MISSION STATEMENT
The Global Environment Facility/United
Nations Development Programme/International
Maritime Organization Regional Programme
on Building Partnerships in Environmental
Management for the Seas of East Asia (PEMSEA)
aims to promote a shared vision for the Seas of
East Asia:
“The resource systems of the Seas of
East Asia are a natural heritage, safeguarding
sustainable and healthy food supplies, livelihood,
properties and investments, and social, cultural
and ecological values for the people of the
region, while contributing to economic prosperity
and global markets through safe and efficient
maritime trade, thereby promoting a peaceful
and harmonious co-existence for present and
future generations.”
PEMSEA focuses on building
intergovernmental, interagency and intersectoral
partnerships to strengthen environmental
management capabilities at the local, national
and regional levels, and develop the collective
capacity to implement appropriate strategies and
environmental action programs on self-reliant
basis. Specifically, PEMSEA will carry out the
following:
• build national and regional capacity
to implement integrated coastal management
programs;
• promote multi-country initiatives in
addressing priority transboundary environment
issues in sub-regional sea areas and pollution
hotspots;
• reinforce and establish a range of
functional networks to support environmental
management;
• identify environmental investment
and financing opportunities and promote
mechanisms, such as public-private partnerships,
environmental projects for financing and other
forms of developmental assistance;
• advance scientific and technical
inputs to support decision-making;
• develop integrated information
management systems linking selected sites into a
regional network for data sharing and technical
support;
• establish the enabling environment
to reinforce delivery capabilities and advance the
concerns of nongovernmental and community-
based organizations, environmental journalists,
religious groups and other stakeholders;
•strengthen national capacities for developing
integrated coastal and marine policies as part
of state policies for sustainable socioeconomic
development; and
• promote regional commitment
for implementing international conventions,
and strengthening regional and sub-regional
cooperation and collaboration using a sustainable
regional mechanism.
The 12 participating countries are: Brunei
Darussalam, Cambodia, Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia,
People’s Republic of China, Philippines, Republic
of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam. The
collective efforts of these countries in implementing
the strategies and activities will result in effective
policy and management interventions, and in
cumulative global environmental benefits, thereby
contributing towards the achievement of the
ultimate goal of protecting and sustaining the life-
support systems in the coastal and international
waters over the long term.
Dr. Chua Thia-Eng
Regional Programme Director
PEMSEA
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mission Statement (GEF/UNDP/IMO PEMSEA) ………………………………… IFC

List of Tables ……………………………………………………………………... ii
List of Figures ……………………………………………………………………. ii
List of Maps …………………………………………………………………….... ii
List of Boxes …………………………………………………………………….... iii
List of Acronyms …………………………………………………………………. iv

Acknowledgements ……………………………………………………………... viii

Message ................................................................................................. ix

Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions ........................................................ xi

Chapter 1: Introduction ……………………………………………………..... 1

1.1 The Coastal Zone

1.2 Overview
1.3 Rationale for the Plan
1.4 Objectives of the Plan
1.5 Scope of the Plan
1.6 Approach and Methodology

Chapter 2: Existing Situation ……………………………………………........ 11

2.1 Physical Characteristics

2.2 Bio-Physical Characteristics
2.3 Socio-Economic Characteristics
2.4 Existing Policies and Institutional Arrangements
2.5 Major Environmental Problems and Multiple-Use Conflicts

Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones …………………………....... 27

3.1 Classification of Zones

3.2 CLSUZP Regulatory System

Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans ……………………………… 71

4.1 Policy Framework, Options, and Approaches

for the Various Zones
4.2 Action Programs to Address Major Issues and Problems

Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations …………………………...... 83

5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Recommendations

Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc. (BCCF) IBC

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Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES

1. Total Population per City/Municipality

2. Land Area, Population Density, and Income Class
3. Socio-economic Characteristics of Households in the Phils., 2000
4. Policy Concerns Across Sectors
5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Zone Identification
6. Zones Compatibility Matrix
7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zones
8. Zone Location
9. Coastal Use Zones by City/Municipality

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Parts of the Coastal Area

2. Enhanced W-Growth Corridor of Central Luzon
3. The Global Gateways Infrastructure
4. Slope Map
5. Multiple-Use Conflicts
6. Seismicity of Bataan and vicinity
7. The Proposed Bataan Sustainable Development Coordinating Council

LIST OF MAPS

1. Provinces and Coastal Waters Within the Manila Bay Area

2. Proposed Municipal Water Boundaries
3. Coastal Habitats and Resources
4. Existing Zones and Uses of Bataan
5. Coastal Issues and Problems

Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zones

6. Agricultural Zone
7. Built-up Area Zone
8. Industrial Zone
9. Tourism Zone
10. Mangrove Zone
11. Sanctuary Zone
12. Coral Reef Zone
13. Seagrass Zone
14. Traditional Fishing Zone
15. Aquaculture Zone
16. Municipal Fishing Zone
17. Shipping and Navigation Zone
18. Coastal-Use Zones of Bataan

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 Table of Contents

Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones, per Municipality/City

19. Abucay
20. Bagac
21. Balanga City
22. Hermosa
23. Limay
24. Mariveles
25. Morong
26. Orani
27. Orion
28. Pilar
29. Samal

Integrated Maps

30. Land-Use Map of Bataan

31. Integrated Land- and Coastal-Use Zones of Bataan

LIST OF BOX/ES

1. The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

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Table of Contents

LIST OF ACRONYMS and ABBREVIATIONS

BFAR – Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources

BCCFI – Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc.

BSDS – Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy

BICMP-PMO – Bataan Integrated Coastal Management Program

- Program Management Office

BNP – Bataan Natural Park

CBFMA - Community-Based Forest Management Agreement

CITES - Convention on Trade in Endanged Species

CLUP - Comprehensive Land-Use Plan

CSEZ – Clark Special Economic Zone

CPUE – catch per unit effort

CWTS – Civic Welfare Training Service

DAR – Department of Agrarian Reform

DENR – Department of Environment and Natural Resources

DENR-CENRO - Department of Enrivonment and Natural Resources-Community

Environment and Natural Resource Office

DENR-PAWB – Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Protected Area

and Wildlife Bureau

DENR-PENRO – Department of Environment and Natural Resources

- Provincial Environment and Natural Resources Office

Dep Ed – Department of Education

DILG – Department of Interior and Local Government

DOH – Department of Health

DOST – Department of Science and Technology

DOT – Department of Tourism

DTI – Department of Trade and Industry

EIA – Environmental Impact Assessment

EMB – Environmental Management Bureau

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 Table of Contents

EMS – Environmental Management System

EO - Executive Order

FARMC – Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council

FUND – International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for

Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage

FSP-DA – Fisheries Sector Program-Department of Agriculture

GDP – Gross Domestic Product

GEF – Global Environment Facility

GPA - Global Programme of Action For The Protection of the Marine Environment
from Land-Based Activities

ICM – Integrated Coastal Management

IEC – Information, Education, Communication

IEIA – Integrated Environmental Impact Assessment

IEMP – Integrated Environmental Monitoring Program

IIMS – Integrated Information Management System

IMO – International Maritime Organization

IPM – Integrated Pest Management

ISO – International Organization for Standardization

LGU – Local Government Unit

MAAP – Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific

MARINA - Maritime Industry Authority

MAO – Municipal Agriculture Office

MBEMP – Manila Bay Environmental Management Project

MDCC - Municipal Disaster Coordinating Committee

MPDC - Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator

MPDO – Municipal Planning and Development Office

MSY – maximum sustainable yield

NAMRIA – National Mapping Research and Information Authority

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Table of Contents

NCR – National Capital Region

NEDA – National Economic Development Authority

NFA – National Food Authority

NGOs – Non-Government Organizations

NIA – National Irrigation Authority

NIPAS – National Integrated Protected Area System

NSO – National Statistics Office

NSTP – National Service Training Program

NWRB - National Water Resources Board

OPA – Office of the Provincial Agriculturist

PCG - Philippine Coast Guard

PDCC - Provincial Disaster Coordinating Committee

PEMSEA – GEF/UNDP/IMO Regional Programme on Partnerships in Environmental

Management for the Seas of East Asia

PEO – Provincial Engineer’s Office

PFI – Petron Foundation, Inc.

PG-ENRO – Provincial Government-Environment and Natural Resources Office

PIA – Philippine Information Agency

PMO – Project Management Office

PNP – Philippine National Police

PNOC-PDC – Philippine National Oil Company –Alternative Fuels Corporation

PO – People’s Organization

PPA - Philippine Ports Authority

PPDO – Provincial Planning and Development Office

PPFP - Provincial Physical Framework Plan

PRII – Philippine Resins Industries, Inc.

PRRM – Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement

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PTO – Provincial Tourism Office

RA - Republic Act

RAMSAR – Ramsar Convention on Wetlands

RNP – Roosevelt National Park

SALT – Sloping Agricultural Land Technology

SBMA – Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority

SCTEP - Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway

SIFMA – Socialized Industrial Forest Management Agreement

TESDA – Technical Education and Skills Development Agency

UN – United Nations

UNCLOS – United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNDP – United Nations Development Programme

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

vii
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are so many people and groups/organizations that have significantly contributed to the
realization of the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP) of Bataan. After a series of consultation
meetings, capacity-building seminars/workshops and numerous reviews, and revisions, it is finally finished.
Sincerest thanks and gratitude goes to the following:

The Honorable Enrique T. Garcia, Jr., Governor of Bataan, for his active support and commitment
to the integrated coastal management program in Bataan. He created the core team of the Technical
Working Group (TWG) headed by the Project Management Office. Diligent members of the TWG include
Engr. Godofredo O. de Guzman and Ms. Rodora M. Cuaresma of the Provincial Government-Environment
and Natural Resources Office (PG-ENRO); Ms. Ludivina G. Banzon, Ms. Soledad G. Reyes and Mr. Joel
S. Custodio of the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO); Ms. Imelda D. Inieto, Mr. Danilo
C. Abrera, Mr. Diego L. Resubal, Jr., and Mr. Alvin R. Rodrigo of the Office of the Provincial Agriculturist
(OPA); Mr. Ceasar V. Cuayson and Ms. Christina B. Banzon of the Provincial Tourism Office (PTO); and
Engr. Enrico T. Yuzon and Arch. Manuel S. Lim, Jr. of the Provincial Engineer’s Office (PEO).

The Honorable Antonio L. Raymundo, Jr., Municipal Mayor of Orion, who has been championing
the Integrated Coastal Management (ICM) program since day one. To all the City/Municipal Mayors, City/
Municipal Planning and Development Coordinators, especially to En.Ps Rodelito R. Calara (Samal) and
Eugenia C. Galvez (Bagac), and City/Municipal Agriculturists of Bataan for their continuous cooperation
for the sustainable management of Bataan’s coastal and marine environment.

For the unwavering guidance of the active members of the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc.,
especially to Ms. Marilou G. Erni and Mr. Allan S. Victorino of Petron Foundation, Inc.; Ms. Concepcion
I. Tanglao and Ms. Remedios G. Herrera of the Philippine Resins Industries, Inc., Ms. Malou Espina of
Total (Phils.) Corporation, Ms. Helen Cervantes of PNOC-Alternative Fuels Corp. (PNOC-AFC), and Dr.
Angelica M. Baylon of the Maritime Academy of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP).

For the invaluable support, advice, and inspiration provided by PEMSEA, especially to Dr. Chua
Thia-Eng, Regional Programme Director; Mr. S. Adrian Ross, Senior Programme Officer and Technical
Coordinator; and Dr. Huming Yu, Senior Programme Officer. To Ms. Stella Regina Bernad and Ms. Ma.
Teresita Lecerna, PEMSEA Policy and Legal Officers, for their advice on institutional arrangements and the
proposed ordinances. To Ms. Maria Corazon Ebarvia-Bautista, Site Officer for Manila Bay and Bataan and
Technical Officer for Environmental Investments; and Ms. Bresilda Gervacio, Technical Officer for IIMS for
their guidance all throughout the project.

Mr. Robert de Leon of DENR-MIS, Rudolph Espada of DENR-NCR, Mr. Luis Rongavilla of NWRB,
Mr. Jaime Mallare of NAMRIA, and Mr. Enrique Macaspac of NAMRIA for their assistance in producing
the zoning maps.

To U.P. Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. (U.P. Planades) for the workshops
conducted towards the development of this plan

To Mr. Daniel M. Pagaduan, Jr. and Mr. Oscar A. Macanan, Jr. for the design and layout, and
Visual Color, Inc. for the printing of the CLSUZP.

Lastly, to the hardworking men and women of the coastal communities and concerned agencies
for their dedication and involvement in making the Coastal Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan a reality for
the people of Bataan today and next generations.

viii

Bataan is
a province whose
geography provides us
with many blessings. It
juts out of the mouth of
Manila Bay, the gateway
to the Philippines’
political, social and
e c o n o m i c c e n t e r.
Bataan serves as the
industrial heartland of
Central Luzon because
of the presence of
anchor industries within the province. It is likewise
seen as a prime business hub that serves as a
major transshipment point in the region. Bataan
also boasts of a thriving commercial and industrial
fishery industry plus a robust agriculture and
aquaculture sector. Beach resorts and a natural
park along with various historical and cultural
landmarks dot our landscape and provide venues
for a healthy investment in tourism.
At the same time, Bataan shares the
bounty of the seas with over 20 million people
who live in the Manila Bay area, and is affected
as well by their actions in this body of water. The
value of our precious land and marine resources
to the people of Bataan and the communities that
surround us, as well as the inherent and constant
threats to these resources, constitute a need to
institute strategic and long-term responses.
The Bataan Integrated Coastal
Management Program gives us the opportunity
to create new and better ways of managing our
coastal and marine environment consistent with
our utilization of land-based resources, so that
critical areas are preserved, and those sufficiently
abundant are given their proper use. In the end, we
are able to strike a harmonious balance between
promoting development while sustaining our
environment.
The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Plan of
Bataan provides us with clear-cut directions towards
this reality. This work describes comprehensively
the resources that we have, the socio-economic
activities affecting them, the problems and
opportunities attendant to these activities, and the
rational allocation of these resources towards a
more sustainable development of the province. This
plan will also serve as a tool for providing solutions
to issues and conflicts regarding the use of land,
coastal and marine resources, thus contributing to
more effective governance.
MESSAGE
Work on the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use
Plan of Bataan was a long and tedious task that
fell on the shoulders of dedicated men and women,
whose contributions need to be acknowledged:
* the members of the intergovernmental
and multisectoral Technical Working
Group who, together with the Bataan ICM
Program Project Management Office,
labored endlessly to conduct stakeholder
meetings and discussions, site visits and
field studies, undergo trainings and
workshops, and develop the plan itself;
* the GEF-UNDP-IMO PEMSEA, which
funded this project and provided the
critical technical assistance and advice;
* the Bataan Coastal Care Foundation,
which has supervised the conduct of
this project from start to finish, sharing
vital insights and information into the
development process and providing
venues and resources crucial to the
completion of this Coastal Land- and
Sea-Use Plan.
* I would also like to acknowledge the
Manila Bay Environmental Management
Project for their significant role in providing
the maps essential to this document.
I believe that the Coastal Land- and
Sea-Use Plan of Bataan will be a decisive
instrument in achieving our vision as enshrined
in our Sustainable Development Strategy: a well
developed community with abundant natural
resources, clean environment and responsible
citizenry empowered and committed to care for
nature and its bounty. Equally important, this
publication complements the efforts to restore
Manila Bay and contribute concretely to the
execution of the Manila Bay strategy.
I enjoin everyone to let this Coastal Land-
and Sea-Use Plan be our guide to sustainably
utilizing our resources and enable us to craft a
better future not only for the people of Bataan but
for the residents in the Manila Bay and the nations
in the Seas of East Asia.
ENRIQUE T. GARCIA, JR.
Governor
Province of Bataan
ix
x
SANGGUNIANG PANLALAWIGAN RESOLUTIONS

xi
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions

xii
Sangguniang Panlalawigan Resolutions

xiii

1.1. THE COASTAL ZONE
The coastal zone is defined as the strip
of land and its adjacent space (i.e., the water and
submerged land) in which the terrestrial ecosystem
use directly affects the river and marine ecosystem,
and vice versa (SDMS-IEMSD, 1997). The coastal
zone is the place where the waters of the seas meet
the land.
The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 or
Republic Act 8550 defines the coastal area/zone
as, “a band of dry land and adjacent ocean space
(water and submerged land) in which terrestrial
processes and uses directly affect oceanic extent
may include areas within a landmark limit of one
(1) kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to
include mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds,
nipa swamps, estuarine rivers, sandy beaches and
other areas within a seaward limit of 200 meters
isobath to include coral reefs, algal flats, seagrass
beds and other soft-bottom areas.”
Furthermore, RA 8550 describes the
municipal waters to include “not only streams,
lakes, inland bodies of water and tidal waters within
the municipality which are not included within the
protected areas as defined under Republic Act
No. 7586 (The NIPAS Law), public forest, timber
lands, forest reserves or fishery reserves, but also
marine waters included between two (2) lines drawn
perpendicular to the general coastline from points
where the boundary lines of the municipality touch
the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with
the general coastline including offshore islands
and fifteen (15) kilometers from such coastline.”
Where two (2) municipalities are so situated on
opposite shores that there is less than thirty (30)
kilometers of marine waters between them, the third
line shall be equally distant from opposite shore of
the respective municipality.
Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION
Coastal use planning refers to the process
of comprehensively studying resources, economic
activities and societal needs, including problems
and opportunities in specific coastal planning
areas, or coastal zones, and proposing actions
for their future development. It also involves
rational allocation of dry land, wetland and marine
components of the coastal area for various uses.
It is a basic activity which seeks to rationalize and
enhance the development of the coastal areas. It
also identifies, examines and provides solutions
to major issues and conflicts in coastal resource
allocation and utilization.
Coastal use zoning is a process of
delineating the coastal areas into land- and sea-
use zones, designating permitted, prohibited and
conditional uses. It provides efficient mechanisms
for allocating coastal space for appropriate uses
based on the suitability with environmental, social
and economic conditions, and compatibility with
sustainable development objectives and principles,
and with policies and legal requirements. It also
presents a framework for resolving multiple-use
conflicts. Coastal-use zoning likewise provides a
regulatory framework for permitting and prohibiting
human activities according to the designated use
of coastal space.
The Coastal Land- and Sea-use Zoning
Plan (CLSUZP) is considered as a tool to improve
the use of coastal resources. It incorporates the
context within which it operates; the mechanism
required to assess, evaluate and monitor the
outcomes; and process through which these could
be attained. It is based on certain principles which
promote its effectiveness, responsiveness and
acceptability to key stakeholders and which guide
the integration and/or modification of existing land
use plans for the sustainable development of the
coastal area as well as the adjacent watersheds
and marine areas.
1
Chapter 1: Introduction

1.0 km.

