Take Better Steps

Language Course
by : Joe Kesaulya
Jalan Begonia 9 – BTN Green valley
Batu Bolong – Senggigi – Lombok
Handy : 081803651643 (active 18.oo-24.oo)
081917025095 (aktive : 24.oo-18.oo)
GRAMMAR RECAPITULATION TOEFL 2
1. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

UNREAL CONDITIONS REAL CONDITIONS (future possible)

Not true Possibly true
The speaker expresses a situation (present, past, future) that would take place, would have The speaker expresses an action or situation, which usually occurs, or will occur if the
taken place if the circumstances expressed were, or had been different now or in the past. circumstances in the main clause are met.
PRESENT or FUTURE TIME FUTURE TIME
IF + SUBJECT + PAST TENSE + WOULD/SHOULD/MIGHT + VERB IN SIMPLE FORM IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT TENSE + CAN/MAY/MUST/WILL + VERB IN SIMPLE FORM
If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you If I have the money, I will buy a new car.
If he were here, he would tell you about it. If it is only 10 o’clock now, we will have plenty of time
PAST TENSE HABITUAL
IF + SUBJECT + PAST PERFECT + WOULD/SHOULD/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTCPLE IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT TENSE + SUBJECT + PRESENT TENSE
If we had known that you were here, we would have written you a letter. If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in hospital.
If she had found the right buyer, she would have sold the house. If John has enough time, he usually walks to school.
WITHOUT USING THE WORD IF. COMMAND
HAD + SUBJECT + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE IF + SUBJECT + PRESENT TENSE + COMMAND FORM
Had we known that you were here, we would have written you a letter If you go to the post office, please mail this letter for me.
Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house. If you hear from Jane, please call me.
Verb is negative – meaning is positive Verb is positive – meaning is negative

If I were rich (kalimat +), I would travel around the world. (kalimat +)
I’m not rich (kalimat -), I’m not going to travel around the world (kalimat -)

If he were sick (kalimat +), he would stay home. (kalimat +)

He’s not sick (kalimat -), he’s not going to stay home. (kalimat -)

If I hadn’t been in a hurry (kalimat -), I wouldn’t have spilled the milk.
(kalimat -),
I was in a hurry (kalimat +), I spilled the milk (kalimat +).

If the firefighters hadn’t arrived early (kalimat -), they couldn’t have saved the house.
(kalimat -)
The firefighters arrived early (kalimat +), they saved the house. (kalimat +).

Past perfect = HAD + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE

hadn’t been
hadn’t arrived
Modal + Perfect = MODAL + HAVE + VERB IN PAST PARTICIPLE
wouldn’t have spilled
couldn’t have saved
 Take Better Steps
Language Course
by : Joe Kesaulya
Jalan Begonia 9 – BTN Green valley
Batu Bolong – Senggigi – Lombok
Handy : 081803651643 (active 18.oo-24.oo)
081917025095 (aktive : 24.oo-18.oo)
GRAMMAR RECAPITULATION TOEFL 2

AS IF / AS THOUGH – SIMILAR TO UNREAL CONDITIONS (NOT TRUE)

Indicates something unreal

The past tense of TO BE in a contrary to the fact statement must be WERE .

SUBJECT + PRESENT TENSE + AS IF / AS THOUGH + SUBJECT +VERB IN PAST

The old lady dresses as if it were winter, even in summer. (It is not winter.)
 Take Better Steps
Language Course
by : Joe Kesaulya
Jalan Begonia 9 – BTN Green valley
Batu Bolong – Senggigi – Lombok
Handy : 081803651643 (active 18.oo-24.oo)
081917025095 (aktive : 24.oo-18.oo)
GRAMMAR RECAPITULATION TOEFL 2
Angelique walks as though she studied modeling. (She didn’t study modeling.)
He acts as though he were rich. (He is not rich.)

SUBJECT + PAST TENSE + AS IF / AS THOUGH + SUBJECT +VERB IN PAST PERFECT

Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize. (she hadn’t won the grand price
Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost (he didn’t see a ghost)
He looked as though he had run ten miles (he didn’t ran ten miles)

WISH HOPE
Indicates something that definitely did not happen or will not happen. Indicates something that possibly happened or will possibly happen.
Very similar to a contrary to fact or unreal conditions must NOT be followed by Can be followed by any tense
any present tense verb or present tense auxiliary.

