Electrochemical Sources

and Photovoltaics
AE1M13EZF
Ing. Ladislava ern
Mgr. Jakub Holovsk, Ph.D.

Syllabus
Lectures
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Date
4.10.2016
11.10.2016
18.10.2016
25.10.2016
1.11.2016
8.11.2016
15.11.2016
22.11.2016
29.11.2016
6.12.2016
13.12.2016
20.12.2016
27.12.2016
3.1.2017

Theme
Independent electrochemical sources - basic concepts
Primary cells
Accumulators - lead-acid batteries
Smart Energy Forum
NiCd and NiMH batteries
Lithium batteries
Battery charging
Solar radiation that reaches the Earth
PV cells and modules (physics, construction)
PV cells and modules (technology and testing)
Inverters for PV systems
Design of PV power plants
Economical evaluation of PV systems
Credit-test from PV part, Credit (Pre-term)

Syllabus
Exercises
Week
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Date
4.10.2016
11.10.2016
18.10.2016
25.10.2016
1.11.2016
8.11.2016
15.11.2016
22.11.2016
29.11.2016
6.12.2016
13.12.2016
20.12.2016
27.12.2016
3.1.2017

Theme
Safety in Laboratory, Organization
Primary cells
Accumulators - Measurement methods
Smart Energy Forum
Charging characteristics of accumulators, rapid-charging
Discharging characteristics of accumulators
Chargers' design, Credit-test
V-A characteristics of different PV modules technologies
Thermography of PV modules
Automatic measurement of V-A characteristics
Electroluminescent measurement
Measurement on grid-on and grid-of systems
Design of hybrid systems
Credit-test from PV part, Credit (Pre-term)

Energy storage
Direct accumulation of electrical energy
- without transformation to the other form of
energy, also called Electrical methods
Indirect accumulation of electrical energy
- with reverse transformation to the other form of
energy

History
Universe after Big-bang
Energy has been stored into the stars and other space
objects

Direct Accumulation of Electrical

Energy
Capacitor
Energy is stored electrostatically in an electric field:
WC = C.U2
Energy can be stored to the capacitor with sufficient
capacity charged to sufficiently high voltage real
applications are possible only by using supercapacitors
Advantage high charging and discharging rates, more
cycles

Direct Accumulation of Electrical

Energy
Electromagnetic storage
Energy is stored in an magnetic field of coil:
WL = L.I2
For sufficiently high capacity is necessary to use
superconducting coil very expensive system
(materials, need of cooling) system SMES
(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage)

Indirect Accumulation of
Electrical Energy
Transformation of electrical form of energy to the
other form
Mechanical storage
Chemical storage
Electrochemical
storage

Mechanical storage
Gravitational potential energy storage
Pumped storage units
The water is pumped up to the reservoir and than falls
down through turbine.
Advantage no energy losses during energy storage in
upper
reservoir
Possible to use for
power in the range
of 10 to 100 of
MWh

Mechanical storage
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
In pressure vessel
due to the size and weight of the pressure vessel, the
system electromotor - compressor - pressure vessels turbine - generator can be applied only as a short-term
rather powerful source of electrical power
Advantage - the
possibility of
long-term lossless
energy storage

Mechanical storage
Compressed air energy storage (CAES)
In underground pressure vessel
Due to the dimension of underground tanks the system
electromotor - compressor - tank - turbine - generator
can be applied as a long-term powerful source of
electrical power
The condition for realization is to find a suitable
underground space and its seal against leakage of
compressed air
Disadvantage - partial loss of stored energy due to
systems leakage

Mechanical storage
Flywheel energy storage (FES)
Flywheel (rotor) is accelerating to very high speed and then
the energy of the rotating cylindrical body is used like a
drive (1000 of kWh can be stored):
E = J.2
Adding energy leads to higher speed, consuming energy to
lower speed of the flywheel
First generation of flywheels were made from steel, new
have carbon-fiber composite rotors.
Disadvantage mechanical losses of the flywheel, high
mass and demands on electronic regulation

Mechanical storage
Flywheel energy storage (FES)

Chemical storage
Gas - Hydrogen, Oxygen, Methane
Energy is used for gas production. Gas is then used like
a fuel for energy production. For example hydrogen in
fuel cells.
Disadvantage high cost and low efficiency due to the
need of hydrogen production
Advantage gas can be
transported easily (needed
energy can be produced in
uninhabited parts of the
world)

Electrochemical
Accumulators of Electrical
Energy

Basic concepts
Electrochemical sources
Primary cells
Secondary cells / Rechargeable battery / Storage
battery / Accumulator

Electrochemical cells
Voltage of one cell is relatively low (units of Volts)
connecting of cells into the batteries

Basic concepts
Operating principle
Reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in
oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion
Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in
oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion
Oxidation and Reduction take place together
(electroneutrality of reaction) REDOX system
separation of these reactions (half reaction) is possible by
using separator electrons must flow through the appliance
electrochemical cell

Basic concepts
Operating principle

Oxidation runs at anode

Reduction runs at cathode
Spontaneous redox reaction produces current!
Primary cells
Chemical energy is transforming into electrical.

Secondary cells
Charging electrical energy is transforming into chemical
Discharging - chemical energy is transforming into electrical.

Basic concepts
Construction components
Negative electrode material with negative electrode
potential
Positive electrode material with positive electrode
potential
Electrolyte - substance capable of in solution (gel or
also in solid state) to split the charge carriers - anions
and cations which are used to transport the charges
(current conduction)

Basic concepts
Construction components
Separator non-conductive, permeable material
separating the two electrodes to prevent their galvanic
connection

The can and inner cover of the cell fix

mutual position of the electrodes and
separators and prevent leakage of the
electrolyte. They are made from the
materials which are chemically inert to
electrochemical reaction inside the cell.

Electrical parameters of the cell

Cell Voltage

Open Circuit
Starting
Terminal
Cut-off

Electrical parameters of the cell

Capacity or Nominal Capacity (Ah for a specific Crate)
The coulometric capacity, the total Amp-hours available
when the battery is discharged at a certain discharge
current (specified as a C-rate) from 100 percent state-ofcharge to the cut-off voltage. Capacity is calculated by
multiplying the discharge current (in Amps) by the
discharge time (in hours) and decreases with increasing Crate.
For example CA10 means that it is capacity in Ah, where the
discharge current equal to 0.1C is applied for 10 h

Electrical parameters of the cell

Battery lifetime primary cells
time, when the capacity drop by self-discharging to 80
% or 50 % of declared capacity

Battery lifetime - accumulators

the number of discharge-charge cycles the battery can
experience before it fails to meet specific performance
criteria (usually 80 % of nominal C)
Cycle life is estimated for specific charge and discharge
conditions. The actual operating life of the battery is affected
by the rate and depth of cycles and by other conditions such as
temperature and humidity.

Electrical parameters of the cell

Operating temperature
the temperature range in which the cell can supply
power. The amount of removable energy is strongly
dependent on cell temperature, decreases with
decreasing temperature, in the range of +10 to 40 C is
close to the nominal value

Storing temperature
the temperature range in which the cell need not be
able to supply electricity, but there is no damage or
change of the properties during the operation in
operating temperature range

Electrical parameters of the cell

Operating or storing position
for some cell types is required. In other positions
deterioration of the cell (electrolyte spillage, distortion
electrodes, etc.) may occur.

Thank you for your attention!