Figure 1. Parts of the coastal area (as defined by R.A. 8550).

1.2. OVERVIEW Cavite in Region 4. Also within the watershed

of Manila Bay are the non-coastal cities and
The province of Bataan is a peninsula municipalities of the NCR (Quezon City, Caloocan
composed of 11 municipalities and one city City, Makati, Pasig, Marikina, Mandaluyong,
covering a land area of 137,296 hectares or Muntinlupa, Valenzuela, Malabon, San Juan,
1,373 square kilometers. Its lone city and ten Pateros, and Taguig), provinces of Nueva Ecija and
municipalities consist the coastal areas. Tarlac in Region 3, Rizal and Laguna in Region 4.
Map 1 shows the provinces and waters within the
With the formulation of the Manila Bay boundaries of the Manila Bay Area.
Coastal Strategy, there was a compelling need to
develop a provincial strategy for Bataan’s coastal
areas. The Manila Bay Coastal Strategy covers
Manila Bay and the surrounding watershed areas.
Seven (7) major rivers, draining 26 catchment
basins, intersect the 190-km. coastline. Impacts
of land-based human activities in the coastal and
inland regions are addressed under the Manila Bay
Coastal Strategy, as well as sea-based activities.

Manila Bay, a semi-enclosed estuary

facing the South China Sea, is one of the best
natural harbors in the world. It is bordered by
coastal cities and municipalities of the National The Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (MBCS).
Capital Region or NCR (Manila, Pasay, Parañaque,
Las Piñas, and Navotas), and the coastal provinces
of Bataan, Pampanga, Bulacan in Region 3, and

2

The Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy (BSDS)
Bataan, being one of the coastal
provinces of Manila Bay, also prepared for the
implementation of its own coastal strategy, which
is in line with the strategy of Manila Bay. As this
province is a peninsula, the use and development
of Bataan’s coastal and marine resources were
defined, considering land-based resources
complementary to the coastal resources, and
substantially provide the province of Bataan with
a sustained economic development.
The Bataan Sustainable Development
Strategy, or BSDS, embodies the shared vision of
the people of Bataan. The province is endowed
Bataan has rich coastal and marine resources.
Chapter 1: Introduction
with economic opportunities, recreational
areas, rich cultural and historical heritage and
abundant natural resources. The BSDS provides a
comprehensive framework which helps determine
directions in achieving targeted outcomes and
formulating a series of specific actions and
programs involving the participation of government
and non-government sectors. The BSDS covers
a broad area covering land and water on the
seaward side of the coastal areas including the
upland watersheds of the 11 municipalities and
one city, and the sea and seabed area within the
maximum 15-km. municipal waters limit based on
the Philippines Fishery Code of 1998 (RA 8550).
The BSDS addresses activities with impacts on
the coastal and marine environment at present
and in the future. Box 1 presents the Bataan
stakeholders’ shared vision and mission, and the
key strategies.
Development of the CLSUZP is an
integral element of the Bataan Sustainable
Development Strategy and will complement the
existing comprehensive land-use plan of the
province and in harmony with the provincial
integrated coastal management program.
3
Chapter 1: Introduction

Map 1. Provinces and Coastal Waters within the Manila Bay Area

Source: Manila Bay Area Environmental Atlas (2007)

4

1.3. RATIONALE FOR THE PLAN
The coastal zone and municipal waters are
the most productive areas in Bataan. Their coastal
resources and ecosystem play an important role
in the health and living condition of the people of
Bataan. The resources like fisheries, shellfishes,
coral reefs, seagrasses/seaweeds and mangroves
provide direct and indirect benefits to the coastal
communities of the province. Unfortunately,
poor planning coupled with uncontrolled human
and economic activities have put pressure
and resulted in significant degradation of the
integrity and condition of the coastal and marine
ecosystem and environment of Bataan. Absence
of transboundary lines of municipal waters and
unclear distinctions of productive and functional
zones culminate inappropriate to overlapping and
multiple utilization of the area. As these practices
continue, there is a risk of scarcity and depletion of
resources. To remedy the aggravating issues and
problem in the coastal and marine environment of
the province, the formulation of the Bataan Coastal
Land and Sea-Use Zoning Plan is necessary.
The CLSUZP is part of the implementation
of the Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy,
which is designed to move towards the attainment
of the stakeholders’ shared vision, and address
the conflicting uses, major issues and problems
that contribute to the continued degradation of
the coastal and marine environment of Bataan.
The plan also states the specific objectives and
actions, which directly focus on the problem areas
of the Bataan coastal zones. Its aim is toward the
attainment of the Bataan stakeholders’ shared
vision, mission, and goals in managing, protecting,
and conserving the rich natural resources,
environment, and historical and cultural heritage
for future generations (Box 1).
The CLSUZP provides a well-defined
distinction among different zones, which has been
classified according to their existing and proposed
level of development, resource utilization, and
resource abundance or scarcity. A thorough
review of the existing resources and environmental
quality also supports the intention to formulate
required laws and ordinances, regulate activities
Chapter 1: Introduction
and expected development. The CLSUZP will
also serve to protect the designated use of coastal
zones and reduce adverse environmental impacts
of certain coastal activities.
The Manila Bay area is one of the
Philippines’ major avenues that cater to a lot of
economic activities for continuous growth and
development ranging from shipping, industrial,
commercial, fishing, aquaculture to tourism
activities. With the various developments taking
place along the bay, the natural environment of
the area is facing various threats from different
factors: over-population, pollution from land-
and sea-based sources, over and illegal fishing,
uncontrolled development, loss of habitats,
and decreasing resources. The effects of these
problems result in the significant degradation of
the ecosystem and biodiversity thereby affecting
the needs of all living things along the bay. There
are also impacts on human health, the economy,
and social conditions of the people. The complete
zoning scheme for Manila Bay is therefore
necessary to resolve the multiple-use conflicts
and address the various issues and problems that
continue to build up. Bataan is the pilot area for
the coastal use zoning of Manila Bay.
Bataan plays a major role in the Central
Luzon “W”-Growth Corridor, serving as the region’s
industrial heartland owing to the presence of
several industries in the province, as well as tourism
area due to its natural resources and historical
sites (Figure 2). The province also lies within the
national growth triad of the Subic Bay Metropolitan
Area (SBMA), Clark Special Economic Zone,
and Metro Manila. The province was identified
as one of the country’s investment destinations.
Moreover, the inclusion of Bataan in the Global
Gateways, which is the centerpiece of development
of the national government, will certainly spur the
economic growth of the province (Figure 3). It
promises to be the country’s next economic hub
when the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway Project
(SCTEP) is finally put into place. This expressway
will pass through Hermosa and Dinalupihan. It
is complemented by the development of Subic
Seaport and the Diosdado Macapagal Airport in
Clark, Pampanga. These developments, plus the
5
Chapter 1: Introduction
Box 1: Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy
VISION
The people of Bataan envision…”A well developed community with abundant natural resources,
clean environment and responsible citizenry empowered and committed to care for nature and its
bounty.”
MISSION
The people of Bataan aim… “To clean the
environment, develop it sustainably and make
it safe from harmful human activities for us to
live peacefully, blissfully and honorably amidst
nature’s bounty through active participation in
integrated resource management efforts.”
The shared vision of Bataenos reflects the strong
desire to become active stewards of the living
resources and values innate to Bataan. It is how
the people of Bataan see the province in the next
25 years or more. This shows the deep sense
of commitment among the citizenry and all the
leaders in the province to preserve and protect
the natural heritage for the present and future
generations. Meanwhile, the mission statement
declares the immediate aim of the Bataan
Coastal Strategy arising from the commitment
of the stakeholders to the shared vision.
The work ahead requires a partnership among
stakeholders. The specific call to action of
having a clean environment safe from harmful
human activities affirms the aims and functions
of the stakeholders in their desire to achieve
the shared vision. It centers mainly on the
environmental, economic and social well being
of the stakeholders as they move towards future
goals as embodied within the coastal strategy.
construction of Anvaya Cove by Ayala Land, Inc.
as a resort-leisure tourist facility in Morong and the
operation of San Miguel Feed Mill in Mariveles, will
also open up a host of opportunities and heighten
the economic growth of the province.
A peninsular province, Bataan is bounded
by the South China Sea on the West and by Manila
6
The STRATEGIES
In order to realize the vision and mission for the
coastal and marine environment of Bataan, the
Bataan Coastal Strategy mandates all stake-
holders to:
INFORM the stakeholders of their
rights and responsibilities and make them highly
aware of the issues and problems concerning
the coastal environment of Bataan, for them to
be mobilized towards a sustainable and active
participation in environmental management
programs.
MITIGATE the impacts of damaging
human activities, which will lead to integrated
approaches and measures to sustain the
range of values supported by Bataan’s coastal
environment.
PROTECT and PRESERVE the significant
values and features of Bataan’s coastal and
marine environment for the present and future
generations through integrated planning and
management.
DEVELOP areas and opportunities
within Bataan’s coastal environment, as well
as provide directions for the future uses of its
resources that shall maintain the range of values
and benefits the community derive from the
coastal environment.
Bay on the East and its strategic location brings in
opportunities for the province to utilize its waterways
as another gate for development. The use of
waterways by passenger ferries at the Port of Orion
via Manila lessens travel time and makes Bataan
as one of the provinces nearest to Metro Manila.
The waterways of Manila Bay also serves

Figure 2. Enhanced W-Growth Corridor of Central Luzon
as the navigational lane of cargo ships and support
large-scale industries, such as: oil refineries and
depots, power plants, petrochemical plants,
and economic zones, as well as tourism activities,
which extend huge contributions to the national
economy.
The implementation of the CLSUZP will
open up the different avenues of sustainable
development of the coastal areas of the province.
This will serve as one of the mechanisms for the
realization of the BSDS.
1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE PLAN
The objectives of this plan are to:
• Protect habitats, eco-systems and
ecological processes;
• Protect natural and/or cultural sites while
allowing a spectrum of reasonable uses;
• Mitigate pollution from land- and sea-
based sources;
• Resolve conflicting human activities/uses;
• Delineate suitable areas for particular
human uses, while minimizing the impacts
of these uses;
• Preserve critical areas in their natural
state and undisturbed except for purposes
of scientific research and education;
• Protect human welfare; and,
• Better manage the coastal areas.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Figure 3. The Global Gateways Infrastructure
1.5. SCOPE OF THE PLAN
The scope of the CLSUZP includes the
10 coastal municipalities and 1 coastal city of
Bataan (Map 2). The 12th and only land-locked
municipality, which is Dinalupihan, was also
considered in the plan because its river system
which is affected by siltation and sedimentation
due to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, is connected
to the municipalities of Hermosa and Orani.
The seaward boundary of Bataan’s coastal
areas is 15 kilometers from the shoreline, as stated
in RA 8550 or the Fisheries Code of 1998. One
(1) kilometer landward from the shoreline is also
considered as part of the coastal land area.
Thus, the geographic extent of this
coastal-use zoning plan covers areas within one (1)
kilometer from the shoreline at high tide to include
mangrove swamps, brackish water ponds, nipa
swamps, estuarine rivers, mudflats, sandy beaches,
as well as other areas within a seaward limit of
200 meters isobath to include coral reefs, algal
flats, seagrass beds and other soft-bottom areas
(RA 8550).
The Comprehensive Land Use Plans
(CLUPs) of each municipality and the Provincial
Physical Framework Plan (PPFP) are linked and
harmonized with this coastal use zoning plan to
provide a more comprehensive Integrated Land-
and Sea-Use Plan for the province.
7
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.6. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
In the formulation of the CLSUZP,
the delineation of each zone is based on its
potential utilization and uses as identified during
the workshop deliberation and consultations
attended by various sectors of the community and
stakeholders. The zoning system, once in place,
will pave the way and openup more opportunities
to every sector of the community that primarily
depend on the coastal and marine resources for
their means of livelihood.
In 2002, representatives from the Project
Management Office (PMO) and the Provincial
Planning and Development Office (PPDO) attended

a six-day intensive Regional Training Workshop on
the Development and Implementation of Coastal
Use Zoning Plan and Institutional Framework
conducted by GEF/UNDP/IMO Partnerships
in Environmental Management for the Seas of
East Asia (PEMSEA). This training provided the
participants with insights and knowledge on the
basic concepts and approaches for applying
zoning scheme to coastal areas and developing
institutional arrangements for its implementation

 
under the framework of integrated coastal
management.
From 2003 – 2004, the PMO and PPDO
worked together with the Bataan Coastal Care
Foundation, Inc. (BCCFI), Office of the Provincial
Agriculturist (OPA), DENR-Provincial Environment
and Natural Resources Office (PENRO), DENR-
Community Environment and Natural Resources
Office (CENRO) in conducting ten (10) municipal
and one (1) city consultations and capacity-building
trainings/workshops. These workshops enabled the
participants to understand the rationale, scope,
and expected outputs of the coastal-use zoning
project and process of developing the CLSUZP.
It also increased awareness of the participants,
particularly the Local Government Units (LGUs) on
the importance of the province-wide coastal and
sea-use plan, which is to be integrated into their
Comprehensive Land-Use Plans. (See results of
consultations in Appendix B)
In 2005, technical officers from the
PEMSEA conducted a two-day inception workshop
in Balanga City. Various stakeholders from the
national and provincial agencies, private sector,








 

Map 2. Proposed Municipal Water Boundaries Source: NAMRIA

8
 Chapter 1: Introduction

civil society groups, fisherfolk associations and

LGUs participated in this workshop.

The Provincial Government of Bataan also

issued an executive order in 2005 forming and
activating a Technical Working Group (TWG) to
develop the CLSUZP. The TWG is a multi-sectoral
team of specialists who have experiences in
land use planning, socio-economic planning,
environmental planning and other development
planning. They have in-depth knowledge on the
habitat and ecosystem of Bataan’s coastal area and
the legislations and regulations on environment and
resources management. The members of the TWG Part of the capacity-building workshop is an on-site field visit
and transect walk in Brgy. Tortugas in Balanga City.
underwent a series of capacity-building seminars
and workshops to equip themselves with the skills of
handling several activities useful in the collection,
verification, and final analysis of pertinent data and
other skills for the full development of the CLSUZP.
The members who come from the different national
government agencies, local government units,
private sector, and non-govenment organizations
provided information on existing sectoral plans,
information, and relevant data and ideas which
contributed to the plan. Together with the core
TWG from the provincial government were their
partners in the municipal level. Workshops were
also conducted and facilitated by a team from
the University of the Philippines Planning and
Development Research Foundation, Inc. or UP Discussions and deliberations were conducted to identify the
Planades. existing uses and proposed zones in Bataan.

In the development of the CLSUZP, the

support from the local government was necessary
to enable the stakeholders to identify uses and
zones and prepare the plan. It was a must that
the project is sincerely adhered to by the local
government officials to get an equally honest
attempt by different stakeholders to complete the
CLSUZP and jointly support its implementation.
The stakeholders played the key tasks of providing
salient information to contribute to the completion
of the plan, as these people have the innate desire
to protect and utilize resources logically.

