Internal Combustion Engines

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Internal Combustion Engines

by R. K. Rajput1
Created by
Kvnkc Sharma
B tech
Mechanical Engineering
K L University
College Teacher
G L Narayana
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya
May 23, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Internal Combustion Engines
Author: R. K. Rajput
Publisher: Laxmi Publications, New Delhi
Edition: 2
Year: 2007
ISBN: 81-318-0066-0
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
3 Air Standard cycles
4 Fuel Air and Actual Cycles
63
5 Combustion in SI engines
78
7 Air Capacity of Four Stroke Engines
81
11 Carburation and carburettors
100
12 Fuel Injection Systems for CI Engines
119
15 Engine Cooling
133
16 Supercharging of IC Engines
137
17 Testing and Performance of IC Engines
148
20 Air Compressors
228
21 Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion
301
List of Scilab Codes

Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
3.29
3.31
Carnot engine . . . . . . . . .
Carnot power cycle . . . . . . .
Efficiencies of carnot cycle . . .
Carnot Engine . . . . . . . . .
Carnot Engine . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto Cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Dual Combustion Cycle . . . .
Atkinson Cycle . . . . . . . . .
4
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6
6
9
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
20
21
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
33
35
37
38
40
42
43
45
48
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
3.38
3.39
3.40
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
Exa 4.8
Exa 4.9
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
4.10
5.1
5.2
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
Exa 7.9
Exa 7.10
Exa 7.12
Exa 11.1
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brayton Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stirling Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency . . . . . . .
Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency . . . . . . .
Change in air standard efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum pressure in cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum pressure in cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum pressure and temperature ignoring and considering fuel expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle work done and efficiency . . . . . . . . . .
Time for combustion process and total crank rotation
Time of spark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volume of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volumetric Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brake Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in output . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in output . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in Volumetric efficiency and Brake
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volumetric Efficiency and Indicated Power for Supercharged Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volumetric Efficiency and Heating Value . . . . . . . .
Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric Efficiency vs Mach Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suction at throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
50
50
52
53
54
56
57
59
60
63
64
65
66
68
69
71
72
75
78
79
81
82
83
86
87
88
90
91
93
95
96
100
Exa 11.2
Exa 11.3
Exa 11.4
Depression in Venturi throat and throat area . . . . .

Diameter of the fuel jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Venturi depression and diameter and velocity of air across
venturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 11.5 Throat pressure with respct to air cleaner . . . . . . .
Exa 11.6 Throat diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 11.7 Throat diameter and orifice diameter . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 11.8 Choke diameter and fuel jet diameter . . . . . . . . .
Exa 11.9 Air fuel ratio with respect to nozzle lip . . . . . . . . .
Exa 11.10 Fuel consumption and air velocity through tube . . . .
Exa 11.11 Air fuel ratio at a given altitude . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 12.1 Quantity of fuel injected per cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 12.2 Diameter of injector nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 12.3 Volume of fuel injected and diameter of Injector . . . .
Exa 12.4 Diameter of injector nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 12.5 Fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 12.6 Injector orifice area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 12.7 Amount of fuel injected and injector diameter . . . . .
Exa 12.8 Plunger displacement and effective stroke . . . . . . .
Exa 12.9 Calculation of fuel spray time . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 15.1 Coolant required for petrol and diesel engine . . . . .
Exa 17.28 Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 16.1 Power supplied to supercharger . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 16.2 Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure .
Exa 16.3 Increase in Brake Power due to supercharger . . . . .
Exa 16.4 Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure .
Exa 16.5 Compressor run by supercharged Engine . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.1 Indicated power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.2 Bore and Stroke of engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.3 Brake power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.4 Engine displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.5 Bore and stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.6 Ratio of power output when using different fuels . . .
Exa 17.7 Brake power and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . .
Exa 17.8 Brake power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 17.9 Indicated power and brake power and mechanical efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
101
103
104
106
108
110
111
113
115
117
119
120
122
124
125
126
128
129
131
133
134
137
139
141
143
145
148
149
150
151
152
154
155
157
157
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.10
17.11
17.12
17.13
17.14
17.15
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.16
17.17
17.18
17.19
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.20
17.21
17.22
17.23
17.24
17.25
17.26
Exa 17.27
Exa 17.28
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.29
17.30
17.31
17.32
17.33
17.34
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.35
17.36
17.37
17.38
17.39
17.40
17.41
17.42
BSFC and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .

Indicated thermal efficiency and brake power . . . . .
Volumetric efficiency and BSFC . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mechanical efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Engine bore and stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency
and mechanical efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BSFC and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel consumption and calorific value of fuel . . . . . .
Engine bore and stroke and Fuel consumption . . . . .
Volumetric efficiency and brake thermal efficiency and
brake torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Average no of misfires per min . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency . . .
Finding all engine parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brake mean effective pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volumetric efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
finding all parameters of engine . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Compression ratio and thermal efficiency and gas consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mean effective pressure developed . . . . . . . . . . .
Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finding all parameters of engine . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full load brake power and mechanical efficiency . . . .
Mechanical efficiency and brake thermal efficiency . .
Finding all parameters of the engine . . . . . . . . . .
Finding all parameters of the engine . . . . . . . . . .
Indicated thermal efficiency and brake mean effective
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finding all parameters of IC engine . . . . . . . . . .
Finding all parameters of IC engine . . . . . . . . . .
Heat balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
heat balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Finding the parameters for IC engine . . . . . . . . . .
7
159
160
161
163
165
166
168
169
170
172
174
175
177
178
179
181
183
185
186
187
189
190
193
194
196
198
200
202
204
207
210
212
215
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
17.43
17.44
17.45
17.46
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
20.6
20.7
20.8
20.9
20.10
20.11
20.12
20.13
20.14
20.15
20.16
20.17
20.18
20.19
20.20
20.21
20.22
20.23
20.24
20.25
20.26
20.27
20.28
20.29
20.30
20.31
20.32
20.34

Morse test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Morse test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single stage reciprocating compressor . . . . . . . . .
Motor power and bore of single stage compressor . . .
Work done and heat transferred during single stage compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Low pressure water jacketed rotary compressor . . . .
Single stage double acting compressor . . . . . . . . .
Single stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in volume and power . . . . . . . .
Two cylinder single acting compressor . . . . . . . . .
Single stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . .
Double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Two stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single acting two stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . .
Single acting two stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . .
Two stage double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . .
Two stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . .
Two stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . .
Three stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indicated power and air supplied per minute . . . . . .
8
218
220
224
225
228
229
231
232
233
235
236
237
239
241
241
243
244
246
247
249
250
252
253
254
256
258
259
260
262
265
266
268
269
272
273
274
276
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
20.35
20.36
20.37
20.38
20.39
20.40
20.41
20.42
20.43
20.44
20.45
20.46
20.47
20.48
20.49
21.1
21.2
21.3
21.4
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
21.10
21.11
21.13
21.14
21.15
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
Exa
21.16
21.17
21.18
21.19
21.20
21.21
21.22
21.23
Comparison of roots blower and vane type compressor

Roots blower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Centrifugal compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Single inlet type centrifugal compressor . . . . . . . .
Axial flow compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eight stage axial flow compressor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi stage axial flow compressor . . . . . . . . . . . .
Open cycle gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal efficiency of Gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air fuel ratio for gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Thermal efficiency of gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressure ratio and temperature of the exhaust . . . . .
Efficiency of open cycle gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi stage gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power developed and efficiency of power plant . . . . .
Efficiency of gas turbine cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat exchanger in gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Multi stage gas turbine with intercooler and heat exchanger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gas turbine power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turbo jet engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turbo jet engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jet propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turbo jet with diffuser and nozzle . . . . . . . . . . .
Jet engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
278
279
280
282
283
285
287
288
291
291
292
294
295
296
298
301
303
304
306
308
309
311
313
315
316
318
320
321
323
325
327
330
331
334
335
336
338
List of Figures
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
3.20
3.21
3.22
3.23
3.24
3.25
3.26
3.27
3.28
Carnot engine . . . . . . . . .
Carnot power cycle . . . . . .
Efficiencies of carnot cycle . .
Carnot Engine . . . . . . . . .
Carnot Engine . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto Cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle . . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Diesel Cycle . . . . . . . . . .
Dual Combustion Cycle . . .
Atkinson Cycle . . . . . . . .
10
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7
7
9
11
12
13
14
15
17
19
20
22
24
25
26
27
29
30
31
34
36
37
38
40
42
43
45
48
3.29
3.30
3.31
3.32
3.33
3.34
3.35
3.36
3.37
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Stirling Cycle
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49
51
52
53
55
56
57
59
60
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
64
65
66
67
68
70
71
4.9
Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .

Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .
Change in air standard efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum pressure in cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maximum pressure in cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed .
Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed .
Maximum pressure and temperature ignoring and considering
fuel expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Otto cycle work done and efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1
5.2
Time for combustion process and total crank rotation . . . .

Time of spark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
80
Volume of Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volumetric Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brake Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage change in Volumetric efficiency and Brake Power
Volumetric Efficiency and Indicated Power for Supercharged
Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.10 Volumetric Efficiency and Heating Value . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11 Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric Efficiency vs
Mach Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
83
84
85
88
89
90
92
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
11
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73
76
94
96
97
7.12 Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric Efficiency vs

Mach Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.4
99
Suction at throat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depression in Venturi throat and throat area . . . . . . . . .
Diameter of the fuel jet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Venturi depression and diameter and velocity of air across venturi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.5 Throat pressure with respct to air cleaner . . . . . . . . . .
11.6 Throat diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.7 Throat diameter and orifice diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.8 Choke diameter and fuel jet diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.9 Air fuel ratio with respect to nozzle lip . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.10Fuel consumption and air velocity through tube . . . . . . .
11.11Air fuel ratio at a given altitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
105
107
108
109
111
114
115
118
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.7
12.8
12.9
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120
121
122
123
125
126
128
130
131
15.1 Coolant required for petrol and diesel engine . . . . . . . . .

15.2 Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
134
135
16.1
16.2
16.3
16.4
16.5
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138
139
141
143
145
17.1 Indicated power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.2 Bore and Stroke of engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.3 Brake power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
150
151
Quantity of fuel injected per cycle . . . . . . . .

Diameter of injector nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Volume of fuel injected and diameter of Injector
Diameter of injector nozzle . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Injector orifice area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Amount of fuel injected and injector diameter .
Plunger displacement and effective stroke . . . .
Calculation of fuel spray time . . . . . . . . . .
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Power supplied to supercharger . . . . . . . . . . .

Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure
Increase in Brake Power due to supercharger . . . .
Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure
Compressor run by supercharged Engine . . . . . .
12
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101
102
103
17.4 Engine displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.5 Bore and stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.6 Ratio of power output when using different fuels . . . . . . .
17.7 Brake power and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .
17.8 Brake power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.9 Indicated power and brake power and mechanical efficiency .
17.10BSFC and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.11Indicated thermal efficiency and brake power . . . . . . . . .
17.12Volumetric efficiency and BSFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.13Mechanical efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.14Engine bore and stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.15Indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency and
mechanical efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.16BSFC and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.17Fuel consumption and calorific value of fuel . . . . . . . . . .
17.18Engine bore and stroke and Fuel consumption . . . . . . . .
17.19Volumetric efficiency and brake thermal efficiency and brake
torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.20Average no of misfires per min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.21Indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency . . . . . . .
17.22Finding all engine parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.23Brake mean effective pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.24Volumetric efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.25finding all parameters of engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.26Compression ratio and thermal efficiency and gas consumption
17.27Mean effective pressure developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.28Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective
pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.29Finding all parameters of engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.30Full load brake power and mechanical efficiency . . . . . . .
17.31Mechanical efficiency and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . .
17.32Finding all parameters of the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.33Finding all parameters of the engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.34Indicated thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure
17.35Finding all parameters of IC engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.36Finding all parameters of IC engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.37Heat balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17.38Heat balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
152
153
154
155
156
157
159
160
162
163
165
167
168
169
171
172
174
175
177
179
180
181
183
184
186
187
189
191
192
195
196
198
200
202
205
17.39heat balance sheet . .

17.40Finding the parameters
17.41Heat balance sheet . .
17.45Morse test . . . . . . .
17.46Morse test . . . . . . .
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for
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IC engine
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20.1 Single stage reciprocating compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.2 Motor power and bore of single stage compressor . . . . . .
20.3 Work done and heat transferred during single stage compression
20.4 Single stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.5 Low pressure water jacketed rotary compressor . . . . . . . .
20.6 Single stage double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.9 Single stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.10Percentage change in volume and power . . . . . . . . . . .
20.11Single stage double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.12Two cylinder single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.13Single stage double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.14Single stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.15Double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.16Two stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.21Single acting two stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.22Single acting two stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.24Two stage double acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.25Two stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.26Two stage single acting compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.27Three stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
207
210
212
215
218
220
224
226
229
230
231
232
234
235
236
238
239
240
242
243
245
246
248
249
251
252
254
255
256
257
259
261
263
264
267
268
269
20.30Multi stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.31Multi stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.32Three stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.33Indicated power and air supplied per minute . . . . . .
20.34Comparison of roots blower and vane type compressor .
20.35Roots blower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.36Centrifugal compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.37Single inlet type centrifugal compressor . . . . . . . . .
20.43Axial flow compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.46Eight stage axial flow compressor . . . . . . . . . . . .
20.48Multi stage axial flow compressor . . . . . . . . . . . .
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272
273
275
277
278
279
280
282
284
286
287
289
290
292
293
294
295
297
299
21.1 Open cycle gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.3 Thermal efficiency of Gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.4 Air fuel ratio for gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.5 Thermal efficiency of gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.7 Pressure ratio and temperature of the exhaust . . . . . . . .
21.8 Efficiency of open cycle gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.9 Multi stage gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.10Multi stage gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.11Power developed and efficiency of power plant . . . . . . . .
21.12Efficiency of gas turbine cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.13Heat exchanger in gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.14Multi stage gas turbine with intercooler and heat exchanger
21.16gas turbine power plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.18Turbo jet engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
302
303
305
307
308
310
312
313
314
317
319
320
322
324
326
328
329
332
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21.19Turbo jet engine . . . . .

21.20Jet propulsion . . . . . . .
21.21Turbo jet with diffuser and
21.22Jet engine . . . . . . . . .
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nozzle
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16
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333
335
337
339
Chapter 3
Air Standard cycles
Scilab code Exa 3.1 Carnot engine

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 1

// I n i t i a l i s a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e s
t1 =673;..................... //Max temp i n K e l v i n
t3 =313;;................... // Min temp i n K e l v i n
W =130;................. // Work p r o d u c e d i n kJ
// c a l c u l a t i o n s
etath =( t1 - t3 ) / t1 ;................ // E n g i n e t h e r m a l
efficiency
disp ( etath *100 , E n g i n e t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
ha = W / etath ;................. // Heat added i n kJ
disp ( ha , Head added i n kJ : )
dels =( ha - W ) / t3 ;........... // Change i n e n t r o p y
disp ( dels , Change i n e n t r o p y i n kJ /K )
Scilab code Exa 3.2 Carnot power cycle

17
Figure 3.1: Carnot engine
Figure 3.2: Carnot power cycle
18
1 clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 2

2 // I n i t i a l i s a t i o n o f V a r i a b l e s
3 m =0.5;..................... // Mass o f a i r i n kg
4 etath =0.5;................. // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
of
engine
hie =40;................... // Heat t r a n s f e r r e d d u r i n g
i s o t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n i n kJ
p1 =7;.................... // P r e s s u r e i n b a r a t t h e
beginning of expansion
v1 =0.12;.................. // Volume i n m3 a t t h e
cv =0.721;................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ /kgK
cp =1.008;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK
R =287;...................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
t1 =( p1 *10^5* v1 ) /( R * m ) ;.................... //Max temp
in K
t2 = t1 *(1 - etath ) ;....................... // Min temp i n
K
disp ( t1 , The maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n : )
disp ( t2 , The minimum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n : )
v2 =( %e ^(( hie *1000) /( m * R * t1 ) ) ) * v1 ;..................
// Volume a t t h e end o f i s o t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n i n m
3
disp ( v2 , Volume a t t h e end o f i s o t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n
i n m3 )
printf ( \n\n )
printf ( P r o c e s s
Heat
t r a n s f e r \n )
printf (
\n )
21 printf ( I s o t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n
%d kJ \n , hie )
22 printf ( A d i a b a t i c r e v e r s i b l e e x p a n s i o n
%d kJ \n ,0)
19
Figure 3.3: Efficiencies of carnot cycle

printf ( I s o t h e r m a l c o m p r e s s i o n
%d kJ \n ,- hie )
24 printf ( A d i a b a t i c r e v e r s i b l e c o m p r e s s i o n s
%d kJ ,0)
23
Scilab code Exa 3.3 Efficiencies of carnot cycle

3 p1 =18;.................. //Maximum p r e s s u r e i n b a r
4 t1 =410+273;............. //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n
Kelvin
5 ric =6;..................... // R a t i o o f
isentropic
compression
6 rie =1.5;................. // R a t i o o f
expansion
20
isothermal
7 v1 =0.18;.................. // Volume o f
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
a i r at the
ga =1.4;................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m o f g a s
R =287;..................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
nc =210;.................. // no o f w o r k i n g c y c l e s
t4 = t1 /( ric ^( ga -1) ) ;............. // Min temp i n K
t3 = t4 ;
p4 = p1 /( ric ^ ga ) ;.................. // Min p r e s s u r e i n
bar
p2 = p1 / rie ;....................... // p r e s s u r e o f g a s
b e f o r e i s e n t r o p i c expansion in bar
p3 = p2 *((1/6) ^ ga ) ;................. // P r e s s u r e o f g a s
a f t e r i s e n t r o p i c expansion in bar
printf ( p1=%f b a r \ np2=%f b a r \ np3=%f b a r \ np4=%f
b a r \ n t 1=t 2=%f K e l v i n \ n t 3=t 4=%f K e l v i n \n ,p1 , p2
, p3 , p4 , t1 , t3 )
dels =( p1 *10^5* v1 * log ( rie ) ) /(1000* t1 )
;.................... // Change i n e n t r o p y
disp ( dels , Change i n e n t r o p y i n kJ /K : )
qs = t1 * dels ;....................... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n
kJ
Qr = t4 * dels ;....................... // Heat r e j e c t e d i n
kJ
eta =( qs - Qr ) / qs ;............ // E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e
v3byv1 = ric * rie ; Vs =( v3byv1 -1) * v1 ;................. //
S t r o k e volume
pm =(( qs - Qr ) *10^3) /( Vs *10^5) ;........ // Mean e f f e c t i v e
p r e s s u r e o f the c y c l e in bar
disp ( pm , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e o f t h e c y c l e i n b a r
: )
P =( qs - Qr ) *( nc /60) ;......................... // Power
of engine
disp (P , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e o f t h e c y c l e i n b a r :
)
21
Figure 3.4: Carnot Engine
Scilab code Exa 3.4 Carnot Engine

3 eta =1/6;................... // E f f i c i e n c y
4
5
6
7
8
9
of the
engine
rts =70;................. // The amount o f temp which
i s reduced in the sink in C
// C a l c u l a t i o n
t1byt2 =1/(1 - eta ) ;
t2 =( rts +273) /((2* eta * t1byt2 ) - t1byt2 +1) ;............
// T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s i n k i n K
disp ( t2 -273 , T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s i n k i n C e l s i u s : )
t1 = t1byt2 * t2 ;............... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f s o u r c e
in K
22
Figure 3.5: Carnot Engine

10
disp ( t1 -273 , t e m p e r a t u r e o f s o u r c e i n C e l s i u s : )
Scilab code Exa 3.5 Carnot Engine

3 t1 =1990;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
4
5
6
7
8
heat source in K
t2 =850;.................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s i n k
in K
Q =32.5;................... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / min
P =0.4;.................... // Power d e v e l o p e d by t h e
e n g i n e i n kW
eta =1 -( t2 / t1 ) ;.......... // E f f i c i e n c y o f c a r n o t
engine
23
Figure 3.6: Otto cycle

etath = P /( Q /60) ;.................. // E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
given engine
10 if ( etath > eta ) then printf ( S i n c e t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f
t h e g i v e n e n g i n e i s more t h a n e f f i c i e n c y o f
carnot engine , the claim i s not t r u e . )
11 end
9
Scilab code Exa 3.7 Otto cycle

3 etaotto =0.6;............ // E f f i c i e n c y o f o t t o e n g i n e
4 ga =1.5;................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
5 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
6 r =(1/(1 - etaotto ) ) ^(1/( ga -1) ) ;................ //
Compression r a t i o
24

7
disp (r , The c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o o f t h e e n g i n e i s : )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

D =0.25;...................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.375;................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
Vc =0.00263;................ // C l e a r e n c e volume i n m3
p1 =1;.................. // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =323;................... // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p3 =25;.................... //Max p r e s s u r e i n b a r
ga =1.4;.................... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;................ // Swept volume i n m
3
25
Figure 3.8: Otto Cycle

12 r = round (( Vs + Vc ) / Vc ) ;.......................... //
13
14
15
16
17
18
etaotto =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;.................. // A i r
standard e f f i c i e n c y of otto cycle
disp ( etaotto *100 , The a i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f
o t t o c y c l e i n %: )
p2 = p1 *(( r ) ^ ga ) ;
rp = p3 / p2 ;.......................... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
pm =( p1 * r *(( r ^( ga -1) ) -1) *( rp -1) ) /(( ga -1) *( r -1) )
;................ // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
disp ( pm , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
Scilab code Exa 3.9 Otto Cycle

26
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
p1 =1;..................... // P r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =300;...................... // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Q =1500;..................... // Heat added i n kJ / kg
r =8;....................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
Cv =0.72;.................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t volume
ga =1.4;...................... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c
heats
t2 = t1 *( r ) ^( ga -1) ;.......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
adiabatic compression in K
p2 = p1 *( r ^ ga ) ;.............. // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
a d i a b a t i c compression in bar
t3 =( Q / Cv ) + t2 ;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
i s o c h o r i c compression in K
p3 =( p2 * t3 ) / t2 ;................ // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
i s o c h o r i c compression in bar
t4 = t3 /( r ^( ga -1) ) ;....................... //
Temperature a f t e r a d i a b a t i c ex p an s io n i n K
p4 = p3 *(1/( r ^( ga ) ) ) ;................ // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
a d i a b a t i c expansion in bar
Ws = Cv *( t3 - t2 - t4 + t1 ) ;......... // S p e c i f i c work i n kJ /
kg
etath =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;............ // Thermal
efficiency
disp ( t2 , T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K: )
disp ( p2 , P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
: )
disp ( t3 , T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K: )
disp ( p3 , P r e s s u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
: )
disp ( t4 , T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n K :
)
disp ( p4 , P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n b a r :
)
disp ( Ws , S p e c i f i c work i n kJ / kg : )
27
Figure 3.9: Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle

25
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
Scilab code Exa 3.10 Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle

1 clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 1 0
3 r =6;.............. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
4 p1 =1;................ // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
isochoric
expansion in bar
5 t1 =300;................ // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
isochoric
expansion in K
6 t3 =1842;............... // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c
compression in K
7 ga =1.4;............... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
28
9 p2 = p1 *( r ^ ga ) ;............... // P r e s s u r e
after
10 t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
adiabatic compression in K
11 p3 = p2 *( t3 / t2 ) ;.................. // p r e s s u r e
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
after
i s o c h o r i c compression in bar
t4 = t3 /( r ^( ga -1) ) ;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
adiabatic expansion in K
p4 = p3 *(1/( r ^( ga ) ) ) ;........... // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
etaotto =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;............ // E f f i c i e n c y o f
otto cycle
p5 = p1 ;
t5 =(( p5 / p3 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) * t3 ;................ //
A t k i n s o n c y c l e temp a f t e r f u r t h e r a d i a b a t i c
expansion in K
etatk =1 -(( ga *( t5 - t1 ) ) /( t3 - t2 ) ) ;........... //
Efficiency of atkinson cycle
disp ( t2 , T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K: )
disp ( p2 , P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
: )
disp ( t3 , T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K: )
disp ( p3 , P r e s s u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
: )
disp ( t4 , T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n K :
)
disp ( p4 , P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n b a r :
)
disp (( etatk - etaotto ) *100 , Improvement i n e f f i c i e n c y
i n %: )
29

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 1 1

p1 =1;................... // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =343;.................. // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =7;.................... // P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c
compression
Qs =465;............... // Heat a d d i t i o n a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ / kg
cp =1;..................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
cv =0.706;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg
ga = cp / cv ;................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
r =( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;............... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;..................... // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
t3 = t2 +( Qs / cv ) ;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end
30

of heat addition in K
14 disp (r , C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o : )
15 disp ( t2 , T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
)
16 disp ( t3 , T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f h e a t a d d i t i o n i n
K )

3 ga =1.4;.............. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
4 p2byp1 =15;............... // R a t i o p r e s s u r e a t t h e end
of compression to that of p r e s s u r e at the s t a r t

5 t1 =311;................ // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 t3 =2223;............... //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
31
7 R =0.287;............... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ / kg K
9 r = p2byp1 ^(1/ ga ) ;............... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
10 etath =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;............. // Thermal
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
efficiency
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
t4 = t3 /( r ^( ga -1) ) ;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end
of isothermal expansion in K
cv = R /( ga -1) ;................ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ / kg
Q = cv *( t3 - t2 ) ;.............. // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / kg
of air
Qr = cv *( t4 - t1 ) ;................. // Heat r e j e c t e d i n kJ
/ kg o f a i r
W =Q - Qr ;................. // Work done
disp (r , C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o : )
disp (W , Work done i n kJ : )

v1 =0.45;............. // I n i t i a l volume i n m3
p1 =1;............... // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =303;............. // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =11;................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
compression s t r o k e in bar
7 Q =210;................... // h e a t added a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ
8 N =210;................. //No o f w o r k i n g c y c l e s p e r
min
1
2
3
4
5
6
32

9 ga =1.4;............. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
10 R =287;................. // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
11 cv =0.71;................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
volume i n kJ / kg
r =( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;................... // C o m p r e s s i o n
ratio
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n
v2 =( t2 * p1 * v1 ) /( t1 * p2 ) ;................. // Volume a t
t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n m3
m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;................ // Mass o f
e n g i n e f l u i d i n kg
t3 =( Q /( m * cv ) ) + t2 ;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
p3 =( t3 / t2 ) * p2 ;................ // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end
o f i s o c h o r i c compression in bar
v3 = v2 ;
t4 = t3 *(1/ r ) ^( ga -1) ;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
33
21 p4 = p3 *(1/ r ) ^ ga ;...................... // P r e s s u r e a t
t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n b a r
22 v4 = v1 ;
23 pc =( v2 *100) /( v1 - v2 ) ;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
clearence
etaotto =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;........................ //
Efficiency of otto cycle
Qr = m * cv *( t4 - t1 ) ;............................... //
Heat r e j e c t e d i n kJ / kg
pm =(( Q - Qr ) *1000) /(( v1 - v2 ) *100000) ;...... // Mean
e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e in bar
P =( Q - Qr ) *( N /60) ;........................ // Power
d e v e l o p e d i n kW
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f
K\n\n , t2 )
printf ( P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f b a r
\n\n , p2 )
printf ( Volume a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f m3\ n
\n , v2 )
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f
K\n\n , t3 )
printf ( P r e s s u r e a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f b a r
\n\n , p3 )
printf ( Volume a f t e r i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f m3\ n
\n , v3 )
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n : %f K\
n\n , t4 )
printf ( P r e s s u r e a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n : %f b a r \n
\n , p4 )
printf ( Volume a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n : %f m3\ n\n
, v4 )
printf ( P e r c e n t a g e c l e a r a n c e : %f\n\n , pc )
printf ( E f f i c i e n c y o f o t t o c y c l e : %f\n\n , etaotto
*100)
printf ( Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e : %f b a r : \ n\n , pm )
printf ( Power d e v e l o p e d : %f kW\n\n ,P )
34

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

t1 =310;................ // Min t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t3 =1220;................ //Max t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
ga =1.4;................ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
air
cph =5.22;............ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume f o r h e l i u m i n kJ / kg
cvh =3.13;............... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e f o r h e l i u m i n kJ / kg
r =( t3 / t1 ) ^(1/(( ga -1) *2) ) ;.............. // C o m p r e s s i o n
ratio
35

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
etaotto =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;................ // A i r

standard e f f i c i e n c y
gah = cph / cvh ;................ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c
h e a t s f o r Helium
rh =( t3 / t1 ) ^(1/(( gah -1) *2) ) ;.............. //
C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o when Helium i s u s e d
etaottoh =1 -(1/( rh ^( gah -1) ) ) ;................ // A i r
s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y when Helium i s u s e d
disp ( etaotto *100 , A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
e n g i n e i n %: )
if (( round ( etaotto ) - round ( etaottoh ) ) == 0) then
disp ( There i s no c h a n g e i n e f f i c i e n c y when
Helium i s u s e d a s w o r k i n g f l u i d i n s t e a d o f a i r )
end

36
Figure 3.15: Diesel Cycle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

t1 =310;......... // Minimum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t3 =1450;............ //maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
m =0.38;........... // Mass o f w o r k i n g f l u i d i n kg
cv =0.71;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ / kg
t4 = sqrt ( t1 * t3 ) ;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end
of adiabatic expansion in K
t2 = t4 ;
W = cv *( t3 - t2 - t4 + t1 ) ;.................. // Work done i n
kJ / kg
P = W *( m /60) ;................. // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW
disp (P , Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW: )
37

Scilab code Exa 3.17 Diesel Cycle
3 r =15;................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
4 ga =1.4;.............. // R a t i o o s f p e c i f i c h e a t s
5
6
7
8
9
for
air
perQ =6;................ // Heat a d d i t i o n a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e t a k e s p l a c e a t 6% o f s t r o k e
rho =1+(( perQ /100) *( r -1) ) ;............. // Cut o f f
ratio
etad =1 -(((( rho ^ ga ) -1) /( rho -1) ) *(1/( ga *( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ) )
;.................. // E f f i c i e n c y o f d i e s e l e n g i n e
disp ( etad *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f d i e s e l e n g i n e i n %: )
38

1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
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11
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14
15

L =0.25;............... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
D =0.15;.................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
v2 =0.0004;............... // C l e a r a n c e volume i n m3
pers =5;............... // P e r c e n t a g e o f s t r o k e when
fuel injection occurs
ga =1.4;.............. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;.............. // Swept volume i n m3
Vt = Vs + v2 ;.................... // T o t a l c y l i n d e r volume
i n m3
v3 = v2 +(( pers /100) * Vs ) ;.............. // Volume a t
point of cut o f f
rho = v3 / v2 ;............ // Cut o f f r a t i o
r =1+( Vs / v2 ) ;............. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o

3 r =14;.................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
4 pers1 =5;............... // P e r c e n t a g e o f s t r o k e when
f u e l cut o f f occurs
pers2 =8;............... // P e r c e n t a g e o f s t r o k e when
delayed f u e l cut o f f occurs
6 v2 =1;..................... // C l e a r a n c e volume i n m3
7 ga =1.4;.................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
5
39

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
//When t h e f u e l i s c u t o f f a t 5 %
rho1 =(( pers1 /100) *( r -1) ) +1;............. // Cut o f f
ratio
etad1 =1 -(((( rho1 ^ ga ) -1) /( rho1 -1) ) *(1/( ga *( r ^( ga -1) ) )
) ) ;.................. // E f f i c i e n c y o f d i e s e l
engine
//When t h e f u e l i s c u t o f f a t 8 %
rho2 =(( pers2 /100) *( r -1) ) +1;............. // D e l a y e d
Cut o f f r a t i o
etad2 =1 -(((( rho2 ^ ga ) -1) /( rho2 -1) ) *(1/( ga *( r ^( ga -1) ) )
) ) ;.................. // E f f i c i e n c y o f d i e s e l
e n g i n e when c u t o f f r a t i o i s d e y a l e d
disp (( etad1 - etad2 ) *100 , P e r c e n t a g e l o s s i n
e f f i c i e n c y due t o d e l a y i n c u t o f f : )
40

3 pm =7.5;................. // Mean e f f e c t i v e
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
pressure in
bar
r =12.5;.................. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
p1 =1;.................... // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
ga =1.4;................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
k =( pm *( ga -1) *( r -1) ) /( p1 *( r ^ ga ) ) ;
c1 =( r ^(1 - ga ) ) / k ; c2 =( - ga ) / k ; c =1+( ga / k ) -(( r ^(1 - ga ) ) / k )
;
function [ f ]= F ( rho )
f = c1 *( rho ^ ga ) + c2 * rho + c ;
endfunction
// I n i t i a l g u e s s
rho =2;
// D e r i v a t i v e
function [ z ]= D ( rho )
41
Figure 3.19: Diesel cycle

17
z = c1 * ga *( rho ^( ga -1) ) + c2 ;
18 endfunction
19 y = fsolve ( rho ,F , D )
20 perc =(( y -1) /( r -1) ) *100;.................. //
21
Percentage of c u t o f f
disp ( perc , Cut o f f P e r c e n t a g e : )
Scilab code Exa 3.21 Diesel cycle

1
2
3
4
5
6

D =0.2;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.3;............. // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
p1 =1;................ // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
N =380;................. //No o f w o r k i n g c y c l e s p e r
min
42
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8
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11
12
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14
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16
17
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20
21
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23
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29
30
t1 =300;.............. // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
co =8;................ // Cut o f f p e r c e n t a g e
r =15;.................. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
R =287;................. // g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kg
ga =1.4;................ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;............. // S t r o k e volume i n m
v1 =( r /( r -1) ) * Vs ;................ // Volume a t t h e end
o f i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n m3
m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;................ // Mass o f a i r
i n c y l i n d e r i n kg / c y c l e
p2 = p1 *( r ^ ga ) ;....................... // P r e s s u r e a t
t h e end o f i s e n t r o p i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f i s e n t r o p i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
v2 = Vs /( r -1) ;.................. // Volume a t t h e end o f
i s e n t r o p i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n m3
p3 = p2 ;
rho =(( r -1) *( co /100) ) +1;................ // Cut o f f
ratio
v3 = rho * v2 ;....................... // Volume a t t h e end
o f i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n i n m3
t3 = t2 *( v3 / v2 ) ;.................. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
p4 =(( rho / r ) ^ ga ) * p3 ;.............. // P r e s s u r e a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n b a r
t4 =(( rho / r ) ^( ga -1) ) * t3 ;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e
a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
v4 = v1 ;
K\n\n , t2 )
\n\n , p2 )
printf ( Volume a f t e r a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f m3\ n
\n , v2 )
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o b a r i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f K
\n\n , t3 )
printf ( P r e s s u r e a f t e r i s o b a r i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f b a r \
43
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32
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34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
n\n , p3 )
printf ( Volume a f t e r i s o b a r i c c o m p r e s s i o n : %f m3\ n\
n , v3 )
n\n , t4 )
\n , p4 )
printf ( Volume a f t e r a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n : %f m3\ n\n
, v4 )
pm = p1 *( r ^ ga ) *[ ga *( rho -1) -(( r ^(1 - ga ) ) *(( rho ^ ga ) -1) )
]*(1/( ga -1) ) *1/( r -1) ;....... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
pressure
disp ( pm , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e : )
Wdc =( pm * Vs *10^5) /1000;.................. // Work done
p e r c y c l e i n kJ / c y c l e
P =( Wdc * N ) /60;........................... // Power

rc =15.3;.................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
re =7.5;................... // E x p a n s i o n r a t i o
cp =1.005;................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg K
6 cv =0.718;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
7 ga =1.4;.................... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
1
2
3
4
5
44

8 p1 =1;.................... // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
9 t1 =300;.................. // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
10 etamech =0.8;.................. // M e c h a n i c a l
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
efficiency
C = 42000;........................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e
o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
rita =0.5;......................... // R a t i o o f
i n d i c a t e d thermal e f f i c i e n c y to a i r standard
efficiency
R = 287;.......................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ
/kgK
t2 = t1 *( rc ^( ga -1) ) ;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
p2 = p1 *( rc ^ ga ) ;................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
t3 =( rc * t2 ) / re ;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e p r o c e s s i n K
v2 =1;.................. // Volume a t t h e end o f
a d i a b a t i c p r o c e s s i n m3
45
19 m =( p2 * v2 *10^5) /( R * t2 ) ;.................. // Mass o f
w o r k i n g f l u i d i n kg
20 t4 = t3 *((1/ re ) ^( ga -1) ) ;................... //
21
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25
26
27
28
29
30
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n
K
W =[ m *( cp *( t3 - t2 ) ) ] -[ m *( cv *( t4 - t1 ) ) ];........ // Work
done i n kJ
pm = W /( rc -1) ;.............................. // Mean
e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n kN/m2
disp ( pm /100 , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
disp (( p2 *100) /( pm ) , R a t i o o f maximum p r e s s u r e t o
mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e )
etacy = W /( m * cp *( t3 - t2 ) ) ;............... // C y c l e
efficiency
disp ( etacy *100 , C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
etaith = rita * etacy ;.................. // I n d i c a t e d
thermal e f f i c i e n c y
etabth = etaith * etamech ;............... // Brake t h e r m a l
efficiency
mf =3600/( etabth * C ) ;................ // F u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n p e r kWh
disp ( mf , F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh : )
Scilab code Exa 3.23 Dual Combustion Cycle

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2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Vs =0.0053;................ // Swept volume i n m3
Vc =0.00035;............... // C l e a r a n c e volume i n m3
v3 = Vc ;
v2 = Vc ;
p3 =65;.................. //Max p r e s s u r e i n b a r
co =5;................... // Cut o f f p e r c e n t a g e
46
Figure 3.21: Dual Combustion Cycle

9 p4 = p3 ; ga =1.4;............... // R a t i o o f
specific
heats
10 t1 =353;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
s t a r t of compression in K
p1 =0.9;................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e s t a r t o f
compression in bar
r =1+( Vs / Vc ) ;................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
rho =((( co /100) * Vs ) / Vc ) +1;................... // Cut
off ratio
p2 = p1 *( r ^ ga ) ;
Beta = p3 / p2 ;............................. // E x p l o s i o n
ratio
etadual =1 -[(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) *(( Beta *( rho ^ ga ) ) -1) *(1/((
Beta -1) +( Beta * ga *( rho -1) ) ) ) ];............ //
E f f i c i e n c y of dual c y c l e
disp ( etadual *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f d u a l c y c l e : )
47

r =14;...................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
Beta =1.4;................ // E x p l o s i o n r a t i o
co =6;.................. // Cut o f f p e r c e n t a g e
rho =(( co /100) *( r -1) ) +1;............... // Cut o f f
ratio
9 etadual =1 -[(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) *(( Beta *( rho ^ ga ) ) -1) *(1/((
Beta -1) +( Beta * ga *( rho -1) ) ) ) ];............ //
E f f i c i e n c y of dual c y c l e
10 disp ( etadual *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f d u a l c y c l e : )
1
2
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4
5
6
7
8
48

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5
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11
12

D =0.25;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.3;............. // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
N =3;............... //No o f c y c l e s p e r s e c o n d
p3 =60;................ //Maximum p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =303;.............. // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
co =4;................ // Cut o f f p e r c e n t a g e
R =287;................. // g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kg
cv =0.71;............... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ /kgK
49
13 cp =1.0;................. // S p e c i f i c
14
15
16
17
18
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20
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26
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29
30
31
32
33
34
heat at constant
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK
ga =1.4;............... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
p4 = p3 ;
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;............. // S t r o k e volume i n m3
Vc = Vs /( r -1) ;.................. // C l e a r a n c e volume i n
m3
rho =(( r -1) *( co /100) ) +1;................ // Cut o f f
ratio
v1 = Vc + Vs ;................. // Volume a f t e r i s o c h o r i c
c o m p r e s s i o n i n m3
p2 = p1 *( r ^ ga ) ;................ // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
t3 =( p3 * t2 ) / p2 ;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
i s o c h o r i c compression in K
t4 = t3 * rho ;..................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
i s o b a r i c expansion in K
t5 = t4 *(( rho / r ) ^( ga -1) ) ;......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
p5 = p4 *( rho / r ) ^ ga ;............... // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
Qs =( cv *( t3 - t2 ) + cp *( t4 - t3 ) ) ;..... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n
kJ / kg
Qr = cv *( t5 - t1 ) ;................... // Heat r e j e c t e d i n
kJ / kg
etast =1 -( Qr / Qs ) ;................. // A i r s t a n d a r d
efficiency
disp ( etast *100 , A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;............... // Mass o f a i r
in cycle
W = m *( Qs - Qr ) ;.................... // Work done p e r
c y c l e i n kJ
P = W * N ;............................ // Power d e v e l o p e d
i n kW
disp (P , Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW )
50

