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http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
(Courtesy Westinghouse)
http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
(Courtesy Westinghouse)
http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
http://elektro.fs.cvut.cz/en/SSem/2141025/Synchronous_Machine.pdf
E A V Rs I A jX s I A
Over excited ( E A V )
E A V Rs I A jX s I A
Slightly over excited ( E A V )
E A V Rs I A jX s I A
Maybe under excited ( E A V )
E A I A
V Rs I A jX s I A E A
Output Power
Pout 3V I A cos
E A sin
I A cos
Xs
E A V Rs I A jX s I A V jX s I A , since Rs X s
Pout Pconv
3V E A sin
XS
Induced Torque
Pconv
3V E A sin
Tind
XS
Tind m
3V E A sin
m X S
Synchronous Generator
Model Parameter Measurement
(or ET )
Saturation for large field current
E A, rms
Dl
8 2 f e 0
geff
N a N f
2
P
I f
Measurement Procedure:
1. Drive rotor at rated synchronous speed.
2. Increase field current If upward from 0
3. Take data of Voc and plot Voc (or EA) vs If
IA
EA
Rs jX s
BR BS
B net 0
V 0
IA
EA
Rs2 X s2
V 0
No saturation
Measurement Procedure:
1. When = 0 and If = 0, short the machine through
three ammeters
2. When If = 0, drive the machine to rated
synchronous speed
3. Increase If , take data (rms values) from three
ammeters and plot IA,sc vs If
EA
R s2 X s2
EA
Xs
I A , sc
EA
Xs
(1)
Get the internal voltage EA from the OCC at that field current.
Get the short-circuit current flow IA,SC at that field current from the SCC.
Find Xs by applying (1).
EA
X S ,u
I A , sc
No saturation
Follow equation
EA
I A ,sc
X s E A / I A,sc
at any field current in the linear portion (on the airgap line) of the OCC curve.
Short-Circuit Ratio
Short Circuit Ratio: The ratio of the field current required for the
rated voltage at open circuit to the field current required for the rated
armature current at short circuit.
SCR
I fV |rated voltage at OC
I fI |rated current at SC
EA
V,rated
SCR
I fV
I fI
Ix
I A,rated
I x V ,rated
1
Zb
SCR is inversely
proportional to Xs
Zb
V ,rated
I A,rated
base impedance
Synchronous Generator
Operation
E A E A'
E A V jX s I A
If lagging loads (+Q or inductive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V and the terminal voltage VT decrease.
E A E A'
E A V jX s I A
E A E A'
E A V jX s I A
If leading loads (-Q or capacitive reactive power loads) are added to a generator,
the phase voltage V and the terminal voltage VT may increase.
Vnl V fl
V fl
100%
Lagging Load
-> large positive voltage regulation
Unit Power Factor Load -> small positive voltage regulation
Leading load
-> may be negative voltage regulation
Generator V Curves
Example 1 (1)
A 480 V, 60 Hz, connected, four pole synchronous generator has the OCC curve shown in the figure.
This generator has a synchronous reactance of 0.1 and an armature resistance of 0.015 .
At full load, the machine supplies 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction
and windage losses are 40 kW, and the core losses are 30 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.
(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b) How much field current must be supplied to the generator to make the terminal voltage 480 V at
no load?
(c) If the generator is now connected to a load and the load draws 1200 A at 0.8 PF lagging, how much
field current is required to keep the terminal voltage equal to 480 V?
(d) How much power is the generator now supplying? How much power is supplied to the generator
by the prime mover? What is the machines overall efficiency?
(e) If the generators load were suddenly disconnected from the line, what would happen to its
terminal voltage?
(f) Finally, suppose that the generator is connected to a load drawing 1200 A at 0.8 PF leading, how
much field current would be required to keep VT at 480 V?
Example 1 (2)
sg1.m
Example 2 (1)
A 480V, 60 Hz, Y connected, six pole synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 1 and
an armature resistance of 0.1 .
At full load, the machine supplies 60 A at 0.8 PF lagging. Under full load conditions, the friction
and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and the core losses are 1.0 kW. Ignore any field circuit losses.
(a) What is the speed of rotation of this generator?
(b) What is the terminal voltage of this generator at full load assuming the field excitation current
keeps the same as no load?
(c) What is the efficiency of this generator at full load?
(d) How much shaft torque must be supplied by the prime mover at full load? How large is the
induced counter torque?
(e) What is the voltage regulation of this generator ?
After the MatLab program can work, please change the load current to be 60 A
at 1.0 PF, and 60 A at 0.8 PF leading and redo the above.
sg2.m
Example 2 (2)
Let the angle of V : V =0.
Imaginary part of
V R s I A jX s I A E A
becomes:
sin
X s I A cos I A R s I A sin I A
EA
V I
Synchronous Generator
Capability Curve
PSCL 3I R
2
A s
PRCL IF2 RF
The maximum allowable heating of the rotor sets a maximum
field current IF for the machine. Its equivalent to set a maximum
EA for the machine.
(3) Prime-movers Power Limit.
(rotor heating)
(stator heating)
3V
X
P
Q
flip
capability curve
Example 3
A 480V, 50 Hz, Y connected, six pole synchronous generator is rated at 50 kVA at 0.8 PF lagging. It
has a synchronous reactance of 1.0 per phase. Assume that this generator is connected to a steam
turbine capable of supplying up to 45 kW. The friction and windage losses are 1.5 kW, and the core
losses are 1.0 kW.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Sketch the capability curve for this generator, including the prime-mover power limit.
Can this generator supply a line current of 56 A at 0.7 PF lagging? Why or why not?
What is the maximum amount of reactive power this generator can produce?
If the generator supplies 30 kW of real power, what is the maximum amount of reactive power that
can be simultaneously supplied?
sg3.m
Synchronous Motor
Operation
UCF
motor
generator
Tind kB R B net
Tind kB R B net sin
UCF
Motor
V Rs I A jX s I A E A
Generator
V Rs I A jX s I A E A
UCF
V E A Rs I A jX s I A
P 3V I A cos
3
V E A
Tind
Xs
P
sin (for R A X s )
3
V E A
m X s
sin
Pull-out torque: when sin=1, the maximum torque the machine can get.
Tmax 3
V E A
m X s
Tmax kB R B net
UCF
P 3V I A cos 3
V E A
Xs
sin
UCF
Example 1
Details in sm1.m
UCF
V E A Rs I A jX s I A
E A jX s I A
UCF
UCF
UCF
UCF
Example 2
sm2.m
UCF
sm3.m