Introduction

Multinational corporations are business entities that operate in more than one country. The
typical multinational corporation or MNC normally functions with a headquarters that is
based in one country, while other facilities are based in locations in other countries. In some
circles, a multinational corporation is referred to as multinational enterprise (MBE) or a
transnational corporation (TNC).
The exact model for an MNC may vary slightly. One common model is for the multinational
corporation is the positioning of the executive headquarters in one nation, while production
facilities are located in one or more other countries. This model often allows the company to
take advantage of benefits of incorporating in a given locality, while also being able to
produce goods and services in areas where the cost of production is lower.
The multinational corporations have certain characteristics which may be discussed below:

Giant Size:
The most important feature of these MNCs is their gigantic size. Their assets and sales run
into billions of dollars and they also make supernormal profits. According to one definition
an MNC is one with a sales turnover of f 100 million. The MNCs are also super powerful
organizations. In 1971 out of the top ninety producers of wealth, as many as 29 were MNCs,
and the rest, nations. Besides the operations, most of these multinationals are spread in a vast
number of countries. For instance, in 1973 out of a total of (, 000 firms identified nearly 45
per cent had affiliates in more than 20 countries.

International Operation:
A Fundamental feature of a multi-national corporation is that in such a corporation, control
resides in the hands of a single institution. But its interests and operations sprawl across
national boundaries. The Pepsi Cola Company of the U.S operates in 114 countries. An MNC
operates through a parent corporation in the home country. It may assume the form or a
subsidiary in the host country. If it is a branch, it acts for the parent corporation without any
1

local capital or management assistance. If it is a subsidiary, the majority control is still

exercised by the foreign parent company, although it is incorporated in the host country. The
foreign control may range any-where between the minimum of 51 per cent to the full, 100 per
cent. An MNC thus combines ownership with control. The branches and subsi-diaries of
MNCs operate under the unified control of the parent company.

Oligopolistic Structure:
Through the process of merger and takeover, etc., in course of time an MNC comes to assume
awesome power. This coupled with its giant size makes it oligopolistic in char-acter. So it
enjoys a huge amount of profit. This oligopolistic structure has been the cause of a number of
evils of the multinational corporations.

Spontaneous Evolution:
One thing to be observed in the case of the MNCs is that they have usually grown in a
spontaneous and unconscious manner. Very often they developed through "Creeping
instrumentalism." Many firms become multinationals by accident. Sometimes a firm
established a subsidiary abroad due to wage differen-tials and better opportunity prevailing in
the host country.

Collective Transfer of Resources:

An MNC facilitates multilateral transfer of resources Usually this transfer takes place in the
form of a "package" which includes technical know-how, equipment's and machinery,
materials, finished products, managerial services, and soon, "MNCs are composed of a
complex of widely varied modern technology ranging from production and marketing to
management and financing. B.N. Ganguly has remarked in the case of an MNG "resources
are transferred, but not traded in, according to the traditional norms and practices of
international trade."

2.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The objective of the project is to study the role of MNC in India in the post reform
period

To analyse the MNC in India

SCOPE OF STUDY
The scope of the study is to extend the knowledge of MNC in India in the post reform
period

3.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Information is collected from various websites and books

Definition of MNC:
A multinational corporation (MNC) or multinational enterprise (MNE) is a corporation that is
registered in more than one country or that has operations in more than one country. It is a
large corporation which both produces and sells goods or services in various countries. It can
also be referred to as an international corporation. They play an important role
in globalization. The first multinational company was the British East India Company,
founded in 1600. The second multinational corporation was the Dutch East India Company,
founded March 20, 1602.

Horizontally integrated multinational corporations manage production establishments

located in different countries to produce similar products. (Example: McDonald's)

Vertically integrated multinational corporations manage production establishment in certain

country/countries to produce products that serve as input to its production establishments in
other country/countries. (Example: Adidas)
Diversified multinational corporations do not manage production establishments located in
different countries that are horizontally, vertically or straight (Example: Microsoft or
Siemens)

4.Benefits of MNC
To Home Country:

1) Facilitate inflow of foreign exchange: - MNCs collect funds from the enterprises of
other countries in the form of fees, royalty, and service charges. This money is taken
to the country of their origin. MNCs make their home countries rich by facilitating
inflow of foreign exchange from other countries.
2) Promote global co-operations: - MNCs provide co-operation to poor or developing
countries to develop their industries. The countries of their origin participate in such
international co-operation, which is beneficial to all countries- rich and poor.
3) Ensure optimum utilization of resources: -MNCs ensure optimum utilization of
natural and other resources available in their home countries. This is possible due to
their worldwide business contacts.
4) Promote bilateral trade relations: -MNCs facilitate bilateral trade relations between
their home countries and the other countries with which they have business relations.

