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The visionary

Jim Nichols’
21-year battle
to kill a fly
BLUES
BY STEPHANIE KINNEAR

A
WHITEFLY IS A TINY THING, so tiny that to the casu- country were considering the whitefly one of the most
al observer it might even appear fragile. It is easy to imag- harmful pests on their list. Every effort to stop them was an
ine that, like a silverfish, its life could be exterminated exercise in futility. Very few pesticides had any effect, and
quickly, with a swipe of a newspaper, leaving behind even when one did, it was only a short matter of time before
nothing but a silvery gray powder. Most species of the whitefly developed a resistance to it.
whiteflies are approximately 1/16 of an inch in

T
length, with waxy white wings that they hold like here are a number of different whitefly species: the
microscopic shields over their body as they sit on a greenhouse whitefly, silverleaf whitefly, sweetpotato
plant. Their tenuous life cycle, from egg to adult, whitefly, ash whitefly and badgewinged whitefly, just
can be as short as two weeks. But whiteflies are to name a few. When they hit a plant it is like a military inva-
not weak; they are as serious as death and like sion, but in reverse. An invasion of the Normandy sort
miniature warriors, refuse to be killed. White- starts out with thousands of men and then the numbers
flies feed in a plant’s vascular system, suck- slowly dwindle, as soldiers are lost to bullets and hand
ing out its life juices and, like aphids, grenades. A whitefly invasion starts with only a few insects
process a relatively large volume of plant landing on an unsuspecting plant and then the numbers
sap by excreting liquid in the form of a grow as the population reproduces itself: Two miniature sol-
sticky sweet substance called honeydew; diers become five, five become 50, 50 become 1,000 and so on,
honeydew then promotes mold growth. until the leaves look flocked and ready for Christmas. After
The insect then moves from plant to pillaging and destroying one, the massive army moves on to
plant, spreading viruses as it goes. the next country (or plant as the case may be). Numerous
In 1983, the Ventura County sources estimate that crop value loss due to the whitefly in
Flood Control District sent Thou- the United States has exceeded $500 million dollars annual-
sand Oaks resident Jim ly since 1991. This does not include the millions that the
Nichols a letter informing United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) pumps
him that they intended to into research every year, trying to figure out what will kill
cement line a small spring- this massive yet miniscule nemesis.
fed stream that ran through his backyard. Despite his When Nichols’ garden was invaded by the whitefly in the
protests and appearances at city council meetings, despite late 80s, the first thing he did was spray everything with a
producing fossilized evidence that dated the spring back to huge dose of malathion. He was wary of chemicals but will-
prehistoric times, when Nichols returned home after a ing to do anything to get rid of the whiteflies before they
weekend business trip, he found the stream completely killed all of his trees. The poison did nothing; in fact,
paved. At that point, he had never even heard of the white- Nichols believes that as the pesticides killed off the benefi-
fly. Twenty-one years ago, he’d never lost a minute’s sleep cial insects, the situation worsened.
over patents or confidentiality agreements, and he never He then took a plastic bag full of the insects to a nurs-
intended to. But the day that stream was destroyed, Nichols’ ery. “I said, ‘I need something to get rid of this, and I don’t
life began to change almost as quickly as the environment in care how toxic it is, they’ve already killed one of my trees,
his own back yard. I’m going to lose all of them. Even if I can’t eat my fruit,’”
“Immediately, we lost all of our beneficial insects… Of explained Nichols. “And the guy goes, ‘You’ve got white-
course, the first things to go were the ladybugs and the drag- flies, don’t open the bag—whatever you do, don’t open the
onflies and the praying mantis. I had praying mantises bag. There’s nothing on the market that you can do about
about six inches long,” explained Nichols, extending his this insect. There’s nothing proven to take care of this
hands as though he were holding the insect, “and all of the particular insect.’” Nichols then called state officials and
experts I went to told me those species of mantis had disap- was given the same news—the whitefly guarantees plant
peared 100,000 years ago and that there were none left. I death, but we have nothing to stop it. We’re working on it,
pointed out the fact that the place I was on was older than but we have nothing.
the beginning of time.” When there is little to lose, we are generally at our most
With the beneficial insects gone, Nichols found himself brilliant. Given the freedom to do things that have a good
ill-prepared to deal with a sudden invasion of harmful pests. chance of failing, we are sometimes simultaneously given
During the drought years of the late 80s, a large infestation the freedom to stumble in the right direction. Nichols was
of tiny nondescript white flies landed in his garden and no exception—seeing that his trees were dying anyway, and
began killing his trees one by one. Prior to 1981, the whitefly that no one had a solution, he was able to do something that
was only considered a small nuisance in the California agri- could have potentially killed them. “Having raised three
cultural landscape, but by 1990, it was causing almost com- children, and knowing that if their body temperature went
plete crop losses in a number of fruits and vegetables in up 10 degrees they were in a whole lot of trouble, and having
Southern California. By the time the little insects hit nothing to lose, I took what I thought was a radical
Nichols’ garden, scientists and farmers throughout the Continued on Page 14