Mapping and delineation of zones was an integral part of

the plan.

9

2.1. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Location
Bataan is located in the southwestern part
of the Central Luzon Region. It lies approximately at
coordinates 120o 15’ to 120o 40’ latitude and 14o
20’ to 14o 50’ longitude. It is bounded on the north
by the provinces of Zambales, on the northeast by
Pampanga, on the west by South China Sea, and
on the east by Manila Bay.
Climate
The climate in Bataan is categorized under
Type I. There are two distinct seasons: the rainy
season and dry season. The rainy season starts on
the month of May and ends up around the month of
October. The rest of the year is dry with occasional
rains dispersed widely throughout the province.
Occasional typhoons visit the area especially
during the months of June to September.
Topography
Bataan is a mountainous land mass,
dominated largely by uplands, hills, and mountains,
Figure 4. Slope Map
Chapter 2:
EXISTING SITUATION
Undulating mountains serve as scenic background to the
plains of the province..
covering 80.9 percent of its whole area (Figure 4).
The lowlands and plains, which comprise 19.1
percent of the land area of the province, are
generally flat, gently rising towards the hills. These
areas comprise most of the agricultural portion
of Bataan, found along the northern and eastern
coasts facing Manila Bay.
Hydrology
The province is drained by numerous rivers
and small streams with very few meanders radiating
and sloping from the mountain groups down to
the sea draining the whole area efficiently. There
are more than one hundred rivers in the province
which are very important not only for irrigation but
also for purposes of navigation and fishing.
Geomorphology
The whole province of Bataan can be
classified broadly with one volcanic terrain. Most
of the highest elevations are considered parts of the
collapsed caldera forming a ring-like structure with
the suspected mouths, Mount Natib and Mariveles.
Other high peaks are most likely the satellite vents
of major volcanic craters presently occurring and
dikes along the upper and mid-slopes of the
volcano. Bordering these morpho-landforms are
11
Chapter 2: Existing Situation

lava fields and flow plains with deep incision, steep
cliffs, occasional gorges, and minor cascades.
Coastal areas are classified by typical
marine land forms such as beaches, ridges, swales,
and foreshore sand bars.
Geology
In the eastern flank of the Bataan peninsula
lays two large volcanic edifices, Mt. Natib on the
north and Mt. Mariveles on the south.
Faults and Earthquake-prone Areas
An analysis of seismic tectonic elements
proximate to Bataan indicates the following:

Basically, Bataan is tectonically sitting

directly on top of an active subduction zone, which
centers along the Manila trench. It is believed that
this zone was responsible for the Early Pliocene to
Early Holocene period of volcanic activities giving
rise to varied depositions of volcanic rocks in the
whole peninsula.
There are three (3) rock strategic units
exposed in the area, namely: quaternary pyroclastics
(QP), quaternary plug (Qp) and quaternary
alluvium (Qal).
Quaternary pyroclastics occupy the rolling
to hilly ground with infrequent deep incision in
several sections of creeks and rivers. It is composed
of volcanic breccias, tuff and tuff breccias, and
lahars.
• The East Zambales Fault, a recently
active tectonic lineament closely
related to Mt. Pinatubo is about
60 km. east of the municipality of
Samal;
• The Manila Trench, an active
subduction zone, is 120 km. west of
Luzon in the South China Sea;
• The seismically active Lubang Island
– Mindoro Fault is about 100 km. to
the south;
• The Digdig Fault (100 km. to the
northeast) is the epicenter of the 7.8
magnitude North Luzon earthquake
in July 1990; and,
• The rest of the Philippine Fault is
farther to the eastern side of Luzon.

Quaternary plug is made wholly of

alticandesites rock.

Quaternary alluvium occupies the low-

lying areas which include the beaches and plains.
These deposits are derived from weathering
and erosion of older volcanic rocks that were
later transported and deposited along stream
channels.

Volcanoes

The presence of a chain of volcanoes

in the Zambales – Bataan region, including the
currently active Mt. Pinatubo, may put the province
under threat of volcanic eruption. Mt. Pinatubo,
some 40 kms. to the north, deposited a relatively
thin but widespread ash cover over the Olongapo
– Subic – North Bataan area during its last eruption.
Similarly, the smaller, dormant volcanoes are Mt. Figure 5. Seismicity of Bataan and vicinity
Sta. Rita and Mt. Malasimbo.

12
 Chapter 2: Existing Situation

Map 3. Coastal Habitats and Resources

13
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
Fine sandy beaches can be found in Bagac.
These tectonic elements are probable
earthquake generators that would trigger ground-
shaking and ground displacement. Bautista, et.al.
(1992) have conducted probabilistic estimate of
peak ground acceleration. For the Bataan area,
a ground acceleration value of 0.1 g (1 times the
force of gravity) within a 50-year return period
was estimated. In the same study, Bautista, et.al.
suggested that the risk of tsunami along the coastal
areas of Bataan cannot be discounted since
tectonic features around Bataan are capable of
generating tsunamegenic earthquakes. Historically,
the occurrence of a tsunami in Bataan that has
been last recorded was on December 7, 1677.
Based on the distribution of earthquake
epicenters in the whole archipelago, the strongest is,
in fact, the eastern section, i.e. Eastern Mindanao,
Samar, and Leyte. However, other relative active
parts are the vicinities of Lubang Island – Mindoro,
the East Luzon Trench, Casiguran Fault, Digdig
Fault, and the northern segment of the Philippine
Fault Zone, all of which are within the 150-km.
radius of the province (Figure 5).
Water Quality
Coastal marine waters support a dynamic
ecosystem and contain valuable natural resources
that are important to the coastal community.
The inseparable relationship between land use
and water quality are major issues in the coastal
zone.
The Bataan coastal area is receiving
drainage from immediate watersheds through
14
Thick mangrove areas exist along the shorelines of Bataan.
tributaries and major river systems. Large amounts
of waste drain into the coastal waters from domestic
discharges.
With rapid increase in population and
industrialization within the coastal area, water
quality is expected to deteriorate. Contamination of
the Bataan coastal and marine waters will continue
to increase with the inevitable population and
economic growth. The sources of contamination
that eventually lead to marine pollution are
domestic and industrial wastes, agro-chemical
loading, siltation/sedimentation, toxic and
hazardous wastes, and oil pollution.
2.2. BIO-PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Muddy tide flats along with alluvial sand
bars characterize the coastline along Manila Bay.
Mangrove areas can be observed from Orani to
Orion, along with seaweed areas and seagrass
patches from portions of Samal, Balanga, and
Pilar down to Mariveles. The deeper portions are
the coastal areas of Orion to Mariveles. Poor coral
reef patches mixed with sandy rocky bottom can be
found in the Mariveles area, where the coastline
begin to take on a rocky character, looping from
the mouth of Manila Bay to the western side of
the province. The South China Sea coastline
is interspersed with pristine beaches with rocky
portions and fringes of coral reef in good condition
from Bagac to Morong. These are havens for
marine turtles and other marine animals.
 Chapter 2: Existing Situation

Table 1: Population Trend and Growth Rate

City/ Growth Rate
1980 1990 1995 2000 2006 (projected)
Municipality (1995-2000)

Abucay 22,692 26,708 29,270 31,801 35,373 1.79

Bagac 13,109 18,241 20,906 22,353 24,355 1.44

Balanga City 39,132 51,512 60,912 71,088 86,729 3.37

Dinalupihan 41,415 58,172 65,159 76,145 93,060 3.40

Hermosa 25,672 34,633 38,764 46,254 58,055 3.86

Limay 24,281 32,629 40,092 46,620 56,614 3.79

Mariveles 48,594 60,761 76,626 85,779 99,187 2.45

Morong 10,637 17,155 18,731 21,273 25,048 2.78

Orani 33,083 43,494 48,695 52,501 57,849 1.63

Orion 28,049 35,263 39,537 44,067 50,657 2.35

Pilar 18,549 25,244 28,207 32,368 38,627 2.99

Samal 18,041 21,991 24,560 27,410 31,565 2.38

BATAAN 323,254 425,803 491,459 557,659 657,119 2.74

Source: National Statistics Office Handbook and PPDO - Socio-economic Profile 2004

Table 2. Land Area, Population Density and Income Class

Pop’n.
City/ Land Area
Density Income Class
Municipality (Hectares)
(sq. km)

Abucay 7,970 444 Fourth

Bagac 23,120 105 Fourth

Balanga 16,560 777 2nd Class City

Dinalupihan 4,460 1,006 Third

Hermosa 15,730 370 Fourth

Limay 10,300 546 First

Mariveles 15,390 644 Second

Morong 21,920 114 Fifth

Orani 5,916 891 Third

Orion 6,540 774 Fourth

Pilar 3,760 1,027 Fifth

Samal 5,630 561 Fourth

BATAAN 137,296 First

Source: PPDO-Socioeconomic profile 2004

have the highest recorded population. The least

2.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC
populated towns are Morong and Bagac, with
CHARACTERISTICS
population of 25,048 and 24,355, respectively.
Table 1 presents the population trend.
Demography

The province has 87 coastal barangays

Bataan’s population annually increases
at the rate of 2.74%. This rate was recorded as
the highest in Region III and was higher than
the national average of 2.2%. As of 2006, the
projected population was computed at 657,119.
The municipalities of Mariveles and Dinalupihan
with population of 99,187 and 93,060 respectively,
distributed in 10 coastal municipalities and one
coastal city. The population in coastal barangays is
approximately 220,032 or 34.45% of the projected
population of the province for CY 2005. Pilar and
Dinalupihan have the highest population density
in the province (Table 2).

15
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
In terms of the number of households, there
was an increase from 98,499 in 1995 to 113,674
in 2000. In 2006, the number of household is
estimated to be 133,847. The average household
size is 4.90 persons per household.
In Bataan, 61.6% of the total population
comprises the working age group (15 to 64 years
old). Individuals aged 0 to 14 years old constitute
34.9%, and those aged 65 and above comprise
3.5% of the 2006 population. Dependency ratio
in 2000 was 62. This means that for every 100
persons in the working age group (15 to 64
years), there were 62 dependents, that is 57
young dependents (0 to 14 years old) and 5 old
dependents (65 years old and above).
Economic Activities
The coastal areas of Bataan are being
utilized for fisheries and shellfish culture, shipping
and navigation, industries, tourism and recreation,
and built-up areas.
Fisheries and Aquaculture
Bataan has a total of 84 coastal barangays
in 10 coastal municipalities, and 1 coastal city.
Fishing is the most practiced activity along the
coastal and sea areas of Bataan. Around 220,032
or 34.45 % of the population is mainly dependent
on this activity as their source of livelihood. There
are two forms of fishing in the area; brackish water
aquaculture and capture fisheries. Capture
fisheries are for municipal and commercial fishing
activities.
Brackish Aquaculture
Brackish fishponds are present in the
municipalities of Hermosa, Orani, Samal, Abucay,
Pilar, Orion, and City of Balanga, where different
forms of fishes, mudcrabs, and prawns are being
cultured. One can also find along these areas
the stretches of mangroves and mudflats that
serve as breeding ground of fish, buffer zone,
and protection of the fishponds and coastal
communities during tidal inundation. One of the
major areas of concern is the illegal expansion of
fishponds, which encroach on the mangroves, as
well as mudflat areas.
16
Fishing is the most practiced activity along the coastal areas
of Bataan.
About 4.30 hectares are utilized as
brackish water fishponds, which harvest 7
metric tons per hectare and 143.70 hectares for
freshwater fishpond with a production of 5.5 metric
tons per hectare. Production ranges from 2.8 to 5.5
metric tons or 2.80 to 5.50 kg of milkfish, prawn,
and tilapia per hectare.
Municipal Fisheries
With the application of the 15-km. limit
under RA 8550 and RA 7160 (Local Government
Code), the whole stretch of Manila Bay generally
fall under municipal waters of the different LGUs
along the bay except for a small area of the center
of the bay. This serves as the rights of municipal
fishermen to utilize the bay for their own activities,
particularly in Bataan where traditional and
marginalized fishermen mostly depend for their
livelihood.
As of 2002, there were 6,715 registered
motorized bancas and 3,405 non-motorized
bancas for the municipal fishing activities for the
whole province. There are about 18 fishing vessels
with 18 operators for commercial fishing. (Source:
PPDO – MTDP 2002)
Transboundary issue among LGUs along
the bay is a common problem because the
application of 15-km. limit results in overlapping
jurisdictions. Equity sharing among the LGUs is
one of the recommended solutions in this CLSUZP
(see Map 2).
 Chapter 2: Existing Situation

On the western side of the province,

the application of the 15-km. municipal waters
limit is a problem of Morong with the Province of
Zambales and the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority
(SBMA). Municipal and traditional fishermen also
experience conflicting uses due to the presence
of beaches and other tourism and recreational
activities in the area. The presence of nesting
sites of marine turtles along the beaches of Bagac
and Morong should likewise be considered in the
tourism, industrial, and real estate development.

Commercial Fisheries

Several commercial fishing vessels that

weigh greater than three (3) gross tonnages (GT)
operate within Manila Bay. Others operate outside
of Manila Bay as far as South China Sea. RA 8550
authorizes or permits small-scale (3.1 – 20 GT)
commercial fishing and medium-scale (20.1 – 150
GT) commercial fishing vessels to operate within
the 10.1 to 15-km. area from the shoreline of the
municipal waters on the condition that there are
permits from the city/municipal government, and
acting pursuant to an appropriate ordinance. This
has created problems, such as over-fishing and Marine turtles at the Pawikan Conservation Center in Morong.
resulted in conflicts within the municipal waters,
especially the competition between traditional of Lamao, Port of Mariveles, and Port of Orion.
and municipal fishing and commercial fishing. The ports of Lamao and Mariveles are utilized
Such conflicts are prevalent in the municipalities of for cargo vessels and chemical and oil tankers.
Limay, Mariveles, and Morong. Bagac is the only Custom duties are derived from them. Port of Orion
LGU in Bataan that passed an ordinance allowing was established for roll on – roll off (RORO) and
small- and medium-scale commercial fishing passenger ferries. All ships and ferries are bound
vessels to operate within its municipal waters. for Manila and other domestic and international
destinations.
Large-scale commercial fishing is defined
as utilizing active gears and vessels of more than There is also the Maritime Academy
150 GT. of Asia and the Pacific (MAAP), which makes
use of the bay as their training ground for their
Shipping and Navigation students.

Manila Bay is one of the important
avenues of development of the country which rely
on shipping and navigational activities. This can
be seen on the coastal side of Bataan where heavy
industries are complemented with shipping and
navigational system. This is mainly concentrated
in the municipalities of Limay and Mariveles. In
addition, the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) was
able to establish three (3) national ports: Port
The Ports of Lamao and Mariveles are
among the high-risk areas for oil spills in Manila
Bay (Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan).
It is therefore necessary to set up permanent
shipping and navigational lanes and aids to avoid
accidents that may arise along the bay due to
multiple resource uses.

17
Chapter 2: Existing Situation

province, the open and free access to fishing and

other sources of fresh food items has become
a strong attraction to the people of Bataan and
nearby provinces to locate in the coastal areas.
Most of the municipalities in Bataan along Manila
Bay are experiencing the pressure of increasing
settlement in their respective coastal areas. The
threat on other resources, such as mangroves and
mudflats continues to crop up due to continuous
reclamation and encroachment of people for their
settlement and other purposes.

Existing Zones/Uses

The existing zones and uses as on Map

Residential area along the coast in Brgy. Lamao, Limay, 4 shows many overlapping and conflicting uses
Bataan of coastal and municipal waters in the 10 coastal
municipalities and 1 coastal city of Bataan.
Industrial Activities along Coastal Areas Concerned LGUs as mandated by RA 7160 find
a hard time to manage their territorial jurisdiction
Medium and heavy industries such as over coastal and municipal waters due to absence
petrochemical estate, oil refineries and depot, of clear demarcation of water boundaries.
power generating plants, grains terminal and
economic zones are concentrated along the Multiple resource-use conflicts also
coastal areas of Limay and Mariveles. These continue to proliferate resulting in over-utilization
industries are the frequent users of the bay. and depletion of coastal and marine resources.
Other than their extensive facilities and structures Incompatible uses of existing zones hamper the
that are positioned on the significant portion development of full potential and sustainability of
of the shoreline, some of these large industrial each zone.
establishments have constructed and maintained
their own ports, piers, and berthing facilities in The aggravating problems will be
support of their activities. resolved with the full cooperation of LGUs and
other stakeholders concerned in proper coastal
Tourism and Recreational Activities management and implementation of this zoning
plan.
There are only a few areas along the
Manila Bay which are being utilized for tourism
and recreation. These areas are found in Balanga
City, Limay, and Mariveles. The primary areas
intended for this purpose are located in the western
side of Bataan along South China Sea. These are
the coastal municipalities of Bagac and Morong,
wherein numerous pristine beaches and potential
areas for tourism development are present. There
is also an established Pawikan Conservation Project
in Nagbalayong, Morong and proposed to be
replicated in other areas of Bagac.

