools and bones of extinct
animals

TIMELINE
1925: Francis Turville-Petre finds the
Galilee Man or Galilee Skull in the
Zuttiyeh Cave in Wadi Amud in The
British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel).
1926: Skull fragments of Gibraltar 2,
a four-year-old Neanderthal girl, discovered by Dorothy Garrod
1975: Erik Trinkaus study of Neanderthal feet confirmed they walked
like modern humans.

TIMELINE

1998: A team led by pre-history archeologist Joo Zilho discovered

an early Upper Paleolithic human burial in Portugal, at Abrigo
do Lagar Velho, which provided evidence of early modern humans
from the west of the Iberian Peninsula
2010: Comparison of Neanderthal genome with modern humans
from Africa and Eurasia shows that 14% of modern non-African
human genome might come from the Neanderthals
2010: Discovery of Neanderthal tools far away from the influence
of H. sapiens indicate that the species might have been able to create
and evolve tools on its own, and therefore be more intelligent than
previously thought

TIMELINE

2013: An international team of researchers reported evidence that

Neanderthals practiced burial behavior and intentionally buried their
dead
2014: Researchers at the University of Colorado Museum in Boulder
report that Neanderthals were not less intelligent than modern humans and that single-factor explanations for the disappearance of
the Neandertals are not warranted any more
2014: Prof Thomas Higham of the University of Oxford performed
the most comprehensive dating of Neanderthal bones and tools ever
carried out, which demonstrated that Neanderthals died out in Europe between 41,000 and 39,000 years agothis coincides with the
start of a very cold period in Europe and is 5,000 years after Homo sapiens reached the continent.

PHYSICAL FEATURES
The Neanderthals skeletons very
similar to Homo Sapiens
Bones were stronger, more robust
Physical appearance was stockier
ffand shorter than humans
Face not as vertical as in humans
Larger brain compared to humans

Robusticity may be an adaptation

to the environment of Ice Age
Europe
Others suggest it was a result
of stress placed on bones through
active lifestyles

THE NEANDERTHAL SKULL: larger cranium, bun-like protrusion at the back of the head,
projecting mid-face, large nasal cavity, big jaws with larger front teeth, heavy brow ridge, little or no chin, sloping forehead, slender cheekbones.

BODY FEATURES
HANDS: Robust bones, short, broad fingers
imply a powerful grip and upper arm swing.
UPPER BODY: Chest is larger and deeper,
and the rib cage is slightly flared at the base.
The strong arms show marked muscle
attachment sites.
LOWER BODY: Wide pelvis, long pubic
bones, and short waist area. Large muscle
attachments.
Broad feet adapted for prolonged movement
over irregular terrain. Large surfaces of the
knee joints to deal with intense activity.

ARCHAEOLOGY: STONE TOOL INDUSTRY

MOUSTERIAN
Stone-tool industry associated with Neanderthals in Europe
Middle Paleolithic stone-tool industry
Key feature: Levallois
Use of a prepared core technique of stone
tool knapping

LEVALLOIS TECHNIQUE

(250,000 to 200,000 years ago)

Careful selection of a
raw stone nodule
Preparation of the nodule through knapping to
produce one surface that
is domed
Striking platform is
created at one end which,
when struck, produces a
flake of a predetermined
shape and size
Repeated until core
is too small

BEHAVIOR
Portrayed as brutish, primitive, and incapable of modern behaviour
Modern traits: ability to plan ahead,
complex social networking, technological
innovation, flexibility to adapt to changing environments, symbolism, and ritual
Neanderthals may have expressed these
traits at various times and places

BEHAVIOR
The Neanderthal Chtelperronian industry at Arcy-sur-Cure and St Csaire in
France includes technological innovations
such asworked bone, items of personal
adornment, and new stone-tool forms
Evidence that Neanderthals could
create composite tools using adhesives
(Harz Mountains, Germany), exploit aquatic resources (Vanguard and Gorhams Caves, Gibraltar),
hunt selectively (Ortvale Klda Rockshelter, Georgia), and bury their dead (La Ferrassie, France)

