Course ELEE 3260U Power Systems

Fall 2016

Lecture 2
Dr. Ahmed Abdelmaksoud

Part I: Introduction (Two weeks)

* Basic concepts of electric power; Various sources of electrical
power generation; hydroelectric, wind, solar, fossil-fuel, nuclear,
geothermal; Power in single and three-phase AC circuits overview.

* Per-Unit quantities, changing the base of per-unit quantities;

Single line diagrams; Impedance and reactance diagrams; Per-unit
impedances in single-phase and three-phase transformers.
2

- Single line diagrams

- Impedance and reactance diagrams;
- Per-Unit quantities
- Per-unit impedances in 1-phase and 3-phase transformers.
- Changing the base of per-unit quantities;

How to represent power network?

Power Component

Symbol

Power Component

or

Symbol

Generator

= Circuit breaker

Transformer

Motor

= Feeder + load

Busbar (substation)

Transmission
line

one-line diagram / single-line diagram

Interconnected the power system === one-line diagram or single-line diagram.
single-line diagram is converted to its equivalent reactance or impedance
diagram.

Single-line diagram
5

Impedance diagram
a) A generator can be represented by a voltage source in series with an inductive
reactance.
b) The internal resistance of the generator is assumed to be negligible compared to
the reactance.
c) The loads are usually inductive represented by resistance and inductance.
d) The transformer core is assumed to be ideal, and the transformer may be
represented by a reactance only.
e) The transmission line is represented by its resistance and inductance, the lineto-ground capacitance is assumed to be negligible.
6

Generator
G1

Station A

Transformer
T1

Transmission
Line
TL

Transformer
T2

Station B

G2

G3

G4

Load
L1

Load
L2

Single-line diagram of a power network

Transformer
T1

Transmission
Line
TL

Transformer
T2
Station B

Station A
j XT1

j X1

j X2

G1

G2

RTL

j XTL

j XT2

RL1

RL2

j XL2

j XL1

j X3

G3

j X4

G4

Impedance diagram

Impedance values in per-unit based on common one base, then we

can calculate total resultant impedance.
5 MVA
Xg = 16%

100 MVA
275 kV/132 kV

Transmission line
j 3.48

50 MVA
132 kV/66 kV

XT2 = 0.04 p.u

XT1 = 0.1 p.u

Load
40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

Transformer
T1
j 0.1 p.u.

j 0.32 p.u.

Transmission Line
TL
j 0.0195 p.u.

Transformer
T2
j 0.08 p.u.

1.6 p.u..
Generator

Load
j 1.2 p.u.

Per-unit System and Calculations

# The main problem in power system analysis is:
- presence of various of elements and variables
- each element has its own bases
- many transformers, especial treatment due to
referring issue as per the transformer side:
primary or secondary
10

Per-unit System and Calculations

# We can solve that difficulty by normalization of all
system variables
(Voltage, Current, Power, Impedance,)
This normalization ==== per unit analysis. (PU or pu)
quantity in per unit =

actual quantity
base value of quantity

11

Per-unit Analysis Steps (1 phase sys.)

1. Select Sbase in VA for the whole system
2. Select Vbase for the whole system
3. Considering the different voltage levels especially
with respect to transformer turns ratios
That lead to multiple Vbase in each voltage section

12

Per-unit Analysis Steps (1 phase sys.)

4. Determine ZBase = (VBase)2/SBase
5. Determine IBase = VBase/ZBase
6. Convert all actual values to per-unit values

Per-unit analysis concerns the magnitudes only (no change in angles).

Per-unit quantity has no units.

13

Per-unit Analysis Steps (1 phase sys.)

Convert to per-unit (p.u.) (maybe the system be in pu directly)

7. Analyze, solve and get results and answers

8. Convert back from the pu values to actual values
Actual Value = pu Value * corresponding Base

14

Summary of Per-unit Procedure:

In per-unit analysis, the electrical variables as
voltages, currents, powers, impedances are
described in per-unit basis as:

Actual value
Quantity per unit =

Base value of quantity

It is usual to pick two base values: voltage and power.