1
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5
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7
8
9
10
11

r =9;................. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
p3 =68;............... //Max p r e s s u r e
p4 = p3 ;
Qs =1750;.............. // T o t a l h e a t s u p p l i e d
R =287;................ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
cv =0.71;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ /kgK
51
12 cp =1;................ // S p e c i f i c
heat at constant
14 p2 = p1 *(( r ) ^ ga ) ;............ // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
15
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31
t2 = t1 *(( r ) ^( ga -1) ) ;.......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
t3 = t2 *( p3 / p2 ) ;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end
of i s o c h o r i c compression in K
Qv = cv *( t3 - t2 ) ;............. // Heat added a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ / kg
Qp = Qs - Qv ;..................... // Heat added a t
c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ / kg
t4 =( Qp / cp ) + t3 ;................ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n i n kJ / kg
rho = t4 / t3 ;..................... // Cut o f f r a t i o
p5 = p4 *(( rho / r ) ^ ga ) ;................ // P r e s s u r e a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n kJ / kg
t5 = t4 *(( rho / r ) ^( ga -1) ) ;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n kJ / kg
K\n\n , t2 )
\n\n , p2 )
K\n\n , t3 )
\n\n , p3 )
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n : %f K\n
\n , t4 )
printf ( P r e s s u r e a f t e r i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n : %f b a r \n\
n , p4 )
n\n , t5 )
\n , p5 )
Qr = cv *( t5 - t1 ) ;.................... // Heat r e j e c t e d i n
kJ
52

etast =1 -( Qr / Qs ) ;................. // A i r s t a n d a r d
efficiency
33 disp ( etast *100 , A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
34 pm =(1/( r -1) ) *[(68*( rho -1) ) +((( p4 * rho ) -( p5 * r ) ) /( ga -1)
) -(( p2 - r ) /( ga -1) ) ];................ // Mean
35 disp ( pm , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
32

3 t1 =300;............... // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e
4 rmami =70;.................... // R a t i o o f max p r e s s u r e
and min p r e s s u r e
5 r =15;.................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
53

6 ga =1.4;................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
7 R =287;.................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
8 t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
9
10
11
12
13
t3 = t2 *( rmami /( r ^ ga ) ) ;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t4 = t3 +(( t3 - t2 ) / ga ) ;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f i s o b a r i c p r o c e s s i n K
t5 = t4 /((1/( t4 /( t3 * r ) ) ) ^( ga -1) ) ;.......... //
K
etast =1 -[( t5 - t1 ) /(( t3 - t2 ) + ga *( t4 - t3 ) )
];.............. // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y

54
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21
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27

p3 =65;.............. //Maximum p r e s s u r e i n b a r
R =287;................. // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ / kg
p4 = p3 ;
Vs =0.0085;............ // Swept volume i n m3
afr =21;............... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
r =15;................. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
C =43890;.............. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n
kJ / kg
cp =1;................ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
cv =0.71;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ /kgK
Vc = Vs /( r -1) ;............... // C l e a r a n c e volume i n m3
v2 = Vc ; v1 = Vs + v2 ;
v3 = Vc ; v5 = v1 ;
p2 = p1 *( r ^ ga ) ;..................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e
end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;................ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t3 =( t2 * p3 ) / p2 ;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;............ // Mass o f a i r i n
t h e c y c l e i n kg
Qv = m * cv *( t3 - t2 ) ;..................... // Heat added
d u r i n g c o n s t a n t volume p r o c e s s i n kJ
fv = Qv / C ;............................. // F u e l added
d u r i n g c o n s t a n t volume p r o c e s s i n kg
mf = m / afr ;.................. // T o t a l amount o f f u e l
added i n kg
mfib = mf - fv ;.................... // T o t a l amount o f
f u e l added i n i s o b a r i c p r o c e s s i n kg
Qib = mfib * C ;.................... // T o t a l amount o f
55
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
h e a t added i n i s o b a r i c p r o c e s s i n kJ
t4 =( Qib /(( m + mf ) * cp ) ) + t3 ;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f i s o b a r i c p r o c e s s i n K
v4 =( v3 * t4 ) / t3 ;.................. // Volume a t t h e end
o f i s o b a r i c p r o c e s s i n m3
t5 = t4 /(( v5 / v4 ) ^( ga -1) ) ;......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f i s o c h o r i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
Qrv =( m + mf ) * cv *( t5 - t1 ) ;............... // Heat r e j e c t e d
d u r i n g c o n s t a n t volume p r o c e s s i n kJ
W =( Qib + Qv ) - Qrv ;................ // Work done i n kJ
etath = W /( Qib + Qv ) ;.................. // Thermal
efficiency
56
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

D =0.25;............. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.4;.............. // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
R =287;............... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
N =8;................ //No o f w o r k i n g c y c l e s p e r s e c
cv =0.71;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ /kgK
cp =1;................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
n =1.25;............. // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
rc =9;............... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
re =5;............... // E x p a n s i o n r a t i o
rqptqe =2;........... // R a t i o o f h e a t l i b e r a t e d a t
constant p r e s s u r e to heat l i b e r a t e d at constant
volume
p2 = p1 *( rc ^ n ) ;....................... // P r e s s u r e a t
t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
t2 = t1 *( rc ^( n -1) ) ;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
rho = rc / re ;.......................... // Cut o f f r a t i o
t3 =(2* cv * t2 ) /((2* cv ) -( cp *( rho -1) ) ) ;............... //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n
in K
p3 = p2 *( t3 / t2 ) ; ..... ..... ..... ...... ..... ..... ..... //
P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f i s o c h o r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n
bar
p4 = p3 ; t4 = rho * t3 ;................................. //
T e m p e r a t u r e and p r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f i s o b a r i c
process
p5 = p4 *(1/( re ^ n ) ) ;................................. //
P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c e x p a n s i o n i n b a r
t5 = t4 *(1/( re ^( n -1) ) ) ;............................. //
K
57
24 pm =(1/( rc -1) ) *[( p3 *( rho -1) ) +((( p4 * rho ) -( p5 * rc ) ) /( n
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
-1) ) -(( p2 -( p1 * rc ) ) /( n -1) ) ];............... // Mean

effective pressure
K\n\n , t2 )
\n\n , p2 )
K\n\n , t3 )
\n\n , p3 )
printf ( T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n : %f K\n
\n , t4 )
printf ( P r e s s u r e a f t e r i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n : %f b a r \n\
n , p4 )
n\n , t5 )
\n , p5 )
disp ( pm , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;.................... // Swept volume
i n m3
W =( pm *(10^5) * Vs ) /1000;................. // Work done
p e r c y c l e i n kJ
m =( p1 *(10^5) *( rc /( rc -1) ) * Vs ) /( R * t1 )
;..................... // Mass o f a i r p e r c y c l e i n
kg
Qs = m *[ cv *( t3 - t2 ) + cp *( t4 - t3 ) ];..................... //
Heat s u p p l i e d p e r c y c l e i n kJ
eta = W / Qs ;.................... // E n g i n e e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( eta *100 , E n g i n e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
P = W * N ;................. // Power o f t h e e n g i n e i n kW
disp (P , Power o f t h e e n g i n e i n kW: )
58
Figure 3.28: Atkinson Cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.31 Atkinson Cycle
3 cp =0.92;.................. // S p e c i f i c
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
heat at
cv =0.75;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
p1 =1;................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
p2 = p1 ;................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
i s o b a r i c compression in bar
p3 =4;.................... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
i s o b a r i c compression in bar
p4 =16;................... // F i n a l p r e s s u r e a f t e r h e a t
a d d i t i o n in bar
t2 =300;..................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end
of i s o b a r i c compression in K
59
Figure 3.29: Brayton Cycle

12 t3 = t2 *(( p3 / p2 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ //
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s o b a r i c c o m p r e s s i o n i n
K
t4 =( p4 * t3 ) / p3 ;........................ // F i n a l
temperature a f t e r heat addition in K
t1 = t4 /(( p4 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;................... //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f a d i a b a t i c c o m p r e s s i o n
in K
Qs = cv *( t4 - t3 ) ;......................... // Heat
s u p p l i e d i n kJ / kg
Qr = cp *( t1 - t2 ) ;......................... // Heat
r e j e c t e d i n kJ / kg
W = Qs - Qr ;....................... // Work done p e r kg o f
g a s i n kJ
disp (W , Work done i n kJ / kg : )
eta = W / Qs ;...................... // E f f i c i e n c y o f c y c l e
disp ( eta *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f c y c l e i n %: )
60
Scilab code Exa 3.32 Brayton Cycle

3 p1 =101.325;.................... // P r e s s u r e
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
of intake
a i r i n kPa
t1 =300;....................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
i n t a k e a i r i n kPa
rp =6;......................... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n
the c y c l e
ga =1.4;......................... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c
heats
rtc =2.5;........................... // R a t i o o f
t u r b i n e work and c o m p r e s s o r work
t2 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;.................. //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s e n t r o p i c e x p a n s i o n i n
K
t3 =( rtc *( t2 - t1 ) ) /(1 -(1/( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ) ;........ //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
t4 = t3 /( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;....................... //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s e n t r o p i c c o m p r e s s i o n
in K
eta =( t3 - t4 - t2 + t1 ) /( t3 - t2 ) ;................... // C y c l e
efficiency
disp ( eta *100 , C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )

61

3 p1 =1;.................... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
4 p2 =5;.................... // S u p p l y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
5 t3 =1000;.................. // S u p p l y t e m p e r a t u r e i n
Kelvin
6 cp =1.0425;................ // S p e c i f i c
heat at
7 cv =0.7662;................. // S p e c i f i c
8
9
10
11
12
heat at
ga = cp / cv ;.................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
t4 = t3 *(( p1 / p2 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
P = cp *( t3 - t4 ) ;..................... // Power d e v e l o p e d
p e r kg o f g a s p e r s e c o n d i n kW
disp (P , Power d e v e l o p e d p e r kg o f g a s p e r s e c o n d i n
kW: )
62

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

ma =0.1;................... // A i r s u p p l i e d i n kg / s
p1 =1;..................... // S u p p l y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t4 =285;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r when
supplied to cabin in K
p2 =4;................... // P r e s s u r e a t i n l e t t o
t u r b i n e in bar
cp =1.0;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
ga =1.4;.................. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
t3 = t4 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;................ //
Temperature at t u r b i n e i n l e t i n K
disp ( t3 , T e m p e r a t u r e a t t u r b i n e i n l e t i n K : )
63

12 P = ma * cp *( t3 - t4 ) ;........................... // Power
13

3 p1 =1;...................... // P r e s s u r e
of
e n t e r i n g the compressor in bar
4 p2 =3.5;................. // P r e s s u r e o f a i r
l e a v i n g the compressor in bar
5 t1 =293;.................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
o n l e t of the compressor in K
6 t3 =873;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
turbine i n l e t in K
64
air
while
a i r at the
a i r at the
7 cp =1.005;............... // S p e c i f i c
heat at constant
8 ga =1.4;................... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c
10 rp = p2 / p1 ;.................... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
heats
of the
cycle
eta =1 -(1/( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ;.............. //
E f f i c i e n c y of the c y c l e
disp ( eta *100 , E f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e : )
t2 = t1 *(( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ;................ //
Temperature o f a i r w h i l e l e a v i n g the compressor
in K
q1 = cp *( t3 - t2 ) ;................ // Heat s u p p l i e d t o t h e
a i r i n kJ / kg
disp ( q1 , Heat s u p p l i e d t o t h e a i r i n kJ / kg : )
W = eta * q1 ;........................ // Work a v a i l a b l e a t
t h e s h a f t i n kJ / kg
disp (W , Work a v a i l a b l e a t t h e s h a f t i n kJ / kg : )
q2 = q1 - W ;................ // Heat r e j e c t e d i n t h e
c o o l e r i n kJ / kg
disp ( q2 , Heat r e j e c t e d i n t h e c o o l e r i n kJ / kg : )
t4 = t3 /( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;....................... //
Temperature o f a i r l e a v i n g the t u r b i n e i n K
disp ( t4 , T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r l e a v i n g t h e t u r b i n e i n K
: )

3 p1 =1;................... // P r e s s u r e
of air entering
the compressor in bar

4 t1 =300;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
65
air
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
e n t e r i n g the compressor in bar

rp =6;................... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
rtc =2.5;................. // R a t i o o f t u r b i n e work t o
c o m p r e s s o r work
ga =1.4;............ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
t2 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;.................. //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s e n t r o p i c e x p a n s i o n i n
K
t3 =( rtc *( t2 - t1 ) ) /(1 -(1/( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ) ;........ //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s o b a r i c e x p a n s i o n i n K
t4 = t3 /( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;....................... //
T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f i s e n t r o p i c c o m p r e s s i o n
in K
eta =( t3 - t4 - t2 + t1 ) /( t3 - t2 ) ;................... // C y c l e
efficiency
disp ( t3 , Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K : )
disp ( eta *100 , C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
66

3 t1 =303;........................ // Min t e m p e r a t u r e i n
4
5
6
7
8
K
t3 =1073;........................ //Max t e m p e r a t u r e i n
K
C =45000;..................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
f u e l i n kJ / kg
cp =1;.................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
ga =1.4;........................ // R a t i o o s s p e c i f i c
heats
diftc =100;.................. // D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
67
9
10
11
12
13
14
work done by t u r b i n e and c o m p r e s s o r i n kW

t2 = sqrt ( t1 * t3 ) ; t4 = t2 ;..... // Assumed
mf = diftc /[ C *(1 -(( t4 - t1 ) /( t3 - t2 ) ) ) ];................
// F u e l u s e d i n kg p e r s e c o n d
disp ( mf , Rate o f f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s : )
ma =[ diftc -[ mf *( t3 - t4 ) ]]/[( t3 - t4 - cp *( t2 - t1 ) )
];............ // Rate o f a i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
disp ( ma , Mass f l o w r a t e o f a i r
i n kg / s : )

3 t1 =300;................. // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
4 p1 =1;.................... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
68
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
ma =1;.................... // Mass o f a i r i n kg
rp =6.25;............. // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
t3 =1073;........... //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
etac =0.8;............ // E f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r
etat =0.8;............. // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
cp =1.005;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
t2 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........... // I d e a l
Temperature o f a i r w h i l e l e a v i i n g the compressor
in K
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;............ // A c t u a l
in K
Wcomp = ma * cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;............. // C o m p r e s s o r work
i n kJ / kg
t4 = t3 /( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........ // I d e a l t e m p e r a t u r e
of a i r while l e a v i n g the turbine in K
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;.......... // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e
of a i r while l e a v i n g the turbine in K
Wtur = ma * cp *( t3 - t41 ) ;.............. // T u r b i n e work i n
kJ / kg
Wnet = Wtur - Wcomp ;................. // Net work p r o d u c e d
i n kJ / kg
Qs = ma * cp *( t3 - t21 ) ;................. // Heat s u p p l i e d
i n kJ / kg
disp ( Wcomp , C o m p r e s s o r work i n kJ / kg : )
disp ( Wtur , T u r b i n e work i n kJ / kg : )
disp ( Qs , Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / kg : )
disp (( Wnet / Qs ) *100 , C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
disp ( t41 , A c t u a l e x h a u s t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t u r b i n e i n K
)
69

3 etat =0.85;.............. // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
4 etac =0.8;............... // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
5 t3 =1148;................ //Max t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 t1 =300;................ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f w o r k i n g
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
f l u i d when e n t e r i n g t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n K e l v i n
cp =1;................... // s p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
ga =1.4;................ // r a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
p1 =1;................... // P r e s s u r e o f w o r k i n g f l u i d
w h i l e e n t e r i n g the compressor in bar
rp =4;................... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
C =42000;............... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
u s e d i n kJ /kgK
perlcc =10;............. // P e r c e n t a g e l o s s o f
c a l o r i f i c v a l u e i n c o m b u s t i o n chamber
70
Figure 3.37: Stirling Cycle

14 p2 = p1 * rp ;................. // p r e s s u r e
15
16
17
18
19
of air while
l e a v i n g the compressor in bar

etacc =1 -( perlcc /100) ;............ // e f f i c i e n c y o f
c o m b u s t i o n chamber
t2 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........... // I d e a l
in K
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;............ // A c t u a l
in K
afr =(( C * etacc ) /( cp *( t3 - t21 ) ) ) -1;........... // A i r
fuel ratio
printf ( A i r f u e l r a t i o i s %d : 1 , round ( afr ) )
Scilab code Exa 3.40 Stirling Cycle
71

3 p1 =1;........... // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e
isothermal
compression in bar
4 t1 =310;......... // t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
isothermal
compression in K
p3 =16;......... // p r e s s u r e b e f o r e i s o t h e r m a l
expansion in bar
t3 =930;......... // t e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e i s o t h e r m a l
expansion in K
R =287;............. // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
v1 =( R * t1 ) /( p1 *10^5) ;............... // Volume b e f o r e
i s o t h e r m a l c o m p r e s s i o n i n m3
v3 =( R * t3 ) /( p3 *10^5) ;............... // Volume b e f o r e
i s o t h e r m a l e x p a n s i o n i n m3
v2 = v3 ; v4 = v1 ;................. // 23 and 14 a r e
isochoric processes
r = v1 / v2 ;................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
q12 = R * t1 * log ( r ) ;............... // Work done and h e a t
r e j e c t e d i n p r o c e s s 12
w12 = q12 ;
disp ( q12 /1000 , Work done i n p r o c e s s 12 i n kJ / kg : )
disp ( w12 /1000 , Heat r e j e c t e d i n p r o c e s s 12 i n kJ / kg
: )
q23 =0; w23 = q23 ;.................. // COnstant volume
p r o c e s s and h e n c e work done i s z e r o
disp ( q23 /1000 , Heat r e j e c t e d i n p r o c e s s 23 i n kJ / kg
: )
q34 = R * t3 * log ( r ) ;............... // Work done and h e a t
r e j e c t e d i n p r o c e s s 12
w34 = q34 ;
: )
q41 = q34 - q12 ; w41 = q41 ;
72

: )
27 etath = w41 / q34 ;..................... // Thermal
efficiency
28 disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e c y c l e i n %
: )
26
73
Chapter 4
Fuel Air and Actual Cycles
Scilab code Exa 4.2 Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency

3 r =8;.......................... // C o m p r e s s i o n R a t i o
4 ga =1.4;....................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
5
6
7
8
9
10
f o r the gas
Cvinc =1.1;.................... // I n c r e a s e o f s p e c i f i c
h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n p e r c e n t a g e
eta =1 -1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ;........... // e f f i c i e n c y o f o t t o
cycle
deta =(1 - eta ) *( ga -1) * log ( r ) *( Cvinc /100) ;............
// Change i n e f f i c i e n c y
etach = - deta / eta ;............................ //
Percentage change in e f f i c i e n c y o f change in
efficiency
disp ( etach *100 , The p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n t h e
e f f i c i e n c y o f o t t o c y c l e ( i n %) : )
74
Figure 4.1: Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency
Scilab code Exa 4.3 Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency

3 r =7;.......................... // C o m p r e s s i o n R a t i o
5
6
7
8
9
f o r the gas
Cvinc =3;.................... // I n c r e a s e o f s p e c i f i c
h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n p e r c e n t a g e
eta =1 -1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ;........... // e f f i c i e n c y o f o t t o
cycle
deta =(1 - eta ) *( ga -1) * log ( r ) *( Cvinc /100) ;............
// Change i n e f f i c i e n c y
etach = - deta / eta ;............................ //
75
Figure 4.2: Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency

Percentage change in e f f i c i e n c y o f change in
efficiency
10 disp ( etach *100 , The p e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n t h e
e f f i c i e n c y o f o t t o c y c l e ( i n %) : )
Scilab code Exa 4.4 Change in air standard efficiency

3 r = 18;.......................... // C o m p r e s s i o n R a t i o
4 co =5;.......................... // Cut o f f p e r c e n t o f
stroke
5 cv =0.71;....................... // Mean s p e c i f i c
heat
f o r c y c l e i n kJ / kg K
6 R = 0.285;....................... // C h a r e c t e r i s t i c
c o n s t a n t i n kJ / kh K
76
gas
Figure 4.3: Change in air standard efficiency

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
cvinc =2;....................... // P e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e
i n mean s p e c i f i c h e a t o f t h e c y c l e
rho =( co /100) *( r -1) +1;
ga =1+( R / cv ) ;
eta =1 -(1/( ga *( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ) *(( rho ^ ga ) -1) /( rho -1)
;..................... // E f f i c i e n c y o f d i e s e l
cycle
etach = -((1 - eta ) / eta ) *( ga -1) *( log ( r ) -((( rho ^ ga ) * log (
rho ) ) /(( rho ^ ga ) -1) ) +(1/ ga ) ) *( cvinc /100) ;... //
Variation in the a i r standard e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etach *100 , P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n e f f i c i e n c y )
Scilab code Exa 4.5 Maximum pressure in cylinder

77
Figure 4.4: Maximum pressure in cylinder

3 r =7;...................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
4 C =44000;.................. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
fuel
u s e d i n kJ / kg
afr =15;................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
t1 =338;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
c h a r g e a t t h e end o f t h e s t r o k e i n K e l v i n
p1 =1;...................... // P r e s s u r e o f t h e c h a r g e
a t t h e end o f t h e s t r o k e i n b a r
n =1.33;.................... // I n d e x o f c o m p r e s s i o n
cv =0.71;...... // S p e c i f i c h e a t c o n s t a n t a t c o n s t a n t
volume i n kJ /kgK
k =20*10^( -5) ;
p2 = p1 *( r ) ^ n ;
t2 =( t1 * p2 ) /( p1 * r ) ;
ha = C /( afr +1) ;...................... // Heat added p e r
kg o f c h a r g e i n kJ
t3 =(( -2* cv ) + sqrt ((4* cv * cv ) +(4* k *((2* cv * t2 ) +( k * t2 * t2 )
+(2* ha ) ) ) ) ) /(2* k ) ;
78
Figure 4.5: Maximum pressure in cylinder

16 p3 =( p2 * t3 ) / t2 ;............................. //Max
p r e s s u r e f o r c o n s t a n t volume p r o c e s s i n b a r
17 P3 = p2 *(( ha / cv ) + t2 ) / t2 ;..................... //Max
p r e s s u r e f o r c o n s t a n t s p e c i f i c heat in bar
18 disp ( p3 , Max p r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r ( i n b a r ) : )
19 disp ( P3 , Max p r e s s u r e f o r c o n s t a n t s p e c i f i c h e a t ( i n
bar ) : )
Scilab code Exa 4.6 Maximum pressure in cylinder

u s e d i n kJ / kg
5 afr =15;................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
79
fuel
of the charge
n =1.36;.................... // I n d e x o f c o m p r e s s i o n
volume i n kJ /kgK
k =2.1*10^( -4) ;
p2 = p1 *( r ) ^ n ;
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;
+(2* ha ) ) ) ) ) /(2* k ) ;
p3 =( p2 * t3 ) / t2 ;............................. //Max
P3 = p2 *(( ha / cv ) + t2 ) / t2 ;..................... //Max
disp ( p3 , Max p r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r ( i n b a r ) : )
disp ( P3 , Max p r e s s u r e f o r c o n s t a n t s p e c i f i c h e a t ( i n
bar ) : )
7 p1 =1;...................... // P r e s s u r e
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Scilab code Exa 4.7 Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed
u s e d i n kJ / kg
5 afr =27;................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
80
fuel
Figure 4.6: Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
volume i n kJ /kgK
R = 0.287;......................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n
kJ /kgK
k =20*10^( -5) ;
cp = cv + R ;............................ // S p e c i f i c h e a t
at constant p r e s s u r e
t3 =(( -2* cp ) + sqrt ((4* cp * cp ) +(4* k *((2* cp * t2 ) +( k * t2 * t2 )
+(2* ha ) ) ) ) ) /(2* k ) ;
co =(( t3 / t2 ) -1) /( r -1) ;............. // c o m b u s t i o n
o c c u p i e s t h i s amt o f s t r o k e
disp ( co *100 , P e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s t r o k e when t h e
combustion i s completed i s : )
81
Figure 4.7: Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed
Scilab code Exa 4.8 Percentage of the stroke when the combustion is completed
4 t1 =87+273;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
of the charge
hsupa =1700;............................ // h e a t
s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r i n kJ
volume i n kJ /kgK
k =20*10^( -5) ;
ga =1.4;..................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
R =0.287;...................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /
5 p1 =1;...................... // P r e s s u r e
6
7
8
9
10
82
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
kgK
p2 = p1 *( r ) ^ ga ;
t2 = t1 *( r ^( ga -1) ) ;
ha = hsupa /2;...................... // Heat added p e r kg
o f c h a r g e i n kJ
+(2* ha ) ) ) ) ) /(2* k ) ;
p3 =( p2 * t3 ) / t2 ;............................. //Max
P3 = p2 *(( ha / cv ) + t2 ) / t2 ;..................... //Max
disp ( p3 , Max p r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r ( i n b a r ) : )
cp = cv + R ;................................. // Heat
c a p a c i t y a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK
t4 =(( -2* cp ) + sqrt ((4* cp * cp ) +(4* k *((2* cp * t3 ) +( k * t3 * t3 )
+(2* ha ) ) ) ) ) /(2* k ) ;
co =(( t4 / t3 ) -1) /( r -1) ;............. // c o m b u s t i o n
o c c u p i e s t h i s amt o f s t r o k e
disp ( co *100 , P e r c e n t a g e o f t h e s t r o k e when t h e
combustion i s completed i s : )
Scilab code Exa 4.9 Maximum pressure and temperature ignoring and considering fuel expansion
3 r = 8;........................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
4 C =44000;............ // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ /
kg
5 afr =13.8;..................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
6 t1 =343;............................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
the mixture at the beginning of the compression
83
Figure 4.8: Maximum pressure and temperature ignoring and considering

fuel expansion
in Kelvin
7 p1 =1;........................ // P r e s s u r e
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
of the
mixture at the beginning of the compression in
bar
cv =0.716;..................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
in =1.35;....................... // I n d e x o f
compression
nc =6;.......................... //No o f c a r b o n
elements in the given f u e l
nh =14;......................... //No o f h y d r o g e n
elements in the given f u e l
mc =12;........................... // Atomic mass o f
c a r b o n i n amu
mh =2;............................. // a t o m i c mass o f
h y d r o g e n m o l e c u l e i n amu
mo =32;........................... // Atomic mass o f
o x y g e n m o l e c u l e i n amu
84
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
// The c h e m i c a l e q u a t i o n i s C6H14 + xO2 ==> yCO2 +

zH2O
// x i s t h e no o f o x y g e n m o l e c u l e s r e q u i r e d f o r
complete combustion
// y i s t h e no o f c a r b o n d i o x i d e m o l e c u l e s p r o d u c e d
in complete combustion
// z i s t h e no o f Water m o l e c u l e s p r o d u c e d i n
complete combustion
y = nc ;............................ // As no o f CO2
m o l e c u l e s i s e q u a l t o no o f C atoms i n t h e f u e l
z = nh /2;.......................... //No o f H2O
m o l e c u l e s i s e q u a l t o h a l f t h e no o f H atoms i n
the f u e l
x =( z /2) + y ;........................... //No o f o x y g e n
m o l e c u l e s r e q u i r e d f o r c o m b u s t i o n i s h a l f t h e no
o f w a t e r m o l e c u l e s p l u s t h e no o f o x y g e n
molecules
gafr =(( x *32) *(100/23) ) /(( mc * y ) +( mh * z ) )
;................. // G r a v i m e t r i c a i r f u e l r a t i o
ms =( gafr / afr ) *100;...................... // A c t u a l
mixture strength
// S i n c e t h e m i x t u r e s t r e n g t h i s g r e a t e r t h a n 100 %
// The m i x t u r e i s r i c h i n f u e l . The c o m b u s t i o n i s
t h e r e f o r e i n c o m p p l e t e and h e n c e CO w i l l be f o r m e d
d = ms /100;...................... //No o f f u e l
molecules r e q u i r e d f o r combustion
// The c h e m i c a l e q u a t i o n i s d ( C6H14 ) + 9 . 5 ( O2 ) ==> a (
CO2) + b (CO) + c (H2O)
c =( d * nh ) /2;............................... //No o f
H2O m o l e c u l e s i s e q u a l t o h a l f t h e no o f H atoms
in the f u e l
a =( x *2) -( d * nc ) -c ;........................ // E q u a t i n g
atoms o f t h e same e l e m e n t on b o t h s i d e s o f
equation
b =( d * nc ) -a ;
//By a d d i n g n i t r o g e n on b o t h s i d e s , we a r e a d d i n g
t h e same m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t on b o t h s i d e s .
// A i r i s 79 % n i t r o g e n and 21 % o x y g e n
85
34 // Both N2 and O2 a r e d i a t o m i c m o l e c u l e s
35 n = x *(79/21) ;............................. //No o f
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
nitrogen molecules
mbc = d + x + n ;............................. // M o l e s
b e f o r e combustion
mac = a + b + c + n ;............................. // M o l e s
a f t e r expansion
me =( mac - mbc ) / mbc ;........................ // M o l e c u l a r
expansion
t2 =( t1 *( r ^( in -1) ) ) ;
t3 =( t2 +( C /(( afr +1) * cv ) ) ) ;.................. //Maximum
temperature ignoring molecular expansion in
Kelvin
p3 = p1 * r *( t3 / t1 ) ;........................... //Maximum
p r e s s u r e i g n o r i n g m o l e c u l a r expansion in bar
t3me = t3 ;............................... //Maximum
temperature considering molecular expansion in
Kelvin
p3me = p3 *( mac / mbc ) ;.................... //Maximum
p r e s s u r e c o n s i d e r i n g m o l e c u l a r expansion in bar
disp ( t3 , Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i g n o r i n g m o l e c u l a r
expansion ( in Kelvin ) : )
disp ( p3 , Maximum p r e s s u r e i g n o r i n g m o l e c u l a r
expansion ( in bar ) : )
disp ( t3me , Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e c o n s i d e r i n g m o l e c u l a r
expansion ( in Kelvin ) : )
disp ( p3me , Maximum p r e s s u r e c o n s i d e r i n g m o l e c u l a r
expansion ( in bar ) : )
Scilab code Exa 4.10 Otto cycle work done and efficiency
86
Figure 4.9: Otto cycle work done and efficiency

3 r =7;.................... // C o m p r e s s i o n R a t i o
4 t2 =715;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
i s e n t r o p i c compression in Kelvin
t4 =1610;................ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
expansion in Kelvin
vr2 =65.8;.................. // From steam t a b l e
u2 =524.2;.................. // From steam t a b l e
vr4 =5.69;.................. // From steam t a b l e
vr1 = r * vr2 ;
t1 =338;.................. // From steam t a b l e
vr3 = vr4 / r ;
t3 =2800;.................. // From steam t a b l e
W =( u3 - u2 ) -( u4 - u1 ) ;.................. // Work done
Qa =( u3 - u2 ) ;.......................... // Heat added
eta = W / Qa ;........................... // C y c l e
efficiency
87
20
21
disp (W , The c y c l e work ( i n kJ / kg ) : )

disp ( eta *100 , The c y c l e e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
88
Chapter 5
Combustion in SI engines
Scilab code Exa 5.1 Time for combustion process and total crank rotation
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

d =10.2;............ // E n g i n e b o r e i n cm
spo =0.6;............ // S p a r k p l u g o f f s e t i n cm
vf =15.8;............ // A v e r a g e f l a m e s p e e d i n m/ s
thetas =20;............. // The a n g l e o f t h e c r a n k when
spark plug i s f i r e d
theta =6.5;.......... // A n g l e by which t h e E n g i n e
r o t a t e s f o r combustion to develop ( degree )
N =1200;................ // E n g i n e rpm
dmax =(0.5* d ) + spo ;......... //Max d i s t a n c e o f f l a m e
t r a v e l i n cm
tf =( dmax ) /( vf *100) ;................ // Time o f f l a m e
travel in seconds
degs =( N /60) *360;................... // C o n v e r s i o n o f
e n g i n e rpm i n t o d e g r e e / s e c o n d
ctheta = tf * degs ;............... // Crank a n g l e f o r
flame t r a v e l in degree
89
Figure 5.1: Time for combustion process and total crank rotation
14 tc = theta / degs ;.................. // t i m e f o r
combustion to develop in seconds

15 top = tf + tc ;...................... // Time f o r one
16
17
18
19
combustion p r o c e s s in seconds
thetatot = theta + ctheta ;................ // T o t a l c r a n k
rotation in degree
thetacp = thetatot - thetas ;.......... // Crank p o s i t i o n
disp ( top , Time f o r one c o m b u s t i o n p r o c e s s i n s e c o n d s
: )
disp ( thetacp , The c r a n k p o s i t i o n i s ( i n d e g r e e ) : )
Scilab code Exa 5.2 Time of spark

3 dp =22;............ // D e l a y p e r i o d i n d e g r e e
90
Figure 5.2: Time of spark

4 cp =17;............... // Combustion p e r i o d i n d e g r e e
5 dper =14;............... // D e l a y P e r c e n t a g e
7 thetad = dp /2;......... // F u l l t h r o t t l e h a l f s p e e d w i l l
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
r e s u l t i n d e l a y a n g l e b e i n g r e d u c e d f o r t h e same
time
// Thus i g n i t i o n t i m i n g s h o u l d be a r r a n g e d s o t h a t
t h e t o t a l o f t h e t a d+cp e n d s 13 d e g r e e a f t e r TDC
tsp =( thetad + cp ) -13;............ // Time o f s p a r k i n
degree
disp ( tsp , The t i m e o f s p a r k ( i n D e g r e e s b e f o r e TDC)
)
// H a l f t h r o t t l e h a l f s p e e d w i l l r e s u l t i n an
i n c r e a s e o f 14% i n d e l a y t i m e o v e r t h a t a t f u l l
t h r o t t l e h a l f speed
theta =( dper * thetad ) /100;
dtheta = thetad + theta ;............ // D e l a y a n g l e
tp = dtheta + cp ;................ // T o t a l p e r i o d
tsp = tp -13;.............. //
disp ( tsp , Time o f s p a r k ( i n d e g r e e s b e f o r e TDC) )
91
Chapter 7
Air Capacity of Four Stroke
Engines
Scilab code Exa 7.1 Volume of Gas

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

D =20.3;................ // D i a m e t e r i n cm
L =30.5;................. // Length i n cm
N =300;................ // E n g i n e rpm
eta =78;................. // E f f i c i e n c y i n p e r c e n t a g e
afr =4/1;................. // A i r F u e l R a t i o
StV = (( %pi ) /4) *(( D /100) ^2) *( L /100) ;....... //
C a l c u l a t i n g t h e s t r o k e volume
Vinh = ( eta /100) * StV ;................... // Volume
Inhaled
Gainh = ( Vinh /(4+1) ) ;.............. // Gas I n h a l e d
Gainhpm = Gainh *( N /2) ;
disp ( Gainhpm , Gas I n h a l e d p e r m i n u t e : (m3/ min ) )
92
Figure 7.1: Volume of Gas
Scilab code Exa 7.2 Volumetric Efficiency

1 clc ; funcprot (0) //EXAMPLE 7 . 2
2 // I n i t i a l i z i n g t h e v a r i a b l e s
3
4 N =3600;................ // e n g i n e rpm
5 T =15;................ // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e
Celsius
6 Tk = T +273;.............. // I n l e t
temperature in
Kelvin
7 p =760;................ // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n mm o f Hg i
. e . 1 . 0 1 3 x 1 0 5 Pa
8 ppa =1.013*(10^5) ;......... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n
Pascals
9 pdv =4066;.............. // T o t a l p i s t o n d i s p l a c e m e n t
93
Figure 7.2: Volumetric Efficiency
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
volume i n cm3
pdvsi = pdv *(10^( -6) ) ;............. // T o t a l p i s t o n
d i s p l a c e m e n t volume i n m3
afr =14/1;................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o i s 1 4 : 1
bsfc =0.38;.................. // b . s . f . c i n kg /kWh
BP =86;............. // power o u t p u t i n kW
R =287;................ // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n J / kg
.K
m = ( BP * bsfc * afr ) /60;............... // A i r
consumption
V = ( m * R * Tk ) / ppa ;
DV = pdvsi *( N /2) ;......... // D i s p l a c e m e n t Volume
VE = V / DV ;............... // V o l u m e t r i c E f f i c i e n c y
disp ( VE , V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e e n g i n e i s : )
94

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
clc ; funcprot (0) //EXAMPLE 7 . 3
// I n i t i a l i z i n g t h e v a r i a b l e s
n =4;.............. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
d =5;............. // d i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e i n cm
dsi = d /100;.......... // d i a m e t e r i n m
Cd =0.6;............. //Co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
D =10;.............. // E n g i n e b o r e i n cm
Dsi = d /100;............ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =12;................ // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n cm
Lsi = L /100;............ // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
N =1200;............... // E n g i n e rpm
hw =0.046;............ // P r e s s u r e d r o p a c r o s s o r i f i c e
in m of water
14 T = 17;.......... // Ambient Temparature i n D e g r e e
Celsius
15 Tk = T +273;.......... // Ambient T e m p e r a t u r e i n
Kelvin
95

16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Pbar = 1;............. // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r

Ppa = 1 * (10^5) ;....... // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n P a s c a l
R = 287;............. // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg .K
rhow = 1000;............ // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m3
g =9.81;............... // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
rhoa = Ppa /( R * Tk ) ;......... // D e n s i t y o f a i r

ha = ( hw * rhow ) / rhoa ;
av = sqrt (2* g * ha ) ;............. // A i r v e l o c i t y
area = ( %pi /4) *( dsi ^2) ;
Vact = Cd * area * av ;............. // V a c t u a l
Vswt = n *( %pi /4) *( Dsi ^2) * Lsi *( N /60*2) ;
eff = Vact / Vswt ;............... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
30 disp ( eff , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y b a s e d on t h e
f r e e a i r c o n d i t i o n : )
96

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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14
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n =1;................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
k =0.5;
Vs =7000;............ // d i s p l a c e m e n t volume i n cm3
Vssi = Vs *(10^( -6) ) ;........ // d i s p l a c e m e n t volume i n
m3
OP =14.7;................... // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW
N =450;.................. // E n g i n e rpm
sfc =0.272;................ // S p e c i f i c f u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
// F u e l u s e d i s C7H16
mC =12;............. // mass o f c a r b o n i n amu
mH =1;................. // mass o f h y d r o g e n i n amu
mO =16;................. // mass o f o x y g e n i n amu
pi =1.013 * (10^5) ;................ // i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e
in pascal
T =30;................... // i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n
degree c e l s i u s
Tk =30+273;................ // i n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n
degree kelvin
R =287;.................. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n J /
kg . K
disp ( The g i v e n f u e l C7H16 r e q u i r e s 1 1 ( O2 ) f o r
complete combustion )
mf =(7* mC ) +(16* mH ) ;
disp ( mf , Hence , Mass o f f u e l i s : )
MO =11* 2 * mO ;
disp ( MO , Mass o f Oxygen r e q u i r e d i s : )
ma = MO /0.23;....... // mass o f a i r
97
26 // A i r c o n t a i n s 23% o f o x y g e n by w e i g h t
27 afr = ma / mf ;............... // a i r f u e l r a t i o
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36
i s the
r a t i o o f mass o f a i r t o mass o f f u e l
disp ( afr , The a i r f u e l r a t i o i s : )
MF = sfc * OP ;........... // a c t u a l f u e l consumed i n
kg / h
MA = afr * MF ;
AAS = MA * (1+0.3) ;.................... // a c t u a l a i r
s u p p l i e d i n kg /h
M = AAS + MF ;................ // mass o f c h a r g e i n kg /
h
VCS = (( M /60) * R * Tk ) / pi ;............. // Volume o f
c h a r g e s u c k e d i n m3/ min
DVM = Vssi * ( N /2) ;.............. // D i s p l a c e m e n t
volume / min
eta = VCS / DVM ;
disp ( eta *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
e n g i n e i s (%) : )
Scilab code Exa 7.5 Brake Torque

