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Freuds Topographical Level of the Mind

Structural Theory of the Mind (Lecture Notes)


Johnny K. Lokin, MD
University of Santo Tomas Hospital
Department of Neurology and Psychiatry

Sigmund Freud
Founder of Classic Psychoanalysis
Unconscious factors determine the shape of
symptoms, thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Neurologist (Neuroanatomy/Neurology)
Born on May 6, 1856 in Friedburg
Jewish wool merchant father
Studied in Paris with Jean-Martin Charcot
o Charcot developed the term La Belle
Indifference
Taught hypnotism by Ambroise-August Liebault
and Hippolyte-Marie Bemheim
Worked in Vienna with hysterical patients
Bertha Pappenheim Anna O
Treated patient with hypnosis in conjugation with
cathartic method
Abreaction
o removal of symptoms through a process of
recovering and undertaking suppressed
feelings with which the symptoms are
associated.
1887-1897 development of psychoanalysis
Basic concepts:
o Deterministic
All behaviors have meanings and a
discoverable cause
o Dynamic
Analyzes the flow of psychic energy
o Developmental
Personality develops through a series of
alterable stages.
Freuds Topographical Level of the Mind
Three Levels of Awareness
o Conscious Mind
We are aware of at any moment
Current thinking processes and attention to
objects
Constitutes a very large part of our current
awareness
Perceptions are brought to awareness
Communicated only by language or behavior
A form of neutralized energy called attention
cathexis
Where persons are aware of an idea or
feeling due to discrete amounts of psychic
energy or feeling
o Preconscious mind
Which we are able to be aware of if we
attend to them
Can be deliberately brought to the conscious
mind
Mental events can be brought to awareness
by focusing attention
The repressive barrier
Censors unacceptable wishes

levels of awareness
oThree
Subconscious
or Unconscious Mind
o We
Conscious
are mind
unaware of and cannot become
Weof
areexcept
aware ofunder
at any moment
aware
special circumstances
Process
and
content
areand
out
of direct
Current
thinking
processes
attention
to reach
of the
conscious mind
objects
Thinks
and acts
interdependently
Constitutes
a very
large part of our current
Dynamic
censorship and repression
awareness
related
o Closely
Preconscious
mind instinctual drives
Primary
Whichprocess
we can bethinking
aware of if we attend to them
Can be deliberately
brought
conscious wish
Principally
aimed
at to the
facilitating
fulfillments
and instinctual discharge
mind
provide
motivation
o Wishes
Subconscious
or unconscious
mind for dream and
neurotic
syndrome
We are
unaware of formation
and cannot be aware of
Governed
by pleasure
principle (similar to
except under
special circumstances
ID but
isntand
thecontent
same)
Process
are out of direct reach of
the conscious mind

Freuds Personality
Structure
Thinks and acts
independently
Freuds Personality Structure

Conscious
Unconscious
ID

S
U
P
E
R
E
G
O

Conscious
Unconscious

Some say that the superego spans all 3.


ID
Reservoir of unorganized instinctual drives
Lacks the capacity to delay or modify instinctual
drives
Not synonymous with the unconscious
Mental agency containing everything inherited at
birth and fixed in the persons constitution
It is raw, animalistic, knows no rules
It is the biological component of the personality
It does not recognize fear or anxiety
It cannot tolerate frustration and has no
inhibitions
Need for immediate gratification is known as the
pleasure principle
Reservoir of psychic energy and contains a
certain amount of this energy
It cannot tolerate increases in this energy and
seeks to reduce the level of this energy
The reduction of energy is known as pleasure
There are two ways to reduce energy levels:
o Reflex action: automatic responses to sources
of irritation
o Primary process: forming an image of an
object previously associated with satisfaction
of a drive
EGO
Develops because primary process cannot in
reality satisfy needs
Provides an interface between the id, which
has no contact with reality
Must find a match in reality for the images the
id produces in primary process
Takes into account the demands and
restrictions of the real world in an attempt to
satisfy the needs of the id.
o Balance the id and superego