15

Per-Unit System
Pick:

Vb = Vrated
Sb = S rated
After that, Calculate base values of currents and impedances:

Sb
Ib =
Vb

Vb Vb2
=
Zb =
Ib
Sb
16

Per-Unit System
In per-unit system is:

V p.u .

Vactual
=
Vb

S p.u .

S actual
=
Sb

I p.u .

I actual
=
Ib

Z p.u .

Z actual
=
Zb

Percentage of Zbase :

Z % = Z p.u . 100%
17

Per-unit Analysis Steps (3 phase sys.)

Steps are typically as 1 phase except to pick 3 phase
VA base, and to use line-line voltage bases
1. Select 3 phase VA base of the whole system,
2. Select VB,LL : base voltage for each different
voltage Section
3. Determine the impedance base

ZB =

VB2, LL
S B3

( 3 VB , LN ) 2
3S 1B

VB2, LN
S 1B

as the 1 ph. impedance bases by single phase Sbase and Vbase

18

Per-unit Analysis Steps (3 phase sys.)

4. Determine IB
I B3

S B3
3 S 1B
S 1B
=
=
=
= I B1
3 VB , LL
3 3 VB , LN VB , LN

as Ibase in 1 phase
5. Convert all actual values to per-unit values

19

Base impedance (Zbase)

Z pu

Z actual
=
Z base

per-unit (p.u)

Sbase = 3Vbase I base

V base
Z base =

3
I base
20

V base
Z

base

3
S base
3V base

Z base

[
kV base ]2
=
MVAbase

kVbase and MVAbase in 3- form

21

Problem (1)
Electric load with rated voltage: 120 volts, power:
500 watt.
Calculate the per-unit and percent impedance of
the load. Draw the p.u. equivalent circuit.
Solution:
(1) Calculate load resistance

V2

V2

(120) 2
P=
R=
=
= 28.8
R
P
500
Z = 28.80
power factor = 1.0
22

(2) Pick base values:

Sb = 500VA
Vb = 120V
(3) Calculate base impedance

Vb2 (120) 2
Zb =
=
= 28.8
Sb
500

(4) impedance in pu is:

Z p.u .

Z 28.80
=
=
= 10 p.u.
Zb
28.8
23

(5) Percent impedance:

Z % = 100%
(6) Per-unit equivalent circuit:

VS = 10 p.u.

Z = 10 p.u.

24

Problem (2)
Electric load is rated 120 volts, 500 watts. If the
voltage upon the load becomes twice the rated
value, calculate the load current by per-unit
analysis.
Solution:

Vb = 120V

V p.u .

V 240
=
=
= 20 p.u.
Vb 120

Z p.u . = 10 p.u.
25

Equivalent circuit in per unit:

VS = 20 p.u.

I p.u . =

V p.u .
Z p.u .

Z = 10 p.u.

20
=
= 20 p.u.
10

S b 500
Ib =
=
= 4.167 A
Vb 120
I actual = I p.u . I b = 20 4.167 = 8.3340 A
26

Problem (3)
In the shown circuit, find the current, load voltage and load power
by per-unit calculations considering SB of 100 MVA, and voltage bases of
8 kV, 80 kV and 16 kV, respectively.

Solution:
Z BLeft

82 (kV) 2
=
= 0.64
100MVA

Z BMiddle
Z BRight

802 (kV) 2
=
= 64
100MVA

162 (kV) 2
=
= 2.56
100MVA

28

1.00
= 0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j 2.327
VL = 1.00 0.22 30.8 2.32790
I =

= 0.859 30.8 p.u.

2

V
S L = VL I L* = L = 0.189 p.u.
Z
SG = 1.00 0.2230.8 = 0.2230.8 p.u.