2
4 n =6;................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
5 vsi =730*(10^( -6) ) ;.......... // P i s t o n d i s p l a c e m e n t
p e r c y l i n d e r i n m3
6 BP =80;............. // Power p r o d u c e d p e r c y l i n d e r
in
kW
7 N =3100;........... // E n g i n e rpm
8 C =44*(10^6) ;........... // C a l o r i f i c
value of petrol
i n J / kg
9 Pc =28;........ // P e t r o l consumed p e r h o u r i n kg
98
Figure 7.5: Brake Torque

afr = 13/1;....... // a i r f u e l r a t i o
pi =0.88*(10^5) ;.............. // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n pa
T =300;............ // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
R = 287;......... // g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kg . K
ma = ( Pc * afr ) /60;........... // a i r comsumed
rhoa = pi /( R * T ) ;....... // D e n s i t y o f a i r
etaV = ma /( rhoa * vsi * n *( N /2) ) ;
disp ( etaV *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i s (%) : )
mf = Pc /3600;............... // F u e l consumed p e r s e c
etaBT = ( BP *1000) /( mf * C ) ;
disp ( etaBT *100 , The b r a k e t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i s (%)
: )
22 T =( BP *60*1000) /(2*( %pi ) * N ) ;
23 disp (T , The b r a k e t o r q u e (Nm) : )
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99
Figure 7.6: Percentage change in output

Scilab code Exa 7.6 Percentage change in output
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15
16
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18

etaV1 = 0.8;......... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
pi1 = 1.013;....... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e
pe1 = 1.013; pi2 = 1.013;
pe2 = 1.15;......... // Exhaust p r e s s u r e
Tk1 = 298;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
r = 7.5;........ // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
ga =1.4;.......... // d e g r e e o f f r e e d o m f o r g a s
// For p r e s s u r e c h a n g e
eta_V2 = r - ( pe2 / pi2 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
eta_V1 = r - ( pe1 / pi1 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
x = eta_V2 / eta_V1 ;
// For i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e
y = sqrt ( Tk2 / Tk1 ) ;
100
Figure 7.7: Percentage change in output

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21
22
23
// For v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y , c o n s i d e r i n g b o t h
p r e s s u r e and t e m p e r a t u r e
etaV2 = etaV1 * x * y ;
disp ( etaV2 *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i s (%) : )
PO =(( etaV1 / Tk1 ) -( etaV2 / Tk2 ) ) /( etaV1 / Tk1 ) ;
disp ( PO *100 , P e r c e n t a g e R e d u c t i o n i n Output (%) : )
Scilab code Exa 7.7 Percentage change in output

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

pi1 = 1.013;....... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e
pe1 = 1.013; pi2 = 1.3;
pe2 = 1.013;......... // Exhaust p r e s s u r e
101
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26
r = 14;........ // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
R =287;........... // g a s c o n s t a n t i n J / kg . K
eta_V2 = r - ( pe2 / pi2 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
eta_V1 = r - ( pe1 / pi1 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
y = sqrt ( Tk2 / Tk1 ) ;
pive = (( x * y ) -1) ;......... // p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n
volumetric e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( pive *100 , The p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n v o l u m e t r i c
e f f i c i e n c y i s (%) : )
rho1 = ( pi1 *10^5) /( R * Tk1 ) ;
rho2 = ( pi2 *10^5) /( R * Tk2 ) ;
z = ( rho2 / rho1 ) * x * y ;
pip = (z -1) ;
disp ( pip *100 , The p e r c e n t a g e i n c r e a s e i n power (%) :
)
Scilab code Exa 7.8 Percentage change in Volumetric efficiency and Brake
Power
2
4 IP1 = 32;............... // I n d i c a t e d power o u t p u t i n
5
kW
etamech =80;............ // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y a t
102
Figure 7.8: Percentage change in Volumetric efficiency and Brake Power
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sea l e v e l
p1 =1.013;............. // i n i t i a l p r e s s u r e a t s e a
l e v e l in bar
tk1 = 308;............... // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e a t
sea l e v e l in Kelvin
tk2 = 278;.................. // t e m p e r a t u r e a t o p t h e
h i l l in Kelvin
rhoHg =13600;.............. // D e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n kg
/m3
h =2000;..................... // H i l l a l t i t u d e
g = 9.81;................ // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
gravity
delp = 10;.............. // d r o p o f m e r c u r y i n mm Hg
p e r e v e r y 100 m c l i m b
disp ( There i s no c h a n g e i n v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
due t o i n l e t and e x h a u s t p r e s s u r e c h a n g e )
16 disp ( For i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e c h a n g e )
17 x = sqrt ( tk2 / tk1 ) ;................ // f o r i n l e t
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28
temperature change
// x i s t h e r a t i o o f t h e e f f i c i e n c i e s a t t h e
b e g i n n i n g and on h i l l t o p
disp ((1 - x ) *100 , P e r c e n t a g e d e c r e a s e i n %: )
dp = rhoHg * g *(( delp /1000) *( h /100) ) *(10^( -5) )
;........ // Drop i n p r e s s u r e a t h i l l s t a t i o n
p2 = p1 - dp ;
IP_1 = p1 / tk1 ;
IP_2 = ( x * p2 ) / tk2 ;
k = IP_2 / IP_1 ;.............. // R a t i o o f i n d i c a t i v e
power o u t p u t d u r i n g i n i t i a l and f i n a l c o n d i t i o n s
IP2 = ( IP1 * k ) /( etamech /100) ;
// S i n c e t h e e n g i n e s p e e d i s t h e same a t two p l a c e s ,
t h e f r i c t i o n and h e n c e m e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
r e m a i n s unchanged
BP2 = IP2 *( etamech /100) ;
disp ( BP2 , Brake power o f t h e e n g i n e on t h e h i l l
s t a t i o n i n kW : )
Scilab code Exa 7.9 Volumetric Efficiency and Indicated Power for Supercharged Engine
2
4 etaV1 = 0.81;......... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
5 pi1 = 1.01;....... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e b e f o r e
supercharger
6 pe1 = 1.01;........... // Exhaust p r e s s u r e b e f o r e
supercharger
7 pi2 = 1.38;............ // I n l e t p r e s s u r e a f t e r
supercharger
8 pe2 = 1.01;......... // Exhaust p r e s s u r e i n b a r a f t e r
104
Figure 7.9: Volumetric Efficiency and Indicated Power for Supercharged Engine
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addition of super charger

r = 7.5;........ // c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
R =287;............. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n J /kgK
IP1 =75;............... // I n d i c a t e d power o u t p u t
before addition of supercharger
eta_V2 = r - ( pe2 / pi2 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
eta_V1 = r - ( pe1 / pi1 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
y = sqrt ( Tk2 / Tk1 ) ;
etaV2 = etaV1 * x * y ;
disp ( etaV2 *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
105
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28
s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e i s (%) : )
rho1 = ( pi1 *10^5) /( R * Tk1 ) ;.... // d e n s i t y o f a i r
before addition of supercharger
rho2 = ( pi2 *10^5) /( R * Tk2 ) ;.. // d e n s i t y o f a i r a f t e r
addition of supercharger
IP2 = IP1 * ( etaV2 * rho2 ) /( etaV1 * rho1 ) ;
disp ( IP2 , I n d i c a t e d power o f s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e i s
(kW) : )
Scilab code Exa 7.10 Volumetric Efficiency and Heating Value

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clc ; funcprot (0) //EXAMPLE 7 . 1 0

n =1;..... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.32;..... // Bore o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n m
L =0.38;...... // S t r o k e o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n m
N = 280;.... // E n g i n e rpm
CV = 18600;.... // c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e s i n kJ /m3
Tk1 = 300;.... // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
p1 = 1.013;..... // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
ma = 3.36;....... // mass o f a i r consumed p e r min
tgc = 0.25;...... // t e s t g a s c o n s u m p t i o n i n m3/ min
pw = 120;......... // p r e s s u r e o f w a t e r i n mm d u r i n g
the t e s t gas consumption
tgct = 300;....... // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n d u r i n g
t e s t gas consumption
rhow = 1000;..... // d e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m3
R =287;........... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg . K
V = ( ma * R * Tk1 ) /( p1 *(10^5) ) ;... // Volume o f a i r
consumed a t i n l e t c o n d i t i o n
19
20 gsp = p1 +( pw / rhow ) /10.2;................... // Gas
supply pressure
106
Figure 7.10: Volumetric Efficiency and Heating Value

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27
28
// 1 b a r = 1 0 . 2 m
gcic = tgc *( gsp / p1 ) ;.......... // Gas c o n s u m p t i o n a t
inlet condition
Vi = gcic + V ;..... // Volume o f m i x t u r e a t i n l e t
condition
Vswt = ( %pi /4) *( D ^2) * L *( N /2) ;...... // Swept volume
etaV = Vi / Vswt ;..... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etaV *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
e n g i n e i s (%) : )
hv = ( gcic / Vi ) * CV ;...... // H e a t i n g v a l u e
disp ( hv , The h e a t i n g v a l u e o f 1 m3 o f c h a r g e a t 25
d e g r e e C e l s i u s i n kJ .m3 )
107
Figure 7.11: Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric Efficiency vs

Mach Index
Scilab code Exa 7.12 Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric
Efficiency vs Mach Index
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clc ; funcprot (0) //EXAMPLE 7 . 1 2

Z =0.55;............. // Mach I n d e x
Dcy =0.11;............ // E n g i n e Bore i n m
L = 0.14;............ // s t r o k e l e n g t h i n m
N = 2400;............. // E n g i n e rpm
N1 = 2800;............ // E n g i n e rpm a f t e r
modification
N2 =4800;............. //Max rpm f o r u n m o d i f i e d e n g i n e
p = 0.88;......... // p r e s s u r e a t i n t a k e v a l v e i n b a r
t =340;............... // t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n t a k e v a l v e
in Kelvin
ki = 0.33;........... // I n l e t f l o w co e f f i c i e n t
ga = 1.4;............... // d e g r e e o f f r e e d o m o f t h e
gas
108
14 R = 287;................. // Gas c o n s t a n t
for air in J
/ kg . K
15 // c a l c u l a t i o n s
16
17 Us = sqrt ( ga * R * t ) ;...... // s o n i c
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v e l o c i t y o f a i r f u e l
mixture at the i n l e t valve

Up = (2* L * N ) /60;........... // p i s t o n s p e e d
Div = sqrt ((( Dcy ^2) * Up ) /( Z * ki * Us ) ) ;............... //
Nominal d i a m e t e r o f t h e i n l e t v a l v e i n m
disp ( Div , ( i ) Nominal d i a m e t e r o f t h e i n l e t v a l v e i s
(m) : )
disp ( Div *1000 , (mm)= )
Div1 = sqrt ((( Dcy ^2) *2* L * N1 ) /( Z * ki * Us *60) ) ;....... //
Nominal d i a m e t e r o f i n l e t v a l v e f o r t h e m o d i f i e d
engine in m
disp ( Div1 , ( i i ) When t h e e n g i n e i s m o d i f i e d t o
d e v e l o p max i n d i c a t i v e power a t 2 8 0 0 rpm , n o m i n a l
d i a m e t e r o f t h e i n l e t v a l v e i s (m) : )
disp ( Div1 *1000 , (mm)= )
Up1 =(2* L * N1 ) /60;............ //New p i s t o n s p e e d f o r
modified engine
Z1 = (( Dcy / Div ) ^2) *( Up1 /( ki * Us ) ) ;
disp ( Z1 , ( i i i ) The new mach i n d e x v a l u e i s : )
disp ( Hence t h e v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y d r o p s ( There
i s a steady decrease in volumetric e f f i c i e n c y of
an e n g i n e i f t h e r e i s an i n c r e a s e i n t h e mach
i n d e x beyond 0 . 5 5 , R e f e r t h e FIG 7 1 2 ) )
Up2 = (2* L * N2 ) /60;.............. // P i s t o n s p e e d a t
max rpm f o r u n m o d i f i e d e n g i n e
Z2 = (( Dcy / Div ) ^2) *( Up2 /( ki * Us ) ) ;
disp ( Z2 , ( i v ) The mach i n d e x f o r t h e u n m o d i f i e d
engine i s : )
disp ( The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 56%
( from t h e FIG 7 1 2 ) )
109
Figure 7.12: Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric Efficiency vs

Mach Index
110
Chapter 11
Carburation and carburettors
Scilab code Exa 11.1 Suction at throat

clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 1 1 . 1
d =0.1;.................. // C y l i n d e r b o r e i n m
l =0.12;................ // C y l i n d e r s t r o k e i n m
N =1800;.................. // E n g i n e rpm
d2 =0.028;................ // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n m
Cda =0.8;................ //Co e f f i c i e n t o f a i r f l o w
etaV =0.75;.................. // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
rhoa =1.2;................ // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
n =4;....................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
Vs =( %pi /4) * d * d * l * n ;................. // S t r o k e Volume
i n m3
13 Va = etaV * Vs ;....................... // A c t u a l volume
p e r s t r o k e i n m3
14 Vas = Va *( N /2) *(1/60) ;............. // A c t u a l volume
sucked per second
15 ma = Vas * rhoa ;......................... // A i r consumed
i n kg / s e c
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Figure 11.1: Suction at throat

16
delp =(( ma /( Cda *( %pi /4) * d2 * d2 ) ) ^2) /(2* rhoa )

;............. // S u c t i o n a t t h r o a t i n N/m2
17 disp ( delp , S u c t i o n a t t h r o a t ( i n N/m 2 ) : )
Scilab code Exa 11.2 Depression in Venturi throat and throat area
1 clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 1 1 . 2
3 cp =5;................. // Consumption o f
p e t r o l i n kg /
h
4 afr = 16;............... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
5 Af =2*10^( -6) ;.............. // F u e l o r i f i c e a r e a i n m
2
6 z =0.005;................ // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t i p o f
j e t and l e v e l o f p e t r o l i n f l o a t chamber i n m
112
Figure 11.2: Depression in Venturi throat and throat area

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18
spgrp =0.75;.............. // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f
petrol
rhow =1000;................. // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /
m3
rhoa =1.2;.................... // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /
m3
Cda =0.8;............... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
for venturi throat
g =9.81;............... // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
i n m/ s e c 2
mf = cp /3600;................. // F u e l consumed i n kg /
sec
delp =((( mf /( Af * Cda ) ) ^2) *(1/(2* spgrp * rhow ) ) ) +( g * z *
spgrp * rhow ) ;
disp ( delp , S u c t i o n a t t h e t h r o a t i n (N/m 2 ) )
ma = mf * afr ;................ // A i r f l o w r a t e
Atsqr =(( ma / Cda ) ^2) *(1/(2* rhoa * delp ) )
;.................... // T h r o a t a r e a i n m2
disp ( sqrt ( Atsqr ) *10^4 , T h r o a t a r e a ( i n cm 2 ) )
113
Figure 11.3: Diameter of the fuel jet
Scilab code Exa 11.3 Diameter of the fuel jet

3 pc =7.2;................. // P e t r o l consumed i n kg / h
4 spgrp =0.75;................ // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f
5
6
7
8
9
fuel
rhow =1000;................. // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /
m3
t1 =300;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n
Kelvin
afr =15;.................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
d2 =0.024;.................... // D i a m e t e r o f c h o k e
tube in m
z =0.0042;................... // The h e i g h t o f t h e j e t
114
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22
a b o v e p e t r o l l e v e l i n f l o a t chamber i n m
Cda =0.8;.................... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge for air
Cdf =0.7;..................... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge for fuel
p1 =1.013;..................... // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
in bar
g =9.81;....................... // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
R =287;........................ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg
.K
mf = pc /3600;.................... // Rate o f f u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s e c
rhof = spgrp * rhow ;............... // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n
kg /m3
rhoa =( p1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;............ // D e n s i t y o f a i r
i n kg /m3
ma = mf * afr ;....................... // A i r f l o w r a t e
delpa =(( ma /( Cda *( %pi /4) * d2 ^2) ) ^2) *(1/(2* rhoa ) )
;.................... // S u c t i o n i n N/m2
df = sqrt (( mf / sqrt (2* rhof *( delpa -( g * z * rhof ) ) ) ) *(1/( Cdf
*( %pi /4) ) ) ) ;................. // D i a m e t e r o f f u e l
j e t in m
disp ( df *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e f u e l j e t ( i n mm) : )
Scilab code Exa 11.4 Venturi depression and diameter and velocity of air
across venturi
3 pc =5.45;...................... // P e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg / h
115
Figure 11.4: Venturi depression and diameter and velocity of air across venturi
4 afr =15;...................... // A i r f u e l
5 af =2*10^( -6) ;................ // F u e l j e t
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
ratio
o r i f i c e area
i n m2
z =0.00635;................... // D i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t i p
o f f u e l j e t and l e v e l o f p e t r o l i n t h e f l o a t
chamber i n m
Cda =0.8;............................ // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge of venturi throat
rhoa =1.29;........................ // D e n s i t y o f a i r
i n kg /m3
spgrp =0.72;........................ // S p e c i f i c
gravity of fuel
rhow =1000;......................... // D e n s i t y o f
w a t e r i n kg /m3
g = 9.81;.. ........ ........ ......... ... // A c c e l e r a t i o n
due t o g r a v i t y i n m/ s 2
Cdf =0.75;........................ // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge of the f u e l
116
14 mf = pc /3600;.................... // F u e l consumed i n kg
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
/ sec
rhof = spgrp * rhow ;............... // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n
kg /m3
delp =((( mf /( af * Cdf ) ) ^2) *(1/(2* rhof ) ) ) +( g * z * rhof )
;...................... // D e p r e s s i o n i n v e n t u r i
t h r o a t i n N/m2
h2odep = delp /( g *1000)
;................................ // D e p r e s s i o n i n
v e n t u r i t h r o a t i n cm o f Water
disp ( h2odep *100 , S u c t i o n a t t h e t h r o a t ( i n cm o f
Water ) : )
ma = mf * afr ;................ // A i r f l o w r a t e
At = sqrt ((( ma / Cda ) ^2) *(1/(2* rhoa * delp ) ) )
;.................... // T h r o a t a r e a i n m2
dt = sqrt ( At /( %pi /4) )
;. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. // T h r o a t
diameter in m
disp ( dt *100 , T h r o a t a r e a ( i n cm ) : )
Ct = sqrt ((2* g * z * rhof ) / rhoa )
;.......................... // V e l o c i t y o f a i r
a c r o s s t h e v e n t u r i t h r o a t i n m/ s e c
disp ( Ct , V e l o c i t y o f a i r a c r o s s t h e v e n t u r i t h r o a t (
i n m/ s ) : )
Scilab code Exa 11.5 Throat pressure with respct to air cleaner
3 afr =15;..................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
4 p1 =1;......................... // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
in bar
5 p2 =0.8;....................... // P r e s s u r e a t v e n t u r i
117
Figure 11.5: Throat pressure with respct to air cleaner
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
t h r o a t in bar
pd =30;.................... // P r e s s u r e d r o p t o a i r
c l e a n e r i n mm o f Hg
rhohg =13600;.................... // D e n s i t y o f Hg i n
kg /m3
af =240;........................ // A i r f l o w a t s e a
l e v e l i n kg / h
g =9.81;..................... // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
delpa = p1 - p2 ;........................ //When t h e r e i s
no a i r c l e a n e r
pt =1 -( rhohg * g *( pd /1000) *10^( -5) ) - delpa
;.......................... // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n
bar
disp ( pt , T h r o a t p r e s s u r e ( i n b a r ) : )
afrn = afr * sqrt ( delpa /( p1 - pt ) )
;............................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
when t h e a i r c l e a n e r i s f i t t e d
disp ( afrn , A i r f u e l r a t i o when t h e a i r c l e a n e r i s
118
Figure 11.6: Throat diameter

f i t t e d : )
Scilab code Exa 11.6 Throat diameter

3 as =4.6;........................ // A i r s u p p l y i n kg /
4
5
6
7
min
p1 =1.013;....................... // A t m o s p h e r i c
p r e s s u r e in bar
t1 =298;...................... // A t m o s p h e r i c
temperature in Kelvin
C2 =80;........................ // A i r f l o w v e l o c i t y i n
m/ s
Cv =0.8;.................... // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
119
Figure 11.7: Throat diameter and orifice diameter

8 ga =1.4;........................ // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
of gas
9 R = 0.287;........................ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
/kgK
cp = R *( ga /( ga -1) ) ;....................... // S p e c i f i c
h e a t c a p a c i t y o f a i r i n kJ /kgK
p2 =((1 -((( C2 / Cv ) ^2) *(1/(2* cp *1000* t1 ) ) ) ) ^( ga /( ga -1) )
) * p1 ;................... // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
rho1 =( p1 *10^5) /( R *1000* t1 ) ;
rho2 = rho1 *( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;
ma = as /60;................... // A i r f l o w i n kg / s
A2 = ma /( rho2 * C2 ) ;................. // T h r o a t a r e a i n m
2
d2 = sqrt ((4* A2 ) / %pi ) ;................ // T h r o a t
diameter in m
disp ( d2 , T h r o a t d i a m e t e r i n m )
120
Scilab code Exa 11.7 Throat diameter and orifice diameter

3 as =6;........................ // A i r s u p p l y i n kg / min
4 fs =0.45;.......................... // F u e l s u p p l y i n
kg / min
5 p1 =1.013;....................... // A t m o s p h e r i c
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
t1 =300;...................... // A t m o s p h e r i c
rhof =740;...................... // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n
kg /m3
C2 =92;........................ // A i r f l o w v e l o c i t y i n
m/ s
Cda =0.8;.................... // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
Cdf =0.6;......................... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge for fuel
ga =1.4;........................ // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
of gas
r =0.75;...................... // r a t i o o f p r e s s u r e
d r o p a c r o s s v e n t u r i and o f t h a t o f c h o k e
R = 0.287;........................ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ
/kgK
ma = as /60 ;.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... // A i r f l o w
i n kg / s
mf = fs /60 ;.... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .... // F u e l
f l o w i n kg / s
p2 =((1 -((( C2 / Cda ) ^2) *(1/(2* cp *1000* t1 ) ) ) ) ^( ga /( ga -1)
) ) * p1 ;................... // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
v1 =( R * t1 *1000) /( p1 *10^5) ;
121
Figure 11.8: Choke diameter and fuel jet diameter

20 v2 = v1 *( p1 / p2 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;................ // s p e c i f i c
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
volume i n m3/ kg
A2 =( ma * v2 ) /( C2 ) ;................. // T h r o a t a r e a i n m
2
d2 = sqrt ((4* A2 ) / %pi ) ;................ // T h r o a t
diameter in m
disp ( d2 *100 , T h r o a t d i a m e t e r ( i n cm ) : )
pdv = p1 - p2 ;.......... // P r e s s u r e d r o p a t v e n t u r i i n
bar
pdj = r * pdv ;............. // P r e s s u r e d r o p a t j e t i n b a r
Af =(( mf / Cdf ) *(1/ sqrt (2* rhof * pdj *10^5) ) )
;............. // Area o f o r i f i c e i n m2
df = sqrt ((4* Af ) / %pi ) ;................ // O r i f i c e
diameter in m
disp ( df , O r i f i c e d i a m e t e r ( i n cm ) : )
122
Scilab code Exa 11.8 Choke diameter and fuel jet diameter
3 Vs =1489*10^( -6) ;....................... // C a p a c i t y o f
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
e n g i n e i n m3
N =4200;............... // E n g i n e rpm a t which max
speed i s developed
etaV =0.75;..................... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
afr =13;........................ // a i r f u e l r a t i o
Ct =85;.......................... // T h e o r e t i c a l a i r
s p e e d a t peak power i n m/ s
C2 = Ct ;
Cda =0.82;.................... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge f o r the venturi
Cdf =0.65;.................... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f
d i s c h a r g e o f main p e t r o l j e t
spgr =0.74;.................. // S p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f
petrol
z = 0 .00 6; ... .. ... .. ... .. ... ... .. ... .. ... .. // L e v e l o f
p e t r o l s u r f a c e below choke
p1 =1.013;...................... // A t m o s p h e r i c
t1 =293;......................... // A t m o s p h e r i c
r = 0.4;............................. // R a t i o o f
diameter o f emulsion tube to choke diameter
R = 0.287;. ........ ........ ......... ... // Gas c o n s t a n t
i n kJ /kgK
ga =1.4;. ...................... ....... // D e g r e e o f
freedom f o r a i r
g = 9.81;.. ........ ........ ........ .... // A c c e l e r a t i o n
rhow =1000;........................... // D e n s i t y o f
w a t e r i n kg /m3
rhof = rhow * spgr ;............................ // D e n s i t y
123
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
o f f u e l i n kg /m3
Va =( etaV * Vs * N ) /(60*2) ;..................... // Volume
o f a i r i n d u c e d i n m3/ s
ma =( p1 *10^5* Va ) /( R * t1 *1000) ;............... // mass
f l o w o f a i r i n kg / s
p2 =((1 -((( C2 ) ^2) *(1/(2* cp *1000* t1 ) ) ) ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) *
p1 ;................... // T h r o a t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
pt = p2 ;
vt = Va *( p1 / p2 ) ^(1/ ga ) ;..................... // Volume
f l o w o f a i r a t c h o k e i n m3/ s
At = vt /( Ct * Cda ) ;................... // Area o f e m u l s i o n
tube in m
D = sqrt ((4* At *10^6) /( %pi *(1 - r ^2) ) )
;................... // D i a m e t e r o f c h o k e i n mm
disp (D , D i a m e t e r o f c h o k e ( i n mm) : )
mf = ma / afr ;.................. // Mass f l o w o f f u e l i n
kg / s
delpa =( p1 - p2 ) *10^5;
df = sqrt (( mf / sqrt (2* rhof *( delpa -( g * z * rhof ) ) ) ) *(1/( Cdf
*( %pi /4) ) ) ) ;................. // D i a m e t e r o f f u e l
j e t in m
disp ( df *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e f u e l j e t ( i n mm) : )
Scilab code Exa 11.9 Air fuel ratio with respect to nozzle lip
3 da =0.018;.......................... // T h r o a t D i a m e t e r
in m
4 df =0.0012;...................... // D i a m e t e r o f f u e l
o r i f i c e in m
124
Figure 11.9: Air fuel ratio with respect to nozzle lip

5 Cda =0.82;................. // C o e f f i c i e n t o f a i r f l o w
6 Cdf =0.65;...................... // C o e f f i c i e n t o f f u e l
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
flow
z = 0.006;........................ // L e v e l o f p e t r o l
s u r f a c e below the t h r o a t
rhoa =1.2;....................... // d e n s i t y o f a i r i n
kg /m3
rhof =750;......................... // d e n s i t y o f f u e l
i n kg /m3
g = 9.81;........................ // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
delp =0.065*10^5;................... // P r e s s u r e d r o p
i n N/m2
afr1 =( Cda / Cdf ) *(( da / df ) ^2) * sqrt ( rhoa / rhof )
;.................. // A i r f u e l r a t i o when t h e
nozzle lip is neglected
disp ( afr1 , A i r f u e l r a t i o when t h e n o z z l e l i p i s
n e g l e c t e d : )
afr2 = afr1 * sqrt ( delp /( delp -( g * z * rhof ) ) )
125
Figure 11.10: Fuel consumption and air velocity through tube

;..................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o when
n o z z l e l i p i s taken i n t o account
16 disp ( afr2 , A i r f u e l r a t i o when n o z z l e l i p i s t a k e n
i n t o account : )
17 C2 = sqrt ((2* g * z * rhof ) / rhoa ) ;.........................
// Minimum v e l o c i t y o f a i r i n m/ s
18 disp ( C2 , Minimum v e l o c i t y o f a i r ( i n m/ s ) : )
Scilab code Exa 11.10 Fuel consumption and air velocity through tube
1
2
3
4
5
clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 1 1 . 1 0

d =0.11;.................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
l =0.11;.................. // E n g i n e l e n g t h i n m
da =0.042;................ // T h r o a t d i a m e t e r o f t h e
choke tube in m
126
6 N =3000;.................. // E n g i n e rpm
7 etaV =0.75;............... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
8 Ra =287;.................. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n J
/kgK
9 Rv =97;................... // Gas c o n s t a n t
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
for fuel
v a p o u r i n J /kgK
t =273;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
p =1.013;................... // P r e s s u r e i n b a r
delpa =0.12;................. // P r e s s u r e d e p r e s s i o n i n
bar
t2 =273+15;................... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h r o a t
n =8;........................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
mO =32;....................... // Mass o f Oxygen
m o l e c u l e i n amu
mC =12;........................ // Mass o f Carbon
mH =1;....................... // Mass o f Hydrogen
cC =84;...................... // C o m p o s i t i o n o f c a r b o n
in %
cH2 =16;..................... // C o m p o s i t i o n o f
Hydrogen i n %
Vfm =( %pi /4) * d * d * l * n *( N /2) * etaV ;.....................
// Volume o f f u e l m i x t u r e s u p p l i e d i n m3/ min
afr =(( cC *( mO / mC ) ) +( cH2 *( mO /(4* mH ) ) ) )
/23;.................. // A i r f u e l r a t i o
va =( Ra * t ) /( p *10^5) ;..................... // Volume o f
1 kg o f a i r i n m3/ kg
vf =( Rv * t ) /( p *10^5) ;...................... // Volume o f
1 kg o f f u e l v a p o u r i n m3/ kg
fc =( Vfm /(( afr * va ) + vf ) ) *60;............... // F u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / h
disp ( fc , F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n kg /h ) : )
rhoa =(( p - delpa ) *10^5) /( Ra * t2 ) ;............... //
D e n s i t y o f a i r a t t h e t h r o a t i n kg /m3
Ca =( afr *( fc /3600) ) /(( %pi /4) * da * da * rhoa )
;................ // V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t t h e t h r o a t
127
i n m/ s
29 disp ( Ca , V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t t h e t h r o a t ( i n m/ s ) : )
Scilab code Exa 11.11 Air fuel ratio at a given altitude

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
10
11

a =4500;................. // A l t i t u d e
afr =14;............... // A i r f u e l r a t i o a t s e a l e v e l
t1 =25;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t s e a l e v e l i n
Celsius
p1 =1.013;........... // P r e s s u r e a t s e a l e v e l i n b a r
t2 = t1 -(0.0064* a ) ;......................... //
Temperature at the g i v e n a l t i t u d e u s i n g the g i v e n
formula in Celsius
p2 = p1 /(10^( a /19300) ) ;.................... // P r e s s u r e
at the given a l t i t u d e using the given formula in
bar
afr2 = afr * sqrt (( p2 *( t1 +273) ) /( p1 *( t2 +273) ) )
;................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o a t t h e
altitude
disp ( afr2 , A i r f u e l r a t i o a t t h e a l t i t u d e : )
128
Figure 11.11: Air fuel ratio at a given altitude
129
Chapter 12
Fuel Injection Systems for CI
Engines
Scilab code Exa 12.1 Quantity of fuel injected per cycle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

n =6;............... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
BP =125;............... // Brake Power i n kW
N =3000;.............. // E n g i n e rpm
bsfc =200;............ // Brake S p e c i f i c F u e l
Consumption g /kWh
8 spgr =0.85;............. // S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y
9
11
12 fc =( bsfc /1000) * BP ;......... // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /
h
fcpc = fc / n ;.................. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r
cylinder
14 FCPC =( fcpc /60) /( N /2) ;................ // F u e l
13
130
Figure 12.1: Quantity of fuel injected per cycle

Consumption p e r c y c l e i n kg
15 VFIC = ( FCPC *1000) / spgr ;................... // Volume
of f u e l i n j e c t e d per c y c l e in cc
16 disp ( VFIC , Volume o f F u e l I n j e c t e d p e r C y c l e ( c c ) : )
Scilab code Exa 12.2 Diameter of injector nozzle

n =6;............... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
N =1500;............ // E n g i n e rpm
BP =220;............. // Brake Power i n kW
bsfc =0.273;.......... // Brake S p e c i f i c F u e l
Consumption i n kg /kWh
7 theta =30;............. // The P e r i o d o f I n j e c t i o n i n
degrees of crank angle
1
2
3
4
5
6
131
Figure 12.2: Diameter of injector nozzle

8 spgr =0.85;............ // S p e c i f i c
9 Cf =0.9;................ // O r i f i c e
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Gravity of f u e l
d i s c h a r g e co
efficient
ip =160;............... // I n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
cp =40;................. // P r e s s u r e i n c o m b u s t i o n
chamber i n b a r
rhow =1000;................ // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m
3
vf = Cf * sqrt ((2*( ip - cp ) *10^5) /( spgr * rhow ) )
;............. // A c t u a l f u e l v e l o c i t y o f i n j e c t i o n
i n m/ s e c
qf =( bsfc * BP ) /( spgr * rhow *3600) ;.................. //
Volume o f f u e l i n j e c t e d p e r s e c i n m3
d = sqrt ( qf /(( %pi /4) * n * vf *( theta /360) *(60/ N ) *( N /120) )
) ;........... // D i a m e t e r o f n o z z l e o r i f i c e
disp (d , D i a m e t e r o f N o z z l e O r i f i c e i s (m) : )
132
Figure 12.3: Volume of fuel injected and diameter of Injector
Scilab code Exa 12.3 Volume of fuel injected and diameter of Injector
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

n =1;............ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
N =650;............ // E n g i n e rpm
theta =28;........... // Crank T r a v e l i n d e g r e e
fc =2.2;........... // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
spgr =0.875;............ // S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y
ip =150;................ // I n j e c t i o n P r e s s u r e i n b a r
cp =32;................. // Combustion chamber P r e s s u r e
in bar
Cd =0.88;............... // co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
of o r i f i c e
rhow =1000;........... // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m3
fcpc = fc /60;.............. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r
133
Figure 12.4: Diameter of injector nozzle
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
cylinder
fipc = fcpc /( N /2) ;......... // F u e l I n j e c t e d p e r c y c l e
i n kg
vfpc = fipc /( spgr * rhow ) ;.... // volume o f f u e l
i n j e c t e d per c y c l e
disp ( vfpc *10^6 , Volume o f F u e l I n j e c t e d p e r C y c l e (
cm 3 ) : )
tfic =( theta /360) *(60/ N ) ;.... // Time f o r F u e l
I n j e c t i o n per Cycle in sec
mf = fipc / tfic ;............... // Mass o f f u e l
i n j e c t e d p e r c y c l e i n kg / s
vf = Cd * sqrt ((2*( ip - cp ) *10^5) /( spgr * rhow ) )
i n m/ s e c
d = sqrt (( mf *4) /( %pi * vf * spgr * rhow ) )
disp ( d *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e (mm) : )
134
Scilab code Exa 12.4 Diameter of injector nozzle

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N =2000;............ // E n g i n e rpm
sfc =0.272;........... // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
ip =120;................ // I n j e c t i o n P r e s s u r e i n b a r
cp =30;................. // Combustion chamber P r e s s u r e
in bar
Cd =0.9;............... // co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e o f
orifice
api = 32;.............. // API i n d e g r e e
pw =15;.................. // Power Output i n kW
spgr = 141.5/(131.5+ api ) ;............ // S p e c i f i c
Gravity
fcpc = ( sfc * pw ) /(( N /2) *60) ;.............. // F u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n p e r c y c l e i n kg
mf = fcpc / tfic ;............... // Mass o f f u e l
i n j e c t e d p e r c y c l e i n kg / s
i n m/ s e c
d = sqrt (( mf *4) /( %pi * vf * spgr * rhow ) )
disp ( d *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f o r i f i c e (mm) : )
135
Figure 12.5: Fuel consumption

Scilab code Exa 12.5 Fuel consumption
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11
12
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14

N =1800;............ // E n g i n e rpm
ip =118.2;................ // I n j e c t i o n P r e s s u r e i n b a r
cp =31.38;................. // Combustion chamber
P r e s s u r e in bar
Cd =0.9;............... // co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e o f
orifice
api = 32;.............. // API i n d e g r e e
pw =11;.................. // Power Output i n kW
d =0.47;................... // F u e l I n j e c t i o n o r i f i c e
d i a m e t e r i n mm
spgr = 141.5/(131.5+ api ) ;............ // S p e c i f i c
Gravity
136
Figure 12.6: Injector orifice area
15
16
17
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19
20

i n m/ s e c
mf = vf * spgr * rhow *( %pi /4) *( d /1000) ^2;
tncp =( N /2) *60;............... // T o t a l no o f c y c l e s
per hour
FIPC = mf * tfic ;................. // Mass o f f u e l
i n j e c t e d p e r c y c l e i n kg / c y c l e
fc = FIPC * tncp *(1/ pw ) ;................... // F u e l
disp ( fc , F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh : )
Scilab code Exa 12.6 Injector orifice area

137
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n =8;...... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
pw =386.4;........... // Power o u t p u t i n kW
N =800;............. // E n g i n e rpm
fc =0.25;............. // F u e l Consumption i n kg /kWh
theta =12;.............. // Crank T r a v e l i n d e g r e e ( f o r
injection )
spgr =0.85;........... // S p e c i f i c G r a v i t y
patm =1.013;............ // A t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e
cf =0.6;................ //Co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
for injector
pcB =32;................ // P r e s s u r e i n c y l i n d e r i n
b e g i n n i n g in bar
piB =207;............... // P r e s s u r e i n i n j e c t o r i n
b e g i n n i n g in bar
pcE =55;............... // P r e s s u r e i n c y l i n d e r a t t h e
end i n b a r
piE =595;................ // P r e s s u r e i n i n j e c t o r a t
t h e end i n b a r
rhow =1000;.............. // d e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n kg /m3
pwpc = pw / n ;...................... // Output p e r
cylinder
fcpc = ( pwpc * fc ) /60;............. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
p e r c y l i n d e r i n kg / min
fipc = fcpc /( N /2) ;................ // F u e l i n j e c t e d
p e r c y c l e i n kg
tfic = ( theta *60) /(360* N ) ;........... // Time f o r f u e l
I n j e c t i o n per c y c l e
mf = fipc / tfic ;...................... // Mass o f f u e l
i n j e c t e d per second
pdb = piB - pcB ;.................... // P r e s s u r e
d i f f e r e n c e at beginning
pde = piE - pcE ;................... // P r e s s u r e
d i f f e r e n c e a t end
apd = ( pdb + pde ) /2;
Ao = mf /( cf * sqrt (2* apd *10^5* spgr * rhow ) ) ;
disp ( Ao *10000 , O r i f i c e Area R e q u i r e d p e r i n j e c t o r (
138
Figure 12.7: Amount of fuel injected and injector diameter

cm 2 ) : )
Scilab code Exa 12.7 Amount of fuel injected and injector diameter
n =6;............... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
afr =20;........... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
d = 0.1;............... // c y l i n d e r b o r e i n mm
l =0.14;.............. // C y l i n d e r l e n g t h i n mm
etav =0.8;............ // V o l u m e t r i c E f f i c i e n c y
pa =1;................. // P r e s s u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f
the compression in bar
9 ta = 300;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e b e g i n n i n g
of the compression in Kelvin
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theta = 20;............... // Crank t r a v e l i n d e g r e e

for injection
N = 1500;................... // e n g i n e rpm
rhof =960;................. // F u e l d e n s i t y i n kg /m3
cf =0.67;................ //Co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
for injector
pi =150;.................... // i n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n
bar
pc =40;.................... // c o m b u s t i o n p r e s s u r e i n
bar
R =287;........................ // g a s c o n s t a n t f o r a i r
i n kJ / kg . K
V =( %pi /4) * d ^2* l * etav ;...................... // Volume
o f a i r s u p p l i e d p e r c y l i n d e r p e r c y c l e i n m3
ma =( pa *10^5* V ) /( R * ta ) ;..................... // Mass o f
t h i s a i r a t s u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s i n kg / c y c l e
mf = ma / afr ;............................ // Mass o f f u e l
i n kg / c y c l e
fipc = ( theta *60) /(360* N ) ;........... // Time t a k e n
f o r f u e l i n j e c t i o n per c y c l e in seconds
MF = mf / fipc ;........................ // Mass o f f u e l
i n j e c t e d i n t o each c y l i n d e r per second
disp ( MF , The mass o f f u e l i n j e c t e d i n t o e a c h
c y l i n d e r p e r s e c o n d i n kg / s : )
vf = cf * sqrt ((2*( pi - pc ) *10^5) / rhof ) ;............. //
f u e l v e l o c i t y i n j e c t i o n i n m/ s
d0 = sqrt (( MF *4) /( %pi * vf * rhof ) ) ;.................. //
diameter of f u e l o r i f i c e in m
disp ( d0 *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e f u e l o r i f i c e i n mm : )
Scilab code Exa 12.8 Plunger displacement and effective stroke
140
Figure 12.8: Plunger displacement and effective stroke