12 — — May 20, 2004


Photo by Joshua Gates Weisberg

Nichols at home in his garden

May 20, 2004 — — 13


water to keep the whiteflies away, Nichols began to believe he

Jim Nichols When there is had solved a $500 million dollar problem for the USDA. He
started writing letters.

Continued from Page 12


little to lose, we
N
ichols is a pleasant man, but at the same time, he
is the type who has little use for pleasantries.
approach. I hooked up a hose to a hot water faucet and He’s a gifted storyteller, but there is no fluff—
cranked up the thermostat on my hot water heater…”
explained Nichols. He then gave a heavily infested, non-fruit
are generally at there is only meat. There is no time for bull; there is only
time for the facts. Because of this, Nichols knows how to
bearing hedge a liberal application of scalding hot water. make enemies and doing so doesn’t seem to bother him.
The result was a large white puddle and 100 percent control.
It seemed that he had effectively killed the whitefly, its eggs
our most brilliant. When the County of Ventura lined Nichols’ stream, he
was anything but quiet about it, and when they began
and larvae. “I’m sitting there looking at this puddle of white
liquid on the ground and I’m thinking to myself, maybe I
killed the plant, maybe it’ll never grow again, maybe if it was
Given the spraying herbicides to control the weed growth around
the stream, he got downright belligerent. In fact, accord-
ing to an article that ran in the Los Angeles Times Ventura
a fruit tree I would’ve washed off all the pollination, maybe
the insect would be back next week. So I went out a couple of
days later, and I’m looking at the branches that had been
freedom to do County Edition, maintenance crews even accused Nichols
of putting glue in their gate locks and upturned nails on
maintenance roads near the streambed. Although Nichols
defoliated by the insect and I’m seeing a bunch of new little
leaves coming out.” things that have denied all of it, the fact that he was number one on their
list of possible suspects speaks volumes about the kind of
Nichols still wasn’t convinced that he had completely rid adversarial relationships he is capable of cultivating.
his plant of the whitefly with something as simple as a phys-
ical application of hot water. So like any good scientist, he
a good chance of The first letter Nichols sent to the USDA was dated May
22, 1992. It was short and to the point. Nichols addressed the
waited. While he waited, he read everything he could find at
the library and everything the USDA would send him about
the whitefly. It became abundantly clear that no one had ever
failing, we are letter to Secretary Edward R. Madigan of the USDA, and in
it, he wrote that he had developed a method of treatment that
had “successfully eliminated all traces of whiteflies, larvae
attempted to use hot water as a control method. And not only
did the treatment seem to be working—the subsequent fruit
was pesticide free and pristine. “For the last 100 years, the
sometimes and eggs,” without the help of poisons or beneficial insects.
“I trust you are interested in this treatment,” he wrote. “I do
not wish to receive any form letters or hear from any subor-
chemical industry has sold the public a bill of goods: that
without the chemicals, we’re not going to have enough food simultaneously dinates. I believe I should hear from you soon regarding this
matter.” Like Nichols himself, the tone of the letter was
to feed the public,” explained Nichols. “They say one picture direct, if not slightly abrasive. The USDA was like a huge
is worth a thousand words. There are trees of mine that have
so much fruit on them it’s hard to see the leaves, and its not
given the freedom unsuspecting china shop and Nichols was about to become
their proverbial bull.
only abundant, it’s perfect, it’s flawless. It’s not like what you The USDA (not Secretary Madigan but a “subordinate”)
are accustomed to, buying organically grown fruit that’s got
a bunch of spots—this stuff is flawless. You look at it and
to stumble in the responded, expressing that their department receives
numerous letters of a similar nature each day, and that if
think to yourself: Is that plastic? It’s that clean.”
After a year had passed and the plants continued to flour-
ish, needing only about two or three applications of hot
right direction. Nichols would send a copy of his procedures to their
research department then a dialogue could begin. This is
the type of response he received from every state and fed-