29

* Convert back from the pu values to actual values

Actual Value = pu Value * corresponding Base
V LActual = 0.859 30.8 16 kV = 13.7 30.8 kV
S LActual = 0.1890 100 MVA = 18.90 MVA
SGActual = 0.2230.8 100 MVA = 22.030.8 MVA
I BMiddle

100 MVA
=
= 1250 Amps
80 kV

Actual
I Middle

= 0.22 30.81250 = 275 30.8

30

Problem (4)
Resolve as 3 Phase Per-unit Problem
Considering 3ph. base with 300 MVA, VL-L bases of 13.8 kV, 138 kV
and 27.6 kV, the generator is Y-connected so its VL-L is 13.8 kV.

3 phase circuit in pu as 1 phase circuit

31

Solution:
1.00
I =
= 0.22 30.8 p.u. (not amps)
3.91 + j 2.327
VL = 1.00 0.22 30.8 2.32790
= 0.859 30.8 p.u.
2

VL
*
= 0.189 p.u.
S L = VL I L =
Z
SG = 1.00 0.2230.8 = 0.2230.8 p.u.
The results is typically similar
32

The difference between 1 ph. and 3 ph. is in returning back

from pu to actual values
VLActual = 0.859 30.8 27.6 kV = 23.8 30.8 kV
SLActual = 0.1890 300 MVA = 56.70 MVA
SGActual = 0.2230.8 300 MVA = 66.030.8 MVA
I BMiddle

300 MVA
=
= 1250 Amps (same current!)
3 138 kV

Actual
I Middle

= 0.22 30.8 1250 Amps = 275 30.8

33

Changing the base of per-unit Z;

when the values of two components are referred in per-unit on a
different base. The changing Zbase is expressed as,

Z NEW

kVbase OLD
MVAbase NEW

( pu ) = Z OLD
2
MVAbase OLD
kVbase NEW

34

Converting from base to another

Base 1

Sb1 = S A

Vb1 = VA

Vb21
Z b1 =
Sb1

ZL
Z pu1 =
Z b1

Base 2

Sb 2 = S B

Vb 2 = VB

Vb22
=
Sb 2

ZL
=
Zb2

Zb2

Z pu 2

35

Converting from base to another

Z pu 2
Z pu1

Z L Z b1 Z b1 Vb21 Sb 2
=

=
=
2
Z b 2 Z L Z b 2 Sb1 Vb 2
2

Z pu 2

Vb1 Sb 2

= Z pu1
Vb 2 Sb1
2

Z pu ,new

Vb ,old Sb ,new

= Z pu ,old
S

V
b
,
new
b
,
old

36

Converting from base to another

( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _ 2

S base1
= ( P, Q, S ) pu _ on _ base _1
S base 2

V pu _ on _ base _ 2 = V pu _ on _ base _1

( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _ 2

Vbase1
Vbase 2

(Vbase1 ) 2 S base 2
= ( R, X , Z ) pu _ on _ base _1
(Vbase 2 ) 2 S base1

During analyzing of particular power system, all the

calculations should be performed referred to one certain base.

37

Transformer in per-unit Analysis

Referring of HVS and LVS of transformer:
RS
XS
+
j
a2
a2

RS + jX S

VLV VHV
N1 N 2
S

* Ref. to LVS

VLV

VHV

a=

VLV
N
= 1 <1
VHV N 2

* Ref. to HVS
38

During selecting the bases values, it is normally selected

to be as the rated values.

Vb1 = VLV ,rated

For Zbases ratio:

