01.LTE EPC Signaling and Protocols

LTE/EPC signaling and protocols
1- Network Overview
Astellia confidential
Module Contents
Introduction
LTE / EPS Architecture and Interfaces
LTE main features
Basics of LTE air interface
Bearer concepts and QoS Parameters
Main Identities
LTE=Long Term evolution
LTE is the latest standard in the mobile

network technology tree that previously
realized the GSM/EDGE and
UMTS/HSxPA network technologies that
now account for over 85% of all mobile
subscribers.
LTE will ensure 3GPPs competitive edge

over other cellular technologies.
Low Speed
Mobility
Med Speed
High Speed
Evolution of Radio Access Technologies
3G
CDMA2000
/UMTS
3.xG
HSPA
4G
LTE
2G
GSM/IS-95
1G
AMPS
14,4 Kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
21 Mbps
150 Mbps Data Rates
LTE Targets
Enhanced
consumer
experience
A true global
roaming
technology
LTE
Targets
Easy to
introduce on
any frequency
band
Decreased
cost / GB
5
Schedule for 3GPP Releases
IMS
HSDPA
UMTS Rel 99/4
2000
UMTS Rel 5
2003
MBMS
WLAN IW
HSUPA
UMTS Rel 6
2005
IMS Evolution
LTE Studies
iHSPA
UMTS Rel 7
2007
LTE
UMTS Rel 8
2008
2009
A true global roaming

technology
year
LTE
HSUPA
IMS
HSDPA
UMTS WCDMA
LTE Performance Targets
Peak user
throughput
HSPA(R6)
LTE
High data rates

Low latency
High spectral
efficiency
Latency
HSPA(R6)
LTE
Spectral
efficiency
HSPA(R6)
LTE
Enhanced consumer
experience
Scalable Bandwidth
Scalable
bandwidth of 1.4
20 MHz
Urban
2.6 GHz
UMTS
2.1 GHz
or
2.6 GHz
LTE
UMTS
2.1 GHz
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
Rural
GSM
900 MHz
Easy to
introduce on
any frequency
band
LTE
2018
LTE
2020
UMTS
LTE
or
LTE
GSM
900 MHz
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
2020
Reduced Network Cost

IP
Networks
HSS
PCRF
Flat IP
architecture
SAE GW
MME
Decreased cost /
GB
SGSN
GSM
WCDMA/
HSPA
LTE
LTE Specifications
X2
X2: 36.421-36.424
(RAN3)
RF: 36.10136.104
36.133 (RAN4)
L2/L3: 36.321-323,
36.361,
36.304/306 (RAN)
S1: 36.41136.414
(RAN3)
L1: 36.211-36.214
(RAN )
LTE Uu
eNb
S1
Packet
Core
10
Module Contents
Introduction
LTE main features
Main Identities
11
System Architecture Evolution

From Circuit To Packet
PSTN
CS
PSTN
IP
IP
PS
CS
PSTN
IP
PSTN
IMS
IMS
PS
PS
CS
Access
Access
Access
Access
2G Initial
Architecture
(GSM)
(1991)
2G Packet Evolution
(GPRS/EDGE)
(2000)
3G IMS
Evolution
(2004)
EPS
Architecture
(2008)
12
Network Architecture Evolution

HSPA
Direct tunnel
HSPA R6
HSPA R7
GGSN
SGSN
RNC
Node B
(NB)
I-HSPA
HSPA R7
GGSN
SGSN
LTE
LTE R8
SAE GW
GGSN
SGSN
MME
RNC
Node B
(NB)
Node B +
RNC
Functionality
Evolved
Node B
(eNB)
User plane
Control Plane
13
EPS Architecture
PCRF
SGW
Foreign PLMN
Charging Charging
online
offline
IMS/PDN
PGW
Gx
Gz
Gy
PGW
S8
Outbound
S8
Inbound
SGW
SGi
Gn SGSN
Core
S5
S4
3G / 2G
Packet /
voice
MSC
S3
S11
S1-U
Gn Mobility
MME
SGs
S10
eNodeB
X2
S1-MME
S6a
MME
HSS
eNodeB
14
LTE System Overview
Air Interface
Radio Network
Architecture
Core Network
And
Applications
OFDMA
& SC-FDMA
IP-Based
Architecture
IP-Based
Core Network
Distributed
Architecture
Internet, VPN
IMS
(IP Multimedia
System)
MIMO
Multiple
Antennas
technique
15
EPS Architecture- Subsystems