3 Vpbes =7;................. // Volume o f
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f u e l in the
pump b a r r e l b e f o r e commencement o f e f f e c t i v e
s t r o k e in cc
df =3;................. // D i a m e t e r o f f u e l l i n e from
pump t o i n j e c t o r i n mm
lf =700;................. // Length o f f u e l l i n e from
pump t o i n j e c t o r i n mm
Vfiv =2;................ // Volume o f f u e l i n t h e
i n j e c t i o n valve in cc
Vfd =0.1;................. // Volume o f f u e l t o be
d e l i v e r e d in cc
p1 =150;.............. // P r e s s u r e a t which f u e l i s
d e l i v e r e d in bar
p2 =1;................. // a t m o s p h e r i c p r e s s u r e i n b a r
cc =78.8*10^( -6) ;.......... //Co e f f i c i e n t o f
c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y per bar
dp =7;.............. // D i a m e t e r o f p l u n g e r i n mm
141
Figure 12.9: Calculation of fuel spray time

13 V1 = Vpbes +( %pi /4) *(( df /10) ^2) *( lf /10) + Vfiv
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;................... // T o t a l i n i t i a l f u e l volume
delV = cc *( p1 - p2 ) * V1 ;................ // Change i n
volume due t o c o m p r e s s i o n
displu = delV + Vfd ;..................... // T o t a l
displacement of plunger
disp ( displu , T o t a l d i s p l a c e m e n t o f p l u n g e r i n c c : )
lp =( displu *4) /( %pi *( dp /10) ^2) ;............. //
E f f e c t i v e stroke of plunger
disp ( lp , E f f e c t i v e s t r o k e o f p l u n g e r i n mm: )
Scilab code Exa 12.9 Calculation of fuel spray time

3 p1 =145;........... // i n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e
142
in bar
4 p2 =235;......... // I n j e c t i o n
p r e s s u r e i n b a r ( 2 nd
case )
5 t1 =16;............. // s p r a y p e n e t r a t i o n t i m e i n
milliseconds
6 s1 =22;................ // s p r a y p e n e t r a t i o n
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length in
cm
s2 =22;................. // s p r a y p e n e t r a t i o n l e n g t h i n
cm ( 2 nd c a s e )
pc =30;................. // c o m b u s t i o n chamber p r e s s u r e
in bar
delp1 = p1 - pc ;
delp2 = p2 - pc ;
t2 =( s2 / s1 ) * t1 * sqrt ( delp1 / delp2 ) ;.......... // S p r a y
t i m e i n s e c o n d s f o r 2 nd c a s e
// Given t h a t s=t s q r t ( d e l p )
disp ( t2 , The t i m e r e q u i r e d f o r s p r a y p e n e t r a t i o n a t
an i n j e c t i o n p r e s s u r e o f 235 b a r i n m i l l i s e c o n d s :
)
143
Chapter 15
Engine Cooling
Scilab code Exa 15.1 Coolant required for petrol and diesel engine
3 BP =90;................. // Brake Power i n kW
4 deltw =27;................. // R a i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
5
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water
etaP =0.25;................... // E f f i c i e n c y o f p e t r o l
engine
etaD =0.3;.................... // E f f i c i e n c y od d i e s e l
engine
Pec =32;...................... // P e r c e n t a g e o f e n e r g y
going to coolant in p e t r o l engine
Dec =28;...................... // P e r c e n t a g e o f e n e r g y
going to coolant in d i e s e l engine
cp =4.187;.......... // s p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a t e r a t
constant pressure
hsP = BP / etaP ;............ // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kW o r
kJ / s
ecP = hsP *( Pec /100) ;............. // Energy g o i n g t o
144
Figure 15.1: Coolant required for petrol and diesel engine
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c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg / s
mwP = ecP /( cp * deltw ) ;............. // Mass o f c o o l i n g
water r e q u i r e d
hsD = BP / etaD ;............ // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kW o r
kJ / s
ecD = hsD *( Dec /100) ;............. // Energy g o i n g t o
c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg / s
mwD = ecD /( cp * deltw ) ;............. // Mass o f c o o l i n g
water r e q u i r e d
disp ( mwP *3600 , The mass o f c o o l i n g w a t e r r e q u i r e d (
kg / h ) f o r p e t r o l e n g i n e : )
disp ( mwD *3600 , The mass o f c o o l i n g w a t e r r e q u i r e d (
kg / h ) f o r d i e s e l e n g i n e : )
Scilab code Exa 17.28 Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean
effective pressure
145
Figure 15.2: Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective pressure
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D =0.2;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
n =2;...................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
fc =14;.................. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
N =300;.................... // E n g i n e rpm
etarel =0.65;.............. // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y
etamech =0.76;............. // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
co =0.05;..................... // Cut o f f o f t h e s t r o k e
f u e l i n kJ / kg
k =1;........................ //Two s t r o k e e n g i n e
ga =1.4;....................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
rho =1+( co *( r -1) ) ;
etast =1 -((1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) *(1/ ga ) *(( rho ^ ga ) -1) *(1/( rho
-1) ) ) ;............ // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
146
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etath = etarel * etast ;........................ // Thermal

efficiency
IP = etath *( fc /3600) * C ;........................ //
I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
BP = etamech * IP ;................................ //
Brake power i n kW
pmi =(6* IP ) /( n * N * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * k *10) ;............ //
mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
disp ( pmi , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e ( i n b a r ) : )
pmb = pmi * etamech ;........................... // Brake
disp ( pmb , Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e ( i n b a r ) : )
147
Chapter 16
Supercharging of IC Engines
Scilab code Exa 16.1 Power supplied to supercharger

3 pwu =735;............ // Power d e v e l o p e d by n a t u r a l l y
4
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11
a s p i r a t e d e n g i n e i n kW
afru =12.8;............. // A i r f u e l r a t i o f o r
naturally aspirated engine
bsfc =0.350;...... // Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg /kWh
metau =0.86;........... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f
naturally aspirated engine
pi =730;........... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n mm o f Hg
absolute
tm =325;........... // M i x t u r e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n
pr =1.6;............. // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f s u p e r c h a r g e d
engine
etaa =0.7;............. // A d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
supercharged engine
metas =0.9;.............. // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f
supercharged engine
148
Figure 16.1: Power supplied to supercharger

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afrs =12.8;............. // A i r f u e l r a t i o f o r
supercharged engine
rhohg =13600;............. // D e n s i t y o f m e r c u r y i n kg /
m3
R =0.287;................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
ga =1.4;................ // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m f o r g a s
cp =1.005;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f t h e
fuel
g =9.81;................ // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o g r a v i t y
i n m/ s 2
t2 = tm *( pr ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ;.............. // I d e a l
temperature f o r the supercharged engine
t2a = tm +( t2 - tm ) / etaa ;................ // A c t u a l
wa = cp *( t2a - tm ) ;..................... // Work o f t h e
supercharger
wsup = cp *( t2a - tm ) / metas ;.............. // Work r e q u i r e d
t o d r i v e t h e s u p e r c h a r g e r i n kJ / kg o f a i r
//When u n s u p e r c h a r g e d
149
Figure 16.2: Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure

24 p1 =( pi /1000) *(( g * rhohg ) /1000) ;.............. // I n l e t
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27
28
29
30
31
p r e s s u r e i n kN/m2
rhounsup = p1 /( R * tm ) ;
maunsup =( bsfc * pwu * afrs ) /3600;................... //
A i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s f o r u n s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e
//When s u p e r c h a r g e d
rhosup =( pr * p1 ) /( R * t2a ) ;
masup = maunsup *( rhosup / rhounsup ) ;.................. //
A i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
Psup = masup * wsup ;............... // Power r e q u i r e d t o
run t h e s u p e r c h a r g e r i n kW
disp ( Psup , The Power r e q u i r e d t o run t h e
s u p e r c h a r g e r (kW) : )
Scilab code Exa 16.2 Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure
150

3 p1 =1.0132;.............. // Mean p r e s s u r e a t s e a
level
in bar
4 t1 =283;................ // Mean t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e a
5
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23
l e v e l in Kelvin
BP =260;.................... // Brake Power o u t p u t i n
kW
at sea l e v e l f r e e a i r co n di t io n
sfc =0.247;............ // S p e c i f i c F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n
kg /kW. h
N =1500;................... // E n g i n e rpm
at =2700;................. // A l t i t u d e i n mts
p2 =0.72;................ // P r e s s u r e i n b a r a t t h e
given a l t i t u d e
Psup =0.08;................. // 8% power o f e n g i n e i s
t a k e n by t h e s u p e r c h a r g e r
R =287;................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
t2 =32+273;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n a t
the given a l t i t u d e
mf =( sfc * BP ) /60;............. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg
/ min
ma = mf * afr ;.................. // A i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n
i g / min
acps = ma /( N /2) ;............ // A i r c o n s u m p t i o n p e r
s t r o k e i n kg
Vs =( acps * R * t1 ) /( etaV * p1 *10^5) ;................ //
E n g i n e c a p a c i t y i n m3
disp ( Vs , The Engin C a p a c i t y i n m 3 : )
pmb =( BP *6) /( Vs *10*( N /2) ) ;........ // Brake Mean
E f f e c t i v e P r e s s u r e in bar
disp ( pmb , The Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i s ( b a r )
: )
gp = BP /(1 - Psup ) ;................. // G r o s s power
p r o d u c e d by s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e i n kW
151
Figure 16.3: Increase in Brake Power due to supercharger

masup = ma * gp / BP ;...................... // Mass o f a i r
r e q u i r e d f o r s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e i n kg
25 matc = masup /( N /2) ;.............. // Mass o f a i r t a k e n
per c y c l e
26 pressure =( matc * R * t2 ) /( etaV *10^5* Vs ) ;
27 disp ( pressure - p2 , The I n c r e a s e o f p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d
( in bar ) : )
24
Scilab code Exa 16.3 Increase in Brake Power due to supercharger

3 ec =3600*10^( -6) ;............. // E n g i n e c a p a c i t y i n m
3
4 pw =13;............... // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW p e r m3
o f f r e e a i r induced per minute

152
5 etaV =0.82;............ // V o l u m e t r i c E f f i c i e n c y
6 N =3000;................ // E n g i n e rpm
7 p1 =1.0132 ;.................... ....... // I n i t i a l
Air
8 t1 =298;........................ // I n i t i a l
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20
21
22
23
24
25
Temperature
in Kelvin
pr =1.8;..................... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n
rotary compressor
etaC =0.75;................. // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
of compressor
etaM =0.8;.................... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
ga =1.4;..................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m f o r
the gas
td =4;....................... // The amount by which
the temperature i s k e s s than d e l i v e r y temperature
from c o m p r e s s o r
R =287;...................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg . K
cp =1.005;..................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t
capacity
Vs =( ec * N ) /2;.................... // Swept volume i n m
3/ min
Vu = Vs * etaV ;.................... // U n s u p e r c h a r g e d
volume i n d u c e d p e r min
rcdp = pr * p1 ;........ // R o t a r y c o m p r e s s o r d e l i v e r y
pressure
t2 = t1 *( pr ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ;.............. // I d e a l
t2a = t1 +( t2 - t1 ) / etaC ;................ // A c t u a l
ta = t2a - td ;............................ // T e m p e r a t u r e
of a i r at intake to the engine c y l i n d e r
V1 =( rcdp * Vs * t1 ) /( p1 * ta ) ;................. //
E q u i v a l e n t volume a t 1 . 0 1 3 2 b a r and 298 K
Vinc = V1 - Vs ;........................... // I n c r e a s e i n
i n d u c e d Volume o f a i r i n m3/ min
ipincai = pw * Vinc ;....................... // I n c r e a s e i n
IP from a i r i n d u c e d i n kW
153
Figure 16.4: Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure

26
27
28
29
30
31
32
ipinciip =(( rcdp - p1 ) *10^5* Vs ) /(60*1000) ;........... //

I n c r e a s e i n IP due t o i n c r e a s e d i n d u c t i o n
p r e s s u r e kW
ipinctot = ipincai + ipinciip ;............... // T o t a l
i n c r e a s e i n I n p u t Power i n kW
bpinc = ipinctot * etaM ;.................... // I n c r e a s e
i n Brake Power o f t h e e n g i n e i n kW
ma =( rcdp *10^5* Vs ) /(60* R * ta ) ;................... //
Mass o f a i r d e l i v e r e d by t h e c o m p r e s s o r kg / s
pc =( ma * cp *( t2a - t1 ) ) / etaM ;.................... // Power
r e q u i r e d by t h e c o m p r e s s o r
bpincnet = bpinc - pc ;.......................... // Net
I n c r e a s e i n BP
disp ( bpincnet , The Net i n c r e a s e i n Brake Power i n kW
: )
154
Scilab code Exa 16.4 Engine Capacity and Brake Mean effective Pressure
3 p1 =1.0132;.............. // Mean p r e s s u r e a t s e a
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
level
in bar
t1 =283;................ // Mean t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e a
l e v e l in Kelvin
BP =250;.................... // Brake Power o u t p u t i n
kW
at sea l e v e l f r e e a i r co n di t io n
sfc =0.245;............ // S p e c i f i c F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n
kg /kW. h
N =1500;................... // E n g i n e rpm
at =2700;................. // A l t i t u d e i n mts
p2 =0.72;................ // P r e s s u r e i n b a r a t t h e
given a l t i t u d e
Psup =0.08;................. // 8% power o f e n g i n e i s
t a k e n by t h e s u p e r c h a r g e r
R =287;................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
t2 =32+273;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e i n K e l v i n a t
the given a l t i t u d e
mf =( sfc * BP ) /60;............. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg
/ min
ma = mf * afr ;.................. // A i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n
i g / min
acps = ma /( N /2) ;............ // A i r c o n s u m p t i o n p e r
s t r o k e i n kg
Vs =( acps * R * t1 ) /( etaV * p1 *10^5) ;................ //
E n g i n e c a p a c i t y i n m3
disp ( Vs , The Engin C a p a c i t y i n m 3 : )
pmb =( BP *6) /( Vs *10*( N /2) ) ;........ // Brake Mean
E f f e c t i v e P r e s s u r e in bar
disp ( pmb , The Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i s ( b a r )
: )
155
Figure 16.5: Compressor run by supercharged Engine

23 gp = BP /(1 - Psup ) ;................. // G r o s s power
p r o d u c e d by s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e i n kW
masup = ma * gp / BP ;...................... // Mass o f a i r
r e q u i r e d f o r s u p e r c h a r g e d e n g i n e i n kg
25 matc = masup /( N /2) ;.............. // Mass o f a i r t a k e n
per c y c l e
26 pressure =( matc * R * t2 ) /( etaV *10^5* Vs ) ;
27 disp ( pressure - p2 , The I n c r e a s e o f p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d
( in bar ) : )
24
Scilab code Exa 16.5 Compressor run by supercharged Engine

3 t1 =298;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
while e n t e r i n g the compressor in Kelvin

156
air
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
qrej =1210;.............. // Amount o f h e a t r e j e c t e d i n

c o o l e r i n kJ / min
t2 =273+65;............... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e a i r
l e a v i n g the c o o l e r in Kelvin
p2 =1.75;................. // P r e s s u r e o f t h e a i r
l e a v i n g the c o o l e r in bar
n =6;..................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
d =0.1;................... // Bore o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n m
l =0.11;................... // S t r o k e o f t h e c y l i n d e r
in m
etaV =0.72;................ // v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
N =2000;............... // E n g i n e rpm
Tout =150;.................. // Torque Output i n Nm
etaM =0.8;.................. // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
R =287;....................... // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r
i n J /kgK
cp =1.005;................... // S p e c i f i c c a p a c i t y o f
air
BP =(2* %pi * N * Tout ) /(60*1000) ;........... // Brake power
i n kW
IP = BP / etaM ;.......... // I n p u t Power i n kW
Vc =( %pi /4) * d * d * l ;................... // C y l i n d e r
Volume i n m3
pmi =(6* IP ) /( n * Vc *( N /2) *10) ;................ //
I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
disp ( pmi , The i n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e ( i n
bar ) : )
Vs = Vc *6*( N /2) ;......................... // E n g i n e
Swept Volume i n m3/ min
Vaa = Vs * etaV ;.......................... // A s p i r a t e d
volume o f a i r i n t o e n g i n e i n m3/ min
maa =( p2 *10^5* Vaa ) /( R * t2 ) ;.............. // A s p i r a t e d
a i r mass f l o w i n t o t h e e n g i n e i n kg / min
disp ( maa , The t o t a l a s p i r a t e d a i r mass f l o w i n t o t h e
e n g i n e ( i n kg / min ) : )
t2a =(((( BP / cp ) /( qrej /(60* cp ) ) ) * t2 ) - t1 ) /((( BP / cp ) /(
qrej /(60* cp ) ) ) -1) ;
157
27 mc =(( BP / cp ) /( t2a - t1 ) ) *60;........................ //

28
A i r f l o w i n t o t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kg / min
disp ( mc , A i r f l o w i n t o t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kg / min : )
158
Chapter 17
Testing and Performance of IC
Engines
Scilab code Exa 17.1 Indicated power

3 Pmi =6;..................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
pressure
in bar
4 N =1000;.................... // E n g i n e rpm
5 d =0.11;..................... // D i a m e t e r o f
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
piston in
m
l =0.14;..................... // S t r o k e l e n g t h i n m
n =1;........................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
k =1;........................ // k=1 f o r two s t r o k e
engine
V = l *( %pi /4) * d * d ;............. // Volume o f t h e
c y l i n d e r i n m3
IP =( n * Pmi * V * k *10* N ) /6;......... // I n d i c a t e d Power
disp ( IP , I n d i c a t e d power d e v e l o p e d ( i n kW) : )
159
Figure 17.1: Indicated power
Scilab code Exa 17.2 Bore and Stroke of engine

n =4;........................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
P =14.7;.................... // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW
N =1000;.................... // E n g i n e s p e e d i n rpm
Pmi =5.5;.................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
7 lbyd =1.5;................... // R a t i o o f s t r o k e t o
bore
8 k =0.5;....................... // For f o u r s t r o k e
engine
1
2
3
4
5
6
160
Figure 17.2: Bore and Stroke of engine

10 d =(( P *6) /( n * Pmi * N * k *10*( %pi /4) * lbyd ) ) ^(1/3)
;...................... // C a l c u l a t i o n o f b o r e i n m
11 l = lbyd * d ;................................ //
Calculation of stroke in m
12 disp ( d *1000 , The b o r e o f t h e e n g i n e ( i n mm) : )
13 disp ( l *1000 , The s t r o k e o f t h e e n g i n e ( i n mm) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.3 Brake power

3 Db =0.6;..................... // D i a m e t e r o f t h e b r a k e
wheel in m
4 d =0.026;...................... // D i a m e t e r o f t h e r o p e
in m
161
Figure 17.3: Brake power

5 W =200;....................... // Dead l o a d on t h e
brake in N
6 S =30;...................... // S p r i n g b a l a n c e r e a d i n g
7
8
9
10
in N
N =450;...................... // E n g i n e s p e e d i n rpm
BP =(( W - S ) * %pi *( Db + d ) * N ) /(60*1000) ;............... //
Brake Power i n KW
disp ( BP , Brake Power ( i n KW) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.4 Engine displacement

3 n =4;........................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 k =0.5;...................... // For f o u r s t r o k e
162
engine
Figure 17.4: Engine displacement

5 Tb =160;..................... //Max b r a k e t o r q u e i n Nm
6 N =3000;...................... // E n g i n e rpm
7 Pm =9.6;.................... // Brake mean e f f e c t i v e
9 D =((2* %pi * N * Tb *6) /(60*1000* Pm *( %pi /4) * N * k *10) ) ^(1/3)
10
11
12
13
;..................... // Bore o f e n g i n e i n m
L = D ;................... // Given t h a t t h e s t r o k e i s
equal to bore
Disp =( %pi /4) * D * D * L
;.. ..... ..... .... . ...... ..... ..... ... //
D i s p l a c e m e n t i n m3
disp ( D *1000 , S i n c e i t i s g i v e n t h a t t h e s t r o k e i s
e q u a l t o b o r e , t h e i r v a l u e i s ( i n mm) :
)
disp ( Disp , The e n g i n e d i s p l a c e m e n t ( i n m 3 ) : )
163
Figure 17.5: Bore and stroke

Scilab code Exa 17.5 Bore and stroke
3 n =6;..................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 Pmb =6;.................... // Brake mean e f f e c t i v e
5 N =1000;.................. // E n g i n e rpm
6 k =0.5;....................... // For f o u r
stroke
engine
7 Wce =820;................. // Work d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n
8
9
10
11
12
and e x p a n s i o n i n kW
Wie =50;................... // Work d u r i n g i n t a k e and
e x h a u s t i n kW
f =150;...................... // Rubbing f r i c t i o n i n
e n g i i n e i n kW
WnetT =40;................... // Net work done by
t u r b i n e i n kW
BP = Wce -( Wie + f + WnetT ) ;..................... // Net work
164
Figure 17.6: Ratio of power output when using different fuels

a v a i l a b l e o r b r a k e power i n kW
13 D =(( BP *6) /( n * Pmb *( %pi /4) * N * k *10) ) ^(1/3)
;...................... // Bore o f e n g i n e i n m
14 L = D ;. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . // Given
that bore i s equal to s t r o k e
15 disp ( D *1000 , S i n c e t h e s t r o k e and b o r e a r e e q u a l ,
t h e i r v a l u e i s ( i n mm) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.6 Ratio of power output when using different fuels
3 Cm =50150; ..................... ....... // H e a t i n g v a l u e
o f methane i n kJ / kg
4 Co =44880; ..................... ....... // H e a t i n g v a l u e
o f o c t a n e i n kJ / kg
165
Figure 17.7: Brake power and brake thermal efficiency

// S i n c e Energy s u p p l i e d i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o mass o f
f u e l s u p p l i e d time c a l o r i f i c value o f the f u e l
supplied
7 ratioP = Cm / Co ;......................... // R a t i o o f t h e
power i n p u t o f t h e e n g i n e w i t h methane f u e l t o
that with octane
8 disp ( ratioP , R a t i o o f t h e power i n p u t o f t h e e n g i n e
w i t h methane f u e l t o t h a t w i t h o c t a n e : )
5
6
Scilab code Exa 17.7 Brake power and brake thermal efficiency
3 N = 2000;........................... // E n g i n e rpm
166
Figure 17.8: Brake power

4 k = 0.5;.................. ............ // Four s t r o k e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
engine
Disp =0.025;........................ // E n g i n e
d i s p l a c e m e n t i n m3
Pmb =6;.............................. // Brake mean
mf =0.018; ..................... ....... // F u e l
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
Cf =42000; ..................... ....... // C a l o r i f i c
v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
// C a l c u a t i o n s
BP =( Pmb * Disp * N * k *10) /(6) ;................ // Brake
power i n kW
etaBT = BP /( mf * Cf ) ;................. // Brake t h e r m a l
efficiency
disp ( BP , The Brake power ( i n kW) : )
disp ( etaBT *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
167
Figure 17.9: Indicated power and brake power and mechanical efficiency
Scilab code Exa 17.8 Brake power

3 T =175;....................... // Torque due t o b r a k e
4
5
6
7
l o a d i n Nm
N = 500;......................... // E n g i n e s p e e d i n rpm
// c a l c u a t i o n s
BP =(2* %pi * N * T ) /(60*1000) ;....................... //
Brake power d e v e l o p e d by e n g i n e i n kW
disp ( BP , Brake power d e v e l o p e d by e n g i n e ( i n kW) : )
168
Scilab code Exa 17.9 Indicated power and brake power and mechanical
efficiency
3 D = 0.3;............................. // Bore o f e n g i n e
cylinder in m
4 L = 0.45;............................ // S t r o k e o f
engine cylinder in m
5 N = 300;............................. // E n g i n e rpm
6 Pmi =6;............................. // I n d i c a t e d mean
7 Nbl =1.5;........................... // Net b r a k e l o a d
i n kN
8 Db =1.8;............................ // D i a m e t e r o f
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
b r a k e drum i n m
d = 0.02;............................ // Brake r o p e
diameter
k = 0.5;............................. // Four s t r o k e
engine
n = 1;............................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
IP =( n * Pmi * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * N * k *10)
/6;...................... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
BP =( Nbl * %pi *( Db + d ) * N )
/60;........ ...................... . // Brake power
i n kW
etam = BP / IP
; .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . //
Mechanical e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( IP , I n d i c a t e d power ( i n kW) : )
disp ( BP , Brake power ( i n kW) : )
disp ( etam *100 , M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y (%) : )
169
Figure 17.10: BSFC and brake thermal efficiency

Scilab code Exa 17.10 BSFC and brake thermal efficiency
1 clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 1 7 . 1 0
3 Db =0.7;............................. // D i a m e t e r o f
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
brake p u l l e y in m
d = 0.025;................ ............ // D i a m e t e r o f
the rope in m
W = 50;................... ............ // Load on t h e
t i g h t s i d e o f t h e r o p e i n kg
S = 50;................... ............ // S p r i n g b a l a n c e
reading in N
N = 900;.................. ............ // E n g i n e rpm
mf =4;............................... // Rate o f f u e l
C = 44000;................ ............ // C a l o r i f i c
v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
g = 9.81;................. ............ // A c c e l e r a t i o n
170
Figure 17.11: Indicated thermal efficiency and brake power

12 BP =((( W * g ) -S ) * %pi *( Db + d ) * N ) /(60*1000)
;........................ // Brake power i n kW

bsfc = mf / BP
; . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
// Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kJ /hWh
14 disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n kJ /hW
h ) )
15 etathB =( BP *3600) /( mf * C )
; .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . . .. . .. . //
Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
16 disp ( etathB *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y : )
13
Scilab code Exa 17.11 Indicated thermal efficiency and brake power
171
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
n =4;....................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
k =0.5;..................... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
r =8;....................... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
d =0.1;..................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
l =0.1;..................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
etaV =0.75;................. // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
N =4800;.................... // E n g i n e rpm
C =42000000;................ // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
rhoa =1.12;................. // A t m o s p h e r i c d e n s i t y i n
kg /m3
Pmi =10;.................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
in bar
etamech =0.8;............... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
IP =( n * Pmi * l *( %pi /4) * d * d * N * k *10) /6;.................
// I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
Ac = n *( %pi /4) * d * d * l *( N /2) *( etaV /60)
;..................... // A i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n m3/ s
ma = Ac * rhoa ;. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. ..
// Mass f l o w o f a i r i n kg / s
mf = ma / afr ; .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ..
// Mass f l o w o f f u e l i n kg / s
etath =( IP *1000) /( mf * C )
;.... ........ .... .... ........ ....... // I n d i c a t e d
disp ( etath *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y (%) : )
BP = IP * etamech ; .... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... .... ...
// Brake Power i n kW
Scilab code Exa 17.12 Volumetric efficiency and BSFC
172
Figure 17.12: Volumetric efficiency and BSFC

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

N =1800;................... // E n g i n e rpm
l =0.11;................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
d =0.085;.................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
ma =0.56;.................. // A i r f l o w r a t e i n kg / min
BP =6;..................... // Brake power d e v e l o p e d i n
kW
C =42550;.................. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
i n kJ / kg
rhof =1.18;................ // D e n s i t y o f f u e l i n kg /m
3
V =( %pi /4) * d * d * l *( N /2) ;..................... // Volume
d i s p l a c e m t i n m3/ min
Ma = V * rhof ;................................. // Mass o f
a i r i n kg / min
etaV = ma / Ma ;................................ //
Volumetric e f f i c i e n c y
173
Figure 17.13: Mechanical efficiency

15 fc = ma / afr ;................................. // F u e l
concumption
bsfc =( fc *60) / BP ;........................... // Brake
s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
17 disp ( etaV *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
18 disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n kg /
kWh) : )
16
Scilab code Exa 17.13 Mechanical efficiency

3 pmicover =6.5;.................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
4
p r e s s u r e on c o v e r s i d e i n b a r
pmicrank =7;...................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
p r e s s u r e on c r a n k s i d e i n b a r
174
5 D = 0.2;........................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
6 l = 0.35;.......................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
m
drod =0.02;......................... // D i a m e t e r o f
p i s t o n rod in m
W = 1370;............................ // Dead l o a d on
the brake in N
S = 145;............................. // S p r i n g b a l a n c e
reading in N
Db =1.2;............................ // Brake w h e e l
diameter in m
d = 0.02;............................ // Brake r o p e
diameter in m
k = 0.5;............................. // Four s t r o k e
engine
N =420;....................... // E n g i n e rpm
Acover =( %pi /4) * D * D ;....................... // Area o f
c y l i n d e r on t h e c o v e r s i d e i n m2
Acrank =( %pi /4) *(( D ^2) -( drod ^2) ) ;.......... //
E f f e c t i v e a r e a o f c y l i n d e r on t h e c r a n k end s i d e
i n m2
IPcover =( pmicover * l * Acover * N * k *10)
/6;................ // I n d i c a t e d power on t h e c o v e r
end s i d e i n kW
IPcrank =( pmicrank * l * Acrank * N * k *10)
/6;................ // I n d i c a t e d power on t h e c r a n k
end s i d e i n kW
IPtotal = IPcover + IPcrank ;.................... // TOtal
BP =(( W - S ) * %pi *( Db + d ) * N ) /(60*1000)
;................... // Brake power i n kW
etamech = BP / IPtotal
;........... ..... ................ .. // M e c h a n i c a l
efficiency
disp ( etamech *100 , The m e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i s (%) :
)
175
Figure 17.14: Engine bore and stroke
Scilab code Exa 17.14 Engine bore and stroke

3 BP =14.7;........................ // Brake power i n kW
4 p1 =0.9;......................... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e
5
6
7
8
9
in bar
etamech =0.8;.................... // M e c h a n i c a l
efficiency
r = 5;............................ // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
p3 =24;.......................... //maximum e x p l o s i o n
N = 1000;......................... // E n g i n e rpm
rld =1.5;........................ // R a t i o o f l e n g t h
and s t r o k e
176
10 ic =1.35;........................ // I n d e x o f
compression curve
11 ie =1.3;......................... // I n d e x o f e x p a n s i o n
curve
12 k = 0.5;.......................... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
14 p2 =( r ^ ic ) * p1 ;...................... // i n t e r m e d i a t e
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
p r e s s u r e ( in bar ) during compression

p4 = p3 /( r ^ ie ) ;...................... // I n t e r m e d i a t e
p r e s s u r e ( in bar ) during expansion
pm =(((( p3 - r * p4 ) /( ie -1) ) -(( p2 - p1 * r ) /( ic -1) ) ) *(10^5) )
/( r -1) ;........... // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n N/
m2
pmb = pm
/ 1 00 0 0 0 ;. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .
// Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
IP = BP / etamech
;. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. //
D =(( IP *6*4) /( pmb * rld *( %pi ) * N * k *10) ) ^(1/3)
;............ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L = rld * D
; .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . //
Engine s t r o k e in m
disp ( D *1000 , E n g i n e b o r e ( i n mm) : )
disp ( L *1000 , E n g i n e s t r o k e ( i n mm) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.15 Indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency and mechanical efficiency
3 IP =30;........................ // I n d i c a t e d power i n
177
Figure 17.15: Indicated thermal efficiency and brake thermal efficiency and
mechanical efficiency
kW
4 BP =26;........................ // Brake power i n kW
5 N =1000;....................... // E n g i n e rpm
6 fpbph =0.35;................... // F u e l p e r b r a k e power
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
h o u r i n kg /B . P . h
C =43900;...................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
f u e l u s e d i n kJ / kg
mf = BP * fpbph ;............. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r h o u r
i n kg / h
etaIth = IP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;................. // I n d i c a t e d
etaBth = BP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;................. // I n d i c a t e d
brake e f f i c i e n c y
etamech = BP / IP ;........................... //
disp ( etaIth *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %)
: )
disp ( etaBth *100 , I n d i c a t e d b r a k e e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) :
178
Figure 17.16: BSFC and brake thermal efficiency

)
15 disp ( etamech *100 , M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.16 BSFC and brake thermal efficiency

3 Db =0.75;..................... // D i a m e t e r o f b r a k e
pulley in m
4 d =0.05;...................... // Rope d i a m e t e r i n m
5 W =400;....................... // Dead l o a d i n N
6 S =50;........................ // S p r i n g b a l a n c e
reading in N
7 cf =4.2;...................... // Consumption o f f u e l
i n kg / h
8 N =1000;...................... // E n g i n e rpm
179
Figure 17.17: Fuel consumption and calorific value of fuel

9 C =43900;..................... // C a l o r i f i c
value of
f u e l i n kJ / kg
11 BP =(( W - S ) * %pi *( Db + d ) * N ) /(60*1000) ;............... //
Brake power i n kW
bsfc = cf / BP ;. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . //
Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
13 etabth = BP /(( cf /3600) * C ) ;......................... //
14 disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
( i n kg /
kWh) : )
15 disp ( etabth *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
12
Scilab code Exa 17.17 Fuel consumption and calorific value of fuel
180
3 n = 6;............................. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 D = 0.09;.......................... // Bore o f c y l i n d e r
in m
5 L = 0.1;........................... // S t r o k e l e n g t h i n
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
m
r = 7;............................. // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
etarel =0.55;..................... // R e l a t i v e
efficiency
isfc =0.3;........................ // I n d i c a t e d
imep =8.6;........................ // I n d i c a t e d mean
N = 2500;.......................... // E n g i n e s p e e d
ga =1.4;.......................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
for air
k = 0.5;........................... // Four s t r o k e
engine
etastan =1 -1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ;................... // A i r
standard e f f i c i e n c y
etath = etarel * etastan ;..................... //
Indicated thermal e f f i c i e n c y
C =3600/( etath * isfc ) ;....................... //
C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
IP =( n * imep * L * D * D *( %pi /4) * N * k *10) /6;................
// I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
fc = IP * isfc ;............................. // F u e l
disp (C , The c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f t h e f u e l u s e d ( i n kJ
/ kg ) : )
disp ( fc , F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( kg / h ) : )
181
Figure 17.18: Engine bore and stroke and Fuel consumption

Scilab code Exa 17.18 Engine bore and stroke and Fuel consumption
3 BP =30;........................ // Brake power i n kW
4 pmi =8;......................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
etamech =0.8;.................... // M e c h a n i c a l
efficiency
n = 4;............................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
N = 2500;......................... // E n g i n e rpm
rld =1.5;........................ // R a t i o o f l e n g t h
and s t r o k e
etabth =0.28;...................... // Brake t h e r m a l
efficiency
k =1;.......................... //Two s t r o k e e n g i n e
C = 43900;......................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e
IP = BP / etamech
182
Figure 17.19: Volumetric efficiency and brake thermal efficiency and brake
torque
14
15
16
17
18
19
;. .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. .. ... .. .. .. //

D =(( IP *6*4) /( pmi * n * rld *( %pi ) * N * k *10) ) ^(1/3)
;............ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L = rld * D
; . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . //
Engine s t r o k e in m
disp ( L *1000 , E n g i n e s t r o k e ( i n mm) : )
mf = BP /( etabth * C ) ;.............................. //
F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
disp ( mf *3600 , F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n ( kg /h ) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.19 Volumetric efficiency and brake thermal efficiency
and brake torque
183

3 n =6;...................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 pdpc =700*10^( -6) ;................. // P i s t o n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
d i s p l a c e m e n t p e r c y l i n d e r i n m3
P = 78;............................ // Power d e v e l o p e d
i n kW
N = 3200;................. ............ // E n g i n e rpm
mf =27;............................. // F u e l
C = 44000;........................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e
afr =12;.............................. // A i r f u e l
ratio
p1 =0.9;.......................... // I n t a k e a i r
pressure
pa = p1 ;
t1 =3 05;..... ........ ........ ........ .. // I n t a k e a i r
temperature
ta = t1 ;
R =0.287;..................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /
kgK
ma = afr * mf ;............................ // maaa o f a i r
i n kg / h
Va =( ma * R * t1 ) /( p1 *100) ;............. // Volume o f a i r
i n t a k e i n m3/ h
Vs = pdpc * n *( N /2) *60;..................... // Swept
volume i n m3/ h
etaV = Va / Vs ;............................. // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
disp ( etaV *100 , The v o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
e n g i n e ( i n %) : )
etabt = P /( mf *( C /3600) ) ;................... // Brake
disp ( etabt *100 , The b r a k e t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e
e n g i n e ( i n %) : )
Tb =( P *60) /(2* %pi * N ) ;.......................... //
184
Figure 17.20: Average no of misfires per min

Brake t o r q u e i n kNm
24 disp ( Tb , Brake t o r q u e ( i n kNm) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.20 Average no of misfires per min

n =6;....................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
Vs =1.75*10^( -3) ;.............. // S t r o k e volume i n m3
IP =26.3;..................... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
Ne =504;....................... // E x p e c t e d E n g i n e rpm
Pmi =6;........................ // Mean e f f e c t i v e
8 k = 0.5;......................... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
185
Figure 17.21: Indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency

10 Na = floor (( IP *6) /( n * Pmi * Vs * k *10) )
;....................... // A c t u a l E n g i n e rpm
11 af =( Na * n ) /2;....................... // A c t u a l no o f
12
13
14
15
f i r e s i n min
ef =( Ne * n ) /2;....................... // E x p e c t e d no o f
f i r e s i n min
Nm = ef - af ;........................ //No o f m i s f i r e s /
min
nm = Nm / n ;.................... // A v e r a g e no o f t i m e s
e a c h c y l i n d e r m i s f i r e s i n one min
disp ( nm , A v e r a g e no o f t i m e s e a c h c y l i n d e r m i s f i r e s
i n one min : )
Scilab code Exa 17.21 Indicated power and indicated thermal efficiency
186
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
n =4;....................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D = 0.075;....................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L = 0.09;........................ // E n g i n e l e n g t h i n m
err =39/8;....................... // E n g i n e t o r e a r
axle ratio
Dw =0.65;......................... // Wheel d i a m e t e r i n
m
pc =0.227;....................... // P e t r o l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg
pmi =5.625;......................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
C = 4347 0;... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... .. // C a l o r i f i c
v a l u e o f p e t r o l i n kJ / kg
k = 0.5;............................. // Four s t r o k e
engine
sc =48;............................ // Speed o f t h e c a r
i n km/ h
d = 3.2;............................. // D i s t a n c e
c o v e r e d by c a r i n km
sc1 = sc *(1000/60) ;................... // Speed o f t h e
c a r i n m/ min
Nt = sc1 /( %pi * Dw ) ;...................... // R e v o l u t i o n s
made by t i r e p e r min
Ne = Nt * err ;............................ // Speed o f
engine shaft
IP =( n * pmi * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * Ne * k *10) /6;........ //
sc2 = sc /60;....................... // Speed o f t h e c a r
i n km/ min
t = d / sc2 ;.......................... // Time f o r
c o v e r i n g 3 . 2 km i n min
fc = pc /( t *60) ;..................... // F u e l consumed
p e r s e c o n d i n kg
etait = IP /( fc * C ) ;............... // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l
efficiency
187
Figure 17.22: Finding all engine parameters