Built-up Areas

Built-up areas consist of residential,

institutional, commercial, and small-scale
enterprises. Aside from being a peninsular A fishing village in Brgy. Palihan, Orani, Bataan

18
 Chapter 2: Existing Situation

Map 4. Existing Zones and Uses of Bataan

19
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
Socio-economic Condition of Fisherfolks
A comparison of income and social
standing of fishers’ households indicates that the
poverty situation remains unchanged. After the first
major fishery sector project (1990-1994), it is noted
that 80% of the fishers’ households were still below
the poverty threshold despite major interventions,
ranging from full investment packages for fishing
boats and equipment, to community-based coastal
resources management.
The latest family income and expenditure
survey (NSO, 2001) indicated that economic and
social parameters for fishers’ households reinforced
this observation. The data showed that in 2000
(Socio-economic characteristics of households in
the Philippines, 2000 – NSO, 2001), households
whose heads were fishers had significantly higher
poverty incidence than any other household in
general. Furthermore, the average annual income
of fisher’s household and those who work in the
fishing industry was about P70,000.00, less than
half of the average annual income of households in
general which is approximately P144,000.00. This
translates to an average daily income of around
P192.00 or roughly, the retail value of 2-kg. of
fish. Low income can be attributed to declining
fish catch, estimated to be about 2-kg. per day at
present, down from 20-kg. per day, which was the
average catch during the 1970s.
Because of low-income levels, a greater
portion of the income of fishers’ households is
spent on food expenditures and a much lesser
share is used for other items, compared to the
income of households in general. It is interesting to
note that fisher’s household has a relatively higher
rate of spending on vices, like alcohol and tobacco,
than in any other household in general.
Based on the National Statistics Office’s
(NSO’s) 2001 data, households of fishers have
head of families with relatively low education levels,
compared to other households in general. More
than two-thirds of fishing households have head
of families that are elementary undergraduates.
In contrast, about half of households in general
have heads who hve attained higher education
level. Fishers’ households have lower access rates
20
to basic necessities like safe water, sanitary toilets,
and electricity than other households and are more
likely to live in makeshift houses or are informal
settlers. Also, the size of households of fishers and
of those in the fishing industry is greater than the
national average.
2.4. EXISTING POLICIES AND
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
The policy review discusses the legal
framework for the management and conservation
of the coastal and marine ecosystem and resources
of the Province of Bataan. It involves only key
process of legislation at the national level including
Philippine Constitution, Presidential Decrees and
Republic Acts and Policy Directives emanating from
national government agencies. Resolutions and
ordinances and explicit policy directives articulated
in the different land-use plan documents affecting
the coastal environment originating from Provincial
and Municipal/City Government are likewise
discussed. The nature of the national-provincial-
city/municipal policy framework for the coastal
environment is complex, primarily because of the
sheer number and overlaps of a multitude of legal
and policy measures and the institutions tasked to
implement them. Given this, a number of policy
options and choices will need to be studied and
considered carefully by the provincial government
and city and municipalities of Bataan in order to
be more effective in managing the coastal/marine
environment and resources.
Table 4 shows the key international
conventions and national and local policies and
legislations. The Review of Policies and Institutional
Arrangements is in Appendix A.
At the International and National Level
As far as international laws or policies are
concerned, Bataan’s effort to zone on a provincial
level should continue to follow, if not improve
on the pronouncement already found in existing
plans at the provincial and city/municipal levels.
This is because the various documents from the
local development plans to Bataan Sustainable
 Chapter 2: Existing Situation

Table 3. Socio-economic characteristics of households in the Phils., 2000 (NSO, 2001)

% of households whose heads are
All Households
Household Characteristic In the fishing
Fishers (%)
industry
Poverty Incidence*
61.9 59.9
33.7
Distribution of households b educational
attainment of the head
No grade completed 6.5 4.3 4.1
Elementary undergraduate 76.4 77.9 53.3
Elementary graduate 12.3 12.7 20.3
1st - 3rd year high school 3.4 3.6 10.6
High school graduate 0.3 0.3 1.2
College undergraduate 0.2 0.1 0.7
At least college graduate 0.9 1.2 9.8
Access to safe drinking water 61.8 65.8 78.5
Access to sanitary toilet facility 51.5 54.2 82.5
Access to electricity 51.2 55.5 75.4
Proportion living in makeshift houses 2.8 2.8 2
Proportion who are squatting 5.9 6.1 3.1
Mean family size (number) 5.6 5.6 5.1
Mean income
70,244 72,959 144,039

Mean expenditure
62,445 64,297 118,002

Exependiture pattern
Total household expenditure 100.0 100.0 100.0
Food
59.3 58.5 43.6

Alcoholic beverages 1.2 1.3 0.7

Tobacco
2.4 2.4 1.1

Fuel, light and water 5.9 6 6.3

Transportation & communication
3.2 3.4 6.8

Household operations 18.4 18.4 23.2

Personal care & effects 3.5 3.5 3.6
Clothing, footwear & others 2.4 2.4 2.7
Education
2.3 2.3 4.2

Recreation 0.2 0.3 0.5

Medical care 1.2 1.3 1.9
Non-durable furnishings 0.3 0.3 0.2
Durable furniture & equipment 1.4 1.5 2.5
Taxes
0.4 0.4 2.1

House rent 7.9 7.8 14.2

House maintenance & minor
0.9 0.9 0.9
repairs
Special family occasions 1.7 2 2.4
Gifts & contribution to others 0.9 0.8 0.9
Other expenditures 2.9 2.9 2.9
* Proportion of families whose per capita income cannot meet the minimum food and non-food
require. (Source: NSO 2001. Family Income and Expenditures Survey)

21
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
Development Strategy are at least in written,
principle. Consistent with national laws, these
are attuned to international treaties, conventions,
and agreements. An example of the linkage of
environmental principles are the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention), and
Convention on International Trade of Endangered
Species (CITES), Biodiversity Convention, Ramsar
Convention on Wetlands, which all contain
stipulations on conservation of living resources,
particularly migratory and endangered species,
which in turn are consistent with the commitment
to sustainable development in Rio Declaration and
the United Nations Agenda 21. Going down the
line, many resources and environmental laws of
the Philippines in the last decade (e.g. NIPAS Act,
Agriculture and Fishery Modernization Act, Clean Air
Act, etc.) explicitly stress sustainable development
as a guiding principle. Hence, implementation of
such laws would presumably be in accordance
with international treaties, thereby translating
abstract commitment into material local mandate.
Moreover, recent Philippine environmental laws
(e.g., Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act, Clean Water Act, etc.) are simultaneously
compliant with United Nation Seventh Millennium
Development Goal to “ensure environmental
sustainability,” in particular through “integrating the
principles of sustainable development into country
policies and programs.”
Seeking further affirmation beyond
stipulation on environmental protection are to be
found in the 1987 Constitution and the various
laws related to agriculture (e.g. RA 7881), fishery
and marine resources (e.g. RA 8550), wildlife and
habitat protection (RA 9147, RA 7586), forestry
code (PD 705), and land use (e.g. RA 7279), which
can be a basis of elaborating higher policies for
the purpose of operationalization. Table 4 shows
the different policy concerns across sectors.
At the Provincial Level
Based on the review of provincial plans,
it is apparent that the chosen growth strategy of
Bataan is to develop itself as an agro-industrial
province with strong emphasis on ecological
22
tourism. The latter, in turn, will permit the
preservation of forest areas and prime agricultural
lands. As medium-term policy statement, the
existing laws on environmental protection shall be
upheld and enforced, while actions to provide basic
infrastructure that have environmental implication
(e.g., sanitary landfill sewage treatment) shall be
encouraged in the city and municipalities. Notably,
the provincial plans are specific about certain
agency duties identifying DENR-EMB, DILG, DA,
BFAR, and DAR as lead agencies in environmental
management and agricultural land conversion
and development. One should also observe that
although the chosen development is consistent with
the regional development framework assigning
Bataan West Coast to ecotourism and its East
Coast to agro-industry, actual implementation
may differ given key industrial location in Mariveles
(Bataan Economic Zone), Morong (Bataan
Technology Park), Limay (Petron Bataan Refinery)
and Hermosa (Hermosa Agro-industrial Estate).
With respect to the development and
conservation of the coastal/marine environment,
the Provincial Government is very much aware
of its role as steward of these natural resources
and the need to protect these as the province’s
life support system, not only biologically, but also
economically and socially. The stakeholders of
Bataan have developed and adopted the Bataan
Coastal Strategy, Bataan Declaration of support
and commitment, and the Bataan Sustainable
Development Strategy. A large part of the provincial
economy is anchored on sustainable resource use
and development, not only of its land resources but
also its marine resources. Therefore, sustainable
development policies are in place at the provincial
level.
At the City/Municipal Level
The development plans at Provincial and
City/Municipal levels are vertically aligned. Policy
statements from City/Municipal comprehensive
land use plans are reviewed to be consistent with
provincial vision and directions. The proposed
strategies are appropriate to each local government
unit, particularly on socio-economic development
aspect.
 Table 4: Key Policies and Legislation Across Sectors
Specific Area of Spatial Location in Bataan
Concern
Fisheries and entire coastline, with
Aquaculture emphasis on east and south
coast
Resource and watersheds and entire
Environmental coastline
Management
Industrial Expansion south and southeast coast
Shipping, Navigation south and southeast coast
and Sea-based Sources
of Pollution
Tourism mountainous interior,
including rivers, waterfalls;
coastal: beaches, mangroves,
coral reefs;
historical and cultural sites
Property Rights and entire coastline, but more
Conversion corrective on east coast,
preventive on west coast
National and Local Policy, Law, International Convention Likely to be Involved
International: Fisheries Code of Conduct (FAO)
National: Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act, Marine Pollution Decree, Fisheries Decree
of 1975, Fisheries Code, Local Government Code, Sanitation Code, EO 533 (Integrated Coastal
Management)
Local: Bataan Coastal Strategy; municipal ordinances
International: Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Biodiversity Convention, CITES, GPA
National: National Marine Policy, Coral Resources Development Decree, NIPAS Act, Sustainable
Forest Management Decree, Forest Timber Charges, Fisheries Code, Clean Water Act, Local
Government Code, Sanitation Code, Solid Waste Management Act, Wildlife Resources and Habitat
Conservation and Protection Act; Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, EO 533 (Integrated Coastal
Management), EO 578 (biodiversity policy), EO 610 (river basin management)
Local: Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy, Provincial Development; various CDPs; municipal
ordinances.
International: Basel Convention on Hazardous Wastes, GPA
National: Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, Water Code, Pollution Control Law, Clean Water Act, Clean
Air Act, Local Government Code, EIA System, Sanitation Code, Toxic and Nuclear Wastes Law, Solid
Waste Management Act, NIPAS Act, Public Estates Authority Law, Medium-Term Phil. Development
Plan, Investment Priority Plan, Regional Frameworks and Development Plans
Local: Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy, PPFP, Provincial Development Plan; various CLUPs
and CDPs
International: MARPOL Convention on Waste from Ships, London Convention, Basel Convention on
Hazardous Wastes, International Convention on Oil Pollution Prevention Response and Cooperation
National: National Marine Policy, Marine Pollution Decree (PD 600 & 979)
Local: Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy, Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan
International: Convention on Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
National: Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, Coral Resources Development Decree, NIPAS Act, Mining
Act, Solid Waste Management Act, Wildlife Resources and Habitat Conservation and Protection Act,
Clean Water Act, EIA System, Sanitation Code, Clean Air Act, Regional Frameworks and Plans
Local: Bataan Declaration of Environmental Protection, Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy,
various CLUPs and CDPs,
National: Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law, including amendments, Urban Development and
Housing Act, NIPAS Act, Wildlife Resources and Habitat Conservation and Protection Act, Water
Code, Pollution Control Law, Clean Water Act, Local Government Code, EIA System, Sanitation
Code, Solid Waste Management Act
Local: Bataan Sustainable Development Strategy, various CLUPs and CDPs

23
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
With regard to coastal resource use, the
overall impression derived is that policy statements
and eventual implementations may be more
focused in key areas in order to be effective in
the long run. One strong policy area of the city/
municipalities is on fishery resources, particularly
on the illegal and destructive fishing methods.
Several municipalities have explicit municipal
ordinances on fishery, such as Balanga, Samal,
Abucay, Orion, Limay, Mariveles, and Bagac.
These policy areas can be further strengthened
in all coastal municipalities and proclaim an
integrated policy on fisheries. This would facilitate
the sharing of resources, services, and information
among contigous municipalities particularly
in apprehending violators. An integrated and
harmonized fishery policy for the whole province
would likewise minimize the growing conflicts in
the use of various marine resources.
2.5. MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS AND MULTIPLE-USE
CONFLICTS
The sustainable development of Bataan’s
coastal areas lies in the resolution of five (5) major
problems that are very common in all communities
residing along the Manila Bay area. These problems
were identified during the consultation workshops
conducted with the different stakeholders and users
of the coastal areas of the concerned municipalities
of Bataan. Problems identified were: pollution
from land- and sea-based activities; siltation
and sedimentation; illegal and destructive fishing
The Anti-illegal Fishing Task Force, together with Bantay
Dagat (sea wardens), patrol and monitor the coastal waters
and apprehend violators.
24
methods; proliferation of informal settlers; and
habitat degradation (Map 5).
The waste generated from land- and sea-
based activities is a problem for all. Absence of
proper waste management in most communities
along Manila Bay aggravates the problem with
wastes eventually ending up in the water bodies
of Bataan.
Siltation and sedimentation contribute to
the narrowing and shallowing of waterways and
fishing grounds. This problem is mainly caused by
soil erosion from the watershed and upland areas.
The province has been taking steps to resolve this
problem. Process of dredging and desilting of
shallow rivers and waterways is currently underway.
Continuous reforestations in upland and watershed
areas are included in the annual programming and
implementation plan of Bataan.
Illegal and destructive fishing methods
are being fully addressed. The full support of
fisherfolks and concerned agencies backing up the
campaign is an important factor. The creation and
utilization of the Anti-Illegal Fishing Task Force is
concrete evidence of the intent to totally eradicate
this problem. The task force has been curbing out
the proliferation of illegal fishing activities in the
coastal and sea areas of the province resulting in
an increase in fish catch of sustenance fishermen.
At present, there are 2 patrol boats (28-footer
fast crafts) and around 20 motorized bancas
monitoring and patrolling the coastal waters of
Bataan.
The provision in RA 8550, which provide
among other things, that apprehended vessels,
equipment, nets, and other paraphernalia
engaged in illegal fishing, such as blasting and
cyanide, can be impounded for the duration of the
case filed against it. This will curb illegal fishing
such as trawl, buli-buli, sudsod, etc. A bill should
be filed to make it applicable to all forms of illegal
fishing and this can be easily replicated to other
areas in the country.
Proliferation of informal settlers
contributes to the declining mangrove areas due
to encroachment and illegal activities like cutting of
 



 ! "
Figure 6. Multiple-Use Conflicts
trees. This issue leads to the narrowing of waterways
that is aggravating the pollution problem due to
improper waste management.
LGUs are now in the process of drafting
resettlement plans to lessen the impact of this
problem in their respective municipalities.
Habitat degradation or loss of precious
habitats will lead to low or even loss of fish catch
and other resources, and loss of functional integrity
of ecosystems.
Mitigating measures are now being done
to reduce the effects of these problems in the
coastal areas of the province.
Lack of sewage treatment and solid waste management systems has caused the continous deterioration of the water quality of rivers
and coastal waters.
Chapter 2: Existing Situation
#!$%
&&
'!
Apart from the issues and problems that
need to be addressed are the multiple-use conflicts
(Figure 6). These conflicts affect the proper
maximum utilization of the coastal area and the
social conditions.
Some of the conflicts are shipping vs.
fishing and aquaculture; reclamation vs. mangrove
and mudflat protection; land development vs
agriculture and fishponds; tourism vs. informal
settling and others.
With all these existing issues, problems,
and multiple-use conflicts, the coastal environment
of Bataan is currently facing environmental
and ecological threats that will endanger the
sustainable livelihood and living conditions of the
communities in the coastal area.
25
Chapter 2: Existing Situation

Map 5. Coastal Issues and Problems

26

COASTAL LAND- AND SEA-USE ZONES
3.1. CLASSIFICATION OF ZONES
The proposed delineation of different
zones state their functionality based on their
potential uses and socio-economic development
within the coastal and marine areas.
Specific zones along coastal zones along
Manila Bay had been matched up with the existing
zones identified in the comprehensive land-use
plans of the different municipalities and city of the
province.
Classification and identification of coastal
zones had been undertaken with due consideration
of the complexity of multiple use conflicts, existing
and proposed levels of development, existing uses,
desired outcomes of uses, and suitability criteria.
The analysis of issues and problems concerning
the various uses in the coastal and marine areas
is in Appendix B. Stakeholder consultations and
common understanding also brought out the
desired classification of other zones. These served
as the crucial factors towards delineating coastal-
use zones focusing mainly on identification of
areas intended for conservation and protection,
sustainable use and proper management of coastal
and marine resources.
There are twelve (12) coastal zones that
have been identified by the stakeholders and
assessed for suitability and compatibility. Maps 6
– 17 show the maps and locations of the following
zones:
1. Agricultural Zone
2. Aquaculture Zone
3. Built-Up Area
4. Coral Reef Restoration and
Protection Zone
5. Industrial Zone
6. Mangrove and Mudflat Zone
7. Municipal Fishing Zone
Chapter 3:
8. Sanctuaries (birds, marine
turtles, fish, marine reserve)
9. Seagrass Restoration and Protection
Zone
10. Shipping and Navigational Zone
11. Tourism Zone (recreational, cultural,
eco-tourism)
12. Traditional Fishing Zone
The coastal use zoning involved the
assessment of functional uses, and suitability of the
identified zones (Table 5) and compatibility of zones
(Table 6). The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning
Plan, as shown in Map 18, designates specific uses
of the different zones based on feasible economic
and environ- mental benefits of the coastal uses
and resources of Bataan. The zoning plan also
addresses the issues related to priorities of certain
users and the need to reconcile and/or prevent
incompatibilities between and among the different
stakeholders and users of the municipal water and
coastal resources of the province. The CLSUZP
also introduces solutions to reduce multiple-
use conflicts, maintain environmental quality,
and ensure the sustainable management and
development of the coastal and marine areas.
Ricefields abound along stretches of land in Bataan.
a. Agriculture Zone (including fishponds)
Agricultural areas also cover a portion
of the coastal stretch of Bataan. Areas are being
27
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

utilized for agricultural production of crops, such

as rice, vegetables, mangoes, coconut, and
root crops. There are backyard piggeries and
poultries that are also being raised in the area. A
large portion of the coastal land, stretching from
Hermosa to Orion, is used for brackish water
fishponds where milkfish, tilapia, shrimp, and other
fish are cultured.
Fish pens in Bgy. Wawa,
b. Aquaculture
Abucay, Bataan
Aquaculture is defined under RA 8550
as “fishery operation involving all forms of raising
and culturing fish and other fishery species in fresh,
brackish, and marine water areas.”