The EPS architecture goal is to optimize the system for packet data
transfer.
There are no circuit switched components. The EPS architecture is made
up of:
EPC: Evolved Packet Core, also referred as SAE
IMS/PDN
eUTRAN: Radio Access Network,
also referred as LTE
EPC
EPS
eUTRAN
LTE-UE
16
Basic EPS Architecture

PDN GW
IMS/PDN
SGi
HSS
s6a
S5/S8
S1-MME
MME
S1-U
SGW
X2
LTE
17
EvolvedPacket
Packet Core
Evolved
Core(EPC)
(EPC)
IMS/PDN
P-GW
Routes and Forwards

Data Packets
MME
S-GW
Connectivity to
External Networks
Access Network
UE
eNb
18
EPS Equipment overview

Mobility Management Entity
Home Subscriber Server
Key control and Signaling Element

Gateway Selection
Idle state terminal location management
Bearer control
User subscription data
UE
Gating and QoS policy control

Flow-based charging control
HSS
PCRF
S6a
MME
S1-MME
Policy and Charging Rules

Function
Rx
S10
Gx
SGW
S11
PGW
IMS/PDN
IMS/PDN
LTE-Uu
X2
S1-U
S5
SGi
Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway
Evolved Node B
Radio Resource Management
User plane IP header compression
and encryption
Serving Gateway
Bearer plane element interfacing EUTRAN
Mobility anchor for inter-eNB and
inter-3GPP access mobility
Bearer plane element interfacing PDNs

Terminal IP address allocation
Policy enforcement
Packet filtering
Charging
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MME
NAS signalling and security.
MME
HSS
Inter CN node signalling and SGSN selection for mobility between 3GPP access
networks.
UE Reachability in ECM-IDLE state (including control and execution of paging
retransmission).
S-GW
Tracking Area list management.

PDN GW and Serving GW selection.
MME
MME selection for handovers with MME change.

Roaming control (S6a interface toward HSS).
eNb
User authentication and authorisation support.

Bearer management functions.
Lawful Interception of signalling traffic.
20
S-GW
PCRF
The local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNodeB

handover.
Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility
(terminating S4 and relaying the traffic between
2G/3G system and PDN GW).
MME
PGW
S-GW
ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and

initiation of network triggered service request
procedure.
Lawful Interception.
Packet routing and forwarding.
eNb
Transport level packet marking in the uplink and the
downlink.
eNb
Accounting for inter-operator charging.
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PDN-GW
Per-user based packet filtering (by e.g. deep packet
inspection).
S-GW
IMS/PDN
Control of User Plane Tunnels

UE IP address allocation.
PCRF
Accounting for inter-operator charging.

UL and DL service level charging.
UL and DL service level gating control.
PGW
UL and DL service level rate enforcement as defined.

UL and DL rate enforcement based on APN-AMBR.
DL rate enforcement based on the accumulated MBRs of the
aggregate of SDFs with the same GBR QCI.
DHCP functions
22
PCRF
Binding mechanism, associates a service data flow to the
EPS bearer deemed to transport the service data flow.
IMS/PDN
Reporting
Credit Management
Event Trigger
PCRF
Policy Control
Service (data flow) prioritisation and conflict handling
SGW
PGW
Standardised QoS characteristics

Termination Action
Handling of packet filters.
23
HSS
The Home Subscriber Server contains users