To Host Countries:

1) Raise the rate of investment: - MNCs raise the rate of investment in the host countries and
thereby bring rapid industrial growth accompanied by massive employment opportunities in
different sectors of the economy.
2) Facilitate transfer of technology: -Multinationals act as agents for the transfer of technology
to developing countries and thereby help such countries to modernize their industries. They
remove technological gaps in developing countries by providing techno-managerial skills.
3) Accelerate industrial growth: - multinationals accelerate industrial growth in host
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countries through collaborations, joint ventures and establishment of subsidiaries and

branches. They facilitate economic growth through financial, marketing and
technological services. MNCs
are rightly called messengers of progress.
4) Promote export and reduce imports: - MNCs help the host countries to reduce the imports
and promote the exports by raising domestic production. Marketing facilities at global level
are provided by MNCs due to their global business contacts.
5) Provide services to professionals: - MNCs provide the services of the skilled professional
managers for managing the activities of the enterprises in which they are involved/interested.
This raises overall managerial efficiency or enterprises connected with multinationals.
MNCs bring managerial revolution in host countries.
6) Facilitate efficient utilization of resources: - Multinationals facilitate efficient utilization of
resources available in host countries. This leads to economic development.
7) Provide benefits of R and D activities: -Multinationals has enormous resources at their
disposal. Some are utilized for R and D activities. The benefits of R and D activities are
passed on to the enterprises operating in the host countries.
8) Support enterprises in host countries: - MNCs support to enterprises in the host countries in
order to support their own operations indirectly. This is how MNCs support enterprises in
the host countries to grow. Even consumers get new goods and services due to the operations
of MNCs.
9) Break domestic monopolies: - MNCs raise competition in the host countries and thereby
break domestic monopolies.

5.Growth of MNC in India:

The MNCs share in global investment, production, employment and trade has assumed
considerable proportions.
According to the UN, there are 63,000 MNCs with 6, 90,000 affiliates all over the globe with
2, 40,000 in China and only 1400 in India. The US was the forerunner in giving births to
MNCs. Today, biggest MNCs are Japanese.
The global liberalization wave, paved the path for faster expansion and growth of MNCs. The
value added by the foreign affiliates of MNCs, as a percentage of global GDP grew from 5%
in the 1980s to about 7% by the end of 90s. The MNCs control about a third of world output
and the total sales of their foreign affiliates is almost equal to the GNP of all developing
countries. The value of the annual sales of the largest manufacturing multinational General
Motors was about $178bn in 1996. The total sales of the 3 largest automobile firms of the
world, namely, General Motors, Ford and Toyota is greater than the value of Indias GDP.
In terms of direct employment, the MNCs accounted for 73mn people worldwide and if
indirect employment is considered, the figure approximates 150mn people. Over 350m
people were employed by the foreign affiliates of MNCs in 1988.
A number of factors have contributed to the phenomenal growth of MNCs. Some of the
important factors are as follows: -

1) Expansion of market territories: Rapid economic growth in a number of countries resulting in rising GDPs and per capita
incomes contributed to the growing standards of living. This in turn contributed to the
continuous expansion of market territories. MNCs both contributed to the expansion of
market territories and also grew in size and spread as a result of expansion of market
territories.

2) Market superiorities: In many ways, MNCs have an edge over domestic firms, such as: a) Availability of reliable and current data,
MNCs enjoy market reputation,
c) MNCs encounter relatively less problems and difficulties in marketing the products,
d) MNCs adopt more effective advertising and sales promotion techniques, and
e) MNCs enjoy faster transportation and adequate warehousing facilities

3) Financial superiorities: MNCs also enjoy a number of financial advantages over domestic firms. These are: a) Availability of huge financial resources with the MNCs helps them to transform business
environment and circumstances in their favor.
b) MNCs can use the funds more effectively and economically on account of their activities in
numerous countries.
c) MNCs have easy access to international capital markets, and
d) MNCs have easy assessed to international banks and financial institutions.

