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Jim Nichols’
21-year battle
to kill a fly
BLUES
BY STEPHANIE KINNEAR
A
WHITEFLY IS A TINY THING, so tiny that to the casu- country were considering the whitefly one of the most
al observer it might even appear fragile. It is easy to imag- harmful pests on their list. Every effort to stop them was an
ine that, like a silverfish, its life could be exterminated exercise in futility. Very few pesticides had any effect, and
quickly, with a swipe of a newspaper, leaving behind even when one did, it was only a short matter of time before
nothing but a silvery gray powder. Most species of the whitefly developed a resistance to it.
whiteflies are approximately 1/16 of an inch in
T
length, with waxy white wings that they hold like here are a number of different whitefly species: the
microscopic shields over their body as they sit on a greenhouse whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, sweetpotato
plant. Their tenuous life cycle, from egg to adult, whitefly, ash whitefly and badgewinged whitefly, just
can be as short as two weeks. But whiteflies are to name a few. When they hit a plant it is like a military inva-
not weak; they are as serious as death and like sion, but in reverse. An invasion of the Normandy sort
miniature warriors, refuse to be killed. White- starts out with thousands of men and then the numbers
flies feed in a plant’s vascular system, suck- slowly dwindle, as soldiers are lost to bullets and hand
ing out its life juices and, like aphids, grenades. A whitefly invasion starts with only a few insects
process a relatively large volume of plant landing on an unsuspecting plant and then the numbers
sap by excreting liquid in the form of a grow as the population reproduces itself: Two miniature sol-
sticky sweet substance called honeydew; diers become five, five become 50, 50 become 1,000 and so on,
honeydew then promotes mold growth. until the leaves look flocked and ready for Christmas. After
The insect then moves from plant to pillaging and destroying one, the massive army moves on to
plant, spreading viruses as it goes. the next country (or plant as the case may be). Numerous
In 1983, the Ventura County sources estimate that crop value loss due to the whitefly in
Flood Control District sent Thou- the United States has exceeded $500 million dollars annual-
sand Oaks resident Jim ly since 1991. This does not include the millions that the
Nichols a letter informing United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) pumps
him that they intended to into research every year, trying to figure out what will kill
cement line a small spring- this massive yet miniscule nemesis.
fed stream that ran through his backyard. Despite his When Nichols’ garden was invaded by the whitefly in the
protests and appearances at city council meetings, despite late 80s, the first thing he did was spray everything with a
producing fossilized evidence that dated the spring back to huge dose of malathion. He was wary of chemicals but will-
prehistoric times, when Nichols returned home after a ing to do anything to get rid of the whiteflies before they
weekend business trip, he found the stream completely killed all of his trees. The poison did nothing; in fact,
paved. At that point, he had never even heard of the white- Nichols believes that as the pesticides killed off the benefi-
fly. Twenty-one years ago, he’d never lost a minute’s sleep cial insects, the situation worsened.
over patents or confidentiality agreements, and he never He then took a plastic bag full of the insects to a nurs-
intended to. But the day that stream was destroyed, Nichols’ ery. “I said, ‘I need something to get rid of this, and I don’t
life began to change almost as quickly as the environment in care how toxic it is, they’ve already killed one of my trees,
his own back yard. I’m going to lose all of them. Even if I can’t eat my fruit,’”
“Immediately, we lost all of our beneficial insects… Of explained Nichols. “And the guy goes, ‘You’ve got white-
course, the first things to go were the ladybugs and the drag- flies, don’t open the bag—whatever you do, don’t open the
onflies and the praying mantis. I had praying mantises bag. There’s nothing on the market that you can do about
about six inches long,” explained Nichols, extending his this insect. There’s nothing proven to take care of this
hands as though he were holding the insect, “and all of the particular insect.’” Nichols then called state officials and
experts I went to told me those species of mantis had disap- was given the same news—the whitefly guarantees plant
peared 100,000 years ago and that there were none left. I death, but we have nothing to stop it. We’re working on it,
pointed out the fact that the place I was on was older than but we have nothing.