This plan defines the aquaculture zone as

an area intended for fish and shellfish operations
like fishpens, fish cages, and mussel and oyster
culture. Following the provisions of RA 8550, the
aquaculture areas should not exceed 10 percent
of the municipal waters. The size allocation for the
aquaculture structures should be agreed upon by
the different stakeholders and users of the area,
with the approval of the local governments. The
province has big socio-economic potential for
the establishment and management of this zone.
However, impacts of aquaculture such as the
excessive use of feeds that affect water quality,
have to be mitigated.
c. Built-up Zone
Fish pens in Brgy. Wawa, Abucay, Bataan.
skeletal remains resulting from successive growth
and development of hemaxypic corals. Coral reefs
are considered one of the important and integral
parts of marine ecosystem, and need to be restored
and protected. It serves as nursery and shelter for
fish and other associated marine species. They also
provide shoreline protection by absorbing wave
energy.

This zone covers areas where residential,
commercial, educational/academic and institutional
structures are being built/constructed.
A management plan on the existing built-
up areas should be prepared and implemented
to minimize the effect of generated problems on
the adjacent zones such as agricultural zone,
aquaculture, fisheries, mangrove areas, and
tourism zone. Specific area for new built-up zones
should be carefully studied and evaluated to ensure
that it will not aggravate the problem on coastal
environment.
d. Coral Reef Restoration and Protection
Zone
Coral reefs consist of large rigid structural
mass of calcium carbonate formed by cement-like
Coral reefs can also be associated with
tourism-related activities, such as diving and
snorkelling. These habitats are visible in the coastal
municipalities of Mariveles, Bagac, and Morong.
Species of bird nest corals (Seriatopora sp.),
Pocilliopora sp., Porites sp., Lobophyllia hemprichii,
Lobophyllia sp., Heli, Galaxea sp., Favites sp.,
Bodiannus mesothorax, and Acropora sp. are
commonly found in the reefs of Bagac.
Unfortunately, these reefs show signs of
damage due to destructive fishing techniques, e.g.
cyanide and dynamite fishing. The establishment
of the coral reef restoration and protection zone
is aimed at mitigating the further destruction
of existing coral reefs. Within this zone, marine
protected areas may be established by law and
other effective means to regulate fishing and other
activities that may damage this ecosystem.

28

Major industries, such as the Petron
Bataan Refinery, are located along the
coasts of the province.
e. Industrial Zones
The industrial zone is characterized by
industrial parks, special economic processing
zones and manufacturing establishments. For
example, the Petron Bataan Refinery, Bataan
Combined Cycle Power Plant, Philippine National
Oil Company (PNOC) – Alternative Fuels
Corporation Industrial Park, and the Bataan
Economic Zone are located in the industrial zone
in the coastal area. Other industrial plants along
the coasts of Limay are Alstom, Limay Grinding
Mills, Planters Products, and Limay Bulk Handlings
Terminal, Inc.
Zoning of industrial areas are important
since the delineation and allocation of land for
industrial purposes provide potential investors
and development planners with information and
guidelines for the establishment and operation
of medium- and large-scale industries, including
pollution prevention and management facilities.
f. Mangrove and Mudflat Protection Zone
The mangrove ecosystem has a lot of
ecological and economic benefits. Mangroves
provide nursery grounds for fish, prawns, and crabs
and supports fisheries production in coastal waters.
One great benefit is the nutrients produced from
decomposing leaf litter. This partially decomposed
detritus is exported to and used by the many aquatic
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Three-year old mangrove propagules in Bgy. Balut, Pilar.
organisms of lagoons and nearshore ecosystems,
such as estuaries, seagrass beds, and coral reefs.
Commercial species of shellfish, shrimps, and
fish rely heavily upon this nutritious food source.
Mangroves also produce organic biomass (carbon)
and reduce organic pollution in nearshore areas
by trapping or absorption.
Mangrove forests protect the coastal
areas and communities from storm surges,
waves, tidal currents, and typhoons. They also
serve as recreational grounds for bird watching
and observation of other wildlife. Mangrove
seeds and propagules can be harvested and
sold. Fish, crustaceans, and molluscs can also be
harvested from mangrove areas. Aquaculture and
commercial fisheries also depend on mangroves
for juvenile and mature fish species. Mangroves
provide sources of tannin, alcohol, and medicine.
Unfortunately, mangroves also serve as ideal
sources of housing materials, firewood and
charcoal, and poles for fish traps. These activities
contribute to the loss of mangrove forests and
should be prohibited.
In Bataan, particularly from the towns of
Orani down to Limay, there are mangrove species,
such as bakauan babae (Rhizophora mucranata),
bakauan lalake (Rhizophora apiculata), bungalon
(Avicennia marina), api-api (Avicennia officinalis),
pagatpat (Sonneratia alba), and nipa (Nypa
fruticans). Their roots, trunks, and branches
provide better anchorage during high winds and
waves. The prop roots also provide attachment
substrates for a multitude of marine organisms.
Mangroves have succulent leaves to retain fresh
29
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
water and salt excreting capabilities to maintain
internal osmotic (salt/water) balance.
Part of the mangrove and mudflat
rehabilitation and protection zone is the buffer
area that is intended to provide an extra layer
of protection around the protected area while
providing limited livelihood opportunities based on
sustainable resource utilization. It aims to provide
a social fence to prevent encroachment into the
protected area by outsiders. Buffer areas should
be treated as an integral part of protected area
in area management planning.
g. Municipal Fishing Zone
This zone refers to fishing activities within
municipal waters using small- and medium-sized
fishing vessels of three (3) gross weight tons or less.
Trawling and other destructive forms of fishing are
strictly prohibited. This zone should not cut across
any other zone except shipping and navigational
zone.
h. Sanctuary Zone
The sanctuary zone is where the habitat and
its associated biodiversity are conserved, consistent
with the management plan and with Protected
Areas Management Board (PAMB) approval. In
particular, (i) indigenous community members and/
or tenured migrants and/or buffer zone residents
may be allowed to collect and utilize natural
resources using traditional sustainable methods
that are not in conflict with biodiversity conservation
requirements; (ii) research using reintroduction of
indigenous species may be undertaken; (iii) and
park visitors are allowed limited use, provided
no clearing, settlements, commercial utilization,
or other activities detrimental to biodiversity
conservation shall be undertaken. The level of
allowable activity can be expected to vary from one
situation to another. The utilization of this area is
in accordance with the regeneration of resources
and functional characteristics of the area.
(1) Fish refuge or sanctuary
Fish sanctuary is a designated area
where fishing or other forms of activities that may
30
Fish ponds in Orion, Bataan.
damage the ecosystem of the area are prohibited
and human access is restricted. Basically,
a fish sanctuary should have the following
characteristics:
1. It is a strictly protected area and
any fishing activity is not allowed to
take place.
2. It is managed and enforced by
the community and co-managed by
the Local Government Unit (LGU).
3. It has a legal basis for
establishment.
A community that has a fish sanctuary will
have the following benefits:
1. Protected and increased habitat
quality;
2. Increased abundance in quantity
and quality of fish and marine
species;
3. Protected population of fishes
particularly diminishing varieties
and ensuring against stock collapse;
4. Increased genetic diversity and
improved biodiversity of marine
species;
5. Easier enforcement compared to
other fishery management
approaches;
6. Open access scheme will be closed
and converted to managed scheme;
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

7. Increased research and Most common species of turtles that nest

educational opportunities. in the shores of Bagac and Morong are olive
ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacaea), a precious natural
(2) Marine reserves heritage that had only been rediscovered in Bataan
in recent years. Other species are the leatherback
The marine reserves are designated areas and hawksbill turtles.
where activities are regulated and set aside for
educational and research purposes. Strict sanctuary Marine turtles are gravely threatened due
conditions are not mandated for the entire area, to human activities. The marine turtle sanctuary
and access and activities, such as boating, mooring is intended to save and protect the remaining
and certain fishing techniques may be allowed. pawikans (marine turtles) that come and breed in
Benefits from having a marine reserve include the beaches of Bagac and Morong.
increased spawning stock, spillover-enhanced
catch to those that are close to the reserve area,
presence of migratory species, improved habitats,
increased productivity, maintained genetic diversity
within the fish stocks, enhanced biodiversity and
species protection, and reduced conflict among
fishery and other sectors.

Bird sanctuaries provide a haven for migratory birds.

(4) Bird Sanctuary

Bird sanctuaries will be established in

The presence of sanctuaries give turtles such as the Olive
Ridleys a place to lay their eggs.
some mangrove areas in Baaan. Migratory birds
from all over Asia flock to the mangrove areas
of Orani, Samal, Abucay, Balanga City, Pilar,
and Orion during the winter months. Number
of birds counted in Bataan in 2005 reached
(3) Marine turtle sanctuary 5,543 during the pilot activity for the Integrated
Environmental Management Program of Manila
Marine turtles are transboundary creatures, Bay Environmental Management Project. Other
meaning, they travel from one place to another. forest and sea birds also use the mangrove and
In a general perspective, their existence plays mudflat areas as feeding grounds.
an important role in balancing the marine
environment. The protection of these species is a
must in all areas where they lay their eggs because
marine turtles, though they travel great distances,
always come back to the place where they were
hatched to breed anew.

31
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
i. Seagrass Restoration and Protection
Zone
Seagrass beds are dominated by flowering
grasses that thrive in sandy-muddy portions of
the inter-tidal zones. They are highly productive
habitats that serve as the transition zone between
coral reefs and mangroves. Seagrass beds possess
erect leafy shoots and creepy stems or rhizomes
that aid in propagation. They are normally
found in areas where light can easily penetrate
(shallow, clear, clam waters). Seagrass beds
are characterized as refuge, spawning, nursery
ground, shelter, and food for fish, invertebrates,
turtles, and seahorses, and contribute to shoreline
stabilization. Shrimps, sea cucumber, sea urchins,
seahorses, crabs, scallops, mussels, and snails are
economically important and abundant in seagrass
beds.
Seagrass species, such as Eucheuma spp.,
are found in the municipalities of Hermosa, Samal,
Abucay, Balanga City, Mariveles, Bagac, and
Morong. However, they are usually degraded due to
pollution from land-based activities and destructive
fishing practices. Restoration and protection zone
for this ecosystem is essential considering the
ecological and economic importance of seagrass
beds.
Bataan is host to numerous ports and is a major shipping
venue
j. Shipping and Navigational Zone
This zone covers areas for port and
shipping operations, and lanes for ships and
fishing vessels.
32
The shipping lanes are those used for
vessel traffic, and intended for vessels calling at,
departing from, or docking at the Port of Orion,
Port of Lamao, and private ports of large industrial
companies along the coastal areas of Limay and
Mariveles.
The fishing vessel lanes are intended for
fishing boats/banca. This area will be applied to
all coastal city/municipalities of Bataan.
Port operation areas are designated
areas adjoining the shipping lanes and adjacent
to the shoreline that are being utilized or reserved
for anchorage, manoeuvering of ships, cargo,
passenger transport, and other related operations
in the different ports of Bataan.
Bataan, being a peninsula, is a province
where shipping plays a major role both in
accessibility of passenger and cargo transport.
The Philippine Ports Authority – Port Management
Office in Limay has jurisdiction over the private ports
of Petron Bataan Refinery, Planter’s Products, Inc.,
PNOC Petrochemical Development Corporation,
and Oilink International Corporation. The
Mariveles Collection Unit (MCU) has jurisdiction
over the private ports of Robust Rocks Resources,
Inc., Edison Bataan Cogeneration Company,
Herma Port Complex, SMC-Bataan Malt Terminal,
and ATI-Mariveles Grains Terminal.
The province offers a number of events and attractions that
draws tourists every year.
k. Tourism Zone
Among the key activities in the tourism
zone are recreation, visit to cultural and historical
sites, and eco-tourism.

Areas such as these provide oppurtunities for recreational ac-
tivies
Dambana ng Kagitingan (Shrine of Valor)
Bataan is considered as one of the major
tourist destinations in the Philippines particularly
during the summer months. Local and foreign
visitors also flock to the province in time for the
celebration of “Araw ng Kagitingan” at the Shrine
of Valor atop Mt. Samat on April 9 of every year.
Not only the locals and foreigners visit the province
to commemorate the gallantry and bravery of their
glorious past, but also to enjoy the pristine waters
and sandy beaches of Bagac and Morong.
The delineation of tourism zone is a key
strategy in promoting tourism as an economic and
income-generating activity. However, the zoning
plan also aims to regulate tourism activities to
mitigate the negative environmental and social
impacts.
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
(1) Recreational
The recreational sub-zone is the area
where sports, such as jet skiing, bancathon,
kayaking, aqua biking, and other recreational
activities are allowed. These recreational zones are
found in the Muni-cipalities of Mariveles, Bagac,
Digging for clams (kabios) is a common practice in Brgy. Wawa,
Abucay, Bataan.
and Morong facing the South China Sea.
(2) Cultural/Historical
Cultural/historical sub-zones are areas that
are known to have significant historical, cultural,
and/or religious values where traditional rites
exist and ceremonies and/or festivities/practices
are observed. Such zone is identified in order to
preserve, educate the youth, and showcase the
rich culture of the province. Historical areas may
be found in Mariveles, Pilar, and Bagac.
(3) Eco-tourism
These areas are reserved or proclaimed
as eco-tourism destinations where trekking/boating
on mangrove areas, open sea boating, diving,
snorkelling, and bird watching can be done.
Coastal eco-tourism is defined as tourism in
harmony with nature, which is usually associated to
a responsible travel to natural areas that conserves
the environment and sustains the well being of the
local people.
33
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

l. Traditional Fishing Zone

This zone covers areas where the

traditional form of fishing is practiced with the use
of gears, such as hook and line (kawil), snares
(panukot), spear and spear gun (pana, pamana),
scoop nets (panalok), and cover pot (pangilaw) for
subsistence.

The proposed Coastal Land- and Sea-Use

Zoning Plan, as shown in Map 18, designates
specific uses of the different zones based on
feasible economic and environmental benefits of
the coastal uses and resources of Bataan. The plan
will also address the issues related to priorities of
certain users and the need to reconcile and/or
prevent incompatibilities between and among the
different stakeholders and users of the municipal
waters and coastal resources of the province. This
plan also includes actions to reduce multiple-
use conflicts, maintain environmental quality
and ensure the sustainable management and
development of the water body and its resources
(Chapter 4).