SAE subscription data such as the EPSsubscribed QoS profile and any access
restrictions for roaming.
EPC
I/S-CSCF
It also holds information about the PDNs to which

the user can connect. This could be in the form of
an access point name (APN)
In addition the HSS holds dynamic information

such as the identity of the MME to which the user
is currently attached or registered.
GMSC
SGSN
HSS
HLR+AUC
The HSS may also integrate the authentication

center (AUC), which generates the vectors for
authentication and security keys.
MSC
2G/3G CS domain
GGSN
2G/3G PS domain
24
E-UTRAN Architecture
Core Network
X2
eNb
eNb
LTE Uu
UE
eUtran Architecture
25
UE
Signal network entry and other state changes

eNb
Report location while in idle mode

Request UL grants in active mode
LTE Uu
Act as PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY client

From the outset, LTE has been specified and designed
to accommodate small, high-performance, powerefficient, end-user devices.
UE
The standard does not preclude implementing multiple

radio transmitters and receivers, and operating them
simultaneously in dual radio operation >> single radio
operation only is supported by LTE
26
eNb
Radio resource management (RRM): This covers all
functions related to the radio bearers, such as radio bearer
control, radio admission control, radio mobility control,
scheduling and dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in
both uplink and downlink.
SGW
MME
Header Compression: This helps to ensure efficient use of

the radio interface by compressing the IP packet headers
that could otherwise represent a significant overhead.
eNb
Security: All data sent over the radio interface is encrypted.
eNb
Connectivity to the EPC: This consists of the signaling
toward MME and the bearer path toward the S-GW.
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S1 Flex Interface
SGW
MME
SGW
SGW
MME
MME
SGW
MME
S1-Flex
Pool Area 1
eNb
eNb
Pool Area 2
28
eNodeB Self Configuration

MME
SGW
2. Setup
S1-MME
1. Detect O&M System

4. Setup initial X2 Links
3. Associate
with SGW
eNb
eNb
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Module Contents
Introduction
LTE main features
Main Identities
30
Radio Interface Key Features
Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)
eNb
Spectrum Flexibility
FDD & TDD modes
LTE Uu
Multi-Antenna Transmission
Frequency and time Domain scheduling
Uplink (UL) Power Control
UE
31
EUTRAN Key Features

Transfer of user data
Radio channel ciphering and deciphering
eNb
Integrity protection and header compression
eNb
Mobility control functions

Connection setup and release
LTE Uu
Load Balancing
Distribution function for NAS messages
Synchronization
UE
Radio access network sharing

Subscriber and equipment trace
RAN Information Management
32
EPC Key Features

PGW
PCRF
IP transport layer
QoS Awareness
SGW
Packet Switched Domain only

SGW
3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option
MME
Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access

networks
eNb
eNb
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Module Contents
Introduction
LTE main features
Main Identities
34
Transmission Techniques
Power
Traffic channels: different users are assigned

unique code and transmitted over the same
frequency band, for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
Traffic channels: different time slots are

allocated to different users, for example,
DAMPS and GSM
Power
Power
Traffic channels: different frequency

bands are allocated to different
users,for example, AMPS and TACS
35
FDMA Principle
Single Carrier
Center frequency 1
Transmitter
Data
source
Bits
Modulator
Transmitter1
Data
source
RF
FDMA Principle
Bits
Modulator
RF
Center frequency 2
Center frequency 1
Transmitter2
Data
source
Bits
Modulator
RF
36
Multi-Carrier Principle
Multi carrier Principle

Modulator
Data
source
Bits
Modulator
RF
IFFT
RF
Modulator
Modulator
Center frequency 2
Center frequency 1
Center frequency 4
Center frequency 3
Subcarrier Spacing
Frequency
37
FDM Versus OFDM
Single Carrier Transmission (WCDMA)
Frequency Division Multiplex
Saved BW
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
38
Air Interface Resources

Downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Uplink: SC-FDMA (Single-Carrier
Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Both FDD and TDD modes availabl.
Subcarrier spacing 15 kHz
FDD Carrier
Bandwidth
[MHz]
Number of
Resource
Blocks
1.4
15
25
10
50
15
75
20
100
Scalable bandwidth.
39
Transmission Bandwidth Configuration
BW
1,4
10
15
20
Max number of RB
15
25
50
75
100
Max Occupied BW
1,08
2,7
4,5
13,5
18
40
OFDM Vs OFDMA
41
FDD & TTD Modes
Guard time
Duplex
Distance
f DL
f UL
f DL
f UL
TDD
FDD
42
FDD LTE frequency band allocations

LTE BAND
NUMBER
UPLINK
(MHZ)
DOWNLINK
(MHZ)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
1920 - 1980
1850 - 1910
1710 - 1785
1710 - 1755
824 - 849
830 - 840
2500 - 2570
880 - 915
1749.9 - 1784.9
1710 - 1770
1427.9 - 1452.9
698 - 716
777 - 787
788 - 798
1900 - 1920
2010 - 2025
704 - 716
815 - 830
830 - 845
832 - 862
1447.9 - 1462.9
3410 - 3500
2000 - 2020
1625.5 - 1660.5
1850 - 1915
2110 - 2170
1930 - 1990
1805 -1880
2110 - 2155
869 - 894
875 - 885
2620 - 2690
925 - 960
1844.9 - 1879.9
2110 - 2170
1475.9 - 1500.9
728 - 746
746 - 756
758 - 768
2600 - 2620
2585 - 2600
734 - 746
860 - 875
875 - 890
791 - 821
1495.5 - 1510.9
3510 - 3600
2180 - 2200
1525 - 1559
1930 - 1995
WIDTH OF
BAND
(MHZ)
60
60
75
45
25
10
70
35
35
60
20
18
10
10
20
15
12
15
15
30
15
90
20
34
65
DUPLEX
SPACING
(MHZ)
190
80
95
400
45
35
120
45
95
400
48
30
-31
-30
700
575
30
45
45
-41
48
100
180
-101.5
80
BAND GAP
(MHZ)
130
20
20
355
20
25
50
10
60
340
28
12
41
40
680
560
18
30
30
71
33
10
160
135.5
15
43
TDD LTE frequency band allocations

LTE BAND
NUMBER
UPLINK
(MHZ)
DOWNLINK
(MHZ)
WIDTH OF BAND (MHZ)
DUPLEX
SPACING
(MHZ)
BAND GAP
(MHZ)
33
1900 - 1920
20
33
1900 - 1920
20
34
2010 - 2025
15
34
2010 - 2025
15
35
1850 - 1910
60
35
1850 - 1910
60
36
1930 - 1990
60
36
1930 - 1990
60
37
1910 - 1930
20
37
1910 - 1930
20
38
2570 - 2620
50
38
2570 - 2620
50
39
1880 - 1920
40
39
1880 - 1920
40
40
2300 - 2400
100
40
2300 - 2400
100
41
2496 - 2690
194
41
2496 - 2690
194
42
3400 - 3600
200
42
3400 - 3600
200
43
3600 - 3800
200
43
3600 - 3800
200
33
1900 - 1920
20
33
1900 - 1920
20
34
2010 - 2025
15
34
2010 - 2025
15
44
Radio Resources
Symbols
45
Theoretical RB Capacity
(normal cyclic prefix case)
12 subcarriers
(180 kHz)
Resource Block (RB)

Basic unit of resource
12 subcarriers wide in the frequency
domain
7 symbols long in the time domain
Thus, 84 symbols per resource block
7 symbols
(0.5 ms)
Bit Rates per
Resource Block
TTI is 1 ms, i.e.