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eral agency he contacted: first send us the information and and development agreement or confidentiality agreement
then we’ll get started. To Nichols, this response was any-
thing but satisfactory. He wanted assurance that he and
his idea would be protected—that he would be given prop-
“I do not wish to under appropriate terms.” Since day one, all Nichols had
been asking for was a confidentiality agreement (not count-
ing the frivolous $3.5 million request); this was everything he
er credit for his discovery. He wanted a promise of integri-
ty before he would divulge his process—what he saw as a
very small piece of the pie, considering the size and
receive any wanted and then some.
He jumped to take the USDA up on their offer—but
immediately, all involved parties went silent. It was obvi-
urgency of the problem he had solved.
On September 13, 1992, in an act of frustration, Nichols
form letters or ous that either the letter had been a mistake, or Nichols
was severely misinterpreting its promises. Sick of wait-

hear from any


sent his response to Madigan’s brush-off—a three-page pro- ing, he reluctantly got in his car and drove to Des Moines,
posal to the United States Federal Government. In it, Nichols Iowa to meet with the people at the John Deere tractor
laid out his terms: He would only deal with Dr. Robert M. company. Nichols had decided it was time to take his dis-
Faust, National Program Leader of the Agricultural
Research Service (ARS) of the USDA, he would give a per-
sonal demonstration of how his process worked, he would
subordinates. I covery to the private sector.
The people at John Deere were skeptical, but seemed will-
ing to look into Nichols’ hot water methods. He left the
travel to the national laboratory at the government’s expense
and reproduce his methods, and in exchange, the govern-
ment would pay him $3.5 million dollars, give him 4,000 acres
believe I should offices, and a few months later received a report from their
people. “The closest thing they could find was a thermo-
chemical study done in the Soviet Union in 1983, where they
of government owned land, and appoint him director of the
yet-to-be-developed “National Whitefly Extermination Pro- hear from you had heated up sodium and potassium detergent to 150
degrees… They’d looked around the world to disqualify my
gram.” Nichols withdrew this proposal a month later on originality. This was the closest thing that they could come
October 17, 1992, but it effectively set the tone for the rest of
the contact he would have with state and federal government
soon regarding up with,” explained Nichols. “The report said that at 150
degrees, it took 5 minutes of continuous exposure to harm a
agencies; if terms had ever been friendly, they were no weed plant, but the insects appear to perish in two tenths of
longer. Robert Faust wrote a three-page letter in response,
explaining why those kinds of promises would be impossible
this matter.” a second.” John Deere insisted Nichols’ idea wasn’t original,
but in turn they also provided him with the scientific data he
to make, and essentially asking him to end his contact with
the USDA. Predictably, this did not sit well with Nichols.
What followed was a confusing paper trail of letters knee
Like Nichols needed. The magic numbers: 150 degrees Fahrenheit and two
tenths of a second.
“When I got home, I called the USDA,” said Nichols.
deep between Nichols and various figures within different
departments of the USDA and the California State Depart- himself, the tone This time when he called, he got a young assistant on the
phone by the name of Liz Fraser. Nichols asked if he could
ment of Food and Agriculture. All correspondence from the send her all of his information under the terms of the
government’s side took the form of meaningless form letter
responses—until November 1, 1993. On that day Charles P.
of the letter was November 1 letter. According to him, Fraser, who was most
likely unaware of the history between Nichols and her
Schwalbe, Director of Operational Support for the Plant Pro- department, said she couldn’t see why not. He immediate-
tection and Quarantine Department within the Animal and
Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the USDA, sent
direct, if not ly faxed all of his hot water control procedures and docu-
mentation of his successes to the USDA. This was the first
Nichols a letter that stated: “We understand your concerns
about retaining the rights to your discovery and would be
pleased to enter into a legally binding cooperative research
slightly abrasive. time the USDA was given information on exactly what
Nichols had been doing to successfully control the whitefly.
Continued on Page 16