24
disp ( etait *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y (%) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.22 Finding all engine parameters

n =1;................. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.25;................ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.4;................. // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
pmg =7;................. // G r o s s mean e f f e c t i v e
7 pmp =0.5;............... // Pumping mean e f f e c t i v e
8 N =250;.................. // E n g i n e rpm
9 Db =1.5;................ // E f f e c t i v e d i a m e t e r o f t h e
brake in m
1
2
3
4
5
6
188
10 Nl =1080;.............. // Net l o a d on t h e b r a k e i n N
11 fh =10;................. // F u e l u s e d p e r h o u r i n kg
12 C =44300;............... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n
kJ / kg
13 k =0.5;................. // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
15 mf = fh /3600;......................... // F u e l u s e d p e r
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
s e c o n d i n kg
pm = pmg - pmp ;....................... // Net p r e s s u r e
IP =( n * pm * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * N * k *10) /6;.......... // /
BP =(( Nl ) * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;............... // Brake
power i n kW
etamech = BP / IP ;........................... //
disp ( etamech *100 , M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
etath = IP /( mf * C ) ;......................... // I n d i c a t e d
disp ( etath *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) :
)
Scilab code Exa 17.23 Brake mean effective pressure

3 etabth =0.3;.................... // Brake t h e r m a l
efficiency
afrw =20;........................ // A i r f u e l r a t i o by
weight
5 C = 41800;......................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e
o f f u e l u s e d i n kJ / kg
4
189
Figure 17.23: Brake mean effective pressure

6 R =287;........................ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg
8 Wp = etabth * C ;................... // Work p r o d u c e d p e r
9
10
11
12
kg o f f u e l i n kJ
p1 =1.0132; t =273+15;............ //STP c o n d i t i o n s i n
b a r and K e l v i n
V =( afrw * t * R ) /( p1 *10^5) ;....... // Volume o f a i r u s e d
i n m3
pmb =( Wp *1000) /( V *10^5) ;........ // Brake mean
Scilab code Exa 17.24 Volumetric efficiency

190
Figure 17.24: Volumetric efficiency

3 v1 =0.216;..................... // Gas c o n s u m p t i o n i n m
3/ min
4 pw =75;........................ // P r e s s u r e
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
of gas in
mm o f w a t e r
t1 =290;...................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s i n
K
ac =2.84;.................... // A i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /
min
br =745;...................... // B a r o m e t e r r e a d i n g i n
m o f Hg
D =0.25;..................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.475;...................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
N =240;........................ // E n g i n e rpm
R =287;...................... // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r
i n J /kgK
p1 = br +( pw /13.6) ;................... // P r e s s u r e o f g a s
i n mm o f m e r c u r y
p2 =760; t2 =273;..................... //NTP c o n d i t i o n s
i n mm o f Hg and K e l v i n
191
Figure 17.25: finding all parameters of engine

15 v2 =( p1 * v1 * t2 ) /( t1 * p2 ) ;............... // Volume o f g a s
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
u s e d a t NTP i n m3
gs = v2 /( N /2) ;......................... // Gas u s e d p e r
s t r o k e i n m3
v =( ac * R * t2 ) /(1.0132*10^5) ;........... // Volume
o c c u p i e d by a i r a t NTP i n m3/ min
aps = v /( N /2) ;........................... // A i r u s e d
per s tro ke
Va = gs + aps ;..................... // A c t u a l volume o f
m i x t u r e i n m3 drawn p e r s t r o k e a t NTP
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;............... // Swept volume i n mm
3
etaV =( Va / Vs ) ;................... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
disp ( etaV *100 , V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
192
Scilab code Exa 17.25 finding all parameters of engine

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27

t =1;................... // D u r a t i o n o f t r i a l i n h r s
Rev =14000;............. // R e v o l u t i o n s
nmc =500;............... // Number o f m i s s e d c y c l e s
bl =1470;................ // Net Brake l o a d i n N
mep =7.5;................ // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n
bar
gc =20000;............... // Gas c o n s u m p t i o n i n l i t r e s
lcv =21;................. //LCV o f g a s a t s u p p l y
c o n d i t i o n i n kJ / l i t r e
D =0.25;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
n =1;...................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
Cb =4;...................... // E f f e c t i v e b r a k e
Circumference
k =0.5;.................... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
ga =1.4;...................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
N = Rev /60;.............. // E n g i n e rpm
Vg = gc /3600;............. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n l i t r e s
/s
Na =(( Rev /2) - nmc ) /60;................ // Working c y c l e s
p e r min
IP =( n * mep * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * Na *10) /6;............ //
i n d i c a t e d power i n kW
BP =(( bl ) * Cb * N ) /(60*1000) ;............... // Brake
power i n kW
etamech = BP / IP ;........................... //
etath = IP /( Vg * lcv ) ;......................... //
193
Figure 17.26: Compression ratio and thermal efficiency and gas consumption
disp ( etath *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) :
)
29 etast =1 -(1/ r ^( ga -1) ) ;............ // A i r s t a n d a r d
efficiency
30 etarel = etath / etast ;............ // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y
31 disp ( etarel *100 , R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
28
Scilab code Exa 17.26 Compression ratio and thermal efficiency and gas
consumption
3 n =1.3;................... // I n d e x o f c o m p r e s s i o n
4 pa =1.4; pb =3.6; posa =(1/4) ;.......... // P o i n t a t h e
p o s i t i o n 1/4 o f t h e s t r o k e
194
Figure 17.27: Mean effective pressure developed

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
posb =(3/4) ;.......... // P o i n t b t h e p o s i t i o n 3/4 o f

the s tro ke
ga =1.4;............... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m f o r g a s
etarel =0.4;................... // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y
C =18800;.................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
f u e l i n kJ /m3
r =1+(((( pb / pa ) ^(1/ n ) ) -1) /( posb -((( pb / pa ) ^(1/ n ) ) *(
posa ) ) ) ) ;......... // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
disp (r , The c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o : )
etast =1 -(1/ r ^( ga -1) ) ;............ // A i r s t a n d a r d
efficiency
etath = etarel * etast ;............ // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
v =1/( etath * C ) ;............... // Gas c o n s u m p t i o n p e r
IP s e c
disp ( v *3600 , Gas c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n m3/ IP h o u r ) : )
195
Scilab code Exa 17.27 Mean effective pressure developed

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n =6;..................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
Vc =0.000115;................ // C l e a r a n c e volume o f
e a c h c y l i n d e r i n m3
fc =10.5;..................... // F u e l consumed i n kg / h
f u e l i n kJ / kg
N =2500;....................... // E n g i n e s p e e d i n rpm
er =0.65;....................... // E f f i c i e n c y r a t i o
etast =1 -(1/ r ^( ga -1) ) ;...............................
// A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
etath = etast * er ;................................. //
Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
IP = etath *( fc /3600) * C ;.......................... //
Wnet =( IP *(10^3) *60) /( n *( N /2) ) ;.............. // Net
work f r o o m one c y c l e p e r c y l i n d e r i n Nm
Vs =( r -1) * Vc ;...................... // Swept volume i n
m3
pm = Wnet /( Vs *10^5) ;................... // Mean
e f f e c t i v e pressure developed
disp ( pm , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e d e v e l o p e d ( i n b a r ) :
)
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Figure 17.28: Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean effective
pressure
Scilab code Exa 17.28 Indicated mean effective pressure and brake mean
effective pressure
D =0.2;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
n =2;...................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
fc =14;.................. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
N =300;.................... // E n g i n e rpm
etarel =0.65;.............. // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y
co =0.05;..................... // Cut o f f o f t h e s t r o k e
f u e l i n kJ / kg
13 k =1;........................ //Two s t r o k e e n g i n e
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Figure 17.29: Finding all parameters of engine

16 rho =1+( co *( r -1) ) ;
17 etast =1 -((1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) *(1/ ga ) *(( rho ^ ga ) -1) *(1/( rho
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-1) ) ) ;............ // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
etath = etarel * etast ;........................ // Thermal
efficiency
IP = etath *( fc /3600) * C ;........................ //
BP = etamech * IP ;................................ //
Brake power i n kW
pmi =(6* IP ) /( n * N * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * k *10) ;............ //
disp ( pmi , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e ( i n b a r ) : )
pmb = pmi * etamech ;........................... // Brake
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Scilab code Exa 17.29 Finding all parameters of engine

3 n =4;................. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 C =45200;.................. // c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
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fuel
i n kJ / kg
etamech =0.82;............... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etarel =0.7;................. // R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y
etast =0.52;............... // A i r s t a n d a r d e f f i c i e n c y
etav =0.78;............... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
sbr =1.25;................... // S t r o k e b o r e r a t i o
N =2400;................... // E n g i n e rpm
p =1;....................... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t =298;.................... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n
bar
BP =72;................... // Brake power i n kW
ga =1.4;...................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
afr =16;................. // A i r f u e l r a t i o
R =287;....................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg
r =(1/(1 - etast ) ) ^(1/( ga -1) ) ;............ // C o m p r e s s i o n
ratio
disp (r , The c o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o : )
etath = etast * etarel ;..................... // I n d i c a t e d
disp ( etath *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y : )
IP = BP / etamech ;.................... // I n d i c a t e d power
i n kW
mf = IP /( etath * C ) ;...................... // F u e l
bsfc = mf / BP ;...................... // Brake s p e c i f i c
f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWs
disp ( bsfc *3600 , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n
kg /kWs ) : )
mafm = afr +1;...................... // Mass o f a i r f u e l
m i x t u r e i n kg / kg o f f u e l
mafm1 = mafm * mf ;.................... // Mass o f a i r f u e l
199
Figure 17.30: Full load brake power and mechanical efficiency
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m i x t u r e when mf amount o f f u e l i s s u p p l i e d t o
engine per second
v =( mafm1 * R * t ) /( p *10^5) ;....................... // /
Volume o f a i r f u e l m i x t u r e s u p p l i e d t o t h e e n g i n e
i n m3
Vs = v / etav ;.............................. // Swept
volume i n m3
D =(( Vs ) /(( %pi /4) * sbr * n *( N /(2*60) ) ) ) ^(1/3)
;............ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
disp ( D *1000* sbr , E n g i n e s t r o k e ( i n mm) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.30 Full load brake power and mechanical efficiency
200
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n =1;....................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.18;................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.34;.................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
N =400;...................... // E n g i n e rpm
mepw =6.4;................. // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
o f working loop in bar
mepp =0.36;.................. // Mean e f f e c t i v e
p r e s s u r e o f pumping l o o p i n b a r
mepd =0.64;................. // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
( dead c y c l e ) i i n b a r
fs =46;................ // F i r i n g s t r o k e s p e r min
pminet = mepw - mepp ;.......... // Net i n d i c a t e d mean
dc =( N /2) - fs ;............... // Dead c y c l e s p e r min
IPnet =( n * pminet *( %pi /4) * L * D * D * fs *4*10)
/6;............. // Net i n d i c a t e d power o u t p u t i n
kW
ppdc =( n * pminet * L *( %pi /4) * D * D *10* dc ) /6;.............
// Pumping power o f dead c y c l e s i n kW
FP = IPnet - ppdc ;........................... //
F r i c t i o n a l power i n kW
IP =( n * pminet * L *( %pi /4) * D * D *( N /2) *10)
/6;............... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
BP = IP - FP ;.................. // Brake power i n kW
etamech = BP / IP ;................. // M e c h a n i c a l
efficiency
Scilab code Exa 17.31 Mechanical efficiency and brake thermal efficiency
201
Figure 17.31: Mechanical efficiency and brake thermal efficiency

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n =1;.............. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
B =0.32;............... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
N =200;................ // E n g i n e rpm
Nk =90;.................. //No o f e x p l o s i o n s p e r min
v1 =11.68;............ // Gas u s e d i n m3/ h
pg =170;................ // P r e s s u r e o f g a s i n mm o f
water
br =755;................ // B a r o m e t e r r e a d i n g i n mm o f
Hg
pmi =6.2;................. // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e
in bar
C = 21600;....................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
g a s i n kJ / kg
bl =2040;...................... // Net l o a d on b r a k e i n
N
Db =1.2;...................... // Brake drum d i a m e t e r
in m
t1 =298;..................... // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n
202
Figure 17.32: Finding all parameters of the engine
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Kelvin
IP =( n * pmi * L *( %pi /4) * B * B * Nk *10)
/6;.......................... // I n d i c a t e d power i n
kW
BP =( bl * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;.........................
// Brake power i n kW
etamech =( BP / IP ) ;................... // M e c h a n i c a l
efficiency
p1 = br +( pg /13.6) ;................. // I n mm o f Hg
p2 =760; t2 =273;................... //NTP c o n d i t i o n s i n
mm o f Hg and K e l v i n
v2 =( p1 * v1 * t2 ) /( p2 * t1 ) ;
etabth = BP /(( v2 /3600) * C ) ;.............. // Brake
disp ( etabth *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
203
Scilab code Exa 17.32 Finding all parameters of the engine

3 n =1;................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 d =0.032;................ // D i a m e t e r o f c i r c u l a r
o r i f i c e in m
5 Cd =0.62;............. //Co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
6 hw =150;................. // P r e s s u r e a c r o s s o r f i c e
in
mm o f w a t e r
7 t =20+273;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
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a i r in the
room i n K e l v i n
p =1.0132;................. // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
pd =0.00178;............ // P i s t o n d i s p l a c e m e n t i n m3
R =287;.................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg
fc =0.135;................ // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /
min
C =43900;................. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
i n kJ / kg
BP =28;................ // Brake power i n kW
N =2500;................... // E n g i n e rpm
k =0.5;.................... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
g =9.81;....................... // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
rhow =1000;.................... // D e n s i t y o f w a t e r i n
kg /m3
mbyv =( p *10^5) /( R * t ) ;
pw =( hw / rhow ) * rhow ;.................... // P r e s s u r e
a c r o s s o r i f i c e i n kg /m2
H = pw / mbyv ;........................ // Head o f a i r
column c a u s i n g t h e f l o w i n m
204
24 ma = Cd *( %pi /4) * d * d * sqrt (2* g * H ) ;................ // A i r

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f l o w t h r o u g h o r i f i c e i n m3/ s
maps =( ma *60) /( N /2) ;........................ // A i r
consumption per s t r o k e
etav = maps / pd ;................. // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
disp ( etav *100 , V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
ac = ma *60* mbyv ;............... // Mass o f a i r drawn
i n t o c y l i n d e r p e r min i n kg
afr = ac / fc ;................... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
disp ( afr , A i r f u e l r a t i o : )
pmb =(6* BP ) /( n * pd * N * k *10) ;................... // Mean
disp ( pmb , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e ( i n b a r ) : )
etast =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;............... // A i r s t a n d a r d
efficiency
etabth = BP /(( fc /60) * C ) ;............... // Brake t h e r m a l
efficiency
etarel = etabth / etast ;................. // R e l a t i v e
efficiency
disp ( etarel *100 , R e l a t i v e e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
Scilab code Exa 17.33 Finding all parameters of the engine

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9

N =400;................. // E n g i n e rpm
n =1;.................... // no o f c y l i n d e r s
W =370;................. // Load on t h e b r a k e i n N
S =50;.................. // S p r i n g b a l a n c e r e a d i n i n N
Db =1.2;................. // D i a m e t e r o f t h e b r a k e drum
mf =2.8;................. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
205
Figure 17.33: Finding all parameters of the engine
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i n kJ / kg
D =0.16;................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.2;.................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
Sc =1;.................... // S p r i n g c o n s t a n t i n b a r /mm
l =40;.................... // Length o f d i a g r a m i n mm
aic =300;................. // Area o f i n d i c a t o r c a r d i n
mm2
pmi = aic *( Sc / l ) ;.................. // Mean e f f e c t i v e
IP =( n * pmi * L *( %pi /4) * D * D * k * N *10) /6;.............. //
disp ( pmi , I n d i c a t e d power ( i n kW) : )
BP =(( W - S ) * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;............ // Brake
power i n kW
pmb =( BP *6) /( n * L * D * D *( %pi /4) * k * N *10) ;........... //
Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
206
Figure 17.34: Indicated thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure
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bsfc = mf / BP ;................. // Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l

c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /BP h
disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n kg /BP
h ) )
etabth = BP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;.................. // Brake
etaith = IP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;.................... //
disp ( etaith *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %)
: )
Scilab code Exa 17.34 Indicated thermal efficiency and brake mean effective pressure
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R =287;................ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J / kg K
n =4;................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.0825;.............. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.13;................ // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
BP =28;.................. // Brake power i n kW
N =1500;................. // E n g i n e rpm
afrth =14.8;............... // t h e o r e t i c a l a i r f u e l
ratio
i n kJ / kg
ap =70;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f Volume o f
a i r i n he c y l i n d e r
fr =20;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e r i c h n e s s o f t h e
fuel
p1 =1.0132;................. // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
pc =762;................... // P r e s s u r e i n t h e c y l i n d e r
i n mm o f Hg
tc =273+15.5;............... // T e m p e r a t u r e i n t h e
c y l i n d e r in Kelvin
k =0.5;.................. // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;....................... // Swept
volume i n m3
va =( ap /100) * Vs ;..................... // Volume o f a i r
drawn i n m3
p =( pc /760) * p1 ;
m =( p *(10^5) * va ) /( R * tc ) ;................... // Mass o f
a i r per s tr oke per c y l i n d e r
tmau = m *( N /2) * n ;................... // T h e o r e t i c a l mass
o f a i r u s e d p e r m i n u t e i n kg
tmfu = tmau / afrth ;.................. // T h e o r e t i c a l mass
o f f y e l u s e d p e r min i n kg
mf =( tmfu /60) *((100+ fr ) /100) ;............... // Mass o f
f u e l b u r n t p e r s e c o n d i n kg
IP = BP / etamech ;......................... // I n d i c a t e d
power i n kW
208
Figure 17.35: Finding all parameters of IC engine

etaith = IP /( mf * C ) ;..................... // I n d i c a t e d
28 disp ( etaith *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %)
: )
29 pmb =( BP *6) /( n * L * D * D *( %pi /4) * N *10* k ) ;...............
// Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
30 disp ( pmb , Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e ( i n b a r ) : )
27
Scilab code Exa 17.35 Finding all parameters of IC engine

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6

n =1;.................. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.2;............ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
Nt =9400;............... // T o t a l no o f r e v o l u t i o n s
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Ne =4200;............... // T o t a l no o f e x p l o s i o n s
t =40;................... // D u r a t i o n o f t e s t i n g i n min
Nk = Ne / t ;............... //No o f e x p l o s i o n s
bl =540;............... // Brake l o a d i n N
Db =1.6;................. // D i a m e t e r o f b r a k e w h e e l i n
m
d =0.02;................ // D i a m e t e r o f r o p e i n m
gu =8.5;.................. // Gas u s e d i n m3/ s e c
C =15900;............... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n
kJ / kg
Vg =( gu /( t *60) ) ;................. // Volume o f g a s u s e d
i n m3/ s e c
aic =550;..................... // Area o f i n d i c a t o r
d i a g r a m mm2
l =72;....................... // Length o f i n d i c a t o r
d i a g r a m i n mm
s =0.8;..................... // S p r i n g number i n b a r /mm
pmi =( aic * s ) / l ;................ // Mean e f f e c t i v e
IP =( n * pmi * L * D * D *( %pi /4) * Nk *10) /6;............ //
BP =( bl * %pi *( Db + d ) *( Nt / t ) ) /(60*1000) ;...............
etaith = IP /( Vg * C ) ;............... // I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l
efficiency
disp ( etaith *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %)
: )
etabth = BP /( Vg * C ) ;............... // Brake t h e r m a l
efficiency
210
Figure 17.36: Finding all parameters of IC engine

Scilab code Exa 17.36 Finding all parameters of IC engine
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13

n =6;.................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.125;................ // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
N =2400;................. // E n g i n e rpm
W =490;............... // Load on t h e dynamometer i n N
CD =16100;............... // Dynamometer c o n s t a n t
d0 =0.055;................... // A i r o r i f i c e d i a m e t e r
in m
Cd =0.66;................... //Co e f f i c i e n t o f
discharge
hw =310;................. // Head c a u s i n g f l o w t h r o u g h
p r i f i c e i n mm o f w a t e r
br =760;................ // B a r o m e t e r r e a d i n g i n mm o f
Hg
t =298;.................. // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n
Kelvin
211
14 fc =22.1;.................. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p e r
h o u r i n kg
15 C =45100;.................. // C a l o r i f i c
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value of f u e l
u s e d i n kJ / kg
perc =85;................... // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n i n
the f u e l
perh =15;................... // P e r c e n t a g e o f h y d r o g e n
in the f u e l
p1 =1.013;.................... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a t
t h e end o f s u c t i o n s t r o k e i n b a r
t1 =298;...................... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r
t h e t h e end o f s u c t i o n s t r o k e i n K e l v i n
k =0.5;....................... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
R =287;....................... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
BP = W *( N / CD ) ;................ // Brake power i n kW
pmb =( BP *6) /( L * D * D * k *10* N * n *( %pi /4) ) ;................
// Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
bsfc = fc / BP ;....................... // Brake s p e c i f i c
f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n ( i n kg /
kWh) : )
etathb = BP /(( fc /3600) * C ) ;...................... //
disp ( etathb *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
Vst =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;.............. // S t r o k e volume i n m
3
Val =840*( %pi /4) * d0 * d0 * Cd * sqrt (( hw /10) /(( p1 *10^5) /( R *
t1 ) ) ) ;............ // Volume o f a i r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h
o r i f i c e o f a i r box p e r min
Vac = Val / n ;......................... // A c t u a l volume
o f a i r p e r c y l i n d e r i n m3/ min
asps = Vac /( N /2) ;....................... // A i r s u p p l i e d
p e r s t r o k e p e r c y l i n d e r i n m3
etav = asps / Vst ;.................... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
disp ( etav *100 , V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) )
212
Figure 17.37: Heat balance sheet

36 Qa =(100/23) *((( perc /100) *(8/3) ) +(( perh /100) *(8/1) ) )
;..................... // Q u a n t i t y o f a i r r e q u i r e d
p e r kg o f f u e l c o m b u s t i o n
37 aqas =( Val *(( p1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ) *60) / fc
;.................... // A c t u a l q u a n t i t y o f a i r
s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f f u e l
38 pe =( aqas - Qa ) / Qa ;.................... // F r a c t i o n o f
e xc es s a i r supplied to engine
39 disp ( pe *100 , P e r c e n t a g e o f e x c e s s a i r s u p p l i e d : )
Scilab code Exa 17.37 Heat balance sheet

3 n =1;...................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
4 D =0.3;.................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
213
5 L =0.45;.................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
6 mf =8.8;................... // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
7 C =41800;................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
i n kJ / kg
8 N =200;.................... // E n g i n e rpm
9 pmi =5.8;.................... // Mean e f f e c t i v e
10 bl =1860;.................... // Brake l o a d i n N
11 Db =1.22;................... // D i a m e t e r o f b r a k e drum
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
in m
k =0.5;........................ // f o u r s t r o k e e n g i n e
mw =650;...................... // Mass o f c o o l i n g w a t e r
i n kg
cpw =4.18;.................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t
c a p a c i t y of water
delt =22;...................... // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
IP =( n * L * D * D * k *10* pmi * N *( %pi /4) ) /6;............... //
BP =( bl * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;.................. // Brake
power i n kW
etamech = BP / IP ;............ // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etathb = BP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;................... // Brake
disp ( etathb *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
// Heat s u p p l i e d
hip = IP *3600;........... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f IP i n kJ
/h
hcw = mw * cpw * delt ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d away by
c o o l i n g water
hf = mf * C ;................ // h e a t s u p p l i e d by f u e l
hex = hf - hip - hcw ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d by e x h a u s t
gasses
pf =100; pip =( hip / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf ) *100; pex =( hex / hf
) *100
printf ( \n\n )
printf ( HEAT BALANCE TABLE\n )
214
31
printf (
\n )
32 printf ( Item
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
33
printf (
\n )
34 printf ( Heat s u p p l i e d by f u e l
%f\n ,hf , pf )
35 printf ( Heat a b s o r b e d i n IP
%f\n ,hip , pip )
36 printf ( Heat t a k e n away by c o o l i n g w a t e r
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
37 printf ( Heat c a r r i e d away by e x h a u s t g a s e s
%f\n ,hex , pex )
38 printf (
%d
%d
%d
%d

r =15;................ // C o m p r e s s i o n r a t i o
n =1;................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
mf =10.2;.................. // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /h
C =43890;................. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
i n kJ / kg
7 ma =3.8;................. // Consumption o f a i r i n kg /
min
8 N =1900;................... // E n g i n e rpm
9 T =186;.................... // Torque on b r a k e drum i n
1
2
3
4
5
6
215
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Nm
mw =15.5;................. // Mass o f c o o l i n g w a t e r
u s e d i n kg / min
delt =36;.................. // t e m p e r a t u r e r i s e
tg =410;.................. // Exhaust g a s t e m p e r a t u r e
in Celsius
tr =20;................... //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n
Celsius
cp =1.17;................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y
f o r e x h a u s t g a s e s kJ /kgK
cpw =4.18;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y
f o r w a t e r i n kJ /kgK
BP =(2* %pi * N * T ) /(60*1000) ;................ // Brake
power i n kW
disp ( BP , Brake power i n kW: )
bsfc = mf / BP ;............................. // Brake
disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
: )
216
31
32
33
etabth = BP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;.................... // Brake

disp ( etabth *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
mg =( mf /60) + ma ;.................... // Mass o f e x h a u s t
g a s e s i n kg / min
hbp = BP *60;........... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f BP i n kJ /
min
hcw = mw * cpw * delt ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d away by
c o o l i n g water
hf =( mf /60) * C ;................ // h e a t s u p p l i e d by f u e l
hex = mg * cp *( tg - tr ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d by
exhaust gasses
ha = round ( hf ) - round ( hbp + hex + hcw ) ;............ //
Unaccounted heat
pf =100; pbp =( hbp / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf ) *100; pex =( hex / hf
) *100; pa =( ha / hf ) *100;
printf ( \n\n )
printf (
34
\n )
printf ( Item
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
printf (
\n )
printf ( Heat s u p p l i e d by f u e l
%f\n ,hf , pf )
printf ( Heat a b s o r b e d i n BP
%f\n ,hbp , pbp )
printf ( Heat t a k e n away by c o o l i n g w a t e r
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
printf ( Heat c a r r i e d away by e x h a u s t g a s e s
%f\n ,hex , pex )
printf ( U n a c c o u n t e d h e a t
%f\n ,ha , pa )
printf (
217
%d
%d
%d
%d
%d
Figure 17.39: heat balance sheet
Scilab code Exa 17.39 heat balance sheet

3 Cpw =4.18;.............. // S p e c i f i c
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
heat of water in
kJ /kgK
n =1;................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
N =350;....... // E n g i n e rpm
pmi =3.1;.......... // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
bl =640;.......... // Brake l o a d i n N
mf =1.52;............ // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg
mw =162;.............. // Mass o f c o o l i n g w a t e r
tw1 =30;............... // Water i n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n C
218
11 tw2 =55;................ // Water o u t l e t
temperature in
C
12 ma =32;.................. // Mass o f
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
a i r u s e d p e r kg o f
f u e l i n kg
tr =25;................. //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n C
tg =305;................. // Exhaust t e m p e r a t u r e i n C
D =0.2;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
Db =1;...................... // Brake drum d i a m e t e r i n
m
ms =1.4;...................... // Mass o f steam f o r m e d
p e r kg o f f u e l e x h a u s t i n kg
C =43900;................... // C a l o r i r f i c v a l u e o f
f u e l i n kJ / kg
Cps =2.09;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f steamm
i n e x h a u s t i n kJ /kgK
Cpg =1.0;................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f d r y
e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kJ /kgK
k =1;.................... //Two s t r o k e e n g i i n e
t =20;..................... // D u r a t i o n o f t e s t i n g i n
min
IP =( n * pmi * N * D * D * L * k *10*( %pi /4) )
/6;................... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
disp ( IP , I n d i c a t e d power i n kW: )
BP =( bl * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;...................... //
Brake power i n kW
hf = mf * C ;................ // h e a t s u p p l i e d by f u e l
hip = IP *60* t ;........... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f BP i n kJ
/ min
hcw = mw * Cpw *( tw2 - tw1 ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d away
by c o o l i n g w a t e r
mg = mf +( ma * mf ) ;.................... // Mass o f e x h a u s t
mst = mf * ms ;.................. // Mass o f steam f o r m e d
hg =( mg - mst ) * Cpg *( tg - tr ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d by
219
39
40
41
exhaust gasses
hst = mst *(417.5+2257.9+( Cps *(305 -99.6) ) )
;.................... // Heat c a r r i e d by e x h a u s t
steam , t h e o b t a i n e d v a l u e s a r e from steam t a b l e
and h e n c e a r e c o n s t a n t s a t NTP
ha = round ( hf ) - round ( hip + hg + hst + hcw ) ;............ //
Unaccounted heat
pf =100; pip =( hip / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf ) *100; pg =( hg / hf )
*100; pa =( ha / hf ) *100; pst =( hst / hf ) *100;
printf ( \n\n )
printf (
42
\n )
printf ( Item
36
37
38
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
printf (
\n )
%d
%f\n ,hf , pf )
printf ( Heat a b s o r b e d i n IP
%d
%f\n ,hip , pip )
%d
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
printf ( Heat c a r r i e d away by d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s
%d
%f\n ,hg , pg )
printf ( Heat c a r r i e d away by steam i n e x h a u s t g a s e s
%d
%f\n ,hst , pst )
%d
%f\n ,ha , pa )
printf (
)
220
Figure 17.40: Finding the parameters for IC engine
Scilab code Exa 17.40 Finding the parameters for IC engine

n =6;................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.1;............... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
N =2500;............... // E n g i n e rpm
k =0.5;.................. // Four s t r o k e
bl =480;................. // Brake l o a d i n N
br =76;.................. // B a r o m e t e r r e a d i n g i n cm o f
Hg
10 d0 =3.3/100;.............. // O r i f i c e d i a m e t e r i n m
11 Cd =0.62;................. //Co e f f i c i e n t o f d i s c h a r g e
of o r i f i c e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
221
12 pd =14;................... // P r e s s u r e d r o p a c r o s s
o r i f i c e i n cm o f Hg
13 tr =25;............... //Room t e m p e r a t u r e i n C
14 mf =0.32;................ // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / min
15 rhohg =13600;................. // D e n s i t y o f Hg i n kg /m
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
3
R =0.287;................... // g a s c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
g =9.81;................. // A c c e l e r a t i o n due t o
CD =17000;.................... // dynamometer c o n s t a n t
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L *( N /2) *( n /60) ;.............. // Swept
volume i n m3
br1 =( br /100) * rhohg * g *(10^ -3) ;............. //
B a r o m e t e r r e a d i n g i n t o kN/m2
rhoa = br1 /( R *( tr +273) ) ;............... // D e n s i t y o f
air
pd1 =( pd /100) * rhohg * g ;...................... //
C o n v e r s i o n o f pd i n t o N/m2
ha = pd1 /( rhoa * g ) ;....................... // Head o f a i r
causing flow in m
Va = Cd *( %pi /4) * d0 * d0 * sqrt (2* g * ha ) ;............ //
Volume o f a i r p a s s i n g t h r o u g h o r i f i c e o f a i r box
p e r min
etav = Va / Vs ;.................... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
disp ( etav *100 , V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
BP = bl *( N / CD ) ;................ // Brake power i n kW
pmb =( BP *6) /( L * D * D * k *10* N * n *( %pi /4) ) ;................
// Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
T =( BP *60*1000) /(2* %pi * N ) ;.................... //
E n g i n e t o r q u e i n Nm
disp (T , E n g i n e t o r q u e i n Nm: )
bsfc =( mf *60) / BP ;....................... // Brake
disp ( bsfc , Brake s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh
: )
222

3 Cpw =4.18;.............. // S p e c i f i c
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
heat of water in
kJ /kgK
n =1;................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
N =350;....... // E n g i n e rpm
bl =600;.......... // Brake l o a d i n N
tw2 =38;................ // Water o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n
C
223
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
ma =135;.................. // Mass o f a i r u s e d i n kg / h
D =0.2;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
m
f u e l i n kJ / kg
Cps =2.093;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f
steamm i n e x h a u s t i n kJ /kgK
t =60;..................... // D u r a t i o n o f t e s t i n g i n
min
perh =15;................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f H2 i n t h e
fuel
IP =( n * pmi * N * D * D * L * k *10*( %pi /4) )
BP =( bl * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;...................... //
Brake power i n kW
etaith =( IP ) /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;................. //
disp ( etaith *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %:
)
hf =( mf / t ) * C ;................ // h e a t s u p p l i e d by f u e l
hbp = BP * t ;........... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f BP i n kJ /
min
hcw =( mw /60) * Cpw *( tw2 - tw1 ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d
away by c o o l i n g w a t e r
mg =( mf + ma ) / t ;.................... // Mass o f e x h a u s t
mst =9*( perh /100) *( mf /60) ;.................. // Mass o f
steam f o r m e d
224
36 mdg = mg - mst ;.............................. // Mass o f
d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r min
37 hg =( mdg ) * Cpg *( tg - tr ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d by
exhaust gasses
38 hst = mst *(417.5+2257.9+( Cps *(305 -99.6) ) )
41
42
43
steam , t h e o b t a i n e d v a l u e s a r e from steam t a b l e
and h e n c e a r e c o n s t a n t s a t NTP
ha = round ( hf ) - round ( hbp + hg + hst + hcw ) ;............ //
Unaccounted heat
pf =100; pbp =( hbp / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf ) *100; pg =( hg / hf )
*100; pa =( ha / hf ) *100; pst =( hst / hf ) *100;
printf ( \n\n )
printf (
44
\n )
printf ( Item
39
40
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
printf (
\n )
%f
%f\n ,hf , pf )
printf ( Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f BP
%f
%f\n ,hbp , pbp )
%f
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
%f
%f\n ,hg , pg )
%f
%f\n ,hst , pst )
%f
%f\n ,ha , pa )
printf (
)
225

3 Cpw =4.18;.............. // S p e c i f i c
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
heat of water in
kJ /kgK
n =1;................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
N =350;....... // E n g i n e rpm
bl =590;.......... // Brake l o a d i n N
tw2 =50;................ // Water o u t l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n
C
226
12 ma =33;.................. // Mass o f
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
a i r u s e d p e r kg o f
f u e l i n kg
D =0.22;................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
m
f u e l i n kJ / kg
Cps =2.09;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f steamm
i n e x h a u s t i n kJ /kgK
perh =15;................... // P e r c e n t a g e o f h y d r o g e n
IP =( n * pmi * N * D * D * L * k *10*( %pi /4) )
BP =( bl * %pi * Db * N ) /(60*1000) ;...................... //
Brake power i n kW
hf =( mf /60) * C ;................ // h e a t s u p p l i e d by f u e l
hip = IP *60;........... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f BP i n kJ /
min
hcw =( mw /60) * Cpw *( tw2 - tw1 ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d
mg =( mf +( mf * ma ) ) /60;.................... // Mass o f
e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kg / min
mst =9*( perh /100) *( mf /60) ;.................. // Mass o f
steam f o r m e d
mdg = mg - mst ;.............................. // Mass o f
d r y e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r min
hg =( mdg ) * Cpg *( tg - tr ) ;.......... // Heat c a r r i e d by
exhaust gasses
hst = mst *(417.5+2257.9+( Cps *(400 -99.6) ) )
227
40
41
42
steam , t h e o b t a i n e d v a l u e s a r e from steam t a b l e s
a t NTP
mg = mf +( ma * mf ) ;.................... // Mass o f e x h a u s t
ha = round ( hf ) - round ( hip + hg + hst + hcw ) ;............ //
Unaccounted heat
pf =100; pip =( hip / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf ) *100; pg =( hg / hf )
*100; pa =( ha / hf ) *100; pst =( hst / hf ) *100;
printf ( \n\n )
printf (
43
\n )
printf ( Item
37
38
39
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
printf (
\n )
%d
%f\n ,hf , pf )
printf ( Heat a b s o r b e d i n IP
%d
%f\n ,hip , pip )
%d
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
%d
%f\n ,hg , pg )
%d
%f\n ,hst , pst )
%d
%f\n ,ha , pa )
printf (
)
228

3 I =210;..................... // Output o f
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
generator in
A
V =200;..................... // G e n e r a t o r v o l t a g e i n V
etag =0.82;................. // G e n e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y
mf =11.2;.................... // F u e l u s e d i n kg / h
C = 42600;....................... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f
f u e l i n kJ / kg
mc =580;..................... // Mass o f w a t e r t h r o u g h
c a l o r i m e t e r i n kg /h
delt =36;.................... // T e m p e r a t u r e r a i s e i n C
229
11 tg =98;........................ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
exhaust in C
12 ta =20;....................... // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
in C
phcw =0.32;..................... // Heat l o s t t o
c o o l i n g j a c k e t i s 32% o f h e a t s u p p l i e d
cpe =1.05;................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f
e x h a u s e g a s e s i n kJ /kgK
cpw =4.18;................... // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f w a t e r
i n kJ /kgK
pow = V * I ;...................... // T o t a l power
generated in W
BP =( pow /1000) / etag ;.................. // Brake power
i n kW
hf =( mf /60) * C ;................... // Heat s u p p l i e d t o
the engine
hbp = BP *60;......................... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t
o f BP
mg =( mf /60) *( afr +1) ;............... // Mass o f e x h a u s t
g a s e s f o r m e d p e r min i n kg
hg =(( mc /60) * cpw *( delt ) ) +( mg * cpe *( tg - ta ) ) ;..........
// Heat c a r r i e d by e x h a u s t g a s e s p e r min
hcw = phcw * hf ;................... // Heat l o s t t o
cooling jacket
ha = hf -( hcw + hg + hbp ) ;................... // U n a c c o u n t e d
heat
pf =100; pbp =( hbp / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf ) *100; pg =( hg / hf )
*100; pa =( ha / hf ) *100
printf ( \n\n )
printf (
\n )
29 printf ( Item
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
30
printf (
230

\n )
31 printf ( Heat s u p p l i e d by f u e l
%f\n ,hf , pf )
32 printf ( Heat a b s o r b e d i n BP
%f\n ,hbp , pbp )
33 printf ( Heat t a k e n away by c o o l i n g w a t e r
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
34 printf ( Heat c a r r i e d away by e x h a u s t g a s e s
%f\n ,hg , pg )
35 printf ( U n a c c o u n t e d h e a t
%f\n ,ha , pa )
36 printf (
)