duration of 2 resource
blocks
Bit Rate per Resource Block depends upon

modulation scheme
Symbol rate = 168 ksps

QPSK => 2 bits per symbol => 336 kbps
16QAM => 4 bits per symbol => 672 kbps
64QAM => 6 bits per symbol => 1.008 Mbps
46
LTE Resource Grid
47
LTE UE Categories
Peak Data Rate
(Mbps)
DL
UL
Soft
Buffer
size
(Gbps)
10
0.25
10296
5160
50
25
1.24
51024
25456
UE
Classes
Max bits
Received/
TTi
Max bits
Transmitted /
TTi
Nbr of
MIMO
Streams
100
50
1.24
102048
51024
150
50
1.83
149776
51024
300
75
3.67
299552
75376
Max. DL
Mod
64
QAM
Max. UL
Mod
16
QAM
64
QAM
48
Module Contents
Introduction
LTE main features
Main Identities
49
PDN Connection and EPS Bearer 1/2

In EPS, two concepts are introduced to define the IP connectivity
between a UE and a packet data network (PDN):
PDN connection, and
EPS bearer
A PDN connection is composed of a default EPS bearer and possibly
additional ones called "dedicated bearers".
APN
IP @
1x
0..n
Default EPS Bearer
QoS=Default
Dedicated EPS Bearer
QoS=x
IMS/PDN
Dedicated EPS Bearer
UE
QoS=z
SGW
PGW
50
PDN Connection and EPS Bearer 2/2
Default bearer is created upon establishment of a PDN connection. If a service

(e.g. video streaming) requires specific handling in terms of quality of service
(QoS), dedicated bearers can be established.
Within a PDN connection, all EPS bearers share a same UE IP address and an
APN.
EPS supports multiple simultaneous PDN connections. For instance, a UE can

have a PDN connection to the Internet (with just a default EPS bearer) and one
to the operators IMS (with additional dedicated bearers, if required by the
service).
51
E2E QoS Model
SGW
eNb
LTE Uu
PGW
S5/S8
S1
Sgi
IMS/PDN
Radio Bearer
S1 Bearer
S5/S8 Bearer
External Bearer
E-RAB
EPS Bearer
End to End Service
52
EPS Bearer QoS
LTE QoS
Dedicated
Bearer
GBR
QCI 1-4
GBR
MBR
TFT
ARP
L-EBI
Default
Bearer
Non-GBR
Non-GBR
QCI 5-9
APN-AMBR
UE-AMBR
TFT
ARP
L-EBI
QCI 5-9
APN-AMBR
UE-AMBR
APN
IP @
ARP
53
The EPS Bearer Concept 1/3

Each UE that is attached to the LTE network has at least one bearer
available, that is called the default bearer.
Its goal is to provide continuous IP connectivity towards the EPC (always-on
concept)
From the QoS point of view, the default bearer is normally a quite basic
bearer
If an specific service requires more stringent QoS attributes, then a dedicated
bearer should be established.
UE
eNb
PGW
SGW
S1-U
S5
Sgi
IMS/PDN
Default EPS Bearer

Dedicated EPS Bearers 1n
54
SGW
eNb
LTE Uu
PGW
S5/S8
S1
Sgi
IMS/PDN
Default Bearer (Non-GBR)
Dedicated Bearer (GBR or Non-GBR)
55

Example
Usually LTE networks with VoLTE implementations has two default and
one dedicated bearer
1. Default bearer 1: Used for signaling messages (sip signaling) related
to IMS network. It uses QCI 5
2. Dedicated bearer: Used for VoLTE VoIP traffic. It uses QCI 1 and is
linked to default bearer 1
3. Default bearer 2: Used for all other smartphone traffic (video, chat,
email, browser etc)
56
EPS Bearer QoS Attributes
Default Bearer/Dedicated Bearer

GBR/N-GBR
EPS Bearer QoS Parameters
(To be defined per Bearer)
MBR
UL/DL-TFT
QCI
ARP
EPS Bearer QoS Parameters

(To be defined per User)
AMBR
57
QoS Parameters (1/2)
TRAFFIC QOS
Non-GBR
GBR
GBR
MBR
Packet Loss
Rate
Latency
requirement
AMBR
58
QoS Parameters (2/2)

