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1/2/2011

DIGITAL CARRIER
MODULATION
Dr. Ing. S. Zammit

Contents


Binary Digital Modulation Schemes & Spectra


 BASK,

BPSK, BFSK

Binary demodulation techniques


 Coherent

demodulation of BPSK
 Non-coherent & coherent demodulation of BASK
 Non-coherent & coherent demodulation of BFSK


M-ary Modulation
 M-ary

ASK, PSK, FSK


 M-ary QAM
 QPSK

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ASK Modulation

Message in is unipolar data (contains only positive voltages)


In ASK the carrier is switched on and off
The spectrum is large due to the large bandwidth of the message signal
Filtering message in reduces the bandwidth of message and ASK out

BPSK Modulation

Message in is bipolar data (contains both positive and negative voltages)


In BPSK the carrier phase is switched from 0o to 180o
The spectrum is large due to the large bandwidth of the message signal
Filtering message in reduces the bandwidth of message and PSK out

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FSK

Message is bipolar
In Binary FSK the carrier Frequency switches between F1 and F2
The spectrum is large due to the large bandwidth of the message signal
Filtering message in reduces the bandwidth of message and PSK out

BASK, BPSK, BFSK

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Spectrum

(a)The data spectrum is


assumed filtered to B to
reduce spectrum.
(b)ASK BW is 2B.
(c) In ASK note DC component
shifted to c
(d)BPSK BW is 2B
(e)In BPSK note absence of
carrier
(f) FSK BW is 2B+(F1-F0)
(g)FSK has peaks at c0 and c1

FSK Spectrum


The FSK spectrum can be decomposed into two


overlapping ASK spectra, one centred on F1 and the
other on F0.
The Bandwidth is therefore given by the spectrum of
ASK plus twice the frequency deviation f.
f is defined by the deviation from a non-transmitted
carrier frequency (F1 + F0) and is given by (F1 F0).
Therefore the FSK BW = 2[B + (F1 - F0)]=2[B+ f]

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BPSK Demodulation

Coherent (synchronous) demodulation of BPSK

BPSK coherent demodulation






Pulse Gen: Amp 2, Sampling Time 0.0001, Period 160, Width 80


Sine Wave: Amp 1, Sampling Time 0.0001, Period 32
Low Pass Filter:
2*pi*400
Matlab function: sign(u)

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BPSK coherent demodulation

ASK Demodulation




Non-coherent demodulation (top)


Coherent demodulation (b)

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ASK coherent demodulation






Pulse Gen: Amp 1, Sampling Time 0.0001, Period 160, Width 80


Sine Wave: Amp 1, Sampling Time 0.0001, Period 32
Low Pass Filter:
2*pi*400
Matlab function: sign(u-0.25)*0.5 + 0.5

ASK Coherent demodulation

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ASK Non-coherent demodulation






Pulse Gen: Amp 1, Sampling Time 0.0001, Period 160, Width 80


Sine Wave: Amp 1, Sampling Time 0.0001, Period 32
Low Pass Filter:
2*pi*400
Matlab function: sign(u-0.25)*0.5 + 0.5

ASK non-coherent demodulation

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FSK Non-coherent Demodulation

Non-coherent demodulation of FSK

FSK Coherent Demodulation

Coherent Demodulation of FSK

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M-ary Modulation Schemes







M-PSK
M-ASK
M-FSK
M-Ary QAM

M-PSK

Q-PSK

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M-ASK

M-FSK

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M-ary QAM

1) QAM Modulator and Demodulator - see (a)


2) Both m1(t) and m2(t) are carried in same bandwidth

QAM Constellation

1) When two shifted cos(ct) and sin(ct) signals are added they create a
sinusoidal signal with amplitude ri and phase shift i.
2) If both m1(t) and m2(t) use 4-ary modulation a constellation diagram results see (b).
3) In general with m-ary modulation b= 2log2(m) bits represented.
4) There are then 2b constellation points.

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QPSK - Encoder

b =a1a2

QPSK - Demodulation

QPSK - Coherent Demodulation

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M-PSK

8-PSK

16-QAM Constellation

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