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R
egardless of how ineffective the USDA believes

Jim Nichols What followed Nichols’ methods to be, they have not forgotten him.
In April of 2004, nearly a decade since Nichols sent
his last letter to the USDA, his name still inspires a quick
Continued from Page 15
This was the first time he told anyone that his mysterious
was a confusing reaction. Sandy Hays, a spokesperson for the ARS, remem-
bers Nichols and the results of the hot water testing on cot-
ton at the Phoenix lab in the mid-90s. During a phone inter-
non-poisonous procedure was as simple as H20.
In return for his openness and ingenuity, he received two
paper trail of view, Hays explained that the hot water did not work because
the high temperatures scalded the leaves of the plants. She
letters. The first, from APHIS, read: “We wish to make clear
that the letter you received from APHIS offering to enter into
either a cooperative research and development agreement or
letters knee deep also claimed that hot water is not an economical approach
for controlling the whitefly. Hays said that the USDA “did not
dismiss Nichols out of hand,” and that the department is
a confidentiality agreement is inaccurate. Again, we apolo-
gize for any inconvenience.” The second, this time from the
Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the USDA, read:
between Nichols contacted by a lot of people with ideas like Nichols’.
According to the final report, hot water as a control
method of whiteflies on cotton failed. But Nichols is con-
“Our basic Confidentiality Agreement simply states that in
return for testing your product, we will maintain any infor- and various vinced that the tests were meant to do just that. “I got a
report from the USDA that said basically when they dip the
mation you provide regarding your product in strictest con- plants into water at 170 degrees, it didn’t say how long they
fidence. The results of our test is the only return you will get.
Since this arrangement is evidently not agreeable to you, we
figures within left them there, it killed them,” explained Nichols. “When
they put water at 130 degrees into a sprayer, and took it out
suggest you look elsewhere for assistance…” into a field, it didn’t say how long they’d let it sit there before
Nichols was angry. He wrote letters to every congression-
al representative and senator in the book. He wrote letters to
different they sprayed it on the plant, but it showed no effect. So obvi-
ously it didn’t work… The whole thing was designed to fail.”
the President. Nichols wanted someone to act outside of the
box for him—but no one he was dealing with truly had that
kind of power. He continued to refer to the confidentiality
departments of It is hard to know what really happened in Phoenix.
The abstract of the study sent to Nichols on November 27,
1995 explains that tests were carried out in two basic for-
agreement that the USDA had offered on November 1 even
though it had been withdrawn. Nichols found himself up the USDA and mats—dipping the cotton plants in hot water and spraying
the cotton plants using stainless steel pressurized
against a solid brick wall of disinterest and silence. sprayers. When the plants were dipped for three seconds,
Then he found a man named Dr. Norman C. Leppla, who
at the time served as the Associate Director of the Biological
the California leaves were killed, and when plants were sprayed, “no sig-
nificant differences in silverleaf whitefly mortality
Control Research Institute of the USDA. Leppla, like every- occurred.” Dr. David Akey, a retired Entomologist, and one
one else, was originally skeptical of Nichols’ simplistic
methods, but intrigued and ultimately willing to help him. It
State Department of the scientists involved in testing Nichols’ methods at
the WCRL in Phoenix, insists that the tests were more
was now 1995. After close to four years of consistent dead than thorough, and that, in reality, he went out of his way
ends, Nichols felt he had finally found his advocate. Leppla
connected Nichols with people at the USDA-ARS Western
of Food and to see the hot water treatments succeed. He tried every-
thing, but the process simply would not work.
Cotton Research Laboratory in Phoenix, Arizona, and with-
in a short period of time, Nichols was informed that his
methods would be tested at the lab in the late spring.
Agriculture. However, the real question might be: Of all the commer-
cial crops being damaged by the whitefly in the mid-90s, why
did the government choose to test Nichols’ procedure on cot-