S b = S rated

VHV
1
Vb 2 =
Vb1 = Vb1
VLV
a
Vb21
Z b1 =
Sb

Zb2

Vb22
=
Sb

Z b1 Vb21
Vb21
= 2 =
= a2
Z b 2 Vb 2 ( 1 V ) 2
b1
a

39

RS + jX S
Z p.u .1 =
Z b1

Z p.u .2

RS jX S
RS jX S
+ 2
+ 2
2
2
RS + jX S
a
a
a
a
=
=
=
Z b1
Zb2
Z b1
a2

Z p.u .1 = Z p.u .2
40

RS + jX S

Z b1

N1

VLV

Vb1

VLV
N
a=
= 1 <1
VHV N 2

N2

VHV

Vb 2

actual ref. to LVS

Z S , pu

Z S , pu

Vb1

Vb 2
1:1

Vb 2

Vb1

Sb

p.u. ref. to LVS

41

RS
XS
+
j
a2
a2

N1

VLV
N1
a=
=
<1
VHV N 2

Zb2

N2

Vb1 VLV VHV

Vb 2

actual ref. to LVS

Z S , pu

Vb1

Z S , pu

Vb 2
1:1

Vb 2

Vb1
Sb

p.u. ref. to LVS

42

Per unit impedance of transformer unit

The ohmic values of impedance of a transformer depend on
whether they are measured on the high or low tension side of
transformer
In the per unit system, the per unit impedances of a transformer is the
same regardless of whether it is determined from ohmic values
referred to the high tension or low tension side of the transformer.

43

Problem (5)
Calculate p.u. values for bellow single-line diagram and get the
impedance diagram.

5 MVA
Xg = 16%

100 MVA
275 kV/132 kV

XT1 = 0.1 p.u

Transmission line
j 3.48

50 MVA
132 kV/66 kV

XT2 = 0.04 p.u

Load
40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

44

Solution:
Pick base: it is ususally to select the largest rated values as bases.,
therefore Sbase = 100 MVA, V = 66 kV, 132 kV and 275 kV

Per-unit calculations:
Generator G1:
2

Z NEW

kVbase OLD
MVAbase NEW

( pu ) = Z OLD
2
MVAbase OLD
kVbase NEW

X g ( pu ) = 0 .16
Transformer T1:

100
= 0 .32
50

X T 1 ( pu ) = 0.1

p.u.

p.u.
45

Transmission line TL:

[kVbase ]2

Z base =

MVAbase

X TL ( pu ) =

Inductive load:

Z actual =

3.4 100
132

pu

Z a c tu a l
Z base

= 0.0195

p.u.

66 103
3

40 106

Z L ( pu) =

3 66 103 0.8

87.1236.87o 100

Transformer T2:

= 87.1236.87 o

662

= 236.87o or (1.6 + j1.2)

X T 2 ( pu ) = 0 .04

100
= 0 .08
50

p.u.

p.u.

after getting the p.u. impedances for the same common base, we can calculate
the resultant total impedance.
5 MVA
Xg = 16%

100 MVA
275 kV/132 kV

Transmission line
j 3.48

50 MVA
132 kV/66 kV

XT2 = 0.04 p.u

XT1 = 0.1 p.u

Load
40 MW, 0.8 p.f. lagging

Transformer
T1
j 0.1 p.u.

j 0.32 p.u.

Transmission Line
TL
j 0.0195 p.u.

Transformer
T2
j 0.08 p.u.

1.6 p.u..
Generator

Load
j 1.2 p.u.

47

Test yourself now, not later

j100
G

20 kV

22kV/220kV
80MVA
14%

220kV/20kV
50MVA
10%

50MVA
0.8 PF lagging

Assume Vbase for generator circuit with Sbase=100MVA,

Determine and draw equivalent circuit in p.u. values

48

Problem (6)
3 phase transformer: 25-kVA, 34500/277 volt with
-Y connection.
Short circuit test (SCT) is performed at HVS:

VLine , SC = 2010V
I Line , SC = 1.26 A
P3 , SC = 912W
Calculate and draw equivalent circuit in p.u.
49