FUTURE WISH (the word that is optional) We hope that they will come (we don’t know if they are coming)
SUBJECT + WISH + (THAT) + SUBJECT + COULD/WOULD/WERE + VERB/VERB+ING
We hope that they came (we don’t know if they came)
We wish (that) you could come to my party tonight (you can’t come)
I wish (that) you would stop saying that (you probably won’t stop)
She wishes (that) she were coming with us (she is not coming with us)

PRESENT WISH (the word that is optional)

SUBJECT + WISH + (THAT) + SUBJECT + PAST TENSE
I wish (that) I had enough time to finish my work. (I don’t have enough time)
We wish (that) you were old enough to come with us (you are not old enough)
They wish (that) they didn’t have to go to class today (they must go to class)

SUBJ. + WISH + (THAT) + SUBJ. + PAST PERFECT (COULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

I wish (that) I had washed the clothes (I hadn’t wash the clothes)
She wishes (that) she could have been there (she couldn’t be there)
We wish (that) we had more time last night (we didn’t have more time)

WOULD RATHER
A. WOULD RATHER / PREFER - LEBIH SUKA …..
 Take Better Steps
Language Course
by : Joe Kesaulya
Jalan Begonia 9 – BTN Green valley
Batu Bolong – Senggigi – Lombok
Handy : 081803651643 (active 18.oo-24.oo)
081917025095 (aktive : 24.oo-18.oo)
GRAMMAR RECAPITULATION TOEFL 2

1. WOULD RATHER THAT > VERB IN SIMPLE FORM

2. PREFER TO > a). VERB IN “ING” FORM

> b). NO VERB

B. SUBJUNCTIVE MEANING (= ingin orang lain melakukan sesuatu)

1. WOULD RATHER THAT > VERB IN SIMPLE FORM

C. CONTRARY TO FACT (Makna kebalikan dari kalimat/kenyataan)

a). WOULD RATHER THAT > PAST TENSE

b). IF THERE ARE 2 SUBJECTS > PAST PERFECT TENSE

1. OTHER USES OF MODAL AUXILIARIES

1 .Would 1. + verb in simple form 1. Past time habit

2. Used to 2. + verb in simple form 2. Is accustomed to
3. Get used to 3. + verb “ing” form 3. Became accustomed to
1. Would rather 1. + than + verb in simple form 1. When two things are mentioned
2. Prefer 2. + to + verb in “ing” form
3. Would rather 3. Present : + verb in simple form 3. Depending on the number of subjects
Past : + have + verb in past participle
4. Would rather 4. Present : + that + verb in simple form 4. Subjunctive - used with two subjects 4. if only one subject : not before verb
 Take Better Steps
Language Course
by : Joe Kesaulya
Jalan Begonia 9 – BTN Green valley
Batu Bolong – Senggigi – Lombok
Handy : 081803651643 (active 18.oo-24.oo)
081917025095 (aktive : 24.oo-18.oo)
GRAMMAR RECAPITULATION TOEFL 2
+ that + simple past tense Present contrary to fact didn’t + simple form
5. Would rather 5. + that + verb in past perfect 5. Past contrary to fact 5. hadn’t + past participle
1. Would like 1. + to + verb 1. Same meaning as “want”
{ Could
Means a possibility. The speaker is not
{ May + verb in simple form
sure of the statement
{ Might
Should There are two meanings :
or 1. Recommendation, advice, obligate 1. Person talked to has a choice to say
Had better + verb in simple form “no”
Ought to 2. Expectation
Be supposed to
There are two meanings :
1. Must + verb in simple form 1. Complete obligation 1. The person talked to has no choice.
2. Logical conclusion
1. Have to (= a pseudo present time obligation : has to + verb in simple form
1. Complete obligation 1. The person talked to has no choice
modal) past obligation : had to + verb in simple form
1. Could/may/might + perfective 1. A present or past possibility
1. Should + perfective 1. Indicates an obligation that was
supposed o occur , but for some reasons
it didn’t occur.
2. Was/were supposed + verb in simple form 2. nearly the same meaning as
to should + perfective
Not used to indicate past obligation.
1. Must + perfective It can only mean a logical conclusion in
the past.