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ton? It is true that, at that time, U.S. cotton was sustaining In 1999, Nichols secured a U.S. patent for his hot water
severe damage from the whitefly; however, it was already
common knowledge that a cotton plant could not withstand
150-degree water temperature. Over a year and a half before
Ultimately, the pest control procedure. Our government does not award
patent protection lightly; the review process is rigorous, and
most claims are denied several times before a patent is
Nichols received the results from the Phoenix Lab, on March
24,1994, John Deere sent him a letter that read: “Cotton, the state and awarded. Still, as local patent attorney Douglas English
pointed out when called for comment, a design need only
plant we are most interested in protecting from the whitefly, “appear to function” in the way it is described. The patent
is damaged or killed if the temperature of its leaves is raised
to about 150 degrees Fahrenheit.” If it was already known
federal office does not require concrete proof of efficacy in order to
award a patent.
that extremely hot water would kill a cotton plant, then why Recently, he purchased 135 acres in Missouri, where he
didn’t the government test the procedures on a more sturdy
plant, perhaps melons, or tomatoes, or poinsettias, or any
government intends to move his family and continue working on whitefly
extermination. “People like myself don’t have a chance, no
one of the many crops being destroyed by the whitefly? It
seems naïve to believe that the people at John Deere knew
150-degree water would kill cotton, but the USDA did not. At
were speaking matter how much it’s going to help society… No one has been
willing to go into debt about how convoluted the system is,”
said Nichols regretfully.
the same time, it seems cynical and farfetched to believe the
one language,
T
USDA would engage in testing they already knew would fail. here are things that could have been done differ-
Whatever the reality was, one thing is undeniably true— ently. Nichols could have played nice, he could
despite numerous requests and attempts on his part, Jim
Nichols was never once given a feasible opportunity to per-
operating within have jumped through the hoops that the USDA had
held up in front of him. He could have leveraged his patent
sonally demonstrate his own technique. No USDA official to secure his own private investors, rather than dealing
ever visited his property to see results for themselves, and no
one extended an invitation allowing him to show just exactly
one culture, and with the federal government. The USDA could have asked
Nichols to demonstrate his own procedures on melons
what he does and how he does it.
Leppla, who is now a professor at the University of Flori-
da, remembers Nichols and sympathizes with him. “If you
Jim Nichols instead of cotton. Maybe things would have gone down dif-
ferently if he had, but probably not. Ultimately, the state
and federal government were speaking one language,
can imagine, it’s really pretty emotional, because one year we
had production of melon, for example, in southern Califor-
nia; the next year, it didn’t decline—it went away. And all the
was, for all operating within one culture, and Jim Nichols was, for all
intents and purposes, from another planet entirely.
Nichols is not a scientist, he is not a politician, he is not
people who depended on the jobs to produce melons and other
crops also had no jobs,” explained Leppla. “Looking back or
intents and even a professional organic farmer; he is your average,
intelligent, resourceful and persistent citizen. The USDA
talking about it, it sounds like no big deal—but in fact, when
you do what Jim is trying to do or what we were trying to do,
every established institution finds you outside of their mis-
purposes, from and Nichols simply did not know how to speak to each
other. It is possible that failure in communication just may
have cost the country billions of dollars and countless
sion or somehow can’t figure out how to help you—we shared
his frustration and his concern for the crops and the people
who depended on them…”
another planet lives. But it is also something that we’ll never know.
Nichols plans to retire to his Missouri property and con-
tinue feeding his family fruit that is huge and shinning and
After the Phoenix lab disappointment Nichols wrote a few
more letters, but gave up on hopes of ever procuring any gov-
ernment help, state or federal.
entirely. has never seen a drop of poison. He’ll keep working and
fighting, and maybe if he finds the right people to help him,
eventually he’ll succeed in saving us from ourselves. ■

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