Super
I
I
f
C
I
e
I
f

Struc
T
w
b
c
r
l

Instin
T
f
E
E
w
T
p
T
c

rainwa

Social rules necessary in order to live and


socialize with other people
o Secondary
processes
(perception,
recognition, judgment, & memory)
Must differentiate between things in the mind
and things in the real world.
It operates on the reality principle(understands
that behavior has consequences).
It borrows energy from the id to carry out its
functions.
It controls higher mental processes such as
thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
It aims to suspend instinctual gratification until
an appropriate object or environmental
condition is around (keep id impulses in check
until it is appropriate to satisfy them).
Executive organ of the psyche
Controls motility, perception and contact with
reality
Delays and modulates drive expression
Spans the
conscious, preconscious and
Id
ural Theory of the Mind
unconscious
Johnny K. Lokin, M.D.
Mental agency containing everything inherited at birth and
o Conscious component
of Santo Tomas Hospital
fixed in the persons constitution
eurology and Psychiatry
Logical and
thinking
It is abstract
raw, animalistic,
knows no rules
It iscomponent
the biological component of the personality
o Unconscious
It does not recognize fear or anxiety
Defense mechanisms

It cannot tolerate frustration and has no inhibitions


Need for immediate gratification is known as the pleasure
SUPEREGO
principle
Represents values
norms
Reservoirand
of psychic
energy and contains a certain amount
First the parents
of thisand
energythen society in general
nality
It cannot
tolerate
increases in this energy
seeks to
Represents the
social
component
and and
operates
reduce the level of this energy
under the morality principle
The reduction of energy is known as pleasure
Develops from
the system of rewards and
There are two ways to reduce energy levels:
gust Liebault and
punishments 1)
administered
to theresponses
childto sources of
Reflex action: automatic

The
conscience
develops
out
of
the
punishments
irritation
ents
2)
Primary
process:
forming
an
image
the parents apply to the childs behaviorof an object
previously associated with satisfaction of a drive
onjunction with cathartic
shape of symptoms,

The ego-ideal develops from the rewards and


approvals Egothe parents apply to the childs
behavior
Develops because primary process cant in reality satisfy
Establishes and
needs maintains an individuals moral
conscience Provides an interface between the id, which has no
contact
with reality, system
and reality of ideas and
and a discoverable
Based on the
complex
Must find a match in reality for the images the id produces
values internalized from parents
in primary process
Heir to the Oedipus
Takes into complex
account the demands and restrictions of the
hic energy
Provides ongoing
scrutiny
of theaneedspersons
real world in an
attempt to satisfy
of the id
o Balance
the feelings
id and superego
ough a series of behavior, thoughts,
and
Social rules necessary to live and socialize with other

people
Relations:
o Secondary processes
d
Ego and the Id(perception, recognition, judgment, and memory)
o Transition from the topographical model of the
mind to Superego
the tripartite structural model of ego,
Incapable of much reality-testing
moment
id, and superego
aims to suppress the ids impulses and prevents the ego
es and attention to
Superego vs. ItEgo
Ideal
from attempting to satisfy the id
o
Ego
Ideal
art of our current
Counterbalances the id, particularly in sex and aggression
PrescribesIt seeks
what
a person
should
do of psychic
to prevent
pleasure
(the expression
o Superego energy). Even the thought of an impulse can produce guilt
of if we attend to them
Dictates what
should
not
do goals and
It seeksatoperson
persuade the
ego to seek
moralistic

ght to the conscious

forego realistic ones

Structure of Personality

mind
Structure of the Personality
unconscious
annot be awareofThe id is totally
The id is totally unconscious
while the ego
resides
umstances
while the ego resides both
within
out of direct reachwithin
of
the preconscious
both the preconscious and
and the

the consciousconscious. The superego

dently

S
U
P
E
R
E
G

resides partially in all three


levels of consciousness.