CHTELPERRONIAN INDUSTRY

1982, KEBARA CAVE, ISRAEL, THE ANTHROPOLOGIST OFER BAR-YOSEF

Dates 60,000 years ago

LIFESTYLE AND HUNTING

Occupied Europe for at least 100,000 years
Climate was dominated by glacial cycles
Abundant evidence that for many Neanderthals life in the Ice Age was harsh, but
there isalso evidence that they were resourceful and successful.
Mousterian sites: range of habitats
including coastlines, inland plains, and
upland areas; climate was highly seasonal, and collections of animal remains
indicate that Neanderthals were specialized seasonal hunters, targeting animals
like reindeer in the winter and red deer
in the summer.

LIFESTYLE AND HUNTING

Many adult bones show healed
fractures, suggesting that these interactions with large animals were dangerous.
Analysis of fossil bone chemistry suggests that Neanderthals relied on meat,
but there is also archaeological evidence
from coastal sites that they exploited
mussels and marine mammals, and from
studies of dental plaque that they ate
cooked cereal grains.
At Moula-Guercy, France, the Neanderthals themselves may have been butchered: the hominin bones here show the
same patterns of breaks, stone-tool cutmarks, and distribution as butchered deer.

LIFESTYLE AND HUNTING

Neanderthal skeletons often show
a high frequency of injury
Anthropologists Thomas Berger
and Erik Trinkaus compared the
injury pattern with those of different
groups of modern humans
Most similar to that of North
American Rodeo riders.

EXTINCTION

LIEAMCT GCENAH

EXTINCTION
CLIMATE CHANGE
Cold and hunger
Neanderthals had a body habitus but
lacked the ability to adjust in time when it
became too cold
25,000 years ago

EXTINCTION

USVRILAV OF THE
OCSIALLY IFTTETS

EXTINCTION
SURVIVAL OF THE SOCIALLY FITTEST
28,000 years ago
Neanderthals had larger eyes
More visual information and body control,
less social networking
Lacked innovation, unable to compete for
limited resources
Mentally, technologically, and culturally inferior to Homo Sapiens

EXTINCTION

TIEBNIEEDRNRG

EXTINCTION
INTERBREEDING
40,000 years ago
Some modern human-like characteristics
found in late Neanderthal fossils
Neanderthal features in early specimens of
modern humans in Europe
Researcher suggests Neanderthals never
went extinct; instead, they were assimilated
within the expanding human population.
We carry 2-5% of Neanderthal DNA

EXTINCTION

SIDSAEES

EXTINCTION
DISEASES
Anthropologists from Cambridge University
and Oxford Brookes University
Homo Sapiens carried tropical diseases and
infected them

SIGNIFICANCE
-NEANDERTHAL GENOME SEQUENCE
-HUMAN EVOLUTION

THATS ALL, FOLKS!

THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!

SOURCES
Roberts, A. (2011) Evolution The Human Story. New York: DK Publishing.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3021779/Neanderthals-killed-diseases-modern-humans-gave-resistance-illnesses-finds-study.html
http://www.universityherald.com/articles/29056/20160415/neanderthal-extinction-caused-herpes-tuberculosis-humans-study.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7873373.stm
http://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/new-study-suggests-neanderthals-never-went-extinct-001603
https://faculty.newpaltz.edu/glenngeher/files/neandertal_lit_rev.pdf
http://edition.cnn.com/2016/04/15/health/humans-responsible-for-neanderthal-extinction-by-transferring-diseases/
http://bigthink.com/philip-perry/guess-what-killed-off-the-neanderthals-you-might-not-like-the-answer
http://news.ucsc.edu/2010/05/3754.html
IMAGES
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sapiens_neanderthal_comparison_en_blackbackground.png
http://www.livescience.com/images/i/000/006/589/original/071025-redhead-neand-02.jpg?interpolation=lanczos-none&fit=inside%7C660:*
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140129-neanderthal-genes-genetics-migration-africa-eurasian-science/
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-18/neanderthal-family/7180144
https://stockton.edu/