231
%d
%d
%d
%d
%d
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28
29

D =0.34;.............. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
k =0.5;............... // Four s t r o k e e n g i n e
n =1;.................. //No o f c y l i n d e r s
L =0.44;................ // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
Ne =400;................ // E n g i n e rpm
aic =465;.............. // Area o f i n d i c a t o r d i a g r a m i n
mm2
l =60;.................. // Length o f d i a g r a m i n mm
s =0.6;............... // S p r i n g c o n s t a n t i n b a r /mm
W =950;................. // Load o f dynamometer i n N
CD =7460;................ // Dynamometer c o n s t a n t
mf =10.6;................ // F u e l u s e d i n kg / h
Ca =49500;................. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
i n kJ / kg
mw =25;................... // C o o l i n g w a t e r c i r c u l a t e d
i n kg / min
cpw =4.18;.................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y
o f w a t e r i n kJ /kgC
delt =25;.................. // R i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e o f
water
// Mass a n a l y s i s o f f u e l
C =84;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r b o n
H =15;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f h y d r o g e n
In =1;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f i n c o m b u s t i b l e
// Volume a n a l y s i s o f e x h a u s t g a s e s
CO2 =9;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f c a r o n
dioxide
O =10;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f o x y g e n
N =81;.................. // P e r c e n t a g e o f n i t r o g e n
tg =400;................ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f e x h a u s t
gases in C
cpg =1.05;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f e x h a u s t
g a s e s i n kJ /kgC
tr =25;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f room i n C
ppst =0.03;.............. // P a r t i a l p r e s s u r e o f steam
in exhaust g a s e s in bar
232
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47
cpst =2.1;................. // S p e c i f i c h e a t o f
s u p e r h e a t e d steam i n kJ /kgC
pmi =( aic * s ) / l ;................ // Mean e f f e c t i v e
IP =( n * pmi * L * D * D * k *10* Ne *( %pi /4) ) /6;............... //
BP =( W * Ne ) / CD ;....................... // Brake power i n
kW
FP = IP - BP ;........................... // F r i c t i o n a l
power i n kW
hf =( mf /60) * Ca ;................... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n
kJ p e r min
hbp = BP *60;..................... // Heat e q u i v a l e n t o f
Brake power i n kW
hfp = FP *60;...................... // h e a t e q u i v a l e n t o f
f r i c t i o n a l power i n kW
hcw = mw * cpw * delt ;.................. // Heat c a r r i e d
ma1 =( N * C ) /(33*( CO2 ) ) ;........... // Mass o f a i r
s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f f u e l
mg1 = ma1 +1;....................... // Mass o f e x h a u s t
g a s e s p e r kg o f f u e l
mg = mg1 *( mf /60) ;................. // Mass o f e x h a u s t
g a s f o r m e d p e r min
mst1 =9*( H /100) ;................. // Mass o f steam
f o r m e d p e r kg o f f u e l
mst = mst1 *( mf /60) ;.................. // Mass o f steam
f o r m e d p e r min
mdg = mg - mst ;....................... // Mass o f d r y
exhaust gas
hex = mdg * cpg *( tg - tr ) ;............... // Heat c a r r i e d by
exhaust gases
hst =(2545.5+( cpst *( tg -24.1) ) ) * mst ;................ //
Heat c a r r i e d by steam i n e x h a u s t g a s e s i n kJ / kg
. . . . . The v a l u e s a r e from steam t a b l e s
c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e p a r t i a l p r e s s u r e 0 . 0 3 and
t e m p e r a t u r e 400 C e l s i u s
233
48 ha = hf -( hbp + hfp + hcw + hex + hst ) ;..................... //
Unaccounted heat
49 pf =100; pbp =( hbp / hf ) *100; pfp =( hfp / hf ) *100; pcw =( hcw / hf
) *100; pex =( hex / hf ) *100; pa =( ha / hf ) *100; pst =( hst / hf

) *100;
50 printf ( \n\n )
51 printf ( HEAT BALANCE TABLE\n )
52 printf (
\n )
53 printf ( Item
kJ
P e r c e n t \n )
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
printf (
\n )
%d
%f\n ,hf , pf )
printf ( Heat a b s o r b e d i n BP
%d
%f\n ,hbp , pbp )
printf ( Heat l o s t by FP
%d
%f\n ,hfp , pfp )
%d
%f\n ,hcw , pcw )
%d
%f\n ,hex , pex )
%d
%f\n ,hst , pst )
%d
%f\n ,ha , pa )
printf (
)
234
Figure 17.45: Morse test

Scilab code Exa 17.45 Morse test
1
2
3
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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

n =4;........................ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
ga =1.4;................... // D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m
D =0.075;.................. // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.1;................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
mf =6;....................... // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg
/h
used
Vc =0.0001;................. // C l e a r e n c e volume i n m3
BP =15.6;................. // Brake power w i l h a l l
c y l i n d e r w o r k i n g i n kW
BP1 =11.1;................... // Brake power w i l h
c y l i n d e r no 1 c u t o u t i n kW
235
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27
28
IP1 = BP - BP1 ;........................... // I n d i c a t e d
power p r o d u c e d i n c y l i n d e r 1 i n kW
IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4 ;............................. //
T o t a l I n d i c a t e d power p r o d u c e d i n kW
etamech = BP / IP ;.............................. //
disp ( etamech *100 , M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
etaith = IP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;..................... //
disp ( etaith *100 , I n d i c a t e d t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %:
)
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L ;.......................... // S t r o k e
volume i n m3
r =( Vs + Vc ) / Vc ;................................ //
etast =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;........................... //
Air standard e f f i c i e n c y
Scilab code Exa 17.46 Morse test

236
Figure 17.46: Morse test

3
4
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6
7
8
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13
14
15
n =4;.......................... //No o f c y l i n d e r s
D =0.06;...................... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.09;....................... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
N =2800;....................... // E n g i n e rpm
Ta =0.37;....................... // Length o f t o r q u e
arm i n m
spgr =0.74;..................... // S p e c i f i c g r a v i y o f
fuel
fc =8.986;...................... // F u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n
l t r s /h
mf = fc * spgr ;..................... // F u e l consumed i n
kg / h
f u e l i n kJ / kg
BPnl =160;................. // Net b r a k e l o a d i n N
BP1 =110;................... // Brake l o a d w i t h
c y l i n d e r no 1 c u t o u t i n N
237
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T = BPnl * Ta ;....................... // E n g i n e t o r q u e i n
Nm
disp (T , E n g i n e t o r q u e i n Nm: )
BP =(2* %pi * N * T ) /(60*1000) ;..........................
pmb =( BP *6) /( n * D * D * L * N *10*( %pi /4) * k )
;................... // Brake mean e f f e c t i v e
disp ( pmb , Brake mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
etabth = BP /(( mf /3600) * C ) ;...........................
// Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etabth *100 , Brake t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
sfc = mf / BP ;....................... // S p e c i f i c f u e l
disp ( sfc , S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh : )
IP1 = BPnl - BP1 ;........................... // I n d i c a t e d
IP = IP1 + IP2 + IP3 + IP4 ;............................. //
T o t a l I n d i c a t e d power p r o d u c e d i n kW
etamech = BPnl / IP ;.............................. //
pmi = pmb / etamech ;............................ //
I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
disp ( pmi , I n d i c a t e d mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r :
)
238
Chapter 20
Air Compressors
Scilab code Exa 20.1 Single stage reciprocating compressor

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14

v1 =1;......... // Volume o f a i r t a k e n i n m3/ min
p1 =1.013;............... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =288;............... // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =7;...................... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n
bar
n =1.35;.............. // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
R =287;.............. // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;.............. // Mass o f a i r
d e l i v e r e d p e r min i n kg
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;........... // D e l i v e r y
temperature in K
iw =( n /( n -1) ) * m * R *( t2 - t1 ) ;............ // I n d i c a t e d
work i n kJ / min
IP = iw /(60*1000) ;.................... // I n d i c a t e d
power
239
Figure 20.1: Single stage reciprocating compressor
Scilab code Exa 20.2 Motor power and bore of single stage compressor
1
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5
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7
8
9
10
11

N =300;............ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
afr =15;......... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
etamech =0.85;.... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etamt =0.9;....... // Motor t r a n s m i s s i o n e f f i c i e n c y
v =1;............ // Volume d e a l t w i t h p e r min a t i n l e t
i n m3/ min
rld =1.5;........ // R a t i o o f s t r o k e t o d i a m e t e r
v1 =1;......... // Volume o f a i r t a k e n i n m3/ min
p1 =1.013;............... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
240
Figure 20.2: Motor power and bore of single stage compressor

12 p2 =7;...................... // D e l i v e r y
pressure in
bar
13 n =1.35;.............. // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
14 R =287;.............. // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
16 m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;.............. // Mass o f
air
d e l i v e r e d p e r min i n kg
17 t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;........... // D e l i v e r y
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
temperature in K
iw =( n /( n -1) ) * m * R *( t2 - t1 ) ;............ // I n d i c a t e d
work i n kJ / min
IP = iw /(60*1000) ;.................... // I n d i c a t e d
power i n kW
vdc = v / N ;........ // Volume drawn i n p e r c y c l e i n m3
D =( vdc /(( %pi /4) * rld ) ) ^(1/3) ;.......... // C y l i n d e r
bore in m
disp ( D *1000 , C y l i n d e r b o r e i n mm: )
pc = IP / etamech ;......... // Power i n p u t t o t h e
c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
mp = pc / etamt ;.......... // Motor power i n kW
241
Figure 20.3: Work done and heat transferred during single stage compression
25
disp ( mp , Motor power i n kW: )
Scilab code Exa 20.3 Work done and heat transferred during single stage
compression
p1 =1;...... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =293;..... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
n =1.2;...... // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
p2 =10;...... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
R =0.287;.... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
cv =0.718;... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n kJ
/kgK
1
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4
5
6
7
8
242
Figure 20.4: Single stage compressor

10 t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;..... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
11
12
13
14
15
disp ( t2 , T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K :
)
W =1* R * t1 *( n /( n -1) ) *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) -1) ;....... //
Work done d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n o f a i r i n kJ
disp (W , Work done d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n p e r kg o f a i r
i n kJ : )
Q =( t2 - t1 ) *( cv -(( R ) /( n -1) ) ) ;.......... // Heat
t r a n s f e r r e d d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n o f a i r i n kJ / kg
disp (Q , Heat t r a n s f e r r e d d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n p e r kg
o f a i r i n kJ : )
Scilab code Exa 20.4 Single stage compressor

243
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27
p1 =1;........ // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =293;....... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =6;.......... // D i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t2 =453;....... // D i s c h a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
N =1200;......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
Ps =6.25;........ // S h a f t power i n kW
ma =1.7;........ // Mass o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n kg / min
D =0.14;...... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.10;....... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
R =287;.......... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
Vd =( %pi /4) * D * D * L * N ;......... // D i s p l l a c e m e n t volume
i n m3/ min
FAD = ma * R * t1 /( p1 *10^5) ;........ // F r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d
etav = FAD / Vd ;..... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etav *100 , V o l u m e t r i c E f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
n =1/(1 -(( log ( t2 / t1 ) ) /( log ( p2 / p1 ) ) ) ) ;........ // I n d e x
of compression
IP =( n /( n -1) ) *( ma /60) *( R /1000) * t1 *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n )
) -1) ;.......... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
Piso =(( ma /60) *( R /1000) * t1 *( log ( p2 / p1 ) ) ) ;.......... //
I s o t h e r m a l power
etaiso = Piso / IP ;.............. // I s o t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etaiso *100 , I s o t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
etamech = IP / Ps ;........... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etao = Piso / Ps ;........ // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etao *100 , O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
Scilab code Exa 20.5 Low pressure water jacketed rotary compressor
244
Figure 20.5: Low pressure water jacketed rotary compressor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

ma =6.75;......... // Mass o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d i n kg / min
p1 =1;............ // I n i t i a l p r e s s u r e i n atm
cp =1.003;......... // S p e c i f c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
v p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK
t1 =21;........... // I n i t i a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n C e l s i u s
t2 =43;.......... // F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e i n C e l s i u s
rp =1.35;......... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
ga =1.4;......... // R a t i o o s s p e c i f i c h e a t s
delt =3.3;....... // Change i n t e m p e r a t u r e
cpw =4.18;....... // S p e c i f i c h e a t f o r w a t e r i n kJ /kgK
W = ma * cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;............ // Work o u t p u t i n kJ
disp (W , Work o u t p u t i n kW: )
t21 =( t1 +273) *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........... // F i n a l
t e m p e r a t u r e i f t h e c o m p r e s s i o n had b e e n
isentropic
Qr = ma * cp *( t21 -( t2 +273) ) ;............ // Heat r e j e c t e d
i n kJ
245
Figure 20.6: Single stage double acting compressor

17 mw = Qr /( cpw * delt ) ;........ // Mass o f
18
c o o l i n g water in
kg / min
disp ( mw , Mass o f c o o l i n g w a t e r i n kg / min : )
Scilab code Exa 20.6 Single stage double acting compressor

ma =14;........ // Q u a n t i t y o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n kg / min
p1 =1.013;...... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =288;......... // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =7;........... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
N =300;.......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
pervc =0.05;....... // P e r c e n t a g e o f c l e a r a n c e volume
i n t h e t o t a l s t r o k e volume
9 n =1.3;............ // C o m p r e s s o r and e x p a n s i o n i n d e x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
246

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
V1byVs = pervc +1;
v1minv4 = ma /( N *2) ; v4byv3 =(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ; v4byvs =
v4byv3 * pervc ; Vs = v1minv4 /( V1byVs - v4byvs ) ;..... //
Swept volume i n m3
disp ( Vs , Swept volume i n m 3 : )
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;........ // D e l i v e r y
Temperature i n K
disp ( t2 , D e l i v e r y t e m p e r a t u r e i n K : )
IP =(( n ) /( n -1) ) * p1 *(10^5) *(( ma ) /(60*1000) ) *((( p2 / p1 )
^(( n -1) / n ) ) -1) ;
disp ( IP , I n d i c a t e d Power i n kW: )

247
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
FAD =14;........... // F r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min
p1 =0.95;......... // I n d u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =305;........ // I n d u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
n =1.3;........... // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
VcbyVs =0.05;........ // R a t i o o f c l e a r a n c e volume and
s w e p t volume
R =287;........... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
t =288;........... // f r e e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p =1.013;......... // f r e e a i r p r e s s u r e i n b a r
m =( p *100000* FAD ) /( R * t ) ;.......... // Mass d e l i v e r e d
p e r min i n kg
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;
IP =(( n /( n -1) ) * m *( R /1000) *( t2 - t1 ) ) /60;......... //
v4byv3 =( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ; v4byvs = v4byv3 * VcbyVs ; v1minv4
=(1+ VcbyVs ) - v4byvs ;
Vbyvs = v1minv4 *( t / t1 ) *( p1 / p ) ;
etav = Vbyvs /1;............. // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

FAD =16;....... // F r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min
p1 =0.96;...... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
n =1.3;........ // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
k =0.04;........ // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o
248

8
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21
22
23
p2 =6;......... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
etamech =0.9;... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
vp =300;....... // P i s t o n s p e e d i n m/ min
N =500;........ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
p =1;..... // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t =288;..... // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
etac =0.85;... // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
R =0.287;...... // U n i v e r s a l g a s c o n s t a n t
m =( p *10^5* FAD ) /( R *1000* t ) ;........... // Mass f l o w
r a t e o f c o m p r e s s o r i n kg / min
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;..... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
P =( n /( n -1) ) *( m /60) * R *( t2 - t1 ) *(1/ etamech ) *(1/ etac )
;.......... // Power i n p u t t o c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
disp (P , Power i n p u t t o c o m p r e s s o r i n kW: )
L = vp /(2* N ) ;......... // S t r o k e i n m
disp ( L *1000 , C o m p r e s s o r s t r o k e i n mm: )
etav =(( t / t1 ) *( p1 / p ) *(1+ k -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ) )
;........ // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
249
Figure 20.9: Single stage single acting compressor

24 D = sqrt ( FAD /(( %pi /4) * L * N *2* etav ) ) ;........... //
25
Compressor bore i n m
disp ( D *1000 , C o m p r e s s o r b o r e i n mm: )
Scilab code Exa 20.9 Single stage single acting compressor

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3
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5
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7
8
9
10

m =0.6;.......... // Mass o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n kg / min
p2 =6;......... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p1 =1;.......... // I n d u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =303;........ // I n d u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
D =0.1;......... // C o m p r e s s o r b o r e i n m
L =0.15;........ // C o m p r e s s o r s t r o k e i n m
250
Figure 20.10: Percentage change in volume and power

11 R =0.287;....... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
12 n =1.3;........ // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
14 etav =(1+ k ) -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;.......... //
15 disp ( etav *100 , V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
16 IP =( n /( n -1) ) *( m /60) * R * t1 *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) -1)
17
18
19
20
21
22
;......... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
P = IP / etamech ;........... // Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e
t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
: )
FAD =( m * R * t1 *1000) /( p1 *10^5) ;........... // F r e e a i r
d e l i v e r y i n m3/ min
Vd = FAD / etav ;........ // D i s p l a c e m e n t volume i n m3/ min
N = Vd /(( %pi /4) * D * D * L ) ;......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
disp (N , C o m p r e s s o r rpm : )
251
Scilab code Exa 20.10 Percentage change in volume and power

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5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

L =88;........... // C o m p r e s s o r s t r o k e i n cm
k =0.02;........... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o
p3 =8.2;........... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p4 =1.025;....... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p1 = p4 ;....... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
n =1.3;......... // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
lo =0.55;... // Length o f d i s t a n c e p i e c e f i t t e d a f t e r
o v e r h a u l i n cm
pcfa =((( L +( L * k ) ) -(( L * k ) *(( p3 / p4 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ) -((( k * L ) + lo
+ L ) -((( k * L ) + lo ) *(( p3 / p4 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ) ) /(( L + L * k ) -(( L * k
) *(( p3 / p4 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) )
disp ( pcfa *100 , P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n f r e e a i r
d e l i v e r y : )
pcpa = pcfa ;...... // P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n power
delivered
disp ( pcpa *100 , P e r c e n t a g e c h a n g e i n power d e l i v e r e d :
)

1
2
3
4
5

v =30;............. // S u c t i o n volume i n m3/ min
p1 =1;........... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =300;......... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
252

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20
N =320;.......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
k =0.04;......... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o
rld =1.2;......... // R a t i o o f s t r o k e t o b o r e
ti =39+273;...... // T e m p e r a t u r e i n s i d e t h e s u c t i o n
chamber i n K
nc =4;......... //No o f c y l i n e d e r s
W =( n /( n -1) ) *( p1 /1000) *10^5*( v /60) *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n
) ) -1) ;........ // Work done i n kW
mp = W / etamech ;.......... // Motor power i n kW
disp ( mp , Motor power i n kW: )
etav =((1+ k ) -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ) *( t1 / ti ) ;........ //
Vs =( v / nc ) *(1/(2* N ) ) *(1/ etav ) ;............ // Swept
volume o f c y l i n d e r i n m3
D =( Vs /(( %pi /4) * rld ) ) ^(1/3) ;............. // C o m p r e s s o r
bore in m
253
Figure 20.12: Two cylinder single acting compressor

21 L = D * rld ;.............. // Compresor s t r o k e
22 disp ( D *1000 , C o m p r e s s o r b o r e i n mm: )
23 disp ( L *1000 , C o m p r e s s o r s t r o k e i n mm: )
in m
Scilab code Exa 20.12 Two cylinder single acting compressor

1
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5
6
7
8
9
10

n =2;........ //No o f c y l i n d e r s
ma =16;........ // Mass o f a i r s u p p l i e d p e r min i n kg
k =0.04;....... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o
ni =1.3;........ // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
R =0.287;........ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
N =2000;........ // E n g i n e rpm
254
11 p3 =7;........... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
12 rld =1.2;........... // R a t i o o f s t r o k e t o b o r e
13
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16
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19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
for
c o m p r e s s o r c y l i n d e r and e n g i n e c y l i n d e r
etamech =0.82;......... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y o f
engine
pmb =5.5;.......... // Mean e f f e c t i v e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
in engine
ne =4;............. //No o f e n g i n e c y l i n d e r s
Vs =((( ma / n ) * R *1000* t1 ) /( p1 *10^5* N ) ) /((1+ k ) -( k *(( p3 /
p1 ) ^(1/ ni ) ) ) ) ;
Dc =( Vs /(( %pi /4) * rld ) ) ^(1/3) ;......... // D i a m e t e r o f
compressor c y l i n d e r in m
Lc = rld * Dc ;............. // S t r o k e o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r
cylinder in m
disp ( Dc *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f c o m p r e s s o r c y l i n d e r i n mm:
)
disp ( Lc *1000 , S t r o k e o f c o m p r e s s o r c y l i n d e r i n mm: )
IP =( ni /( ni -1) ) *( ma /60) * R * t1 *((( p3 / p1 ) ^(( ni -1) / ni ) )
-1) ;...... // I n d i c a t e d power o f t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n
kW
BP = IP / etamech ;............... // Brake power o f t h e
e n g i n e i n kW
De =(( BP *60*1000) /( ne * pmb *10^5* rld *( %pi /4) * N ) ) ^(1/3)
;...... // D i a m e t e r o f t h e e n g i n e c y l i n d e r i n m
Le = rld * De ;........... // S t r o k e o f t h e e n g i n e c y l i n d e r
in m
disp ( De *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f e n g i n e c y l i n d e r i n mm: )
disp ( Le *1000 , S t r o k e o f e n g i n e c y l i n d e r i n mm: )

255

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18
19
nc =1.25;...... // I n d e x o f c o m p r e s s i o n
ne =1.3;...... // I n d e x o f e x p a n s i o n
etamech =0.85;....... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
p1 =1;......... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p2 =7.5;....... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =25+273;.... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n b a r
Vamb =2.2;..... // Volume o f f r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3
N =310;........ // E n g i n e rpm
k =0.05;....... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o
pamb =1.03;..... // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
tamb =293;...... // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
etav =(1+ k -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ ne ) ) ) ) ;........ // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
v1 =( pamb * Vamb * t1 ) /( p1 * tamb ) ;....... // Volume o f a i r
d e l i v e r e d a t s u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n i n m3
vs =( v1 /( etav * N *2) ) ;......... // Swept volume i n m3
D =( vs /( %pi /4) ) ^(1/3) ;........ // D i a m e t e r o f t h e
256
Figure 20.14: Single stage single acting compressor
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
cylinder in m
L=D;
disp ( D *100 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n cm : )
disp ( L *100 , S t r o k e o f t h e c y l i n d e r i n cm : )
W =2* vs *10^5*((( nc ) /( nc -1) ) * p1 *(1+ k ) *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( nc
-1) /( nc ) ) ) -1) -(( ne ) /( ne -1) ) * p1 *( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ ne )
) ) *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ne -1) /( ne ) ) ) -1) ) ;.......... // Work
done p e r c y c l e o f o p e r a t i o n i n Nm/ c y c l e
IP = W * N /(60*1000) ;............... // I n d i c a t e d power i n
kW
BP = IP / etamech ;............. // Brake power i n kW
Scilab code Exa 20.14 Single stage single acting compressor

257
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12
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14
15
16
v =14;.......... // Volume o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3
p2 =7;........ // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
N =310;........ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
rld =1.5;......... // R a t i o o f c y l i n d e r l e n g t h and
diameter
etav =(1+ k ) -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;.......... //
Vs = v /( etav * N ) ;............. // Swept volume i n m3
D =(( Vs ) /(( %pi /4) * rld ) ) ^(1/3) ;...... // C o m p r e s s o r
diameter in m
L = rld * D ;...................... // C o m p r e s s o r s t r o k e i n
m
disp ( D *100 , C o m p r e s s o r d i a m e t e r i n cm : )
disp ( L *100 , C o m p r e s s o r s t r o k e i n cm : )
Scilab code Exa 20.15 Double acting compressor

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5
6
7
8
9
10
11

D =0.33;......... // C y l i n d e r d i a m e t e r i n m
L =0.35;......... // C y l i n d e r s t r o k e i n m
k =0.05;......... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o
N =300;.......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
psuc =0.95;........ // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
tsuc =298;......... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pamb =1.013;...... // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
tamb =293;......... // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =4.5;........... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
258
Figure 20.15: Double acting compressor

12 n =1.25;.......... // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
13 cv =0.717;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
volume i n kJ /kgK
ga =1.4;.......... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
etamech =0.8;...... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
R =0.287;......... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L * N *2;............ // Swept volume i n m
3
p1 = psuc ; etav =1 -( k *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) -1) ) ;........ //
Vad = Vs * etav ;................ // A c t u a l a i r drawn p e r
min i n m3
FAD =( psuc / pamb ) *( tamb / tsuc ) * Vad ;............ // F r e e
a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min
disp ( FAD , F r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min : )
t1 = tsuc ; ma =( p1 *10^5* Vad ) /( R *1000* t1 ) ;....... // Mass
o f a i r d e l i v e r e d p e r min i n kg
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;.......... // D e l i v e r y
temperature in K
259
Figure 20.16: Two stage compressor

25 Qr = ma * cv *(( ga - n ) /( n -1) ) *( t2 - t1 ) ;.......... // Heat
r e j e c t e d d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / min
disp ( Qr , Heat r e j e c t e d d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / min :
)
27 P =(( n ) /( n -1) ) * R * t1 *( ma /60) *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) /( n ) ) ) -1)
*(1/ etamech ) ;.......... // Power n e e d e d t o d r i v e
28 disp (P , Power n e e d e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW:
)
26
Scilab code Exa 20.16 Two stage compressor

1 clc ; funcprot (0) ;... // Example 2 0 . 1 6
2 // I n i t i a l i s a t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s
3 p1 =1.03;........... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
4 t1 =300;............ // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
260
5 p2 =7;............. // I n t a k e
p r e s s u r e f o r High
p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r in bar
6 t2 =310;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
air entering
high pressure c y l i n d e r in K
of air after
compression in bar
V =30;......... // volume o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ h
R =0.287;............ // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kJ /kgK
ga =1.4;........... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
m = p1 *10^5* V /( R *1000* t1 ) ;.......... // Mass o f a i r
c o m p r e s s e d i n kg / h
t21 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;....... // A c t u a l
temperature of a i r e n t e r i n g high pressure
cylinder in K
t3 = t2 *(( p3 / p2 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........ // A c t u a l
temperature of a i r a f t e r compression in K
W =(( ga ) /( ga -1) ) * m *( R /3600) *( t21 - t1 + t3 - t2 ) ;..........
// Power r e q u i r e d t o run c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
disp (W , Power r e q u i r e d t o run t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW:
)
7 p3 =40;............ // P r e s s u r e
8
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15
16

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7
8

FAD =6;....... // F r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min
p1 =1;........ // s u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =300;...... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p3 =40;....... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p2 =6;........ // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t3 =300;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n l e t t o 2 nd
stage in K
261

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19
20
21
etamech =0.8;..... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
N =400;............ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
R =0.287;......... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
dlp =( FAD /( N *( %pi /4) ) ) ^(1/3) ;............... //
D i a m e t e r o f t h e low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m
dhp = sqrt (1/( dlp * N *( %pi /4) ) ) ;............ // D i a m e t e r
of high pressure c y l i n d e r in m
disp ( dlp *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
mm: )
disp ( dhp *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
mm: )
m =( p1 * FAD *10^5) /( R * t1 *1000*60) ;........ // Mass f l o w
o f a i r i n kg / s
W = n *(1/( n -1) ) * m * R * t1 *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) +(( p3 / p2 )
^(( n -1) / n ) ) -2) ;........ // I n d i c a t e d work i n kJ / s
P = W / etamech ;............... // Power r e q u i r e d i n kW
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d t o run t h e c o m p r e s s o r : )
262

ns =2;............. //No o f s t a g e s
v1 =0.2;......... // I n t a k e volume i n m3/ s
p1 =1;.......... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p3 =7;......... // F i n a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
n =1.25;....... // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
N =600;........ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
cp =1.005;..... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n kJ /kgK
11 R =0.287;...... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
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10
263
13 p2 = sqrt ( p1 * p3 ) ;...... // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
14 disp ( p2 /10 , I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n Mpa : )
15 vslp =60* v1 / N ;.......... // Volume o f low p r e s s u r e
16
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21
22
23
24
vshp = p1 * vslp / p2 ;.......... // Volume o f h i g h p r e s s u r e
disp ( vslp , Volume o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m 3 : )
disp ( vshp , Volume o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m 3 :
)
W =( ns *( n /( n -1) ) ) * p1 *10^5*( v1 /1000) *((( p3 / p1 ) ^(( n -1)
/( ns * n ) ) ) -1) ;........... // Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e
disp (W , Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
: )
m = p1 *10^5* v1 /( R * t1 *1000) ;......... // Mass o f a i r
h a n d l e d i n kg / s
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f f i r s t s t a g e c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
Qr = m * cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;....... // Heat r e j e c t e d i n t h e
i n t e r c o o l e r i n kW
disp ( Qr , Heat r e j e c t e d i n t h e i n t e r c o o l e r i n kW: )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
clc , funcprot (0) ;....... // Example 2 0 . 1 9

// i n i t i a l i s a t i o n o f v a r i a b l e s
p3 =30;.......... // d e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p1 =1;......... // s u c t i o n p r e s s u r e
in bar
t1 =273+15;....... // s u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
n =1.3;......... // a d i a b a t i c i n d e x
// c a l c u l a t i o n
p2 = sqrt ( p1 * p3 ) ;..... // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e e n t e r i n g High
p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r in bar
264

9 t21 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;......... // A c t u a l
temperature b e f o r e e n t e r i n g the high p r e s s u r e

turbine in K
10 r = sqrt (( p2 ^(1/ n ) ) *( t21 / t1 ) ) ;............ // R a t i o o f
cylinder diameters
11 disp (r , R a t i o o f c y l i n d e r d i a m e t e r s : )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

ns =2;......... //No o f s t a g e s
p2 =7.4;....... // I n t e r c o o l e r p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p3 =42.6;....... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =15+273;...... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
265

8 n =1.3;........ // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
9 R =0.287;....... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
10 dlp =0.09;....... // D i a m e t e r o f low p r e s s u r e
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
cylinder
in m
dhp =0.03;....... // D i a m e t e r o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r
in m
etav =0.9;..... // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
W = n *(1/( n -1) ) * R * t1 *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) +(( p3 / p2 ) ^(( n
-1) / n ) ) -2) ;
disp (W , Work done i n c o m p r e s s i n g 1 kg o f g a s i n kJ :
)
// Given t h a t s t r o k e l e n g t h i s same i n b o t h c a s e s
rV = p2 / p1 ;......... // R a t i o o f v o l u m e s
rECV =(( dlp / dhp ) ^2) * etav ;......... // R a t i o o f
e f f e c t i v e c y l i n d e r volumes
if ( rECV > rV ) then disp ( P r e s s u r e i n t h e i n t e r c o o l e r
would r i s e . )
else if ( rECV < rV ) then disp ( P r e s s u r e i n t h e
i n t e r c o o l e r would f a l l )
266
Figure 20.21: Single acting two stage compressor

21
end
22 end
Scilab code Exa 20.21 Single acting two stage compressor

1
2
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4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

V =4;........... // Volume o f a i r h a n d l e d i n m3/ min
p1 =1.016;..... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =288;........ // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
N =250;......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
p3 =78.65;..... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
vp =3;........ // P i s t o n s p e e d i n m/ s
etamech =0.75;..... // m e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etav =0.8;........ // V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y
n =1.25;.......... // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
267
Figure 20.22: Single acting two stage compressor

12
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20
21
22
23
R =287;........... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK

ns =2;............ //No o f s t a g e s
l =( vp *60) /(2* N ) ;.......... // S t r o k e l e n g t h i n m
d = sqrt ( V /(( %pi /4) * l * N * etav ) ) ;....... // Bore i n m
disp (l , S t r o k e l e n g t h i n m: )
disp (d , Bore i n m: )
m =( p1 *10^5* V ) /( R * t1 ) ;....... // Mass o f a i r h a n d l e d by
t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kg / min
p2 = sqrt ( p1 * p3 ) ;............. // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e
in bar
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t
t h e end o f f i r s t s t a g e c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
W = ns *( n /( n -1) ) *( m /60) *( R /1000) *( t2 - t1 ) *(1/ etamech )
;.......... // Work r e q u i r e d i n kW
disp (W , Work r e q u i r e d i n kW: )
268
Scilab code Exa 20.22 Single acting two stage compressor

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19
20
21
22
23

m =4.5;......... // Amount o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d i n kg / min
ps =1.013;....... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
ts =288;......... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
rp =9;........... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
N =300;......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
R =287;......... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
ns =2;............ //No o f s t a g e s
ti = round ( ts *(( sqrt ( rp ) ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ) ;...... //
Intermediate temperature in K
W = round ( ns * n *(1/( n -1) ) * m *( R /1000) *( ti - ts ) )
;.......... // Work r e q u i r e d p e r min i n kJ
IP = W /60;......... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
mc = m / N ;........... // Mass i n d u c e d p e r c y c l e i n kg
etav =(1+ k ) -( k *( sqrt ( rp ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;....... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
Vs =( mc * R * ts ) /( ps *10^5* etav ) ;........ // Swept volume
f o r low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m3
disp ( Vs , Swept volume f o r low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m
3 : )
vdhp =( mc * ts * R ) /( sqrt ( rp ) * ps *10^5) ;............ //
Volume o f a i r drawn i n h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r p e r
c y c l e i n m3
vshp = vdhp / etav ;............... // Swept volume o f h i g h
p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m3
disp ( vshp , Swept volume o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
m 3 : )
269

3 v1 =2.2;........... // f r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d by t h e
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
c o m p r e s s o r i n m3/ min
pd =55;........ // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
N =210;....... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
k =0.05;....... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o f o r h i g h p r e s s u r e
and low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r s
R =287;....... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
ns =2;....... //No o f s t a g e s
270
13 ps = p1 ;
14 m =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;......... // Mass o f
air
d e i v e r e d i n m3/ min
15 W =( ns *( n /( n -1) ) ) * m * R * t1 *((( pd / ps ) ^(( n -1) /( ns * n ) ) ) -1)
16
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21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
;........... // Work done by c o m p r e s s o r i n Nm/ min

P = W /(60*1000) ;........... // Power r e q u i r e d t o run t h e
compressor
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d t o run t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW:
)
pi = sqrt ( ps * pd ) ;........ // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n
bar
etav1 =(1+ k ) -( k *(( pi / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;........... //
V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e low p r e s s u r e
cylinder
Vs =( v1 *10^6) /( etav1 * N ) ;............ // Swept volume i n
cm3
dlp =( Vs /(( %pi /4) ) ) ^(1/3) ;.......... // D i a m e t e r o f low
p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n cm
llp = dlp ;................. // S t r o k e o f low p r e s s u r e
c y l i n d e r i n cm
disp ( dlp , Bore o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n cm : )
disp ( llp , S t r o k e o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n cm : )
dhp = sqrt ( dlp * dlp / pi ) ;......... // D i a m e t e r o f h i g h
p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n cm
lhp = llp ;
disp ( dhp , Bore o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n cm : )
disp ( lhp , S t r o k e o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n cm : )
rcv = pi / ps ;..... // R a t i o o f c y l i n d e r v o l u m e s
disp ( rcv , R a t i o o f c y l i n d e r v o l u m e s : )
Scilab code Exa 20.24 Two stage double acting compressor
271
Figure 20.24: Two stage double acting compressor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

p2 =4;..... // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p5 =3.8;....... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r l e a v i n g t h e
i n t e r o o l e r in bar
p6 =15.2;........ // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =300;.......... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
dlp =0.36;........ // D i a m e t e r o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r
in m
llp =0.4;........ // S t r o k e o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
m
N =220;........ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
cp =1.0035;......... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p8 = p5 ; p3 = p2 ; p7 = p6 ; t5 = t1 ;
272
17
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20
21
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23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Vslp =( %pi /4) * dlp * dlp * llp * N *2;....... // Swept volume

i n m3
etavlp =(1+ k ) -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;..... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
valp = Vslp * etavlp ;................ // Volume o f a i r
drawn i n low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m3
m =( p1 *10^5* valp ) /( R *1000* t1 ) ;........ // Mass o f a i r
d r a w i n i n kg / min
t2 = round ( t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ) ;
Qr = m * cp *( t2 - t5 ) ;........ // Heat r e j e c t e d t o t h e
i n t e r c o o l e r i n kJ / min
disp ( Qr , Heat r e j e c t e d t o t h e i n t e r c o o l e r i n kJ / min :
)
vahp =( m * R * t5 *1000) /( p5 *10^5) ;... // Volume o f a i r
drawn i n t o h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r p e r min i n m3
Vshp = vahp / etavlp ;......... // Swept volume o f h i g h
p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m3/ min
dhp = sqrt ( Vshp /(( %pi /4) *2* N * llp ) ) ;.......... //
Diameter o f high p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r in m
disp ( dhp *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
mm: )
P =( n /( n -1) ) * m *(1/60) * R *( t2 - t1 ) ;....... // Power
r e q u i r e d f o r h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n kW
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d f o r h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
kW: )
Scilab code Exa 20.25 Two stage single acting compressor

1
2
3
4
5

ps =1;........ // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
pi =4.2;..... // I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
pi1 =4;....... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r l e a v i n g t h e
273
Figure 20.25: Two stage single acting compressor
6
7
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17
18
19
i n t e r o o l e r in bar
pd =18;........ // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =298;.......... // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
t5 = t1 ;
dlp =0.4;........ // D i a m e t e r o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r
in m
llp =0.5;........ // S t r o k e o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n
m
N =200;........ // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
Vslp =( %pi /4) * dlp * dlp * llp ;.......... // Swept volume o f
low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m3
etavlp =(1+ k ) -( k *(( pi / ps ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;..... // V o l u m e t r i c
efficiency
t2 = round ( t1 *(( pi / ps ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ) ;
274
Figure 20.26: Two stage single acting compressor

20 m =( ps *10^5* etavlp * Vslp ) /( R *1000* t1 ) ;... // Mass o f
air
i n kg
21 wlp =(( n ) /( n -1) ) * R *1000* t1 * m *((( pi / ps ) ^(( n -1) /( n ) ) )
22
23
24
25
26
27
-1) ;.......... // Work done p e r min i n Nm i n low

pressure cylinder
whp =(( n ) /( n -1) ) * R * t5 * m *1000*((( pd / pi1 ) ^(( n -1) /( n ) ) )
-1) ;.......... // Work done p e r min i n Nm i n h i g h
pressure cylinder
W = wlp + whp ;......... // Net work done i n Nm
IP =( W * N ) /(60*1000) ;............ // Power r e q u i r e d t o
run t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
disp ( IP , Power r e q u i r e d t o run t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW:
)
Qr = m * N * cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;........... // Heat r e j e c t e d i n
i n t e r c o o l e r i n kJ / min
disp ( Qr , Heat r e j e c t e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r i n kJ / min : )
275
Scilab code Exa 20.26 Two stage single acting compressor

3 p1 =1;............ // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
4 p2 =4;.............. // P r e s s u r e a f t e r f i r s t s t a g e i n
5
6
7
8
9
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11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
bar
p3 =16;............ // F i n a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
ns =2;............ //No o f s t a g e s
t1 =300;............ // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
n =1.3;............ // C o m p r e s s i o n i n d e x
klp =0.04;......... // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o f o r low p r e s s u r e
cylinder
khp =0.06;........ // C l e a r a n c e r a t i o f o r h i g h p r e s s u r e
cylinder
N =440;............ // E n g i n e rpm
R =0.287;.......... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
m =10.5;............. // Mass o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n kg /
min
rp = sqrt ( p1 * p3 ) ;........... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o p e r s t a g e
P =(( ns * n ) /( n -1) ) * R * t1 *( m /60) *((( p3 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) /( ns * n )
) ) -1) ;.......... // Work done p e r min i n Nm
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d i n kW: )
isoWd =( m /60) * R * t1 * log ( p3 / p1 ) ;.......... // I s o t h e r m a l
work done i n Nm
disp ( isoWd , I s o t h e r m a l work done i n kW: )
etaiso = isoWd / P ;............... // I s o t h e r m a l
efficiency
FAD =( m * R * t1 *1000) /( p1 *10^5) ;............. // F r e e a i r
d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min
276
24 disp ( FAD , F r e e a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3/ min : )