Conscious
Unconscious

S
U
P
E
R
E
G
O

Conscious
Ego
Preconscious
Ego
Subconscious
Id

Instincts
The law of the conservation of energy applies to the
functioning of personality.
Each person has a limited amount of energy.
Energy tends to accumulate over time, creating tension

The superego resides partially in all three levels


of consciousness
Instincts:
The law of the conservation of energy applies to
the functioning of personality.
Each person has a limited amount of energy.
Energy tends to accumulate over time, creating
tension which is unpleasant.
The release or reduction of energy is
experienced as pleasure.
The energy is shared among the various
components of the personality.
The
The
aim of an instinct is to reduce tension which
aim of an instinct is to reduce tension which produces
produces a momentary state of bliss.
a momentary state of bliss.
The object of an instinct, which is not fixed and
The object of an instinct, which is not fixed and may
may change over time, is any person or object
change over time, is any person or object that satisfies an
that satisfies an instinct.
instinct.
Two major instincts:
Two major instincts:
o Eros (life instincts) include all forces serving to
o Eros (life instincts) include all forces serving to
maintain vital life processes and assure
maintain vital life processes and assure propagation
propagation of the species
the species
ofEnergy
is libido (e.g., sexual instincts)
Energy is libido (e.g., sexual instincts)
o Thanatos
(death instincts) underlie all
o manifestations
Thanatos (death instincts)
all manifestations
of underlie
cruelty,
aggression,
of cruelty, aggression,suicide,
destructiveness,
suicide, and
destructiveness,
and murder
murder
Represent a desire to achieve an energyless
Represent
a desire to achieve
state
(entropy)
whichan energyless
is the ultimate
state
(entropy)
which
is
the ultimate pleasure
pleasure
Represents an
wish towish
die andto die and
Represents
anunconscious
unconscious
return
to
an
energyless,
inanimate
state
return to
an energyless,
inanimate
(e.g.,(e.g.,
aggression is self-destructiveness
turned
state
aggression
is
selfoutward toward a substitute
destructiveness
turned object)
outward toward a
substitute object)
Psychic Apparatus

The Un
Dy
Cl
P
o

W
sy
Go

The Id
Re
La
No

Freuds
Three c
Eg
o
o

Psychic Apparatus
Id

Superego

o
o

Ego

Basic

Tenets

of

Freuds

Psychoanalytic

Basic
Tenets of Freuds Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic
Psychodynamic
Approach (impact on psychiatric
Approach
and psychotherapeutic practice)
(impact on psychiatric and psychotherapeutic practice)

Adult personality is determined by:

o
o
o
o

Adult 1.
personality
determined
Notionis of
psychicby:
determination
Unconscious
mental activity
1.2. Notion
of psychic determination
Role of childhood
experience
2.3. Unconscious
mental activity
3. Role of childhood experience

Threefold Aspect of Psychoanalysis


1. Aspect
Therapeutic
Technique
Threefold
of Psychoanalysis
2.
Scientific
and
Theoretical Knowledge
1. Therapeutic Technique
Methodand
ofTheoretical
Investigation
2.3. Scientific
Knowledge
3.

Method of Investigation

Additional Notes:

Beginnings of Psychoanalysis
Interpretation
Joseph Breuer of Dreams:
Dreams
disguised
fulfillment of an
Bertha
Pappenheim Anna
O
unconscious
childhood
wish
Treated patient with hynopsis in conjuction with cathartic
Manifest Content what is recalled
method
Latent content unconscious thoughts and
abreaction - remove symptoms through a process of
wishes that awakens the dream
recovering and undertaking suppressed feelings with
which the symptoms were associated

* Read the functions of Ego in the book

The Conscious
Perceptions are brought to awareness
Subjective phenomenon
Communicated only by language or behavior
Attention cathexis a form of neutralized psychic energy
o A person was aware of a particular idea or feeling as a

Su
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

o
o

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