the beginning of time.” When there is little to lose, we are generally at our most
With the beneficial insects gone, Nichols found himself brilliant. Given the freedom to do things that have a good
ill-prepared to deal with a sudden invasion of harmful pests. chance of failing, we are sometimes simultaneously given
During the drought years of the late 80s, a large infestation the freedom to stumble in the right direction. Nichols was
of tiny nondescript white flies landed in his garden and no exception—seeing that his trees were dying anyway, and
began killing his trees one by one. Prior to 1981, the whitefly that no one had a solution, he was able to do something that
was only considered a small nuisance in the California agri- could have potentially killed them. “Having raised three
cultural landscape, but by 1990, it was causing almost com- children, and knowing that if their body temperature went
plete crop losses in a number of fruits and vegetables in up 10 degrees they were in a whole lot of trouble, and having
Southern California. By the time the little insects hit nothing to lose, I took what I thought was a radical
Nichols’ garden, scientists and farmers throughout the Continued on Page 14
Jim Nichols When there is had solved a $500 million dollar problem for the USDA. He
started writing letters.
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Jim Nichols What followed Nichols’ methods to be, they have not forgotten him.
In April of 2004, nearly a decade since Nichols sent
his last letter to the USDA, his name still inspires a quick
Continued from Page 15
This was the first time he told anyone that his mysterious
was a confusing reaction. Sandy Hays, a spokesperson for the ARS, remem-
bers Nichols and the results of the hot water testing on cot-
ton at the Phoenix lab in the mid-90s. During a phone inter-
non-poisonous procedure was as simple as H20.
In return for his openness and ingenuity, he received two
paper trail of view, Hays explained that the hot water did not work because
the high temperatures scalded the leaves of the plants. She
letters. The first, from APHIS, read: “We wish to make clear
that the letter you received from APHIS offering to enter into
either a cooperative research and development agreement or
letters knee deep also claimed that hot water is not an economical approach
for controlling the whitefly. Hays said that the USDA “did not
dismiss Nichols out of hand,” and that the department is
a confidentiality agreement is inaccurate. Again, we apolo-
gize for any inconvenience.” The second, this time from the
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the USDA, read:
between Nichols contacted by a lot of people with ideas like Nichols’.
According to the final report, hot water as a control
method of whiteflies on cotton failed. But Nichols is con-
“Our basic Confidentiality Agreement simply states that in
return for testing your product, we will maintain any infor- and various vinced that the tests were meant to do just that. “I got a
report from the USDA that said basically when they dip the
mation you provide regarding your product in strictest con- plants into water at 170 degrees, it didn’t say how long they
fidence. The results of our test is the only return you will get.
Since this arrangement is evidently not agreeable to you, we
figures within left them there, it killed them,” explained Nichols. “When
they put water at 130 degrees into a sprayer, and took it out
suggest you look elsewhere for assistance…” into a field, it didn’t say how long they’d let it sit there before
Nichols was angry. He wrote letters to every congression-
al representative and senator in the book. He wrote letters to
different they sprayed it on the plant, but it showed no effect. So obvi-
ously it didn’t work… The whole thing was designed to fail.”
the President. Nichols wanted someone to act outside of the
box for him—but no one he was dealing with truly had that
kind of power. He continued to refer to the confidentiality
departments of It is hard to know what really happened in Phoenix.
The abstract of the study sent to Nichols on November 27,
1995 explains that tests were carried out in two basic for-
agreement that the USDA had offered on November 1 even
though it had been withdrawn. Nichols found himself up the USDA and mats—dipping the cotton plants in hot water and spraying
the cotton plants using stainless steel pressurized
against a solid brick wall of disinterest and silence. sprayers. When the plants were dipped for three seconds,
Then he found a man named Dr. Norman C. Leppla, who
at the time served as the Associate Director of the Biological
the California leaves were killed, and when plants were sprayed, “no sig-
nificant differences in silverleaf whitefly mortality
Control Research Institute of the USDA. Leppla, like every- occurred.” Dr. David Akey, a retired Entomologist, and one
one else, was originally skeptical of Nichols’ simplistic
methods, but intrigued and ultimately willing to help him. It
State Department of the scientists involved in testing Nichols’ methods at
the WCRL in Phoenix, insists that the tests were more
was now 1995. After close to four years of consistent dead than thorough, and that, in reality, he went out of his way
ends, Nichols felt he had finally found his advocate. Leppla
connected Nichols with people at the USDA-ARS Western
of Food and to see the hot water treatments succeed. He tried every-
thing, but the process simply would not work.
Cotton Research Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona, and with-
in a short period of time, Nichols was informed that his
methods would be tested at the lab in the late spring.
Agriculture. However, the real question might be: Of all the commer-
cial crops being damaged by the whitefly in the mid-90s, why
did the government choose to test Nichols’ procedure on cot-
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