34
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 6

35
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 7

36
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 8

37
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 9

38
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 10

39
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 11

40
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 12

41
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 13

42
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 14

43
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 15

44
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 16

45
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 17

46
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Map 13

47
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Table 5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Each Zone

ZONE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ZONE COASTAL AREAS COVERED
Agricultural Zone - Agricultural production Province-wide for agricultural production
o Areas with fertile soil for agricultural crops
o Irrigable areas Coastal areas from Hermosa to Limay for
- Fishpond operations fishpond operations
o In flow of brackish water
o Muddy and sandy loam soil
o Presence of mangroves
Aquaculture Zone - Zone suitable for the culture of fish and other marine Orani to Limay
resources like shellfish, segrass, giant clam, oysters
etc. Selected areas in Mariveles, Bagac, and
- Depth of the sea is within reach by bamboo pole used Morong.
as stake and structure for mussel cage
- Existence of mussel culture, fishpen, cage structure in
the area

Built-up Areas - Residential areas and settlements Province-wide

Zone - Presence of urban centers
- With land route areas
- Supportive to other developments (e.g. commercial,
institutional, small scale industries, etc.)

Coral Reef - With sandy and rocky bottom

Restoration and - Presence of thriving coral reefs in the area Mariveles, Bagac, Morong
Protection Zone - Water free of any pollution
- Serve as fish habitat, feeding, and spawning area of
other marine animals

Industrial Zone - Presence of small, medium and large industries

- Provides opportunities for jobs, income Limay, Mariveles, Hermosa, and Morong
- Presence of deep sea harbour for pier development
- Proclamation of the area as industrial/ economic
zones

Mangrove and
Mudflat Protection
Zone
Mangrove - Existence of mangrove in the area Orani to Orion
- Presence of inflow of brackishwater
- Provides food and sanctuary for other marine life
- Muddy tidal flat
- Serves as pollution sink and shoreline protection

Mudflats - Habitat for shellfish and other marine organisms Orani to Orion
- Stretch of muddy tidal flat with alluvial sand bars

48
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Table 5. Functional Uses and Suitability Criteria for Each Zone (continued from page 48)
Municipal Fishing - Deep seabed Deep sea area of Orani – Mariveles,
Zone - Abundance of different pelagic and demersal species Bagac, and Morong
- No existing structure that would hamper fishing
activities

Sanctuaries Zone - Breeding area for fish and other marine animals
(fish, marine - Availability of natural habitats and resources (e.g. Specific areas in coastal city and
turtle, birds, etc.) corals, seagrass, etc.) municipalities

Seagrass - Sandy bottom Orani, Samal, Orion, Mariveles, and Bagac

Restoration and - Nursery, feeding, and spawning area and shelter of
Protection Zone marine animals
- Seabed soil suitable for seagrass propagation

Shipping and - Deep sea bed leading to port zone Deep sea areas: Orion, Limay, Mariveles,
Navigational Zone - No illegal structure that would obstruct shipping and Bagac, and Morong.
navigation

Tourism zone - Presence of sandy and clean beaches Bagac, Limay, Mariveles, and Morong
- Areas with aesthetic and scenic values
- Availability of other ecotourism related resources (e.g.
marine turtle sanctuary, coral reefs, etc.)
- Accessible to other infrastructure and amenities
- Areas with cultural and historical values

Traditional - Shallow area All coastal LGUs

Fishing Zone - Presence of marine resources (e.g. mussels, capiz,
clams, crabs, fish, and others)
- Presence of traditional harvesting and collection
of resources in the area (selective and manual
collection, hook and line, etc.)
- Can be reached by walking

49
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Not compatible

Not applicable
Compatible
Legend:

NA
O

X
O

O
X

X
Traditional Fishing Zone

Tourism Zone (recreation, cultural & eco-tour-

O

O
X

X
ism)

O
X

X
Shipping & Navigational Use Zone
O

O
X

X
Seagrass Restoration & Protection Zone

X
O

O
X

X
Sanctuaries (fish, marine turtles, birds)
O
X

X
Municipal Fishing Zone
O

O
X

X
O

Mangrove and Mudflat Zone

O

O
X

Industrial Zone X
X

X
O

O
X

Coral Reef Restoration & Protection Zone

O

O
X

Built up Area/Agricultural Area

X

X
O

O
X

Aquaculture (fish pens/cages, shellfish farms)

Table 6. Zones Compatibility Matrix

O
X

Agricultural Zone (farms, inland fishpond)

Shipping & Navigation Zone
Mangrove and Mudflat Zone

Traditional fishing Zone

Municipal fishing Zone
ZONES

Aquaculture Zone
Agricultural Zone

Sanctuary Zone
Coral reef Zone

Industrial Zone

Seagrass Zone

Tourism Zone
Built-up Zone

50
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

3.2. CLSUZP REGULATORY SYSTEM

A coastal use regulatory system will
be implemented for the different municipalities
and city of Bataan. The system aims to protect
designated use of coastal zone and mitigate
adverse environmental impacts of certain economic
activities. The system will incorporate the allowed
(dominant, compatible, and regulated) and
prohibited uses of each identified zone in support
of management policies of coastal land and sea
areas. For each delineated coastal use zone,
different regulations will be applied or developed
(if not existing) and imposed on various land and
sea-based human activities. Table 7 provides the
guidelines and criteria for allowed and prohibited
uses and activities in each zone. Allowed uses
are further classified into dominant, compatible,
and regulated uses. The location of each zone in
each municipality/city is shown in Table 8 and 9.
Maps 19-29 show the coastal use zoning maps
for the different coastal municipalities and city of
Bataan.

51
52
Table 7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
ALLOWED USES SUPPORTING RESPONSIBLE
PROHIBITED/ RE-
ZONES NATIONAL POLI- AGENCY/
DOMINANT COMPATIBLE REGULATED STRICTED USES
CIES INSTITUTION
Agricultural • Agricultural • Residential • Establishment • Use of harmful/ LGUs*
Zone production of commercial prohibited pesti- R.A. 8435 DA
(crops, livestock, and backyard cides and fertilizers
orchard) piggery and • Improper solid
poultry and liquid waste
disposal
• Tourism activities

• Fishpond opera- • Mangrove • Fishpond • Residential R.A. 8550; LGUs*

tions planting operations • Improper solid R.A. 8435 DA-BFAR
and liquid waste DENR
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

disposal
• Excessive use of
feeds
Aquaculture • Fish and shell- • Artificial reef • Establishment • Shipping and navi- LGUs*
Zone fish culture • Tourism of structures gational activities R.A. 8550; DA-BFAR
areas • Research and for fish traps/ • Solid and liquid R.A. 8435; DENR
educational cages and waste disposal R.A. 9275;
purposes mussel culture from land- and sea- R.A. 6969;
• Sustenance/ based sources P.D. 979;
traditional fish- • Excessive use of P.D. 984;
ing feeds P.D. 856
• Mariculture • Squatting/informal
settling

Built-up • Settlement/ • Small-scale, • Establishment • Squatting/informal P.D. 296; LGUs*

Zone residential area light industries of small- and settling R.A. 7279; HUDCC/NHA
• Institutional medium-scale • Untreated, solid, R.A. 9003; DENR
• Commercial commercial toxic, and hazard- R.A. 9275; DPWH
and industrial ous waste disposal P.D. 1151; DTI
establishments P.D. 1586; DepEd
R.A. 7942 DOH
DSWD
PNP
 Table 7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones (continued from page 52)
ALLOWED USES SUPPORTING RESPONSIBLE
PROHIBITED/ RE-
ZONES NATIONAL POLI- AGENCY/
DOMINANT COMPATIBLE REGULATED STRICTED USES
CIES INSTITUTION
Coral Reef • Breeding, • Marine • Tourism and • Collection/ R.A. 9147; LGUs*
Restoration spawning, reserve recreation harvesting of any R.A. 7586; DENR
and feeding area for • Tourism (diving & type of corals R.A. 8550; DA-BFAR
Protection marine fishes, • Research and snorkelling) P.D. 1219 PNP
Zone turtles, etc. study • Research and • All fishing activities PCG
• Coral reef study DOT
sanctuary or • Use as shipping DOST-PCMARD
protected area and navigational POs, NGOs
• Fish sanctuary lane Private sector

Industrial • Industrial • Commercial • Establishment/ • Tourism P.D. 1152 LGUs*

Zone development expansion of development Sec.24; DTI
refinery oil • Fishing activities R.A. 9003; PEZA
and chemical • Untreated liquid, R.A. 9275; DENR
depot, solid, toxic, and R.A. 6969; PPA
quarrying hazardous waste P.D. 1151;
activities, & disposal P.D. 1586;
mangrove • Residential R.A. 7942
planting

Mangrove • Mangrove • Ecotourism • Mudcrab • Cutting of R.A. 8550; LGUs*

and Mudflat planting. sites culture mangroves P.D. 705; DENR
Protection • Rehabilitation • Bird • Collection of • Conversion of R.A. 9147; DA-BFAR
Zone and protection sanctuary dried branches mangrove areas R.A. 7161; DOT
• Food and • Research and for fuelwood into other uses R.A. 9003; PNP
Mangroves sanctuary educational • Establishment • Building structures DENR DAO POs, NGOs
for birds and purposes; of ecotourism within mangrove 15-90;
marine life avifauna structures areas P.D. 1067, Art.
• Mangrove monitoring (e.g., • Encroachment 51;
nursery and Conversion of boardwalks, of built-up areas CA 141; CA349
collection of abandoned etc.) (settlement)
propagules for fishponds • Collection of
replanting back into associated
• Protection of mangroves. mangrove
shoreline species, (e.g.,
nipa)
• Mudflat • Bird • Mangrove • Conversion/
Mudflats
protection sanctuary planting reclamation of
• Habitat for • Research and • Dredging for mudflat areas
shrimp, crabs, educational fishing vessel (e.g., settlement,

53
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

etc. purposes navigational commercial,

lane & industrial
purposes)
54
Table 7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones (continued from page 53)
ALLOWED USES SUPPORTING RESPONSIBLE
PROHIBITED/ RE-
ZONES NATIONAL POLI- AGENCY/
DOMINANT COMPATIBLE REGULATED STRICTED USES
CIES INSTITUTION
Municipal • Municipal fishing • Establishment • fishing • Shipping and R.A. 8550; LGUs*
Fishing using small- to of artificial navigational R.A. 7160; DA-BFAR
Zone medium-sized reefs activities, except R.A. 8435; DENR
fishing boats of • Marine for fishing lanes R.A. 9275; PNP
3 gross weight reserve • Large-scale R.A. 6969; PCG
tons (gwt) and commercial fishing R.A. 9003; DOST-PCMARD
below activities (boats of P.D. 979 POs, NGOs
more than 3 gwt)
• Illegal fishing
• Illegal dumping of
wastes
Sanctuaries • Haven and • Research and • Fishing • Any form of fishing R.A. 9147; LGUs*
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Zone spawning educational activities activities in fish R.A. 7586; DA-BFAR

- fish ground of purposes • Research and sanctuaries R.A. 8550; DENR
- marine marine fishes/ • Eco-tourism study • Built-up areas P.D. 1151; PNP
turtle turtles • Mangrove • Eco-tourism (residential, P.D. 1586; PCG
- birds • Fishery reserve areas activities commercial) Proclamation DOST-PCMARD
- marine • Marine turtle • Coral reef • Building • Industrial 2146; DOT
reserve conservation reserve structures development R.A. 9275; POs, NGOs
area for turtle, • Shipping and R.A. 6969;
• Bird sanctuary bird and fish navigation R.A. 9003;
sanctuaries, • Dumping of wastes P.D. 979
and
conservation
area
Seagrass • Seagrass • Research and • Recreation • All types of fishing R.A. 9147 LGUs*
Restoration rehabilitation educational (diving & activities DA-BFAR
and and protection purposes snorkeling) • Use as shipping P.D. 1219 DENR
Protection • Food and haven • Eco-tourism • Research and and navigational R.A. 8550; PNP
Zone for marine fishes study lane R.A. 7586; PCG
• Fish sanctuary • Collection of P.D. 1151; DOST-PCMARD
• Marine reserve seagrass P.D. 1586; POs, NGOs
Proclamation
2146;
R.A. 9275;
R.A. 6969;
R.A. 9003;
P.D. 979
 Table 7. Guidelines for the Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones (continued from page 54)
ALLOWED USES SUPPORTING RESPONSIBLE
PROHIBITED/ RE-
ZONES NATIONAL POLI- AGENCY/
DOMINANT COMPATIBLE REGULATED STRICTED USES
CIES INSTITUTION
Shipping • Shipping • Tourism • Passage/entry • Fishing activities E.O. 125; LGUs*
and operation • Research and of fishing • Tourism and R.A. 5173; DOTC
Navigational activities educational vessels recreational P.D. 979 PPA
Zone • Port purposes • Construction activities MARINA
development and operation • Solid & liquid waste PCG
and operation of ports disposal from ships PNP
• Vessel traffic • Tourism and boats DENR
use • Research and • Building/ Private sector
education establishment of
fishing structures
(i.e., fish pen/
cages, mussel
structure, etc.)
• Fish sanctuary;
marine reserve

Tourism • Tourism • Research and • Tourism • Aquaculture P.D 564; LGUs*

zone activities educational development: • Agriculture P.D. 1152 Sec. DOT
• Eco-tourism purposes structures • Industrial 59; PTA
• Historical and • Recreational • Shipping and P.D. 1151; NHI
cultural site activities navigation P.D. 1586; NCCA
preservation • Commercial • Squatting/informal Proclamation DENR
• Recreational and residential settling 2146; PNP
fishing • Traditional • Building structure R.A. 7942; DTI
fishing (in within the 20-m P.D. 856; DepEd
coordination salvage zone of P.D. 1067, Art. 51; POs, NGOs
with beach foreshore area CA 141; CA349;
resort owners) R.A. 9275;
R.A. 6969;
R.A. 9003;
P.D. 979

Traditional • Sustenance • Fishing • Harvesting of • Establishment R.A. 8550 LGUs*

Fishing fishing using sanctuary shellfish and of fishpen/cage, DA-BFAR
Zone traditional • Shellfish fry (selective mussel structure DENR
fishing method protection collection) • Entry of PNP
(e.g., paddled zone (i.e. • Seaweeds commercial and PCG
and small capiz, etc.) culture municipal fishing DOST-PCMARD
motorized banca • Seagrass • Eco-tourism vessel POs, NGOs
and acceptable protection • Trawl and “barilya”
net size) zone method of shellfish
• Manual • Seaweed collection
extraction/ culture • Shipping and
collection of navigation

55
resources • Built-up areas
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

• Illegal fishing
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Table 8. Zone Location

DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE (Seaward) AND KEY FEATURES

AGRICULTURAL AQUACULTURE BUILT-UP ZONE CORAL REEF INDUSTRIAL MANGROVE

MUNICIPALITY ZONE ZONE RESTORATION ZONE & MUDFLAT
(Including fishpens) ZONE & PROTECTION
PROTECTION ZONE
ZONE

Within the existing 2 - 4 km

ABUCAY areas 150 m

50 m buffer zone
2
seaward
2,000 m /module 25 has.
with 50 m Reclamation
spacing on all (Wawa, Calaylayan)
sides

BAGAC 200 m
Existing sites

BALANGA Within the existing area 0.5 km-2.0 km

(1.5 km)
100 m

100 m2/module
with 25 m
spacing on all
sides

LIMAY 0.5-1.5 km 150 m Shoreline 150 m

(1 km) Existing sites of Lamao & (Alangan)
Kitang II

ORANI Within the existing 2-4 km 200 m

agricultural areas,
except for illegal
fishpond 200 m and
2,000 m2/module
establish buffer
with 50 m
zone against
spacing on all
settlement
sides
(informal settlers
encroachment)

ORION Within the existing area 1.0-2.5 km 100 m

(1.5 km)

First 500 m for

fishtrap
100 meters,
except for Daan
1 km for mussel Pare which is 200
culture meters and
establish buffer
zone against
settlement &
informal settlers

PILAR Within the existing area 1.0-2.5 km 800 sq.m 50 m

Reclamation in Balut Balut to Landing

2,000 m2/module
with 25 m
spacing on all
sides

56
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Table 8. Zone Location (continued from page 56)

DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE (Seaward) AND KEY FEATURES

MARIVELES 30 has.to be Existing sites Shoreline

reclaimed in of Lucanin,
Poblacion Batangas II,
Alas-asin,
Baseco,
Sisiman,
Bataan
Ecozone

MORONG Existing sites Along river sides

SAMAL Within the existing area 2 to 3.5 km

except for the illegal 200 m
fishpond 2,000 m2/module
with 50 m
spacing on all
sides

Table 8. Zone Location

DISTANCE FROM COASTLINE (Seaward) AND KEY FEATURES

SEAGRASS
MUNICIPALITY MUNICIPAL TRADITIONAL
SANCTUARY RESTORATION TOURISM
FISHING SHIPPING AND FISHING
ZONE AND ZONE
ZONE NAVIGATION ZONE ZONE
PROTECTION
ZONE

