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techniques MOL-32246
Lecture 1
15.1.2015
MOL-32246 Introduction
to NDT techniques
The lectures start on Thursday 15th of January 9:1512:00 at K4441A (4th floor)
After the first time the lectures are held on Thursdays at
10:15-12
Course is in MOODLE2 (MOL-32246:2015)
Course key: nondest
Lecturers:
Minnamari Vippola
Suvi Santa-aho
Toivo Lepist
2
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Course details
Lectures (weeks 3-9):
1: General
2: Visual inspection and liquid penetrant inspection
3: Ultrasonic inspection and acoustic emission
4: Thermal inspection methods
5: Magnetic methods
6: Radiographic inspection and residual stress measurements
7: Eddy current testing
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Inspecta
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Seminar groupwork
Work is done in groups of 4 persons
Compulsory to everyone in order to pass the course
Every group gets a topic according to their open letter
Group prepares a written report about their topic and
also gives a seminar presentation. It should be noticed
that each report will be checked also according to
plagiarism, and if such is observed the work will be
graded as failed.
Preparation starts by having a group and thinking about
the NDT method and material group (metals, ceramics,
polymers etc.) you are interested in Open letter
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Schedule:
Group is ready and knows its area of interest and sends open letter by
25.1.2015 to Moodle
Subjects to each group will be given before 29.1.2015
Written report should be sent to Moodle by 25.2.2015
Each group should review one of the other groups work, review report
sent to Moodle by 03.03.2015
-Instructions on who is reviewing who will be given later
Work will be presented (seminar presentations) on Thursday
05.03.2015 at 10:15-12:00 in lecture room K4441A
Each group should give a short contribution report on how the work
was divided within the group, report sent to Moodle by 08.03.2015
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Related literature
Lecture notes and related web links available
at Moodle 2
ASM Handbook online:
http://products.asminternational.org/hbk/do/highli
ght/content/V17/D02/A01/index.html
ASM Handbook Vol. 17: Nondestructive
Evaluation and Quality Control, 1987
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Methodology
Destructive testing
E.g. hardness testing, tensile testing
http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/
JOM/9811/Kim/Kim9811.fig.1.lg.gif
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Term definitions
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http://www.infraredvision.co.uk/pulse-active-irtinspections/
http://www.matsuzawaht.com/us/support/guide.htm
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History
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Testing of products/items
NDT: Assistant tool in manufacturing processes
Testing of devices
Condition monitoring of e.g. harbour crane, aircrafts
Final inspection, scheduled inspections during operation
Testing of structures
Structural heath monitoring (SHM) of e.g. bridges, water towers
Tool for scheduling of reparation work
Research
At universities (TUT: eddy current, Barkhausen noise, ultrasonics..)
Development of measurements/processes
Signal processing
Failure analysis
Medicine (radiography, magnetic resonance, ultrasonics)
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Calibration
http://www.fidgeon.co.uk/product.php?id=499
http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/CommunityC
ollege/Ultrasonics/CalibrationMeth/calibra
tionmethods.htm
Calibration
Quality of data must be known and established beyond a
reasonable doubt before it can be used logically in any
application
Quality: comparison of its uncertainty with acceptable
uncertainties (limits of uncertainty, because absolute
certainty can never be achieved)
Accuracy= closeness of a measured value to the true
value, unknown or inaccurate data ->little appeal to most
users
Precision= variability of the individual results to replicate
measurements, use of data? Very precise in some case
is not precise enough for some other use. Large number
of measurements
Constant conditions=> random errors (scatter)
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http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9811/Ki
m/Kim-9811.html
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Determination of correct
inspection method
Definition of objectives of the inspection
Potential defect types (Position, orientation, size)
Procedure (standard?), documentation
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NDT methods
http://agnihotrindt.com/service
s_readMore.aspx?id=17
http://www.vidisco.com/XrayImages.asp
Methods classified according to what physical phenomena they are related to:
E.g. Liquid penetrant inspection is based on a capillary action of the fluid and
radiography is based on an x-ray penetration and imagination.
Magnetic particle inspection is based on magnetic leakage fields and ultrasonic
measurements are based on ultrasonic wave attenuation inside the material.
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NDT methods
http://www.directindustry.com/prod/linkinstruments/ultrasonic-thickness-gauges53019-353125.html
http://www.coulsonnde.com/services_magnetic_particles.php
http://www.ndted.org/EducationResources/C
ommunityCollege/EddyCurren
ts/Applications/thicknessmeas
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urements.htm
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Inspection for
in-service damage
Cracking
Corrosion
Erosion/wear
Heat damage
etc.
Aircraft Inspection
NDT is used
extensively during the
manufacturing of
aircraft
Also used to find
cracks and corrosion
damage during
operation
A fatigue crack that
started at the site of a
lightning strike
Rail Inspection
The heavy loads on the railroad tracks can result in the formation of cracks in the
rail. If these cracks are not detected, they can lead to a derailment. Special rail
cars equipped with NDT equipment are used to detect rail defects before they are
big enough to cause serious problems.
Examples of inspections carried out for rail tracks: ultrasound inspection, eddy
current inspection, magnetic methods..
Machine/automated inspection
of rail brake system
Checking the brake system
functionality with machine vision
inspection system
Image capture at 60 km/h
Machine/automated
inspection of rail tracks
System located in hi-rail vehicle
or inspection train with machine
vision automatically detects
flaws/defects such as akes,
cracks, grooves, or break-offs
by digital image processing.
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1: Steel
2: Rock
3: Aluminium
4: Glass
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