25 t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;..... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
Qt =( m /60) * cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;.............. // Heat
t r a n s f e r r e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r i n kW
disp ( Qt , Heat t r a n s f e r r e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r i n kW: )
etavlp =(1+ klp ) -( klp *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;.......... //
V o l u m e t r i c e f f i c i e n c y o f low p r e s s u r e s t a g e
etavhp =(1+ khp ) -( khp *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;.......... //
Volumetric e f f i c i e n c y of high pressure stage
vslp = FAD /( N * etavlp ) ;...... // Swept volume f o r low
p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n m3
vclp = klp * vslp ;.............. // C l e a r a n c e volume f o r
low p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n m3
printf ( \ nSwept volume f o r low p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n m
3:
%f\n , vslp )
printf ( \ n C l e a r a n c e volume f o r low p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n
m 3 : %f\n , vclp )
vshp = FAD /( N * rp * etavhp ) ;...... // Swept volume f o r h i g h
p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n m3
vchp = khp * vshp ;.............. // C l e a r a n c e volume f o r
h i g h p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n m3
printf ( \ nSwept volume f o r h i g h p r e s s u r e s t a g e i n m
3 : %f\n , vshp )
printf ( \ n C l e a r a n c e volume f o r h i g h p r e s s u r e s t a g e
i n m 3 : %f\n , vchp )
Scilab code Exa 20.27 Three stage compressor

3 ns =3;...... //No o f s t a g e s
4 p1 =1.05;...... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
277
Figure 20.27: Three stage compressor

5 pd =40;.......... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
6 V =3;.......... // Volume o f a i r x u p p l i e d p e r min i n m
7
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14
15
16
17
18
3
Wd =(( ns * n ) /( n -1) ) * p1 * V *10^5*((( pd / p1 ) ^(( n -1) /( ns * n ) )
) -1) ;.......... // Work done p e r min i n Nm
disp ( Wd , Work done i n Nm: )
isoWd =10^5* p1 * V * log ( pd / p1 ) ;.......... // I s o t h e r m a l
work done i n Nm
disp ( isoWd , I s o t h e r m a l work done i n Nm: )
etaiso = isoWd / Wd ;............... // I s o t h e r m a l
efficiency
wdss =(( n ) /( n -1) ) * p1 * V *10^5*((( pd / p1 ) ^(( n -1) /( n ) ) ) -1)
;.......... // S i n g l e s t a g e Work done p e r min i n Nm
disp ( wdss , S i n g l e s t a g e work done p e r min i n Nm: )
perws =( wdss - Wd ) / wdss ;....... // P e r c e n t a g e o f work
saved
disp ( perws *100 , P e r c e n t a g e o f work s a v e d : )
278

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10
11
12
13

p1 =1;............. // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p4 =36;........ // F i n a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
R =0.287;....... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
t1 =300;.......... // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
ns =3;........... //No o f s t a g e s
v =15;.......... // Volume o f a i r d e l i v e r e d i n m3
p2 = p1 *(( p4 / p1 ) ^(1/ ns ) ) ;
p3 = p2 *(( p4 / p1 ) ^(1/ ns ) ) ;
printf ( \n\ n I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e s \n\n p2=%f\n
279
p3=
14
15
16
17
%f\n\n ,p2 , p3 )
t2 = t1 *(( p4 / p1 ) ^((( n -1) / n ) *(1/ ns ) ) ) ;.... // D e l i v e r y
temperature
in K
m = p1 *10^5* v /( R *1000* t1 ) ;........... // Mass o f a i r
h a n d l e d p e r min i n kg
Wt =(( n /( n -1) ) * m * R *(1/60) *( t2 - t1 ) * ns ) ;........ // T o t a l
work done i n t h r e e s t a g e s
disp ( Wt , I n d i c a t e d power r e q u i r e d i n kW: )

1
2
3
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5

ns =3;........ //No o f s t a g e s
N =200;....... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
p1 =1;....... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
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t1 =20+273;.... // I n t a k e t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
D =0.35;...... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.4;....... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
p2 =4;........ // D i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e from f i r s t s t a g e
in bar
p6 =16;........ // D i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e from s e c o n d s t a g e
in bar
p10 =64;........ // D i s c h a r g e p r e s s u r e from t h i r d s t a g e
in bar
pd =0.2;........ // L o s s o f p r e s s u r e b e t w e e n
i n t e r c o o l e r s in bar
R =0.287;...... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
k =0.04;....... // C l e a r e n c e volume i n 4% o f t h e s t r o k e
volume
n1 =1.2;..... // C o m p r e s s o r i n d e x f o r f i r s t s t a g e
n2 =1.25;..... // C o m p r e s s o r i n d e x f o r s e c o n d s t a g e
n3 =1.3;..... // C o m p r e s s o r i n d e x f o r t h i r d s t a g e
cp =1.005;...... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e
i n kJ /kgK
etamech =0.8;..... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
p5 = p2 - pd ; p9 = p6 - pd ; t5 = t1 ; t9 = t1 ;
Vs =( %pi /4) * D * D * L * N *2;............ // Swept volume o f
low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r p e r min i n m3
etav1 =(1+ k ) -( k *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(1/ n1 ) ) ) ;..... // V o l u m e t r i c
e f f i c i e n c y in f i r s t stage
e f f i c i e n c y in second stage
e f f i c i e n c y in third stage
vain1 = Vs * etav1 ;................. // Volume o f a i r
t a k e n i n f i r s t s t a g e i n m3/ min
m =( p1 *10^5) * vain1 /( R * t1 *1000) ;........... // Mass o f
a i r i n t a k e i n kg / min i n f i r s t s t a g e
t2 = round ( t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( n1 -1) / n1 ) ) ) ;
t6 = t5 *(( p6 / p5 ) ^(( n2 -1) / n2 ) ) ;
t10 = t9 *(( p10 / p9 ) ^(( n3 -1) / n3 ) ) ;
Qr1 = m * cp *( t2 - t5 ) ;........ // Heat r e j e c t e d i n
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i n t e r c o o l e r a f t e r f i r s t s t a g e i n kJ / min
i n t e r c o o l e r a f t e r s e c o n d s t a g e i n kJ / min
i n t e r c o o l e r a f t e r t h i r d s t a g e i n kJ / min
disp ( Qr1 , Heat r e j e c t e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r a f t e r f i r s t
s t a g e i n kJ / min : )
disp ( Qr2 , Heat r e j e c t e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r a f t e r s e c o n d
disp ( Qr3 , Heat r e j e c t e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r a f t e r t h i r d
vainip = m * R * t5 *1000/( p5 *10^5) ;......... // Volume drawn
i n i n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r / min
Vsip = vainip / etav2 ;............. // Swept volume o f
i n t e r m e d i a t e c y l i n d e r i n m3/ min
Dip = sqrt ( Vsip /(2* N * L *( %pi /4) ) ) ;............ //
Diameter o f the i n t e r m e d i a t e c y l i n d e r in m
disp ( Dip *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e c y l i n d e r
i n mm: )
vainhp = m * R * t9 *1000/( p9 *10^5) ;......... // Volume drawn
i n h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r / min
Vshp = vainhp / etav3 ;............. // Swept volume o f
h i g h p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r i n m3/ min
Dhp = sqrt ( Vshp /(2* N * L *( %pi /4) ) ) ;............ //
Diameter o f the i n t e r m e d i a t e c y l i n d e r in m
disp ( Dhp *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e c y l i n d e r
i n mm: )
Ps =[{( n1 /( n1 -1) ) * m * R *( t2 - t1 ) }+{( n2 /( n2 -1) ) * m * R *( t6 t5 ) }+{( n3 /( n3 -1) ) * m * R *( t10 - t9 ) }]*(1/(60* etamech ) )
;... // S h a f t power i n kW
disp ( Ps , S h a f t power i n kW: )
cv = cp - R ;.......... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume
i n kJ /kgK
ga = cp / cv ;........... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
Qt1 = cv *(( ga - n1 ) /( ga -1) ) *( t2 - t1 ) * m ;............ // Heat
t r a n s f e r d u r i n g f i r s t s t a g e i n kJ / min
Qt2 = cv *(( ga - n2 ) /( ga -1) ) *( t6 - t1 ) * m ;............ // Heat
t r a n s f e r d u r i n g s e c o n d s t a g e i n kJ / min
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Figure 20.30: Multi stage compressor

51 Qt3 = cv *(( ga - n3 ) /( ga -1) ) *( t10 - t1 ) * m ;............ //
Heat t r a n s f e r d u r i n g t h i r d s t a g e i n kJ / min
printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d d u r i n g f i r s t s t a g e i n kJ /
min : %f\n , Qt1 )
53 printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d d u r i n g s e c o n d s t a g e i n kJ
/ min : %f\n , Qt2 )
54 printf ( \ nHeat t r a n s f e r r e d d u r i n g t h i r d s t a g e i n kJ /
min : %f\n , Qt3 )
52
Scilab code Exa 20.30 Multi stage compressor

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5

p1 =1;..... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p5 =125;..... // P r e s s u r e o f t h e c o m p r e s s e d a i r i n b a r
rpr =4;......... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i s r e s t r i c t e d t o 4
283
Figure 20.31: Multi stage compressor

X =( log ( p5 / p1 ) / log ( rpr ) ) ;
if (X > round ( X ) )
x = round ( X ) +1;
else
x = round ( X ) ;
end
disp (x , No o f s t a g e s : )
esrp =( p5 / p1 ) ^(1/ x ) ;
disp ( esrp , Exact s t a g e p r e s s u r e r a t i o s : )
p4 = p5 / esrp ; p3 = p4 / esrp ; p2 = p3 / esrp ;...... //
I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e s in bar
17 printf ( \ n I n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e s \ np4=%f\ np3=%f\ np2=
%f ,p4 , p3 , p2 )
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Scilab code Exa 20.31 Multi stage compressor

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ps =1;......... // S u c t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =273+125;....... // D e l i v e r y t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pd =160;........... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
tm =40+273;........ // Min t e m p e r a t u r e
ts =298;........ // S u c t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
n =1.25;...... // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
cv =0.71;....... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t volume i n
kJ /kgK
R =0.287;...... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
ns =3;....... //No o f s t a g e s
p1 = ps *(( t1 / ts ) ^( n /( n -1) ) ) ;
x =( log ( pd / p1 ) ) /((( n /( n -1) ) *( log ( t1 / tm ) ) ) ) ;
disp ( round ( x ) +1 , No o f s t a g e s : )
rp1 = p1 ;........... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n 1 s t s t a g e
rp =( pd / rp1 ) ^(1/ ns ) ;......... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n t h e
following stage
W =( n /( n -1) ) * R * ts *((( rp1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) -1) ;......... //
Work done i n f i r s t s t a g e i n kJ
Wf = ns *( n /( n -1) ) * R * tm *((( rp ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) -1) ;.........
// Work done i n n e x t t h r e e s t a g e s i n kJ
wt = W + Wf ;............ // T o t a l work done p e r kg i n kJ
disp ( wt , T o t a l work done i n kJ / kg : )
cp = cv + R ;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
Qr = ns * cp *( t1 - tm ) ;............. // Heat r e j e c t e d i n
i n t e r c o o l e r s i n kJ / kg
disp ( Qr , Heat r e j e c t e d i n i n t e r c o o l e r s i n kJ / kg : )
285

3 Vamb =10.5;........ // F r e e a i r volume i n m3
4 Pamb =1.013;........... // F r e e a i r p r e s s s u r e i n b a r
5 Tamb =273+15;.......... // F r e e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
6 T1 =(273+25) ;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f
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suction in a l l cylinders in K
P1 =1;............ // P r e s s u r e a t t h e s u c t i o n i n b a r
pd =95;........... // D e l i v e r y p r e s s s u r e i n b a r
N =100;......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
n =1.25;.......... // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
k =0.04;......... // F r a c t i o n a l c l e a r a n c e s f o r LP
k1 =0.07;......... // F r a c t i o n a l c l e a r a n c e s f o r HP
z =( pd / P1 ) ^(1/3) ;......... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
pi1 = z * P1 ;
pi2 = z * pi1 ;
etavollp =1+ k -( k *( z ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;
etavolhp =1+ k1 -( k1 *( z ^(1/ n ) ) ) ;
v1 =( Pamb * Vamb * T1 ) /( Tamb * P1 ) ;
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sclp =( round ( v1 ) ) /( etavollp * N ) ;......... // Swept

c a p a c i t y o f LP c y l i n d e r i n m3
disp ( sclp , Swept c a p a c i t y o f low p r e s s u r e c y l i n d e r
i n m 3 : )
vip =( Pamb * Vamb * T1 ) /( pi1 * Tamb ) ;......... // Volume o f
f r e e a i r r e d u c e d t o s u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s o f IP
cylinder
scip = vip /( etavolhp * N ) ;......... // Swept c a p a c i t y o f
IP c y l i n d e r i n m3
disp ( scip , Swept c a p a c i t y o f i n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e
c y l i n d e r i n m 3 : )
vhp =( Pamb * Vamb * T1 ) /( pi2 * Tamb ) ;......... // Volume o f
f r e e a i r r e d u c e d t o s u c t i o n c o n d i t i o n s o f HP
cylinder
schp = vhp /( etavolhp * N ) ;......... // Swept c a p a c i t y o f
HP c y l i n d e r i n m3
disp ( schp , Swept c a p a c i t y o f i n t e r m e d i a t e p r e s s u r e
c y l i n d e r i n m 3 : )
Scilab code Exa 20.34 Indicated power and air supplied per minute
D =0.0635;....... // E n g i n e b o r e i n m
L =0.114;......... // E n g i n e s t r o k e i n m
p1 =6.3;.......... // S u p p l y p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =273+24;......... // S u p p l y t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p4 =1.013;.......... // Exhaust p r e s s u r e i n b a r
cv =0.05;............ // C l e a r a n c e volume i s 5% o f t h e
s w e p t volume
9 cr =0.5;.......... // Cut o f f r a t i o
10 n =1.3;........... // A d i a b a t i c i n d e x
11 R =287;............... // g a s c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
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Figure 20.33: Indicated power and air supplied per minute

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N =300;............. // E n g i n e rpm
Vs =( %pi * D * D * L ) /4;........ // Swept volume i n m3
Vc = cv * Vs ;.......... // C l e a r a n c e volume i n m3
v6 = Vc ; v5 = v6 ;
v1 =( Vs /2) + Vc ; v2 = Vs + Vc ; v3 = v2 ; p3 = p4 ; v4 = v5 +( cv * Vs ) ;
p2 = p1 *(( v1 / v2 ) ^ n ) ;....... // P r e s s u r e a t t h e end o f
expansion
t2 = t1 *(( v1 / v2 ) ^( n -1) ) ;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f e x p a n s i o n i n K
disp ( t2 , T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f e x p a n s i o n i n K : )
p5 = p4 *(( v4 / v5 ) ^ n ) ;
w =(( p1 *( v1 - v6 ) ) +((( p1 * v1 ) -( p2 * v2 ) ) /( n -1) ) -( p3 *( v3 - v4
) ) -((( p5 * v5 ) -( p4 * v4 ) ) /( n -1) ) ) *10^5;....... // Workk
done p e r c y c l e i n Nm
IP =( w * N ) /(60*1000) ;.......... // I n d i c a t e d power i n kW
disp ( IP , I n d i c a t e d power o f t h e motor i n kW: )
t3 = t2 *(( p3 / p2 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t4 = t3 ; m4 =( p4 * v4 *10^5) /( R * t4 ) ; m1 =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;
288
Figure 20.34: Comparison of roots blower and vane type compressor

28 ma =( m1 - m4 ) * N ;.......... // Mass o f
29
a i r supplied per
min
disp ( ma , Mass o f a i r s u p p l i e d p e r min i n kg : )
Scilab code Exa 20.35 Comparison of roots blower and vane type compressor
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v =0.03;.............. // I n d u c e d volume i n m3/ r e v
p1 =1.013;........... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
rp =1.5;............ // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
p2 = rp * p1 ;
289
Figure 20.35: Roots blower

9 wr =( p2 - p1 ) *(10^5) * v /1000;..... // Work i n p u t
for roots
c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ
10 disp ( wr , Work i n p u t f o r r o o t s c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / r e v )
11 pi =( p2 + p1 ) /2;
12 wv =(( p2 - pi ) *(10^5) * v *(( p1 / pi ) ^(1/ ga ) ) *(1/1000) ) +(( ga
/( ga -1) ) * p1 *(10^5) *( v /1000) *((( pi / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga )

) -1) ) ;... // Work i n p u t r e q u i r e d f o r vane t y p e i n
kJ / r e v
13 disp ( wv , Work i n p u t f o r vane c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / r e v )
Scilab code Exa 20.36 Roots blower

3 v =0.08;......... // Volume o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d i n m3
4 p1 =1;.......... // I n t a k e p r e s s u r e i n b a r
290
Figure 20.36: Centrifugal compressor

5 p2 =1.5;........ // P r e s s u r e
a f t e r compression in in
bar
6 ga =1.4;......... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
8 wac = v *( p2 - p1 ) *10^5;........ // A c t u a l work done i n Nm
9 wid =( ga /( ga -1) ) * p1 * v *(10^5) *((( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) )
-1) ;........... // I d e a l work done p e r r e v o l u t i o n

i n Nw
10 etac = wid / wac ;................ // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
11 disp ( etac *100 , C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
Scilab code Exa 20.37 Centrifugal compressor

3 m =2.5;.......... // A i r f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
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p1 =1;........ // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =290;............ // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n b a r
C1 =80;.......... // I n l e t V e l o c i t y i n m/ s
p2 =1.5;........ // p r e s s u r e a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n b a r
t2 =345;............ // t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n
in bar
C2 =220;.......... // V e l o c i t y a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n m/ s
cp =1.005;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
R =287;.............. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kJ /kgK
t21 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
wisen = cp *( t21 - t1 ) +(( C2 * C2 ) -( C1 * C1 ) ) /(2*1000) ;..... //
I s e n t r o p i c work done i n kJ / kg
w = cp *( t2 - t1 ) +(( C2 * C2 ) -( C1 * C1 ) ) /(2*1000) ;..... //
A c t u a l work done ( i n i m p e l l e r ) i n kJ / kg
etaisen = wisen / w ;............... // I s e n t r o p i c
efficiency
disp ( etaisen *100 , I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
P = m * w ;.......... // Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e
c o o m p r e s s o r i n kW
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o o m p r e s s o r i n
kW: )
t3 =((( C2 * C2 ) -( C1 * C1 ) ) /(2*1000* cp ) ) + t2 ;.... //
Temperature o f a i r a f t e r l e a v i n g the d i f f u s e r i n
K
p3 = p2 *(( t3 / t2 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ;.......... // P r e s s u r e o f
a i r a f t e r l e a v i n g the d i f f u s e r in bar
t31 = t1 *(( p3 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........... // D e l i v e r y
t e m p e r a t u r e from d i f f u s e r i n K
etao =( t31 - t1 ) /( t3 - t1 ) ;............... // O v e r a l l
efficiency
292
Figure 20.37: Single inlet type centrifugal compressor
Scilab code Exa 20.38 Single inlet type centrifugal compressor

ma =528;............. // A i r f l o w i n kg / min
m = ma /60;............. // A i r f l o w i n kg / s
p1 =1;........ // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =293;............ // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n b a r
N =20000;.............. // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
etaisen =0.8;......... // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
po1 =1;......... // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p02 =4;........... // F i n a l t o t a l p r e s s u r e i n b a r
C1 =145;......... // V e l o c i t y o f a i r when e n t e r i n g t h e
i m p e l l e r i n m/ s
12 rwt =0.9;.......... // R a t i o o f w h i r l s p e e d t o t i p
speed
13 dh =0.12;........ //Hub d i a m e t e r i n m
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14 cp =1.005;........... // S p e c i f i c
heat at constant
15 ga =1.4;............ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
16 R =287;.............. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kJ /kgK
18 t01 = t1 +(( C1 * C1 ) /(2* cp *1000) ) ;.......... // S t a g n a t i o n
t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e i n l e t t o t h e machine i n K
19 p01 = p1 *(( t01 / t1 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ;..... // S t a g n a t i o n
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p r e s s u r e a t t h e i n l e t t o t h e machine i n b a r
t021 = t01 *(( p02 / p01 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
deltisen = t021 - t01 ;......... // I s e n t r o p i c r i s e i n
temperature in K
delt = round ( deltisen / etaisen ) ;........ // A c t u a l r i s e
in temperature
disp ( delt , A c t u a l r i s e i n t e m p e r a t u r e : )
wc = cp * delt ;......... // Work consumed by c o m p r e s s o r i n
kJ / kg
Cbl2 = sqrt ( wc *1000/ rwt ) ;
d2 = Cbl2 *60/( %pi * N ) ;.......... // Tip d i a m e t e r o f t h e
impeller in m
disp ( d2 *100 , Tip d i a m e t e r o f t h e i m p e l l e r i n cm : )
P = m * wc ;............ // Power r e q u i r e d i n kW
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d i n kW: )
rho1 =( p1 *10^5) /( R * t1 ) ;....... // D e n s i t y a t e n t r y i n
kg /m3
d1 = sqrt ((( m *4) /( C1 * rho1 * %pi ) ) +( dh ^2) ) ;....... // Eye
diameter in m
disp ( d1 *100 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e e y e i n cm : )

294

3 N =10000;................. // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
4 v =660;............ // Volume o f a i r d e l i v e r e d
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
i n m3/
min
p1 =1;................. // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =293;............. // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
rp =4;............. // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
etaisen =0.82;........ // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
Cf2 =62;............... // Flow v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
rr =2;............. // R a t i o o f o u t e r r a d i u s o f
i m p e l l e r to inner radius of i m p e l l e r
ka =0.9;.............. // B l a d e a r e a c o e f f i c i e n t
fis =0.9;........... // S l i p f a c t o r
cp =1.005;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
R =287;.............. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kJ /kgK
t21 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ; Cf1 = Cf2 ;
t2 = t1 +(( t21 - t1 ) / etaisen ) ;.......... // F i n a l
temperature of a i r
295
19 m =( p1 *10^5* v /60) /( R * t1 ) ;............... // Mass f l o w
r a t e i n m3/ s
20 P = m * cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;......... // T h e o r e t i c a l power i n kW
21 disp ( t2 , F i n a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n Kevin : )
22 disp (P , T h e o r e t i c a l power i n kW: )
23 Cbl2 = sqrt (1000* cp *( t2 - t1 ) / fis ) ;
24 d2 =60* Cbl2 /( %pi * N ) ;.......... // I m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r a t
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
outlet in m
d1 = d2 / rr ;............... // I m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r a t i n l e t
in m
disp ( d2 *100 , I m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r a t o u t l e t i n cm )
disp ( d1 *100 , I m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r a t i n l e t i n cm )
b1 =( v /60) /(2* %pi *( d1 /2) * Cf1 * ka ) ;......... // B r e a d t h
of i m p e l l e r at i n l e t in m
disp ( b1 *100 , B r e a d t h o f i m p e l l e r a t i n l e t i n cm : )
Cbl1 = Cbl2 / rr ;
beta1 =( atan ( Cf1 / Cbl1 ) ) *180/ %pi ;
al2 =( atan ( Cf2 /( fis * Cbl2 ) ) ) *180/ %pi ;
disp ( beta1 , I m p e l l e r b l a d e a n g l e a t i n l e t i n d e g r e e s
: )
disp ( al2 , D i f f u s e r b l a d e a n g l e a t i n l e t i n d e g r e e s )

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

v1 =4.8;...... // Volume o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d i n m3/ s
p1 =1;.... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =293;........ // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n K
Cf1 =65;...... // A i r f l o w v e l o c i t y a t i n l e t i n m/ s
Cf2 = Cf1 ;...... // Flow v e l o c i t y i s same a t i n l e t and
outlet
296

9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
d1 =0.32;.......... // I n l e t i m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r i n m
d2 =0.62;........ // O u t l e t i m p e l l e r d i a m e t e r i n m
N =8000;........ // B l o w e r rpm
i n kJ /kgK
t21 = t1 *(( n / p1 ) ^(( n -1) / n ) ) ;.... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
o u t l e t of compressor in K
Cbl1 =( %pi * d1 * N ) /60;...... // P e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y a t
i n l e t i n m/ s
Cbl2 =( %pi * N * d2 ) /60;...... // Tip p e r i p h e r a l v e l o c i t y
a t o u t l e t i n m/ s
Cw2 =( cp *( t21 - t1 ) *1000) / Cbl2 ;
be1 =( atan ( Cf1 / Cbl1 ) ) *180/ %pi ; be2 =( atan ( Cf2 /( Cbl2 - Cw2
) ) ) *180/ %pi ;...... // B l a d e a n g l e s a t t h e t i p o f
the i m p e l l e r
al2 = ( atan ( Cf2 / Cw2 ) ) *180/ %pi ;
printf ( \ n B l a d e a n g l e s \n\n\ t B l a d e a n g l e a t t h e
i n l e t o f t h e i m p e l l e r : b e t a 1=%f \n\ t B l a d e a n g l e
a t t h e o u t l e t o f t h e i m p e l l e r : b e t a 2=%f \n\ t
297
21
22
23
24
25
A b s o l u t e a n g l e a t t h e t i p o f i m p e l l e r : a l p h a 2=%f
\n\n ,be1 , be2 , al2 )
b1 = v1 /(2* %pi *( d1 /2) * Cf1 ) ;........ // B r e a d t h o f b l a d e
at i n l e t in m
disp ( b1 *100 , B r e a d t h o f t h e b l a d e a t i n l e t i n cm )
v2 =( v1 * t21 * p1 ) /( n * t1 ) ;.............. // D i s c h a r g e a t
t h e o u t l e t i n m3/ s
b2 = v2 /(2* %pi *( d2 /2) * Cf2 ) ;........ // B r e a d t h o f b l a d e
at o u t l e t in m
disp ( b2 *100 , B r e a d t h o f t h e b l a d e a t o u t l e t i n cm )

3 m =16.5;....... // A i r f l o w i n kg / s
298
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
rp =4;........ // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
N =15000;......... // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
t01 =293;......... // I n l e t head t e m p e r a t u r e
fis =0.9;........... // S l i p f a c t o r
fiw =1.04;......... // Power i n p u t f a c t o r
etaisen =0.8;....... // I s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
cp =1.005;........ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
ga =1.4;...... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
t021 = t01 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
delt =( t021 - t01 ) / etaisen ; Cbl2 = sqrt ((1000* cp * delt ) /(
fiw * fis ) ) ;
D =(60* Cbl2 ) /( %pi * N ) ;.............. // D i a m e t e r o f
impeller
disp (D , D i a m e t e r o f t h e i m p e l l e r i n m: )
P = m * cp * delt ;
disp (P , Power i n p u t t o c o m p r e s s o r i n kW: )

3 rp =3.6;.......... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
4 die =0.35;....... // D i a m e t e r o f i n l e t
5
6
7
8
9
eye of
compressor in m
Cf =140;.......... // A x i a l v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
m =12;............. // Mass f l o w i n kg / s
Cbl2 =120;......... // V e l o c i t y i n t h e d e l i v e r y d u c t i n
m/ s
Ci =460;.......... // The t i p s p e e d o f t h e i m p e l l e r i n
m/ s
N =16000;............ // Speed o f i m p e l l e r i n rpm
299

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
pc =0.73;........ // P r e s s u r e c o e f f i c i e n t
pa =1.013;.......... // Ambient p r e s s u r e i n b a r
ta =273+15;................ // Ambient t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
ga =1.4;.......... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
delt =(( ta *(( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) -1) ) / etaisen ) ;....... //
Rise in temperature
t02 = ta + delt ;............ // T o t a l head t e m p e r a t u r e i n
K
disp ( t02 , T o t a l head t e m p e r a t u r e i n K : )
t2 = t02 -(( Cbl2 * Cbl2 ) /(2* cp *1000) ) ;.......... // S t a t i c
temperature at o u t l e t in K
disp ( t2 , S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t o u t l e t i n K : )
p02 = pa * rp ;
p2 = p02 /(1+(( Cbl2 * Cbl2 ) /(2* R * t2 *1000) ) ) ;........... //
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e at e x i t in bar
300

25 disp ( p2 , S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e x i t i n b a r : )
26 t1 = ta -(( Cf * Cf ) /(2* cp *1000) ) ;............. // S t a t i c
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
temperature at i n l e t in K
disp ( t1 , S t a t i c t e m p e r a t u r e a t i n l e t i n K: )
p1 = pa /(1+(( Cf * Cf ) /(2* R * t1 *1000) ) ) ;........... //
S t a t i c p r e s s u r e at i n l e t in bar
disp ( p1 , S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t i n l e t i n b a r : )
rp = p2 / p1 ;..... // S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o
disp ( rp , S t a t i c p r e s s u r e r a t i o : )
W = cp * delt ;........... // Work done on a i r i n kJ / kg o f
air
disp (W , Work done on a i r i n kJ / kg : )
P = m * cp * delt ;.......... // Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d t o d r v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW:
)
301

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

t1 =300;......... // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
N =18000;............. // C o m p r e s s o r rpm
od =0.55;...... // Outer d i a m e t e r o f b l a d e t i p
sf =0.82;...... // S l i p f a c t o r
cp =1.005;......... // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t
ga =1.4;............. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
Cbl2 =( %pi * od * N ) /60; W = Cbl2 * Cbl2 * sf /1000;........... //
Work done p e r kg o f a i r i n kW
delt = W / cp ;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f a i r
while passing through compressor
disp ( delt , T e m p e r a t u r e r i s e o f a i r w h i l e p a s s i n g
through compressor : )
t21 =( etaisen * delt ) + t1 ; rp =(( t21 / t1 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) )
;..... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
disp ( rp , P r e s s u r e r a t i o : )
Scilab code Exa 20.44 Axial flow compressor

1
2
3
4
5

Cbl =240;........ // Mean b l a d e v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Cf =190;......... // A i r f l o w v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
al1 =45; al2 =14;......... // B l a d e a n g e l s i n d e g r e e s
302
Figure 20.43: Axial flow compressor

6 rho =1;......... // D e n s i t y o f a i r i n kg /m3
8 pr =(1/2) *( rho * Cf * Cf /(10^5) ) *((( tan ( al1 * %pi /180) ) ^2)
-(( tan ( al2 * %pi /180) ) ^2) ) ;....... // P r e s s u r e r i s e

in bar
9 disp ( pr , P r e s s u r e r i s e i n b a r : )
10 W = Cbl * Cf /1000*(( tan ( al1 * %pi /180) ) -( tan ( al2 * %pi /180) )
) ;............. // Work done p e r kg o f a i r i n kW
11 disp (W , Work done p e r kg o f a i r i n kW: )

3 etaisen =0.82;....... // O v e r a l l i s e n t r o p i c
4 N =8;............ //No o f s t a g e s
303
efficiency

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
t1 =293;........... // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Rd =0.5;................ // R e a c t i o n f a c t o r
Cbl =180;................. // Mean b l a d e s p e e d i n m/ s
Cf =90;............... // A i r f l o w v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
t21 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t2 =(( t21 - t1 ) / etaisen ) + t1 ;
wrt = cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;......... // Work done by t h e machine
i n kJ / kg
disp ( wrt , Work done by t h e machine i n kJ / kg )
be1 = atan ((( cp *( t2 - t1 ) *1000/( Cf * Cbl * N ) ) +( Cbl / Cf ) ) /2)
*180/ %pi ;
al1 = atan (( Cbl / Cf ) - tan ( be1 * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi ;
printf ( \ n B l a d e a n g e l s a r e a s f o l l o w s ( I n d e g r e e s ) \n
\ n a l p h a 1=%f\ t b e t a 1=%f\n\ n a l p h a 2=%f\ t b e t a 2=%f\n\n
,al1 , be1 , be1 , al1 )
304

etaisen =0.85;....... // O v e r a l l i s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
t1 =293;........... // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
Rd =0.5;................ // R e a c t i o n f a c t o r
Cbl =180;................. // Mean b l a d e s p e e d i n m/ s
wip =0.82;.............. // Work i n p u t f a c t o r
al1 =12; be1 =42;...... // B l a d e a n g e l s i n d e g r e e s
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
305
Figure 20.46: Eight stage axial flow compressor

13 t21 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
14 t2 =(( t21 - t1 ) / etaisen ) + t1 ;
15 wrt = cp *( t2 - t1 ) ;......... // T h e o r e t i c a l work r e q u i r e d
16
17
18
19
20
21
i n kJ / kg
Cf = Cbl /( tan ( al1 * %pi /180) + tan ( be1 * %pi /180) ) ;
Cw1 = Cf * tan ( al1 * %pi /180) ; Cw2 = Cf * tan ( be1 * %pi /180) ;
wcps = Cbl *( Cw2 - Cw1 ) * wip /1000;............. // Work
consumed p e r s t a g e i n kJ / kg
N = round ( wrt / wcps ) ;....... //No o f s t a g e s
disp ( Cf , Flow v e l o c i t y i n m/ s : )
disp (N , No o f s t a g e s : )
Scilab code Exa 20.47 Eight stage axial flow compressor

306
3 rp =5;.......... // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o ga
4 etaisen =0.92;....... // O v e r a l l i s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
5 t1 =290;............. // I n l e t s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e
in K
6 p1 =1;............... // I n l e t
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
stagnation pressure in
bar
Cbl =160;........... // Mean b l a d e s p e e d i n m/ s
Rd =0.5;............ // D e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n
Cf =90;................ // A x i a l v e l o c i t y o f a i r
t h r o u g h c o m p r e s s o r i n m/ s
N =8;............. //No o f s t a g e s
m =1;......... // Mass f l o w i n kg / s
cp =1.005;............ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
tN1 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;...... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
end o f c o m p r e s s i o n s t a g e due t o i s e n t r o p i c
expansion in K
tN =(( tN1 - t1 ) / etaisen ) + t1 ;
be1 = atan ((( cp *( tN - t1 ) *1000/( Cf * Cbl * N ) ) +( Cbl / Cf ) ) /2)
*180/ %pi ;
al1 = atan (( Cbl / Cf ) - tan ( be1 * %pi /180) ) *180/ %pi ;
printf ( \ n B l a d e a n g e l s a r e a s f o l l o w s ( I n d e g r e e s ) \n
\ n a l p h a 1=%f\ t \ t b e t a 1=%f\n\ n a l p h a 2=%f\ t b e t a 2=%f\n\
n ,al1 , be1 , be1 , al1 )
P = m * cp *( tN - t1 ) ;.......... // Power r e q u i r e d by t h e
disp (P , Power r e q u i r e d by t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW: )

307

3 rp =4;........ // S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e r a t i o
4 etaisen =0.85;..... // S t a g n a t i o n i s e n t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y
5 p1 =1;............. // I n l e t s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
6 t1 =300;........... // I n l e t s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
K
Rd =0.5;............ // D e g r e e o f r e a c t i o n
Cu =180;........... // Mean b l a d e s p e e d i n m/ s
Wd =0.9;........... // Work done f a c t o r
htr =0.42;....... //Hub t i p r a t i o
al1 =12; be2 = al1 ;....... // R e l a t i v e a i r a n g l e a t r o t o r
i n l e t in degrees
al2 =32; be1 = al2 ;........ // R e l a t i v e a i r a n g l e a t r o t o r
at o u t l e t in degrees
cp =1.005;.......... // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y a t
R =287;.......... // Gas c o n s t a n t i n J /kgK
m =19.5;.......... // Mass f l o w i n kg / s
308
18 tN1 = t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;...... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
end o f c o m p r e s s i o n s t a g e due t o i s e n t r o p i c
expansion in K
tN =(( tN1 - t1 ) / etaisen ) + t1 ;
etap = log ( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) / log ( tN / t1 ) ;........... //
Stagnation polytropic e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etap *100 , S t a g n a t i o n p o l y t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y i n %
: )
Cf = Cu /( tan ( al1 * %pi /180) + tan ( be1 * %pi /180) ) ;
Cw1 = Cf * tan ( al1 * %pi /180) ; Cw2 = Cf * tan ( al2 * %pi /180) ;
wcps = Cu *( Cw2 - Cw1 ) * Wd /1000;............. // Work
consumed p e r s t a g e i n kJ / kg
wc = cp *( tN - t1 ) ;............... // Work consumed by
c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / kg
N = round ( wc / wcps ) ;....... //No o f s t a g e s
disp (N , No o f s t a g e s : )
C1 = Cf / cos ( al1 * %pi /180) ;....... // A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y a t
e x i t from g u i d e v a n e s i n m/ s
ti = t1 -(( C1 * C1 ) /(2* cp *1000) ) ;.......... // I n l e t
temperature in K
disp ( ti , I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e i n K : )
pi = p1 *(( ti / t1 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ;...... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e
in bar
disp ( pi , I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
rho1 =( pi *10^5) /( R * ti ) ;............. // D e n s i t y o f a i r
approaching the f i r s t stage
r1 = sqrt ( m /( rho1 * %pi * Cf *(1 -( htr ^2) ) ) ) ; rh = r1 * htr ;
l = r1 - rh ;............ // H e i g h t o f t h e b l a d e i n t h e
f i r s t stage in m
disp ( l *100 , H e i g h t o f t h e b l a d e i n t h e f i r s t s t a g e
i n cm : )
Scilab code Exa 20.49 Multi stage axial flow compressor

309
Figure 20.48: Multi stage axial flow compressor

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

ma =20;.......... // A i r f l o w r a t e i n kg / s
p1 =1;......... // I n l e t s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e i n b a r
t1 =290;......... // I n l e t s t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e i n
Kelvin
t2 =305;......... // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f f i r s t
stage in K
etapc =0.88;..... // P o l y t r o p i c e f f i c i e n c y o f
compression
P =4350;...... // Power consumed by c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
ga =1.4;..... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
p2byp1 =( %e ^( etapc * log ( t2 / t1 ) ) ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ;
tN =( P /( ma * cp ) ) + t1 ;
pN = p1 *(( tN / t1 ) ^(( etapc * ga ) /( ga -1) ) ) ;...... // D e l i v e r y
disp ( pN , D e l i v e r y p r e s s u r e i n b a r : )
N = log ( pN / p1 ) / log ( p2byp1 ) ;........... //No o f s t a g e s
310
17 disp ( round ( N ) ,No o f s t a g e s : )

18 tN1 = t1 *(( pN / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
19 etao =( tN1 - t1 ) /( tN - t1 ) ;............... // O v e r a l l
20
efficiency
311
Chapter 21
Gas Turbines and Jet
Propulsion
Scilab code Exa 21.1 Open cycle gas turbine

3 p1 =1;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r
while e n t e r i n g the
4 t1 =293;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
a i r e n t e r i n g the
turbine in K
5 p2 =4;......... // P r e s s u r e
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
of a i r a f t e r compression in
bar
etac =0.8;.... // E f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r
etat =0.85;..... // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
afr =90;........ // A i r f u e l r a t i o
ma =3;........... // Mass o f a i r i n kg / s
ga =1.4;........ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
cp =1;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
C =41800;............. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ
/ kg
312
Figure 21.1: Open cycle gas turbine

14 t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
t3 = round (( C /(( afr +1) * cp ) ) + t21 ) ;.............. //
Temperature b e f o r e ex p an si o n i n t u r b i n e i n K
p4 = p1 ; p3 = p2 ; t4 = t3 *(( p4 / p3 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............
// I d e a l t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r e x p a n s i o n i n t u r b i n e i n
K
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
temperature a f t e r expansion in turbine in K
wt =(( afr +1) / afr ) * cp *( t3 - t41 ) ;........ // Work done by
turbine
i n kJ / kg o f a i r
wc = round (1* cp *( t21 - t1 ) ) ;................. // Work done
by c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / kg o f a i r
wnet = wt - wc ;.......... // Net work done i n kJ / kg
P = wnet * ma ;................. // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW/
kg o f a i r
disp (P , Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW/ kg o f a i r : )
313

24 qs =(1/ afr ) * C ;................ // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ /
25
26
kg o f a i r
etath = wnet / qs ;................ // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y