ABUCAY 4 km up to 50 m width 2 km
municipal Mabatang
water
boundary 100 m width
Abucay River

50 m width
Capitangan

BAGAC 1-15 km Marine turtle 200 m Based on PPA 1 km 200 m

sanctuary (10,000 m2 and Coast Guard
(Montemar, Brgy Look coastal Standard
Quinawan) area)

2 km up to
BALANGA 150 m width Sibacan
municipal
200 m width
water
Tortugas &Pto. Rivas
boundary

50 m fishing boat
5.5 km. up Part municipal 500 m 2 km
LIMAY to municipal zone
Major port shipping
water (fish sanctuary) Part of
lane will be based
boundary this will be
on PPA and Coast
intended
Guard Standard
for fish
sanctuary

4 km up to
ORANI 50 has. 2.0 km -2.2 km 50 meters width 2 km
municipal
water
200 meters
boundary

57
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Table 8. Zone Location (continued from page 57)

ORION 2.5 km up 50 has. between 200 m

to municipal Daang Pare and 50 m for fishing boat 1 km
water Capunitan (within Sta. Elena & Puting and 500 m for Orion
boundary traditional fishing Buhangin Port
zone)

2.9 km up
to municipal 40 m width all rivers
PILAR water (Wawa & Balut) 1.4 km
boundary

MARIVELES 1.5 up to 50 m Based on PPA

municipal and Coast Guard 1.5 km 100 m
water Standard (cove to
boundary cove)

1.5 km up Marine Turtle Based on PPA 1.5 km 300 m

MORONG to municipal Sanctuary and Coast Guard
water (Nagbalayong, Standard
boundary Poblacion,
Sabang)

Marine
Reservation Area
( Matikis)

Fish Sanctuary
(Sabang)

SAMAL 3.5 up to 200 m 50 m width 1.8 km

municipal All rivers
water
boundary

58
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones

Table 9. Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zone, by Municipality/City

Coral Reef Restoration & Protection

(recreation, cultural & eco-tourism)

Seagrass Restoration & Protection

Shipping & Navigational Use Zone

(fish pens/cages, shellfish farms)

Built up Area/Agricultural Area

Mangrove and Mudflat Zone

(fish, marine turtles, birds)

Traditional Fishing Zone

(farms, inland fishpond)

Municipal Fishing Zone

Municipality
Agricultural Zone

Industrial Zone

Tourism Zone
Aquaculture

Sanctuaries
Zone

Zone
1 Abucay

2 Bagac

3 Balanga

4 Dinalupihan

5 Hermosa

6 Limay

7 Mariveles

8 Morong

9 Orani

10 Orion

11 Pilar

12 Samal

NEW COASTAL LAND AND SEA USE ZONES

1 Agricultural Zone (farms and fishpond) 7 Municipal Fishing Zone

Aquaculture (fish pens/cages, shellfish

2 8 Sanctuaries New
farms)

3 Built-up Area Zone 9 Seagrass Restoration & Protection Zone Existing

(Commercial, Residential, Institutional) 10 Shipping & Navigational Use Zone NA

4 Coral Reef Restoration 11 Tourism Zone (recreation, cultural & eco-tourism)

and Protection Zone 12 Traditional Fishing Zone

5 Industrial Zone

6 Mangrove & Mudflat Restoration

and Protection Zone

Note: Fish Sanctuary, Marine Turtle Sanctuary (Strict Protection)

Mangrove,coral,seagrass (Restoration, Protection and Habitat Management Zone)

59
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 19

60
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 20

61
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 21

62
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 22

63
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 23

64
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 24

65
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 25

66
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 26

67
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 27

68
 Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 28

69
Chapter 3: Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zones
Map 29

70

POLICY FRAMEWORK AND ACTION PLANS
4.1. POLICY FRAMEWORK, OPTIONS,
AND APPROACHES FOR THE
VARIOUS ZONES
Policy framework is necessary in achieving
solutions for the issues previously discussed. The
rationalization of present activities along Manila
Bay and western coastal side of Bataan should be
done to guide the present uses of the province’s
coastal/marine areas for proper utilization. It
should also take into consideration all existing
laws, administrative orders, development plans
and other similar documents of the different levels
of governance focusing primarily on regulatory
and developmental matters. Some policies can
be extracted from the statements and views of
responsible public officials and leaders of various
organizations with deep concern on the coastal
areas of the province.
Multi-level policy framework for the
different functional zones of coastal and marine
areas should be crafted to ensure clear perspective
on the different uses and to guide them in proper
development and management of coastal and
marine areas, including the protection of habitats,
resources, and historical and cultural sites.
National/Regional Level
The Manila Bay area, which encompasses
the eastern coastal area of Bataan, serves as the
prime mover in national economic development
in terms of shipping, industrial, agricultural and
other socio-economic activities. In the coastal
part of Bataan in particular, the bay serves as the
main contributing lane of boosting the economic
development of the province. Large economic
and industrial zones concentrated in Limay and
Mariveles utilize the bay as their gateway in loading
and unloading their products to and from other
places of destination.
Chapter 4:
Most large industrial enterprises have
established their own ports. The Philippine Ports
Authority (PPA) had been able to put up major
ports located in Orion, Limay, and Mariveles that
are being utilized for passengers and cargoes.
The natural advantage of the deep
harbors in Limay and Mariveles encourage future
development and continuing industrialization of
the coastal areas. Thus, zoning and programs
for conservation of coastal ecosystems must be in
place to ensure sustainable development of the
coastal areas.
Provincial/Municipal Level
The provincial government has an explicit
policy regarding coastal/marine protection as
indicated in the Bataan Declaration and Bataan
Sustainable Development Strategy (updated Bataan
Coastal Strategy). Much of its policies were attuned
to the physical framework or the land usage of the
province as embodied in the Provincial Physical
Framework Plan (PPFP). The PPFP also provides the
direction of land development and utilization up
to the shoreline area, however, it does not include
provisions and guidelines for the water bodies of
municipal waters. The CLSUZP aims to delineate
the zones and uses of the coastal land and waters,
and then integrate and harmonize this with the
PPFP.
Although all the coastal city and
municipalities of the province have formulated
their own policies/ordinances for the utilization and
protection of their municipal waters, the dilemma
lies in the confusion among different uses of the
coastal/marine areas which often take place due to
different views on the implementation of policies/
ordinances.
71
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans
Assigning specialized function and
delineating allowed and prohibited uses and activities
for the different zones based on their characteristics,
suitability criteria, compatibility/incompatibility
criteria, potential for development, and legal
provisions resulted in common understanding and
vision for the proper management and sustainable
development of each zone and the entire coastal
and marine area, and in the formulation of
supporting policies and action programs.
a. Municipal Fisheries and Aquaculture
At present, multiple activities, such as
fishing and established shellfish and aquaculture
structures, are in existence in the different municipal
waters. These multiple activities oftentimes result
in several conflicts which caused the continuous
degradation of coastal/marine resources. RA
8550 stipulates that municipal fishing area should
be properly delineated based on functional uses,
and adoption of the policy of shared opportunities
among the different types of fishermen and focusing
on sustainable management. Aquaculture areas
should not exceed ten percent of the municipal
waters.
Actions:
1. Delineate areas intended for traditional
fishing, aquaculture, and municipal
fishing zone and place demarcation
materials (buoys/markers).
2. Establish fishery reserves/sanctuaries in
strategic places.
3. Conduct Information, Education, and
Communication (IEC) campaign.
4. Strictly implement fishery laws and
ordinances. Strengthen the Anti-illegal
Logging and Anti-illegal Fishing Task
Force.
5. Provide technical assistance to the
fisherfolks for proper fishing and
aquaculture practices.
72
The provision of supplemental livelihood projects and
microfinancing through the ICM Program has resulted in the
protection of coastal habitats and increase in income of the
fisherfolks.
b. Coastal Settlements and Built-up Areas
Actions:
A detailed survey and assessment of the
number of informal settlers on the coastal areas
and waterways should be conducted in order to
formulate the necessary interventions to mitigate
the adverse impact on coastal management.
A decision has to be made regarding the
outcome of the informal settlers along the coastal
areas. Immediate control is to be done. Transfer of
informal settlers as well as designation of transfer
sites, and provision of alternative housing and
livelihood for affected settlers must be reviewed and
considered in the zoning plan implementation.
Proposed coastal reclamation should be
subject to a series of evaluation and consultation
regarding the advantages and negative effects
to the community and coastal resources prior
to its implementation. An environmental impact
assessment (EIA) should be conducted. There
should be consultation and coordination wih the
Public Reclamation Authority, DENR and other
concerned offices of the provincial government,
affected LGU/municipal government, and other
stakeholders.
Construction of houses and other
buildings must comply with the National Building
Code and zoning of residential and commercial
areas. Building permits should be secured and
complied with.

c. Buffer and Easement
Buffer and easement should be established
in and around the identified protection and
sanctuary zones and along banks of waterways
to avoid encroachment of other incompatible
activities. Setback (salvage) zones must be
established along beaches and foreshore areas
to avoid coastal erosion, protect marine turtles,
birds, etc., and preserve aesthetic values. Buffer
zones around waste management facilities (e.g.
sanitary land fill) should also be established.
d. Industrial Areas
Actions:
Appropriate criteria should be developed
by LGUs in granting location clearance to new
industries seeking waterfront access.
Industries to be located in coastal and
other critical and environmentally sensitive areas
have to submit Environmental Impact Assessment
and secure Environmental Clearance Certification
(ECC) from DENR. LGUs shall give building permits
only upon submission of ECC by the industry and
compliance with the National Building Code. The
DENR and LGUs should also monitor compliance
with the provisions of the ECC and building
permits, as well as the national laws, particularly
those pertaining to waste management.
The Limay Grinding Mills Corporation along the coast of
Limay, Bataan.
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans
The Shrine of Valor atop Mt. Samat is the most recognized
historical landmark of the province.
e. Tourism and Recreation Areas
Tourism and recreation areas are
mostly located on the western part of Bataan.
Establishment of structures must be regulated
based on the national laws and local ordinances.
No obstruction or structure is constructed within
the 20-meter salvage zone.
Objectives:
1. Preservation of cultural and historical
sites.
2. People-oriented and community-based
ecotourism plan.
3. Conservation of habitats (e.g.
mangroves, seagrass beds, coral reefs,
forests, etc.) and environmental
protection.
Actions:
1. Review and assess existing policies on
tourism and recreation.
2. Formulate provincial ecotourism master
plan and necessary regulatory and
market-based incentives.
3. Strengthen tourism linkages with other
sectors.
73
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

4. Conduct IEC for responsible tourism. Actions:

5. Establish user fee system and use 1. Enact ordinance designating port,
of the collected user fees for the shipping and navigational zones
conservation of natural habitats,
resources, cultural and historical sites 2. Delineate navigational zones and
and waste management. set up markers (buoys), demarcation
lines and other navigational aids.
f. Ports, Shipping, and Navigation
3. Conduct IEC campaign.
Shipping and navigation could come in
conflict with other coastal/marine users such as 4. Implement vessel traffic scheme.
municipal fishers. To pave the way for effective
shipping activities, permanent navigational lanes 5. Establish port reception facilities.
should be established. Upon identifying these
lanes, fishermen should be cautioned on the area
intended for shipping vessel lanes. Industrialization
that has to do with shipping must ensure that good
water quality is maintained, particularly for oil and
other petroleum products. Port reception facilities
should be established to manage the solid and
liquid wastes from ships. Ballast water (which may
contain invasive species) must likewise be propertly
managed.

With the exception of private ports

handling specialized types of cargo, other
ports should be prevented from interfering with
major shipping lanes. Appropriate vessel traffic Industries in the province require the use of ports in their
management scheme must be observed and daily operations.
infrastructure support, such as navigational aids,
good road network and other amenities must g. Agriculture
be provided to encourage maximum patronage
of major ports in Orion, Limay, and Mariveles. Objectives:
Regulatory measures should be enforced to
discourage further reclamation and construction 1. Sustainable agricultural management
of private ports. (including fishpond operation).

Objectives: 2. Increased income from agriculture.

1. Management of sea-based sources of 3. Food security.

pollution.
Actions:
2. Reduction of shiping-related accidents.
1. Provide guidelines and technical
3. Development of ports and shipping assistance, and conduct IEC on proper
industry. application of fertilizers and feeds.

2. Provide extension services for more

74

Agriculture remains a major industry in Bataan.
effective and efficient agricultural and
fishpond operations.
3. Implement integrated pest management.
h. Coral Reefs
Objectives:
1. Coral reef restoration and protection.
2. Protection of biodiversity.
3. Increased fish abundance and species
composition.
Actions:
1. Conduct inventory/assessment of
existing coral reefs. Identify areas for
The people of the province have been conscious of protecting their mangroves and rehabilitating denuded areas. The establishment
of mangrove nurseries aims to provide seedlings and propagules for mangrove reforestation activities.
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans
restoration.
2. Formulate ordinance for the protection
and restoration of coral reefs. Establish
marine protected areas.
3. Encourage community participation/
involvement for the restoration and
protection of coral reefs.
4. Conduct IEC campaign on the
importance of coral reefs, and damages
caused by illegal fishing, dumping of
wastes, siltation and sedimentation.
i. Mangrove and Mudflat Areas:
Objectives:
1. Protection and conservation of
mangrove and mudflat areas.
2. Protection of biodiversity and
endangered species.
3. Increased fish abundance.
Actions:
1. Establish mangrove nurseries.
2. Introduce community-based mangrove
forest management areas.
75
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

3. Strictly implement laws/ordinance k. Sanctuaries

regarding illegal cutting of mangroves
and unauthorized conversion of areas Objectives:
(mangrove/mudflat) into other uses.
1. Strict protection and management of
4. Conduct IEC campaign regarding the
sanctuaries.
importance of mangrove and mudflat
areas.
2. Protection of rare and endangered
5. Restore degraded mangrove areas. species.

6. Provide supplemental livelihood 3. Increase in fish stocks, composition,

program. and abundance.

j. Seagrass beds Actions:

Objectives: 1. Assess marine areas and identify

areas suitable for establishment of
1. Restoration and protection of seagrass
sanctuaries and marine protected
beds/areas.
areas.
2. Improvement of biodiversity and
protection of endangered species. 2. Establish fish, turtle, and birds
sanctuaries and marine reserves.
3. Increase in fish abundance and diversity.
3. Involve community in the protection
Actions: and management of the sanctuaries.

1. Establish community-based seagrass 4. Strictly implement of laws and

rehabilitation and management ordinances for the protection of
program. sanctuaries.
2. Conduct IEC program on the ecological
5. Conduct IEC campaign and advocacy
importance of seagrass.
on the importance of sanctuaries.
3. Strictly implement laws and
ordinances.

4. Provide supplemental livelihood

program.

One of the priority actions to restore Manila Bay is the Bataeños are increasingly becoming aware of the value of
rehabilitation and protection of seagrass beds. establishing sanctuaries.

Caption needed scouts cleanup.

76

l. Water use
Objective:
1. Improvement water quality and
sustainable use of water resources.
Actions:
1. Formulate pollution control strategy and
action plans.
- Implementation of Solid Waste
Management Program (per RA 9003).
- Regular monitoring and sampling of
water bodies (rivers, coastal bathing
waters, offshore waters).
- Implementation of Clean Water Act,
Toxic and Hazardous Waste
Management Act and Sanitation
Code.
2. Activate Solid Waste Management
Board (SWM) and implement SWM Plan.
3. Establish Material Recovery Facilities
in all municipalities (or cluster
municipalities/city) and sanitary landfill.
Coastal cleanups have become a regular practice among the stakeholders of Bataan.
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans
4. Establish and operate sewage treatment
system.
5. Formulate and implement water
conservation strategy.
6. Protect and restore forests, watershed
areas and water reservoirs.
7. Formulate program to improve
water supply system, reduce reliance
on groundwater, and improve access
and distribution.
4.2. ACTION PROGRAMS TO
ADDRESS MAJOR ISSUES
AND PROBLEMS
The objective tree analysis identifies
options and alternative solutions or activities to
address each major problem and issue of concern
in the coastal environment of Bataan. The analysis
also provides clear direction and understanding of
the outcomes. Appendix C presents the objective
trees for each of the key problems or issues
of concern. The following matrices show the
objectives and activities corresponding to each
major environmental problem in Bataan.
77
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

Table 11
Problem: ILLEGAL AND DESTRUCTIVE FISHING METHODS
Affected Zones: Traditional fishing, Aquaculture, Municipal fishing, Coral reef protection, Seagrass
protection, and Sanctuaries Zones

SUPPORTING
TIME RESPONSIBLE
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATOR POLICIES
FRAME INSTITUTION
AND LAWS

Abolish/wipe Enact/implement an Number of Long-term LGUs RA 8550

out illegal integrated fishing ordinance ordinances FARMCs RA 9147
fishing encompassing the different drafted and BFAR, OPA, MAOs
activities uses and harvesting of fishes implemented in
and other marine resources each municipality/
and appropriate penalties city.