Solution:
(a) Through Y-side
I SC = 1.26
VSC =

RS + jX S

2010
3

Sb = 25000VA

34500
277
3
2010
= 1160.47V
3
1160.47
=
= 921.00
1.26

VSC =
Z SC

50

912
P =
= 304W
3
XS =

Then

RS =

P
2
I SC

304
= 191.48
2
1.26

Z SC RS2 = 9212 191.482 = 900.86

Z SC = 191.48 + j 900.86

Sb = 25000VA

Z b,HV

Vb , HV =

34500
= 19918.58V
3

19918.582
=
= 15869.99
25000

Z SC , pu ,Y =

191.48 + j 900.86
= 0.012 + j 0.0568 pu
15869.99
51

(b) Through -side

I SC =

1.26
3

Z SC ,
Sb = 25000VA

VSC = 2010
34500 277
VSC = 2010V
Z SC , =

I SC =

1.26
= 0.727 A
3

2010
= 2764.79
0.727
52

912
P =
= 304W
3
X S , =

Then

RS , =

P
2
I SC

304
= 575.18
2
0.727

Z SC , RS2, = 2764.79 2 575.182 = 2704.30

Z SC = 191.48 + j 900.86

Sb = 25000VA

Z b,HV

Vb , HV = 34500V

345002
=
= 47610
25000

Z SC , pu , =

575.18 + j1704.30
= 0.012 + j 0.0568 pu
47610
53

Problem (7)
Consider a 3-phase wye connected 50000 kVA, 120 kV system. Express, 40000 kVA three phase
power and 115 kV line-line voltage in per unit values on (i) 3-phase basis and (ii) per phase basis.

Solution:
(i) Three phase basis
Sbase kVA = 50000 kVA
Vbase kv = 120 kv (line to line)
Sp.u. = 40000 / 50000 = 0.8
Vp.u = 115 / 120 = 0.96

(ii) per phase basis

Sbase kVA = 50000/3 = 16667 kVA
Vbase kv = 120 / 3 =69.28 KV
Sp.u. = (40000 / 3) / 16667 =0.8
Vp.u = (115 / 3 ) / 69.28 = 0.96
54

Problem (8)
The reactance of a generator Xg is given as 0.25pu based on generator nameplate
rating of 18 KV , 500 MVA.
The base for calculations is 20 KV and 800 MVA. Find Xg on the new base.

Solution:

55

Problem (9)
A single phase transformer is rated 110/440, 2.5 kVA, leakage reactance measured
from low tension side is 0.06 .
Determine leakage reactance in per unit.
Solution
From the low tension side:

Base KV1=11010 -3

Base MVA= 2.510 -3

56

Note:
1. The base kVA is the same on each side, so it doesnt appear in the equations.
2. To transfer the ohmic value of impedances from the voltage level on one side of 3 phase
transformer to the voltage level on other, the multiplying factor is the square of the ratio of line
to line voltages regardless of whether the transformer connection is

57

Problem (10)
The three single phase transformers each rated 25 MVA, 38.1/3.81 kV are connected
with a balanced load of 0.6 - connected resistors.
Choose a base of 75 MVA, 66 kV for the high tension side of transformer and specify the base
for the low tension side.
Determine the per unit resistance of the load on the base for the low tension side.
Then determine the load resistance referred to high tension side and the per unit and the per unit value of
this resistance on the chosen base.

Solution:
(1) on the low tension side
The base for low tension side is 75 MVA, 3.81 kV
Actual value = 0.6
Base value = (3.812 /75) = 0.1935

58

59

Coming Soon.Next Lecture

60

Coming Soon.Next Lecture

Transmission Line
Transmission Line Conductors
Transmission Line Models
Transmission line parameters include series resistance and inductance and shunt
capacitance.
We will study the various models of the line.
The line models are classified by their length.
61

Coming Soon.Next Lecture

The transmission line classifications are

Short line model for lines that with less than 80 km long.
Medium line model for lines with lengths are between 80 km to 250 km.
Long line model for lines that are longer than 250 km.

62

ABCD Parameters for TL

In this the sending and receiving end voltages are denoted by Vs and
Vr respectively.
Also the currents Is and Ir are entering and leaving the network
respectively.
The sending end voltage and current are then defined in terms of the
ABCD parameters as
Vs= A Vr + B Ir
Is= C Vr + D Ir
63

Voltage Regulation
Voltage regulation is defined as:
VR =

Vno load V full load

V full load

100%

In per-unit system:
VR =

V pu ,no load V pu , full load

V pu , full load

100%

Vfull-load: Desired load voltage at full load. It may be equal

to, above, or below rated voltage
Vno-load: The no load voltage when the primary voltage is
the desired voltage in order the secondary voltage
be at its desired value at full load
64