3 t1 =288;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
4
5
6
7
turbine in K
t3 =883;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
314
8 ma =16;........... // Mass o f
9 gac =1.4;........ // R a t i o o f
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
a i r i n kg / s
s p e c i f i c heats for
compression process
gae =1.333;............ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
expansion process
cpc =1.005;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n p r o c e s s
cpe =1.11;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK d u r i n g e x p a n s i o n p r o c e s s
/ kg
t2 = t1 *(( rp ) ^(( gac -1) / gac ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
t4 = t3 /(( rp ) ^(( gae -1) / gae ) ) ;............ // I d e a l
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
wt = cpe *( t3 - t41 ) ;........ // Work done by t u r b i n e
in
kJ / kg o f a i r
wc =(1* cpc *( t21 - t1 ) ) ;................. // Work done by
c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / kg o f a i r
P = wnet * ma ;................. // Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW/
kg o f a i r
disp (P , Power d e v e l o p e d i n kW/ kg o f a i r : )
Scilab code Exa 21.3 Thermal efficiency of Gas turbine

315
Figure 21.3: Thermal efficiency of Gas turbine

3 p1 =1;......... // P r e s s u r e
of a i r while e n t e r i n g the
4 t1 =300;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
turbine in K
p2 =6.2;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n
in bar
far =0.017;........ // F u e l a i r r a t i o
ga =1.4;........ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
compression
gae =1.333;........ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
expansion
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK d u r i n g e x p a n s i o n
cpc =1.005;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK d u r i n g c o m p r e s s i o n
/ kg
316
15 t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
16 t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
17 t3 =((( C * far ) /(( far +1) * cpc ) ) + t21 ) ;.............. //
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
p4 = p1 ; p3 = p2 ; t4 = t3 *(( p4 / p3 ) ^(( gae -1) / gae ) )
;............ // I d e a l t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
wt =( cp *( t3 - t41 ) ) ;........ // Work done by t u r b i n e
in
kJ / kg o f a i r
wc = round (1* cpc *( t21 - t1 ) ) ;................. // Work
done by c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / kg o f a i r
qs =( far ) * C ;................ // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / kg
of air
Scilab code Exa 21.4 Air fuel ratio for gas turbine
3 t1 =300;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
turbine in K
4 t3 =1148;.............. // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
5 etac =0.8;.... // E f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r
6 etat =0.852;..... // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
7 rp =4;........... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
8 p1 =1;............... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r b e f o r e
317
Figure 21.4: Air fuel ratio for gas turbine
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
entering compressor
/ kg
perlcc =10;............ // P e r c e n t l o s s o f c a l o r i f i c
v a l u e o f f u e l i n c o m b u s t i o n chamber
p2 = p1 * rp ;................. // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r
compression in bar
etacc =(100 - perlcc ) /100;....... // E f f i c i e n c y o f
t2 = t1 *(( rp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
afr =(( C * etacc ) /( cp *( t3 - t21 ) ) ) -1;........ // A i r f u e l
ratio
printf ( A i r f u e l r a t i o i s %d : 1 , round ( afr ) )
318
Figure 21.5: Thermal efficiency of gas turbine
Scilab code Exa 21.5 Thermal efficiency of gas turbine

3 t1 =300;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
turbine in K
in turbine in K
p1 =1;............... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r b e f o r e
entering compressor
319
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
/ kg
perlcc =10;............ // P e r c e n t l o s s o f c a l o r i f i c
v a l u e o f f u e l i n c o m b u s t i o n chamber
p2 = p1 * rp ;................. // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r
compression in bar
etacc =(100 - perlcc ) /100;....... // E f f i c i e n c y o f
t2 = t1 *(( rp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
qs = cp *( t3 - t21 ) ;................... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n
kJ / kg
t4 = t3 /(( rp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ // I d e a l
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
wt = cp *( t3 - t41 ) ;........ // Work done by t u r b i n e
i n kJ
/ kg o f a i r
wc =(1* cp *( t21 - t1 ) ) ;................. // Work done by
c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / kg o f a i r
wrr = wnet / wt ;................... // Work r a t i o
disp ( wrr , The work r a t i o i s : )

320

3 p1 =1;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
t1 =293;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r e n t e r i n g t h e
turbine in K
p2 =5;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n
bar
plcc =0.1;..... // P r e s s u r e l o s s i n c o m b u s t i o n chamber
in bar
t3 =953;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n i n
turbine in K
etacc =0.85;...... // E f f i c i e n c y o f c o m b u s t i o n chamber
P =1065;............. // Power d e v e l o p e d by t h e p l a n t
i n kW
14
321
16 p3 = p2 - plcc ;........................ // P r e s s u r e
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
before
expansion in t u r b i n e in bar
p4 = p1 ;
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
t4 = t3 *(( p4 / p3 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ // I d e a l
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
wt =( cp *( t3 - t41 ) ) ;........ // Work done by t u r b i n e
in
kJ / kg o f a i r
wc = round (1* cp *( t21 - t1 ) ) ;................. // Work done
by c o m p r e s s i o n i n kJ / kg o f a i r
ma = P / wnet ;............. // Q u a n t i t y o f a i r i n
c i r c u l a t i o n i n kg
disp ( ma , Q u a n t i t y o f a i r i n c i r c u l a t i o n i n kg )
qs = cp *( t3 - t21 ) / etac ;.................. // A c t u a l h e a t
s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r c i r c u l a t i o n i n kJ
disp ( qs , A c t u a l h e a t s u p p l i e d p e r kg o f a i r
c i r c u l a t i o n i n kJ : )
etath = wnet / qs ;............. // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
Scilab code Exa 21.7 Pressure ratio and temperature of the exhaust
3 ma =20;.............. // A i r f l o w r a t e
4 t1 =300;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r
322
i n kg / s
e n t e r i n g the
Figure 21.7: Pressure ratio and temperature of the exhaust
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
turbine in K
t3 =1000;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
rp =4;............... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
cp =1;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
t2 = t1 *(( rp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... //
Temperature o f a i r a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
t4 = t3 - t2 + t1 ;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r
expansion in turbine in K
prlp = rp /(( t3 / t4 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ;............. //
P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f low p r e s s u r e t u r b i n e
disp ( prlp , P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f low p r e s s u r e t u r b i n e : )
t5 = t4 /(( prlp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e
o f t h e e x h a u s t from t h e u n i t i n K
disp ( t5 , T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e e x h a u s t from t h e u n i t i n
K: )
323
Figure 21.8: Efficiency of open cycle gas turbine
Scilab code Exa 21.8 Efficiency of open cycle gas turbine

3 p1 =1;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r
4
5
6
7
8
9
turbine in K
t21 =490;........ // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a f t e r
compression in K
t3 =1000;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
324
Figure 21.9: Multi stage gas turbine

10 ga =1.4;........ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s
11 cp =1.005;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
t4 = t3 /(( rp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ // I d e a l
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
t5 =(( t41 - t21 ) * etac ) + t21 ;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
t h e e x h a u s t from t h e u n i t i n K
wc = cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;............. // Work consumed by
c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / kg
wt = cp *( t3 - t41 ) ;........ // Work done by t u r b i n e i n kJ /
kg
qs = cp *( t3 - t5 ) ;.......... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / kg
etac =( wt - wc ) / qs ;......... // C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etac *100 , C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
325
Scilab code Exa 21.9 Multi stage gas turbine

3 p1 =1;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
turbine in K
p2 =8;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n i n
bar
t3 =1173;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
ma =23;......... // Q u a n t i t y o f a i r c i r c u l a t i o n i n kg / s
compression
gag =1.34;........ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
expansion
cpg =1.128;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
C =4200;............. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ /
kg
etamech =0.95;........ // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etagen =0.96;......... // G e n e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
p4 = p1 ; p3 = p2 ;............. // I s o b a r i c p r o c e s s e s
t4 = t3 *(( p4 / p3 ) ^(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ;............ // I d e a l
326
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
wc = cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;................ // Work dony by
compressor
m1 =( wc ) /( cpg *( t3 - t41 ) ) ;............. // Flow t h r o u g h
c o m p r e s s o r t u r b i n e i n kg
m2 =1 - m1 ;.............. // Flow t h r o u g h power t u r b i n e
i n kg
wpt = m2 *( cpg *( t3 - t41 ) ) ;......... // t u r b i n e work i n kJ /
kg
P = ma * wpt * etamech * etagen ;......... // Power o u t p u t i n
kW
qi = cpg * t3 - cp * t21 ;............. // I n p u t h e a t i n kJ / kg
of air
etath = wpt / qi ;............. // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f
power t u r b i n e
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f power t u r b i n e
i n %: )

3 t1 =288;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
4
5
6
7
turbine in K
in turbine in K
etathp =0.85;..... // E f f i c i e n c y o f h i g h p r e s s u r e
turbine
etatlp =0.85;..... // E f f i c i e n c y o f low p r e s s u r e
turbine
327

8 rp =7;........... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
9 p1 =1.01;............... // P r e s s u r e
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
of air before
entering compressor
compression
gag =1.333;........ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
expansion
cpg =1.15;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK i n g e n e r a t o r
p2 = p1 * rp ;
t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;.............. // A c t u a l
wc = cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;............ // C o m p r e s s o r work i n kJ /
kg
t41 = t3 -( wc / cpg ) ;.......... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s s e s
328
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
e n t e r i n g the turbine in K
disp ( t41 , T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s s e s e n t e r i n g t h e t u r b i n e
i n K: )
t4 = round ( t3 -(( t3 - t41 ) / etathp ) ) ;......... // I d e a l
temperature of gases e n t e r i n g the turbine in K
p3 = p2 ;......... // I s o b a r i c p r o c e s s e s
p4 = p3 /(( t3 / t4 ) ^(1/(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ) ;.... // P r e s s u r e o f
g a s s e s e n t e r i n g t h e power t u r b i n e i n b a r
disp ( p4 , P r e s s u r e o f g a s s e s e n t e r i n g t h e power
t u r b i n e in bar : )
t5 = t41 *(((( t3 / t4 ) ^(1/(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ) /( rp ) ) ^(( gag -1) /
gag ) ) ;
t51 = t41 -( etatlp *( t41 - t5 ) ) ;
wlp = cpg *( t41 - t51 ) ;............ // Net power o u t p u t i n
kW
disp ( wlp , Net power o u t p u t i n kW: )
wr = wlp /( wlp + wc ) ;............ // Work r a t i o
disp ( wr , Work r a t i o : )
qs = cpg *( t3 - t21 ) ;........... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ / kg
etath = wlp / qs ;.......... // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e u n i t : )
Scilab code Exa 21.11 Power developed and efficiency of power plant
rp =5.6;................ // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
t1 =303;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f i n t a k e a i r i n K
p1 =1;............ // P r e s s u r e o f i n t a k e a i r i n b a r
t5 =973;............ // H i g h e s t t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
cycle in K
7 etac =0.85;.......... // E f f e c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r
8 etat =0.9;.......... // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
1
2
3
4
5
6
329
Figure 21.11: Power developed and efficiency of power plant

9 ma =1.2;.......... // Rate o f a i r f l o w i n kg / s
10 cp =1.02;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
volume i n kJ /kgK
t2 = t1 *(( sqrt ( rp ) ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;
wc =2* ma * cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;............ // Work i n p u t f o r t h e
two s t a g e c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / s
t6 = t5 /( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t61 = t5 - etat *( t5 - t6 ) ;
wt = ma * cp *( t5 - t61 ) ;............... // Work o u t p u t from
t u r b i n e i n kJ / s
wnet = wt - wc ;.................... // Net work a v a i l a b l e
i n kJ / s
disp ( wnet , Net work o u t p u t i n kW: )
qs = ma * cp *( t5 - t21 ) ;................. // Heat s u p p l i e d
i n kJ / s
etath = wnet / qs ;
disp ( etath *100 , Power p l a n t e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
330
Figure 21.12: Efficiency of gas turbine cycle
Scilab code Exa 21.13 Efficiency of gas turbine cycle

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

t1 =288;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f i n t a k e a i r i n K
etac =0.82;......... // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
etahe =0.78;........... // E f f i c i e n c y o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r
etat =0.7;........... // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
t3 =873;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e b e f o r e e x p a n s i o n i n
turbine in K
R =0.287;............ // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kJ /kgK
t2 = t1 *(( rp ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
331
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;............... // A c t u a l
t4 = t3 /( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ // I d e a l
t41 = t3 - etat *( t3 - t4 ) ;............ // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r e
a f t e r expansion in turbine in K
cp = R *( ga /( ga -1) ) ;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
wc = cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;............. // C o m p r e s s o r work i n kJ /
kg
wt = cp *( t3 - t41 ) ;.................... // T u r b i n e work i n
kJ / kg
wnet = wt - wc ;.................... // Net work a v a i l a b l e
i n kJ / s
t5 =( etahe *( t41 - t21 ) ) + t21 ;
qs = cp *( t3 - t5 ) ;................. // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ
/ kg
etac = wnet / qs ;............... // C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etac *100 , C y c l e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
Scilab code Exa 21.14 Heat exchanger in gas turbine

3 etahe =0.72;................. // E f f i c i e n c y
of heat
exchanger
4 p1 =1.01;......... // P r e s s u r e
of air while entering
the t u r b i n e in bar
5 t1 =293;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
turbine in K
6 p2 =4.04;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r c o m p r e s s i o n
in bar
332
Figure 21.13: Heat exchanger in gas turbine

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
etat =0.85;.......... // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
pdhe =0.05;............ // P r e s s u r e d r o p on e a c h s i d e
o f heat exchanger in bar
pdcc =0.14;........... // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n c o m b u s t i o n
chamber i n b a r
etac =0.8;........... // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
/ kg
cp =1.024;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
afrc =90;.............. // A i r f u e l r a t i o f o r s i m p l e
cycle
t2 =( t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ;............... // I d e a l
t21 = round ((( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ) ;............... // A c t u a l
t3 =((1* C ) /( cp *( afrc +1) ) ) + t21 ;............ //
333
19 p4 = p1 ; p3 = p2 - pdcc ; t4 = round ( t3 *(( p4 / p3 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) )
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
;............ // I d e a l t e m p e r a t u r e a f t e r e x p a n s i o n
in turbine in K
t41 = t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4 ) ) ;................. // A c t u a l
etath =( t3 - t41 - t21 + t1 ) /( t3 - t21 ) ;........... // Thermal
e f f i c i e n c y in simple cycle
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n s i m p l e c y c l e
i n %: )
p3he = p2 - pdhe - pdcc ;.......... // P r e s s u r e b e f o r e
expansion in t u r b i n e in bar in heat exchanger
cycle
p4he = p1 + pdhe ;................ // P r e s s u r e a f t e r
expansion in t u r b i n e in bar in heat exchanger
cycle
t4he = t3 *(( p4he / p3he ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;............ //
Ideal temperature a f t e r expansion in turbine in K
in heat exchanger c y c l e
t41he = round ( t3 -( etat *( t3 - t4he ) ) ) ;................. //
Actual temperature a f t e r expansion in turbine in
K in heat exchanger c y c l e
t5 =( etahe *( t41he - t21 ) ) + t21 ;
etathhe =( t3 - t41he - t21 + t1 ) /( t3 - t5 ) ;............. //
Thermal e f f i c i e n c y f o r h e a t e x c h a n g e r c y c l e
disp ( etathhe *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n h e a t
e x c h a n g e r c y c l e i n %: )
inc = etathhe - etath ;
disp ( inc *100 , I n c r e a s e i n t h e r m a l e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
Scilab code Exa 21.15 Multi stage gas turbine with intercooler and heat
exchanger
334
Figure 21.14: Multi stage gas turbine with intercooler and heat exchanger
3 t1 =293;........ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
turbine in K
rp =9;............ // O v e r a l l p r e s s u r e r a t i o
etac =0.8;........ // E f f i c i e n c y o f c o m p r e s s o r
t6 =898;.......... // Reheat r e m p e r a t u r e
t8 = t6 ; etat =0.85;....... // E f f i c i e n c y o f t u r b i n e
etamech =0.95;.......... // M e c h a n i c a l e f f i c i e n c y
etahe =0.8;............... // Heat e x c h a n g e r t h e r m a l
efficiency
cpg =1.15;............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y f o r
g a s e s i n h e a t e x c h a n g e r i n kJ /kgK
cpa =1.005;............ // S p e c i f i c h e a t c a p a c i t y f o r
n o r m a l a i r i n kJ /kgK
gag =1.333;............. // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
gases in heat exchanger
ga =1.4;............... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
normal g a s e s
P =4500;................. // Power o u t p u t o f t u r b i n e i n
kW
335
16 t2 = t1 *(( sqrt ( rp ) ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
17 t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;
18 wc = cpa *( t21 - t1 ) ;............ // Work i n p u t p e r
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
compressor stage
whp =(2* wc ) / etamech ;......... // Work o u t p u t o f HP
t u r b i n e i n kJ / kg
t71 = t6 -( whp / cpg ) ; t7 = round ( t6 -(( t6 - t71 ) / etat ) ) ;
k =( rp /(( t6 / t7 ) ^(( gag ) /( gag -1) ) ) ) ^(( gag -1) / gag ) ;
k1 =(( round (( k /2) *100) ) *2) /100;.............. //
Rounding o f f u p t o 2 d e c i m a l s
t9 = t8 /( k1 ) ;
t91 = t8 -(( t8 - t9 ) * etat ) ;
wout = cpg *( t8 - t91 ) * etamech ;.............. // Net work
o u t p u t i n kJ / kg
t5 = etahe *( t91 - t21 ) + t21 ;
qs = cpg *( t6 - t5 ) + cpg *( t8 - t71 ) ;............... // Heat
supplied
etath = wout / qs ;................. // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
wgross = whp +( wout / etamech ) ;......... // G r o s s work
o u t p u t i n kJ / kg
wr = wout / wgross ;................ // Work r a t i o
disp ( wr , The workk r a t i o i s : )
m1 = P / wout ;............... // Mass f l o w i n kg / s
disp ( m1 , Mass f l o w i n kg / s : )

3 // C o n d i t i o n s o f t h e c l o s e d g a s t u r b i n e
4 t1 =293;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e
336
i n l e t of
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
f i r s t stage compressor in K
t5 =1023;................. //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p1 =1.5;................ // I n l e t p r e s s u r e i n b a r
p2 =6;................. // P r e s s u r e i n b a r
etac =0.82;.............. // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
etat =0.82;.............. // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
etare =0.70;................ // R e g e n e r a t o r e f f i c i e n c y
P =350;.................... // Power d e v e l o p e d by t h e
p l a n t i n kW
cp =1.005;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
t3 = t1 ;
t2 = t1 *(( sqrt ( p2 / p1 ) ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ; t41 = t21 ;
t6 = t5 /(( p2 / sqrt ( p1 * p2 ) ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t61 = t5 -( etat *( t5 - t6 ) ) ; t81 = t61 ;
t7 = t5 ;
ta =( etare *( t81 - t41 ) ) + t41 ;....... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r
337
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
coming o u t o f r e g e n e r a t o r i n K
wnet =2* cp *( t5 - t61 - t21 + t1 ) ;........ // Net work done i n
kJ / kg o f a i r
qs = cp *( t5 - t41 + t7 - t61 ) ;........... // Heat s u p p l i e d
w i t h o u t r e g e n e r a t o r i n kJ / kg o f a i r
qsr = cp *( t5 - ta + t7 - t61 ) ;............ // Heat s u p p l i e d
w i t h r e g e n e r a t o r i n kJ / kg o f a i r
etath = wnet / qs ;............. // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y (
without re ge n er at or )
etathr = wnet / qsr ;......... // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y ( w i t h
regenerator )
mfl = P / wnet ;.......... // mass o f f l u i d c i r c u l a t e d i n
kg / s
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t u r b i n e
w i t h o u t r e g e n e r a t o r ( i n %) : )
disp ( etathr *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e t u r b i n e
w i t h r e g e n e r a t o r ( i n %) : )
disp ( mfl , Mass o f f l u i d c i r c u l a t e d i n kg / s : )
Scilab code Exa 21.17 gas turbine power plant

3 t1 =293;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
4
5
6
7
8
inlet air into

low p r e s s u r e c o m p r e s s o r i n K
p1 =1.05;......... // P r e s s u r e o f i n l e t a i r i n t o low
p r e s s u r e compressor in bar
t3 =300;........... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r a f t e r p a s s i n g
i t through i n t e r c o o l e r in K
t6 =1023;.......... // t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n c o m b u s t i o n
chamber i n K
rp =2;........... // P r e s s u r e r a t i o o f e a c h c o m p r e s s o r
etac =0.82;........ // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
338
Figure 21.16: gas turbine power plant

9 etat =0.82;.......... // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
10 etaht =0.72;............ // Heat e x c h a n g e r e f f i c i e n c y
11 ma =16;........... // A i r f l o w i n kg / s
12 ga =1.4;........... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
13 gag =1.33;.......... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
gases
cpa =1.0;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK f o r a i r
cpg =1.15;......... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
p r e s s u r e i n kJ /kgK f o r g a s e s
C =42000;......... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
t2 = round ( t1 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ;
t21 = round ((( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ) ;
t4 = t3 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t41 = round ((( t4 - t3 ) / etac ) + t3 ) ;
t71 = round ((( cpg * t6 ) - cpa *( t21 - t1 + t41 - t3 ) ) / cpg ) ;
t7 = t6 -(( t6 - t71 ) / etat ) ;
p6 = p1 * rp * rp ;
p7 = p6 /(( t6 / t7 ) ^(( gag ) /( gag -1) ) ) ;
339

26 t8 = round ( t71 /(( p7 / p1 ) ^(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ) ;
27 t81 = round ( t71 -( etat *( t71 - t8 ) ) ) ;
28 P = cpg *( t71 - t81 ) ;........... // Net power o u t p u t i n kJ /
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
kg
disp ( P * ma , Net power o u t p u t i n kW: )
t5 = etaht *( t81 - t41 ) + t41 ;
qs = ma * cpg *( t6 - t5 ) ;...... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n
c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n kJ / s
etath = P * ma / qs ;......... // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i s ( i n %) : )
afr = C /( cpg *( t6 - t5 ) ) ;...... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
mf = ma *3600/ afr ;.............. // F u e l s u p p l i e d p e r
h o u r i n kg
sfc = mf /( P * ma ) ;........... // S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
i n kg /kWh
disp ( sfc , S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /kWh : )
340

3 t1 =293;............ // T e m p e r a t u r e o f
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
inlet air into

low p r e s s u r e c o m p r e s s o r i n K
p1 =1.1;......... // P r e s s u r e o f i n l e t a i r i n t o low
p2 =3.3;.......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r i n t h e low
t3 =300;............. // I n t e r c o o l e d t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
pli =0.15;.......... // L o s s i n p r e s s u r e due t o
i n t e r c o o l i n g in bar
p3 = p2 - pli ;........... // P r e s s u r e a f t e r i n t e r c o o l i n g
in bar
p4 =9.45;............ // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a f t e r h i g h
p6 = p4 ; t6 =973;......... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s e s
supplied to high p r e s s u r e turbine in K
t8 =943;......... // Reheat t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
plr =0.12;........... // L o s s o f p r e s s u r e a f t e r
r e h e a t i n g in bar
p7 =3.62;............ // P r e s s u r e o f g a s e s a t t h e end
o f expansion in high p r e s s u r e t u r b i n e in bar
p8 = p7 - plr ;........... // P r e s s u r e o f o u t l e t g a s e s i n
bar
ga =1.4;........... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
gag =1.33;.......... // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
gases
cpa =1.005;........... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
cpg =1.15;......... // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
etac =0.82;........ // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
341
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
etaht =0.65;......... // E f f i c i e n c y o f h e a t e x c h a n g e r
P =6000;.................. // Power g e n e r a t e d i n kW
p9 = p1 ;
t2 = round ( t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ;
t21 = round ((( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ) ;
t4 = round ( t3 *(( p4 / p3 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ) ;
t41 = round ((( t4 - t3 ) / etac ) + t3 ) ;
t7 = round ( t6 /(( p6 / p7 ) ^(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ) ;
t71 = round ( t6 -( etat *( t6 - t7 ) ) ) ;
t9 = round ( t8 /(( p8 / p9 ) ^(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ) ;
t91 = round ( t8 -( etat *( t8 - t9 ) ) ) ;
t5 = round ( etaht *( t91 - t41 ) + t41 ) ;
wthp = cpg *( t6 - t71 ) ;....... // Work done by h i g h
p r e s s u r e t u r b i n e i n kJ / kg o f g a s
wtlp = cpg *( t8 - t9 ) ;....... // Work done by low p r e s s u r e
t u r b i n e i n kJ / kg o f g a s
wchp = cpg *( t21 - t1 ) ;....... // Work done by h i g h
p r e s s u r e c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / kg o f g a s
wclp = cpg *( t41 - t3 ) ;....... // Work done by low p r e s s u r e
c o m p r e s s o r i n kJ / kg o f g a s
qs = cpg *( t6 - t5 + t8 - t71 ) ;......... // Heat s u p p l i e d i n kJ
/ kg o f g a s
etath =( wthp + wtlp - wchp - wclp ) / qs ;.. // O v e r a l l
efficiency
disp ( etath *100 , O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y ( i n %) : )
wr =( wthp + wtlp - wchp - wclp ) /( wthp + wtlp ) ;...... // Work
ratio
disp ( wr , Work r a t i o : )
m = P /( wthp + wtlp - wchp - wclp ) ;..... // Mass f l o w r a t e
disp (m , Mass f l o w r a t e i n kg / s : )
342
Figure 21.18: Turbo jet engine

Scilab code Exa 21.19 Turbo jet engine
3 ma =60.2;........... // Rate o f a i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
4 delh =230;....... // E n t h a l p y c h a n g e f o r n o z z l e i n kJ /
kg
5 z =0.96;.......... // V e l o c i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
6 afr =70;............ // A i r f u e l r a t i o
7 etaco =0.92;............... // Combustion e f i c i e n c y
8 CV =42000;.............. // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
in
kJ / kg
v =1000;............ // V e l o c i t y o f a i r c r a f t i n km/ h
Ca = v *(5/18) ;............ // A i r c r a f t v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
Cj = z * sqrt (2* delh * v ) ;........... // E x i t v e l o c i t y o f
jet
disp ( Cj , E x i t v e l o c i t y o f j e t i n m/ s : )
mf = ma / afr ;......... // Rate o f f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n
disp ( mf , Rate o f f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s : )
343
Figure 21.19: Turbo jet engine

16 tp = ma *( Cj - Ca ) ;...... // T h r u s t p r o d u c e d i n N
17 tsfc = mf / tp ;......... // T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /N
disp ( tsfc , T h r u s t s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg /N :
)
etath =(( Cj ^2) -( Ca ^2) ) /(2*(1/ afr ) * CV * etaco *1000)
;......... // Thermal e f f i c i e n c y
pp =( ma /1000) *(( Cj ^2) -( Ca ^2) ) /2;................ //
P r o p u l s i v e power i n kW
disp ( pp , P r o p u l s i v e power i n kW: )
etapp =(2* Ca ) /( Cj + Ca ) ;...................... //
Propulsive e f f i c i e n c y
disp ( etapp *100 , P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )
etao =(( Cj - Ca ) * Ca ) /((1/ afr ) * CV * etaco *1000)
;............ // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
344
Scilab code Exa 21.20 Turbo jet engine

3 v =800;............. // Speed o f t h e t u r b o j e t i n km/h
4 etapp =0.55;...... // P r o p u l s i v e e f f i c i e n c y
5 etao =0.17;......... // O v e r a l l e f f i c i e n c y
6 al =9500;............... // A l t i t u d e i n m
7 rhoa =0.17;............ // D e n s i t y o f a i r a t t h e g i v e n
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
a l t i t u d e i n kg /m3
dr =6100;........... // Drag on t h e p l a n e i n N
CV =46000;......... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
Ca = v *(1000/3600) ;......... // V e l o c i t y o f j e t i n m/ s
Cj =((2* Ca ) / etapp ) - Ca ;........ // V e l o c i t y o f g a s e s a t
n o z z l e e x i t r e l a t i v e t o t h e a i r c r a f t i n m/ s
disp ( Cj - Ca , A b s o l u t e v e l o c i t y o f j e t i n m/ s : )
ma = dr /( Cj - Ca ) ;............ // Rate o f a i r f l o w i n kg / s
Va =( ma / rhoa ) *60;.......... // Volume o f a i r
c o m p r e s s s e d p e r min i n kg
disp ( Va , Volume o f a i r c o m p r e s s e d i n kg / min : )
d = sqrt (( Va *4) /(60* %pi * Cj ) ) ;.......... // D i a m e t e r o f
the j e t in m
disp ( d *1000 , D i a m e t e r o f t h e j e t i n mm: )
tp = dr *( Ca /1000) ;........... // T h r u s t power i n kW
wt = tp / etapp ;................ // T u r b i n e o u t p u t i n kW
disp ( wt , T u r b i n e o u t p u t i n kW: )
mf = wt /( etao * CV ) ;........... // Rate o f f u e l
afr = ma / mf ;.......... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
printf ( \n\ n A i r f u e l r a t i o i s %f : 1 , afr )
345
Figure 21.20: Jet propulsion
Scilab code Exa 21.21 Jet propulsion

3 t1 =288;.......... // T e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
inlet air into

compressor in K
p1 =1.01;...... // P r e s s u r e o f t h e i n l e t a i r i n t o
compressor in bar
t3 =1023;......... //Maximum t e m p e r a t u r e i n K
p2 =4.04;......... // P r e s s u r e o f a i r a t t h e end o f
compression in bar
etac =0.82;....... // c o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
etat =0.78;...... // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
etan =0.88;........ // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y
R =0.287;......... // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r a i r i n kJ /kgK
C =42000;.......... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
346
14 t2 = t1 *(( p2 / p1 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;........ // I d e a l
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
t21 =(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) + t1 ;........... // A c t u a l
t e m p e r a t u r e a t t h e end o f c o m p r e s s i o n i n K
cp = R *( ga /( ga -1) ) ;.............. // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t
Pc = cp *( t21 - t1 ) ;............. // Power r e q u i r e d t o
d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n kW
disp ( Pc , Power r e q u i r e d t o d r i v e t h e c o m p r e s s o r i n
kW: )
afr =(( C ) /( cp *( t3 - t21 ) ) ) -1;.... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
printf ( \n\ n A i r f u e l r a t i o %f : 1 \ n , afr )
t41 = t1 + t3 - t21 ;...... // A c t u a l t e m p e r a t u r o f g a s e s
l e a v i n g the turbine in K
t4 = t3 -(( t3 - t41 ) / etat ) ;...... // I d e a l t e m p e r a t u r e o f
gases l e a v i n g the turbine in K
p3 = p2 ; p4 = p3 *(( t4 / t3 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ;....... // P r e s s u r e
o f g a s e s l e a v i n g the t u r b i n e in bar
disp ( p4 , P r e s s u r e o f g a s e s l e a v i n g t h e t u r b i n e i n
bar : )
p5 = p1 ; t5 = t41 /(( p4 / p5 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t51 = t41 -( etan *( t41 - t5 ) ) ;
Cj = sqrt (2* cp *( t41 - t51 ) *1000) ;.............. // J e t
v e l o c i t y i n m/ s
th = Cj *1;.................. // T h r u s t p e r kg p e r s e c o n d
in N
disp ( th , T h r u s t p e r kg o f a i r p e r s e c o n d i n N : )
Scilab code Exa 21.22 Turbo jet with diffuser and nozzle
347
Figure 21.21: Turbo jet with diffuser and nozzle

3 Ca =216;................ // Speed o f a i r c r a f t i n m/ s
4 t1 =265.8;............... // I n t a k e a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
K
p1 =0.78;............... // I n t a k e a i r p r e s s u r e i n b a r
rp =5.8;.................. // P r e s s u r e r a t i o i n
compressor
t4 =1383;................. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s e s
e n t e r i n g the gas turbine in K
pd =0.168;............... // P r e s s u r e d r o p i n
c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n b a r
etad =0.9;.............. // D i f f u s e r e f f i c i e n c y
etan =0.9;............ // N o z z l e e f f i c i e n c y
etac =0.9;............ // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
etat =0.8;............. // T u r b i n e e f f i c i e n c y
C =44150;............ // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ /
kg
cin =0.12;............... // I n l e t c r o s s s e c t i o o f t h e
348
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
d i f f u s e r i n m3
R =0.287;............ // Gas c o n s t a n t i n kJ /kgK
t2 = t1 +(( Ca * Ca ) /(2* cp *1000) ) ;...... // For i d e a l
diffuser
t21 = t1 +(( Ca * Ca ) /(2* cp * etad *1000) ) ;...... // For a c t u a l
diffuser
p2 = p1 *(( t2 / t1 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ;
t3 = t21 *( rp ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ; t31 = t21 +(( t3 - t21 ) / etac ) ;
afr =( C -( cp * t4 ) ) /( cp *( t4 - t31 ) ) ;............ // A i r f u e l
ratio
disp ( afr , A i r f u e l r a t i o : )
p3 = p2 * rp ; p4 = p3 - pd ;............... // P r e s s u r e o f g a s e s
e n t e r i n g the t u r b i n e in bar
t51 = t4 -( t31 - t21 ) ; t5 = round ( t4 -(( t4 - t51 ) / etat ) ) ;
p5 = p4 /(( t4 / t5 ) ^( ga /( ga -1) ) ) ; p6 = p1 ;
t6 = t51 /(( p5 / p6 ) ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ; t61 = t51 -( etac *( t51 - t6 ) )
;
Cj =44.72* sqrt ( cp *( t51 - t61 ) ) ;........ // V e l o c i t y a t
t h e e x i t o f t h e n o z z l e i n m/ s
st =(1+(1/ afr ) ) * Cj ;............ // S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n N
/ kg
disp ( st , S p e c i f i c t h r u s t i n N/ kg : )
v1 = Ca * cin ;........... // Volume o f f l o w i n g a i r i n m3/
s
ma =( p1 * v1 *10^5) /( R * t1 *1000) ;......... // Mass f l o w o f
air
tt = ma * st ;.............. // T o t a l t h r u s t i n N
disp ( tt , T o t a l t h r u s t i n N : )
Scilab code Exa 21.23 Jet engine

349
Figure 21.22: Jet engine

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
al =9000;.......... // A l t i t u d e i n m
Ca =215;........... // Speed o f a i r c r a f t i n m/ s
TP =750;............. // T h r u s t power d e v e l o p e d i n kW
p1 =0.32;........... // I n l e t p r e s s u r e o f a i r i n b a r
t1 =231;............. // I n l e t t e m p e r a t u r e o f a i r i n K
t3 =963;............. // T e m p e r a t u r e o f g a s e s l e a v i n g
t h e c o m b u s t i o n chamber i n K
rpc =5.2;............ // P r e s s u r e r a t i o
C =42500;.......... // C a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f f u e l i n kJ / kg
C41 =195;......... // V e l o c i t y i n d u c t s
etac =0.86;.......... // C o m p r e s s o r e f f i c i e n c y
ga =1.4;............ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r a i r
gag =1.33;............ // R a t i o o f s p e c i f i c h e a t s f o r
gases
etajt =0.9;.......... // J e t t u b e e f f i c i e n c y
cp =1.005;............ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
cpg =1.087;............ // S p e c i f i c h e a t a t c o n s t a n t
350
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
R =0.29;.................. // Gas c o n s t a n t f o r e x h a u s t
g a s e s i n kJ /kgK
t2 = t1 *( rpc ^(( ga -1) / ga ) ) ;
t21 = t1 +(( t2 - t1 ) / etac ) ;
mf =( cpg *( t3 - t21 ) ) /( C -( cpg *( t3 - t21 ) ) ) ;
afr =1/ mf ;.......... // A i r f u e l r a t i o
t41 = round ( t3 -(( cp *( t21 - t1 ) ) /( cpg *(1+ mf ) ) ) ) ;
t4 = t3 -(( t3 - t41 ) / etat ) ; p4 = rpc ;
rpt =( t3 / t4 ) ^( gag /( gag -1) ) ;............. // E x p a n s i o n
pressure ratio in turbine
rpj = p4 / rpt ;.................... // E x p a n s i o n p r e s s u r e
r a t i o in j e t tube
t5 = t41 /( rpj ^(( gag -1) / gag ) ) ;
Cj = sqrt ( etajt *2*(( cpg *1000*( t41 - t5 ) ) +(( C41 * C41 ) /2) ) )
;
etao =((((1+ mf ) * Cj ) - Ca ) * Ca ) /(1000* mf * C ) ;...... //
Overall e f f i c i e n c y
ma =( TP *1000) /((((1+ mf ) * Cj ) - Ca ) * Ca ) ;........ // Rate o f
a i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s
disp ( ma , Rate o f a i r c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / s : )
P = ma *(1+ mf ) * cpg *( t3 - t41 ) ;.............. // Power
d e v e l o p e d by t h e t u r b i n e i n kW
disp (P , Power d e v e l o p e d by t u r b i n e i n kW: )
t51 = t41 -((( Cj ^2) -( C41 ^2) ) /(2*1000* cpg ) ) ;
rhoe =( p1 *10^5) /( R *1000* t51 ) ;.......... // D e n s i t y o f
exhaust gases
Ajt =( ma *(1+ mf ) ) /( Cj * rhoe ) ;....... // D i s c h a r g e o f j e t
a r e a i n m2
disp ( Ajt , The o u t l e t a r e a o f j e t t u b e i n m 2 : )
sfc =( mf * ma *3600) /(1000*( TP / Ca ) ) ;.......... // S p e c i f i c
f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg / t h r u s t h o u r
disp ( sfc , S p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n kg p e r kg o f
t h r u s t : )
351

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

3 Air Standard cycles

4 Fuel Air and Actual Cycles

7 Air Capacity of Four Stroke Engines

11 Carburation and carburettors

12 Fuel Injection Systems for CI Engines

17 Testing and Performance of IC Engines

21 Gas Turbines and Jet Propulsion

List of Scilab Codes

Depression in Venturi throat and throat area . . . . .

BSFC and brake thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .

Heat balance sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Comparison of roots blower and vane type compressor

Percentage change in otto cycle efficiency . . . . . . . . . . .

Time for combustion process and total crank rotation . . . .

7.12 Nominal Diameter of Inlet Valve and Volumetric Efficiency vs

15.1 Coolant required for petrol and diesel engine . . . . . . . . .

17.1 Indicated power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Quantity of fuel injected per cycle . . . . . . . .

Power supplied to supercharger . . . . . . . . . . .

17.4 Engine displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.39heat balance sheet . .

20.1 Single stage reciprocating compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20.30Multi stage compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.1 Open cycle gas turbine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21.19Turbo jet engine . . . . .

Scilab code Exa 3.1 Carnot engine

clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 1

Scilab code Exa 3.2 Carnot power cycle

Figure 3.1: Carnot engine

Figure 3.2: Carnot power cycle

1 clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 2

Figure 3.3: Efficiencies of carnot cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.3 Efficiencies of carnot cycle

Figure 3.4: Carnot Engine

Scilab code Exa 3.4 Carnot Engine

Figure 3.5: Carnot Engine

Scilab code Exa 3.5 Carnot Engine

Figure 3.6: Otto cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.7 Otto cycle

Figure 3.7: Otto cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.8 Otto cycle

clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 8

Figure 3.8: Otto Cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.9 Otto Cycle

Figure 3.9: Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle

disp ( etath *100 , Thermal e f f i c i e n c y i n %: )

Scilab code Exa 3.10 Otto cycle and Atkinson cycle

Figure 3.10: Otto cycle

clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 1 1

Figure 3.11: Otto cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.12 Otto cycle

of compression to that of p r e s s u r e at the s t a r t

Scilab code Exa 3.13 Otto cycle

Figure 3.12: Otto cycle

Figure 3.13: Otto cycle

Scilab code Exa 3.14 Otto cycle

clc ; funcprot (0) ; //EXAMPLE 3 . 1 4

Figure 3.14: Otto cycle

etaotto =1 -(1/( r ^( ga -1) ) ) ;................ // A i r

Scilab code Exa 3.15 Otto cycle

19 m =( p2 * v2 10^5) /( R t2 ) ;.................. // Mass o f

24 pm =(1/( rc -1) ) [( p3 ( rho -1) ) +((( p4 * rho ) -( p5 * rc ) ) /( n