QoS Class Identifier (QCI): A scalar that is used as a reference to access node-specific
parameters that control bearer level packet forwarding treatment.
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP): its purpose is to decide whether a
bearer establishment/ modification request can be accepted or rejected in case of
resource limitations.
Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR): It denotes the bit rate that can be expected to be
provided by a GBR bearer.
Maximum Bit Rate (MBR): It limits the bit rate that can be expected to be provided by a
GBR bearer.
APN - AMBR (APNAggregated MBR): Applies to non-GBR beraers. It is the maximum bit rate allowed
across all Bearers of the same UE for each UE-APN connection.
UE - AMBR (UEAggregated MBR): Applies to non-GBR bearers. It is the maximum bit rate allowed of
the same UE.
59
QoS Class Identifier

QCI
Resource
Type
Priority
Packet
Delay
Budget
Packet
Error
Loss
Rate
Example services
100 ms
10-2
Conversational Voice
150 ms
10-3
Conversational Video (Live

Streaming)
50 ms
10-3
Real Time Gaming
300 ms
10-6
Non-Conversational Video
100 ms
10-6
IMS Signalling
300 ms
10-6
Video (Buffered Streaming)

TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat)
100 ms
10-3
Voice, Video (Live Streaming)
10-6
Video (Buffered Streaming)

TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp,
p2p file, sharing, progressive video, etc.)
1
2
7
8
9
GBR
NGBR
8
9
300 ms
60
PCC Architecture
Subscription
Profile
Repository
(SRP)
Sp
Policy and Charging Rules Function

(PCRF):
Gxc
Rx
AF
Gx
GY
(BBERF)
PCEF
Gz
Serving Gateway
SGSN
PDN Gateway
Online Charging
System (OCS)
Offline Charging
System
MME
GERAN
UTRAN
eUTRAN
61
PCRF Outputs
PCRF
UL filters, DL filters
QCI, ARP, MBR, GBR
(opt)
Packet data flow level
Establish/ Modify (packet flow)
Bearer Level
UL filters
Terminal
UL filters
DL filters
QCI, ARP
MBR, GBR
(opt)
QCI
ARP
MBR
GBR (opt)
Establish/ Modify (packet flow)
Transport level
LTE RAN
Transport
Gateway
62
Trafic Flow Templates

IMS/PDN
Mapping packets
to SDFs, EPS
bearers
Incoming
packets
PDN-GW
EPS Bearer 1
EPS Bearer 2
63
64
65
66
Module Contents
Introduction
LTE main features
Main Identities
67
Identities In LTE Network
UE IP @
68
IMSI: International
Mobile Subscriber Identity
The IMSI allows unambiguous identication of a particular SIM or USIM card. The
IMSI is composed of three parts:
The Mobile Country Code (MCC): consisting of 3 digits.
The MCC uniquely identies the country of domicile of the mobile subscriber.
The Mobile Network Code (MNC): consisting of 2 or 3 digits for GSM/UMTS
applications.
The MNC identies the home PLMN of the mobile subscriber. The length of the MNC (2 or 3
digits)
The Mobile Subscriber Identication Number (MSIN): identifying the mobile
subscriber within a PLMN.
69
GUTI: Globally Unique

Temporary UE Identity
The GUTI is used to To identify a UE between the UE and the MME on behalf of
IMSI for security reason.
The GUTI is assigned only by the MME during initial attach of a UE to the E-UTRAN
and has two main components:
The Globally Unique Mobility Management Entity Identier (GUMMEI): that uniquely
identies the MME which allocated the GUTI (is constructed from the MCC, MNC, and
Mobility Management Entity Identier (MMEI).
The M-TMSI: that uniquely identies the UE within the MME that allocated the GUTI.
70
TMSI: Temporary Mobile