Harmonized
fishing
ordinances.
Strengthen Anti-Illegal Number of Short-term LGUs, FARMCs,
Fishing Task Force through seminars/ BFAR, PNP,
paralegal courses, additional workshops Fishermen’s
manpower, boats and conducted; Organizations
equipment.
Number of boats
and equipment
Conduct regular patrolling Number of Long-term LGUs, PNP,
of coastal and sea areas patrolling activities FARMCs, Bantay
(municipal waters). Dagat

Strictly implement fishery Number of cases Long-term LGUs, PNP, BFAR,

laws and ordinances. filed and resolved FARMCs, Anti-
Illegal Fishing Task
Force
Conduct IEC Campaign. IEC program in Short- to LGUs, PNP, BFAR,
Involve stakeholders in place long-term DepEd, OPA,
monitoring and reporting of MAOs, PIA, PIO,
incidents/violations. FARMCs, media

Provide technical assistance Number of fisher Short- to LGUs, BFAR,

and training and skills folk trained medium-term DepEd, FARMCs
development for appropriate
fishing and aquaculture
practices/methods.

78
 Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

Table 12
Problem: POLLUTION (LAND- AND SEA-BASED)
Affected Zones: Mangrove protection, Coral reef protection, Seagrass protection, Traditional fishing,
Municipal fishing, Industrial, Tourism, Shipping and navigation, and Built-up Zones

SUPPORTING
RESPONSIBLE
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATOR TIME FRAME POLICIES AND
INSTITUTION
LAWS

Develop and 1. Reactivate local Solid Waste A sanitary landfill Long-term LGUs RA 9003
implement Management Board and and materials DENR PD 984
proper prepare a 10-year SWM plan. recovery facilities Private Sector
waste (solid (MRFs) established
and liquid) and operationalized
management
system. 2. Establish an integrated solid An SWM plan Short-term LGUs, DENR, DOST, RA 9003
waste management system formulated and DepEd, DILG PD 984
in all municipalities and city of adopted
Bataan.
3. Establish a toxic and 1 system Medium term LGUs, DENR, DOH, RA 6969;
hazardous waste management DOST, private sector PD 1586 (EIA)
system.
4. Establish sewage and Length of sewerage Medium- to LGUs, DENR, RA 9275;
wastewater treatment facilities system; Long-term Private Sector, the PD 856
(for residential, commercial and Number of Community (Sanitation Code)
industrial). treatment facilities;
Number of
household and
establishments
covered/served
Control the Develop alternative land-based Treatment and Short-term LGUs RA 9003
dumping of treatment and disposal site. disposal site DENR RA 9275
sewage, solid established DOST RA 6969
waste and PCG PD 600, PD 979,
contaminated Enact and enforce ordinances Ordinances passed PPA PD 984, London
dredged on illegal dumping of waste by the province and MARINA Convention,
materials in each municipality MARPOL
the coastal and city Convention
areas of
Bataan.
Stop discharge Establish collection system for Number of Short-term LGUs PD 600, PD 979,
of operational used oil from fishing boats and collection system DENR PD 984, London
waste (i.e. ships. and facility FARMCs, PPA, PCG, Convention,
used oil, oily MARINA, Private MARPOL
bilge, and Sector, Fishermen’s Convention,
ballast water) organizations OPRC
from ships and
fishing boats. Establish shore reception Number of shore Short-term LGUs, PPA, DENR,
facilities in major ports (national reception facilities Private Sector
and private) of Bataan. established
Immediate Formation of a multi-sectoral One team trained Short-term LGUs, DENR, PPA,
response oil-spill prevention and quick and maintained PCG, MARINA,
on oil-spill response team. Coast Guard, PDCC,
incidences. MDCCs, Private
Formulate local/provincial oil Oil spill contingency Sector (oil and
spill contingency plan in line plan for Bataan shipping companies)
with the Manila Bay Oil Spill developed
Contingency Plan. and adopted;
regular exercises
conducted
(together with
Manila Bay team)

79
Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

Table 13
Problem: SILTATION AND SEDIMENTATION
Affected Zones: Mangrove protection, Coral reef protection, Seagrass protection, Traditional fishing,
Municipal fishing, Built-up, Agriculture, Tourism, Shipping and Navigation Zones

SUPPORTING
RESPONSIBLE
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATOR TIME FRAME POLICIES AND
INSTITUTION
LAWS
Reduce Identification and evaluation of Number of areas Short-term LGUs, DPWH,
siltation and heavily silted areas (e. g., rivers identified DENR, POs, NGOs,
sedimentation and waterways). Private Sector
along the
coastal area. Conduct dredging activities: Long-term LGUs
- prioritize areas to be List of priority areas DENR
dredged DPWH
- dumping of dredged Volume (cm3)
materials to proper sites dredged
Reforestation of denuded Areas (ha) planted; Long-term LGUs, DENR, PD 705 (Forestry
upland/ watershed areas. Private Sector, the Code);
Number of Community EO 318
Forge community-based forest seedlings planted; (Sustainable
management agreements Forest
Number of Management)
Develop alternative livelihood CBFMAs;
programs for kaingeros and
upland farmers Livelihood program
established

Removal/dismantling of illegal Number of Short-term LGUs, DENR, PNP,

fishing structures along rivers illegal structures BFAR, FARMCs,
and waterways. demolished DPWH

Table 14
Problem: INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS
Affected Zones: Mangrove and Mudflat Protection Zone, Built-up Areas, Agricultural Zone, Tourism Zone,
Sanctuaries

SUPPORTING
RESPONSIBLE
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATOR TIME FRAME POLICIES AND
INSTITUTION
LAWS
Control/resettle Conduct inventory and Number of informal Short-term LGUs, DPWH, RA 7279;
informal assessment of informal settlers/ settlers/structures FARMCs PD 1084;
settlers along structures along the coastline, EO 648
the coastal riverbanks and waterways.
areas and
waterways. Implement a program for the Number of Long-term LGUs, DPWH, NHA
relocation of informal settlers programs/projects
along the coastline, riverbanks
and waterways.
Provide alternative livelihood Number of livelihood Long-term LGUs, DSWD, DA,
program for the relocated programs TESDA
informal settlers.
Develop and implement Short-term LGUs, DENR,
standard guidelines concerning POs, FARMCs,
buffer and set back zones for Private Sector, the
mangrove/mudflat, riverbanks Community
and beaches, and tourism
areas.

80
 Chapter 4: Policy Framework and Action Plans

Table 15
Problem: DEGRADED HABITATS
Affected Zones: Mangroves and Mudflats, Seagrass, and Coral Reef Protection Zones, Tourism Zones,
Built-up areas, Industrial Zone, Shipping and Navigation Zone, Sanctuaries

SUPPORTING
RESPONSIBLE
OBJECTIVE ACTIVITIES INDICATOR TIME FRAME POLICIES AND
INSTITUTION
LAWS

Restoration Establish buffer zones on the Areas (ha) Short-term LGUs, BFAR, DENR, RA 9147 (Wildlife
and protection identified areas of seagrass established FARMCs Resources
of seagrass beds, seaweeds and coral and Habitat
beds, reefs. Conservation and
seaweeds, and Protection Act);
coral reefs. Conduct inventory and Areas (ha) covered; Short-term LGUs, BFAR, DENR, RA 7586 (NIPAS
assessment of seagrass beds, Species FARMCs Act);
seaweeds, coral reefs, marine composition and PD 1219 (Coral
flora and fauna, and rare and abundance Resources
endangered species. Development and
Conduct regular patrolling on Number of Long-term LGUs, BFAR, PNP, Conservation
the areas of seagrass beds, patrolling activities FARMCs, Bantay Decree);
seaweeds and coral reefs. Dagat PD 705 (Forestry
Code);
Establish seaweed/marine- Area (ha) of Short- to long- LGUs, BFAR, DENR, Biodiversity
culture and livelihood program seaweed culture. term FARMCs, Pos, OPA, Convention
in suitable areas MAOs, Private sector EO 578 (National
Number of Biodiversity
beneficiaries. Policy)

Restore and perfect seagrass Area (ha) of Short- to long- LGUs, BFAR, DENR,
beds and coral reefs restored seagrass term FARMCs, POs, OPA,
beds and coral MAOs, Private Sector
reefs
Restoration/ Establish mangrove nursery. Number of sites Short-term LGUs, DENR,
rehabilitation established FARMCs
and protection
of mangrove Conduct/implement mangrove Area (ha) Long-term LGUs, DENR,
and mudflat reforestation projects. reforested POs, NGOs,
areas. Number of Private Sector, the
seedlings planted Community
Establish buffer zones on Width (meters) of Short-term LGUs, DENR,
mangrove and mudflat buffer zone FARMCs, Fishpond
areas vis-à-vis built-up and operators
aquaculture areas.
Forge community-based Number of sites Short-term LGUs, DENR,
forest management identified and FARMCs, POs
agreements (BCFMAs) established
between government and
POs for sustainable mangrove
resource use.

Conduct inventory and Areas (ha) covered; Short-term LGUs, BFAR, DENR,
assessment of mangrove and Species FARMCs
mudflat areas, marine turtles, composition and
avi-fauna, and other rare and abundance
endangered species.
Monitor and report any Regular monitoring Long-term FARMCs, POs,
shoreline development that and evaluation NGOs, the
threatens existing mangrove, reports Community
mudflat, seagrass, and coral
reef areas.
Strict enforcement of laws Number of Long-term LGUs, PNP, DENR,
protecting coastal habitats. apprehensions and BFAR, FARMCs,
cases filed and POs, NGOs, Anti-
resolved against Illegal Fishing Task
violators of the laws Force
and ordinances

81
82

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1. CONCLUSION
The Coastal Land- and Sea-Use Zoning
Plan (CLSUZP) reflects the optimistic value of
specialized use pattern of the coastal areas of
Bataan. It includes a set of actions to reduce
conflicts among several users of the water body
and coastal resources of the province and address
major issues and areas of concern. The plan
clearly indicates specific activities, timeframe,
and responsible agencies/institutions to attain the
corresponding objectives.
The undertaking of short-, medium-, and
long-term solutions stated in the plan will greatly
contribute to the rehabilitation and reversion of
the present status of coastal resources. A lot of
opportunities will be opened-up and created.
Guided by the CLSUZP, concerned LGUs
could generate income from user’s fee of their
municipal waters and resources. Collectively, they
can deal with or resolve situations and conflicts
effectively and formulate future plans of action
for the sustainable development of their areas of
jurisdiction.
In the long run, the success and failure
of this plan largely depends on the acceptance
and commitment of every LGU, stakeholder and
user of the coastal area of the whole province of
Bataan.
5.2. RECOMMENDATIONS
To ensure the success of the Coastal Land-
and Sea-Use Zoning Plan (CLSUZP), the following
suggestions should be considered:
1. Institutionalization of the present
Project Coordinating Committee (PCC) into the
Sustainable Development Coordinating Council
(SDCC), which will act as the governing body
Chapter 5:
that is mandated to set policies and guidelines
for the implementation of the Bataan Sustainable
Development strategy, including the management
and protection of the coastal area and its
resources.
2. Endorsement and adoption of the
CLSUZP by all concerned LGUs, stakeholders,
beneficiaries and users of the coastal areas and
municipal waters to reduce multiple-use conflicts,
and establish common understanding and
direction of plan implementation. Enactment of the
municipal/city ordinances for the adoption and the
implementation of the CLSUZP.
3. Allocation of user fees, funds and taxes
that would be generated from the use of coastal
areas and municipal waters for the enforcement of
this zoning plan, and implementation of the actions
and projects stated in this plan.
4. Delineation of each zone in the
exact municipal water boundary of all concerned
LGUs.
5. Establishment of municipal ICM
councils that will provide the coordinating
mechanism among different implementing
agencies and LGUs to avoid overlapping of
functions and fund allocation.
6. Harmonization and integration of
CLSUZP and existing Comprehensive Land Use
Plans (CLUPs) and Provincial Physical Framework
Plan. CLUPs need to be reviewed and revised
accordingly. Maps 30-31 show the land-use
and integrated land use and coastal use zones,
respectively.
Institutional Arrangements
1. Institutional Mechanism for the
Implementation of the Plan.
83
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

A Sustainable Development Coordinating

Council shall be created as a coordinating body
that will focus primarily on the implementation
of BSDS and CLSUZP. This Council should be
given mandate to provide policy directions and
guidelines in line with implementation of the BSDS
and CLSUZP.

The Council will be composed of multi-

sectoral representatives from various institutions
and organizations from the public and private
The ICM Program Coordinating Committee represents
sectors, academe, media and civil society groups public-private partnerships at its best, with every stakeholder
(Figure 7). of Bataan working together to ensure the success of the ICM
program.
This inter-agency and intersectoral
coordinative mechanism is deemed necessary to
avoid fragmentation of government responsibilities
and duplication of efforts of different sectors
involved in the coastal management and sustainable
development programs.

The Council shall undertake resource and

environmental management and protection in line
with sustainable development mission, goals and
objectives, and on issue- and/or area-specific
actions subject to the validity of criteria being used,
and consistency with existing policies and laws.

Under this SDCCl are five (5) committees,

which will have specific roles and responsibilities,
for the attainment of objectives set forth in the BSDS
Implementation Plan and CLSUZP. Each committee
shall be composed of agencies and organizations
that have the capability aligned to perform the
functions of the committee.

The ICM Program Management Office

under the Provincial Planning and Development
Office (PPDO) will act as the Secretariat of the
Council.

Collaborative efforts among Provincial,

City/ Municipal Councils (Sangguniang Bayan/
Sangguniang Panglunsod), the League of Mayors
and the ICM Council shall be established to
strengthen the needed policies, legislation and
action programs identified in the BSDS and
CLSUZP.

84
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

85
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

86
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Figure 7. Bataan Sustainable Development Coordinating Council
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

87
Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations

Bataan Integrated Coastal Management Program

Program Management Office

Alexander M. Baluyot
Officer-in-Charge &
Chairman, TWG

Maria Carmelita C. Reyes-Hina

Planning & Administrative Officer

Eleanor S. Tabing
Community Affairs Officer

Karen June A. Balbuena

Technical Assistant

88
 The Bataan Coastal Care Foundation, Inc.
aims to act as a catalyst and provide counterpart
funding for the Bataan Integrated Coastal
Management Program (BICMP) to build better
coastal governance, explore ways for a dynamic
& sustainable public-private partnerships in
environmental management, increase awareness,
and promote community participation in coastal
resources management.

Specifically, it aims to: Member Companies

1. P u r s u e t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a n d • Ayala Land, Inc.

implementation of a framework in • Bataan Polyethylene Corporation
resolving multiple marine and coastal • Bataan Thermal Power Plant
use conflicts; • Core Maritime Corp.
2. Explore ways and means for a dynamic • Grand Asia Shipping Lines
and long-term cooperation between the • Herma Shipyard, Inc.
public and private sectors; • Liquigaz Phils. Inc.
3. Increase awareness among the various • Limay Bulk Handling Terminal, Inc.
stakeholders of Bataan regarding the • Maritime Academy of Asia and the
value of coastal and marine resources and Pacific
the importance of their role in sustainable • Orica Philippines, Inc.
development, and; • Petrochem Corp. of Asia-Pacific
4. Enable the BICMP to become a catalyst • Petron Corporation
in rehabilitating Manila Bay through the • Petron Foundation, Inc.
Manila Bay Environmental Management • Philippine Resins Industries, Inc.
Project. • Planters Products, Inc.
• PNOC – Alternative Fuels Corp.
For the Coastal Land and Sea-Use • San Miguel Corporation
Zoning Plan, the BCCF serves as GEF-UNDP-IMO • Total Philippines
PEMSEA’s institutional partner. • Unioil Petroleum Philippines, Inc.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES and EXECUTIVE OFFICERS
BCCF EXECUTIVE
COMPANY REPRESENTATIVE POSITION
POSITION
Ayala Land, Inc. Joseph Anton Bengzon AVP for External Affairs
Petron Foundation, Inc. Marilou G. Erni Executive Director President
Petron Corporation Alfred A. Trio VP for Refinery & General
Manager
Maritime Academy of Asia & the Pacific VADM (Ret.) Eduardo Ma. R. President
Santos
Philippine Resins Industries, Inc. Concepcion I. Tanglao VP for Corporate Plans VP for Administration
Remedios G. Herrera VP for Finance Treasurer
Total Petroleum (Philippines) Ma. Lourdes L. Espina Manager for Corporate Affairs Public Affairs
Director
Philippine National Oil Company-Alternative Peter Anthony A. Abaya President & CEO VP for Programs
Fuels Corporation
Metro Alliance Holdings & Equities Weslie T. Gatchalian Asst. Vice President
Corporation (formerly Bataan Polyethylene
Corporation)