Subscriber Identity
The TMSI is used to mask the true subscribers identity, which is the IMSI, in NAS
signaling procedures.
In the E-UTRAN it is often used together with the GUTI.
The TMSI is allocated to a particular subscriber (more correctly, to a particular
subscribers (U)SIM card) during initial attach.
The TMSI has only local signicance (i.e., within a VLR and the area controlled by a
VLR, or within a SGSN and the area controlled by a SGSN, or within a MME and
the area controlled by a MME):
S-TMSI (SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) is used to locally identify a UE in

short within a MME group (Unique within a MME Pool)
For paging purposes, the mobile is paged with the S-TMSI.
*It is correct to say that the S-TMSI is a shorter format of GUTI.
71
ECGI: E-UTRAN Cell Global

Identifier
The Global Cell Identity (ECGI) is a cell identifier unique in the world. It has a global
scope, and is used for cell identification purposes with MME, with another eNB, etc.
It represents a combination of PLMN identity and E-UTRAN Cell Identifier (ECI)
72
C-RNTI: Cell- Radio Network

Temporary Identifier
The C-RNTI is used to identify an UE uniquely in a cell. It has the following
format:
0x0001 ~ 0xFFF3 (16 bits)
All RRC messages belonging to a single connection between a UE and the

network are marked with the same C-RNTI value by the MAC entity that
provided transport services to the RRC and NAS.
A temporary C-RNTI is allocated to the UE during random access procedure
(with a RRC connection setup message) and may turn into a permanent CRNTI depending on the result of a subsequently performed contention
resolution procedure or in the case of contention-free random access.
The C-RNTI is an important parameter for call tracing.
73
TAID: Tracking Area ID

Basically, a TA is defined as a set of contiguous cells. The identity of the TA the cell
belongs to, or TAI (Tracking Area Identity), is part of the system information
broadcast on the BCCH.
The TAC (Tracking Area Code) indicates to which Tracking Area the eNB belongs
to (per Cell), it is unique within a PLMN
MME
TA2
TA1
74

01.LTE EPC Signaling and Protocols

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01.LTE EPC Signaling and Protocols

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LTE/EPC signaling and protocols

LTE=Long Term evolution

LTE is the latest standard in the mobile

LTE will ensure 3GPPs competitive edge

Evolution of Radio Access Technologies

150 Mbps Data Rates

Schedule for 3GPP Releases

A true global roaming

LTE Performance Targets

High data rates

Reduced Network Cost

System Architecture Evolution

Network Architecture Evolution

LTE System Overview

EPS Architecture- Subsystems

Basic EPS Architecture

Routes and Forwards

EPS Equipment overview

Home Subscriber Server

Key control and Signaling Element

User subscription data

Gating and QoS policy control

Policy and Charging Rules

Bearer plane element interfacing PDNs

Tracking Area list management.

MME selection for handovers with MME change.

User authentication and authorisation support.

The local Mobility Anchor point for inter-eNodeB

ECM-IDLE mode downlink packet buffering and

Accounting for inter-operator charging.

Control of User Plane Tunnels

Accounting for inter-operator charging.

UL and DL service level rate enforcement as defined.

Standardised QoS characteristics

The Home Subscriber Server contains users

It also holds information about the PDNs to which

In addition the HSS holds dynamic information

The HSS may also integrate the authentication

Signal network entry and other state changes

Report location while in idle mode

Act as PDCP, RLC, MAC, and PHY client

The standard does not preclude implementing multiple

Header Compression: This helps to ensure efficient use of

eNodeB Self Configuration

1. Detect O&M System

Radio Interface Key Features

Retransmission Handling (HARQ/ARQ)

EUTRAN Key Features

Integrity protection and header compression

Mobility control functions

Radio access network sharing

EPC Key Features

Packet Switched Domain only

3GPP (GTP) or IETF (MIPv6) option

Prepare to connect to non-3GPP access

Traffic channels: different users are assigned

Traffic channels: different time slots are

Traffic channels: different frequency

Multi carrier Principle

FDM Versus OFDM

Single Carrier Transmission (WCDMA)

Frequency Division Multiplex

Air Interface Resources

Transmission Bandwidth Configuration