4) Technological superiorities: MNCs are technologically prosperous on account of high and sustained spend on R&D.
developing countries on account of their technological backwardness welcome MNCs to their
countries because of the attendant benefits of technology transfer.
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6.Role of MNC in India

There are a number of reasons why the multinational companies are coming down to India.
India has got a huge market. It has also got one of the fastest growing economies in the
world. Besides, the policy of the government towards FDI has also played a major role in
attracting the multinational companies in India.
For quite a long time, India had a restrictive policy in terms of foreign direct investment. As a
result, there was lesser number of companies that showed interest in investing in Indian
market. However, the scenario changed during the financial liberalization of the country,
especially after 1991. Government, nowadays, makes continuous efforts to attract foreign
investments by relaxing many of its policies. As a result, a number of multinational
companies have shown interest in Indian market.
It is too specify that the companies come and settle in India to earn profit. A company
enlarges its jurisdiction of work beyond its native place when they get a wide scope to earn a
profit and such is the case of the MNCs that have flourished here. More over India has wide
market for different and new goods and services due to the ever increasing population and the
varying consumer taste. The government FDI policies have somehow benefited them and
drawn their attention too. The restrictive policies that stopped the company's inflow are
however withdrawn and the country has shown much interest to bring in foreign investment
here.
Besides the foreign directive policies the labor competitive market, market competition and
the macro-economic stability are some of the key factors that magnetize the foreign MNCs
here.
Following are the reasons why multinational companies consider India as a preferred
destination for business:
Huge market potential of the country
FDI attractiveness
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 Labor competitiveness
Macro-economic stability

Advantages of the growing MNCs to India

There are certain advantages that the underdeveloped countries like and the developing
countries like India derive from the foreign MNCs that establishes. They are as under:
Initiating a higher level of investment.
Reducing the technological gap
The natural resources are utilized in true sense.
The foreign exchange gap is reduced
Boosts up the basic economic structure.

Disadvantages of MNCs
Roses do not come without thrones. Disadvantages of having MNCs in a developing country
like India are as under Competition to SMSI
Pollution and Environmental hazards
Some MNCs come only for tax benefits only
Exploitation of natural resources
Lack of employment opportunities
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 Diffusion of profits and Forex Imbalance

Working environment and conditions
Slows down decision making
Economical distress

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The growth of Indian MNCs help country in following ways: -

1) MNCs help to increases the investment level & thereby the income & employment in
host country.
2) The transnational corporations have become vehicles for the transfer technology,
especially to developing countries.
3) They also kind a managerial revolution in host countries through professional
management and employment of highly sophisticated management techniques.
4) The MNCs enable that host countries to increases their exports & decreases their
import requirements.
5) They work to equalize cost of factors of production around the world.
6) MNCs provide and efficient means of integrating national economies.
7) The enormous resources of multinational enterprises enable them to have very
efficient research & development systems. Thus, they make a commendable
contribution to inventions & innovations.
8) MNCs also stimulate domestic enterprise because to support their own operations,
the MNCs may encourage & assist domestic suppliers.
9) MNCs help to increase competition & break domestic monopolies.

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7.Top MNCs of India

The country has got many M. N. C.s operating here. Following are names of some of the
most famous multinational companies, who have their headquarters of operational branches
based in the nation:

IBM: IBM India Private Limited, a part of IBM has been operating from this country since
the year 1992. This global company is known for invention and integration of software,
hardware as well as services, which assist forward thinking institutions, enterprises and
people, who build a smart planet. The net income of this company post completion of the
financial year end of 2010 was $14.8 billion with a net profit margin of 14.9 %. With
innovative technology and solutions, this company is making a constant progress in India.
Present in more than 200 cities, this company is making constant progress in global markets
to maintain its leading position.

Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited: Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited, one of the biggest

pharmaceutical companies in India, started their business in the country from the year 1961.
The company made its public appearance in 1973 though. Headquartered in this nation, this
international, research based, integrated pharmaceutical company is the producer of a huge
range of affordable cum quality medicines that are trusted by both patients and healthcare
professionals all over the world. In the business year 2010, the registered global sales of the
company was US $ 1, 868 Mn. Successful development of business forms the key component
of their trading strategy. Apart from overseas acquisitions, this company is making a
continuous endeavor to enter the new global markets, which have got high potential. For this,
they are offering value adding products as well.

Tata Consultancy Services: Commonly known as T. C. S., this multinational company

is a famous name in the field of I. T. (Information Technology) services, Business Process
Outsourcing (B. P. O.) as well as business solutions. This company is a subsidiary of the Tata
Group. The first center for software researching was established in the country in 1981 in the
city of Pune. Tata Consultancy earned a growth of 8.9 % during the latest quarter of this
financial year, which ended on 30th September, 2011. This renowned company is presently
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looking forward to the 10 big deals that they have received besides the Credit Union
Australia's contract as well as Government of Karnataka's Rs. 94 crore deals for a total period
of 6 years. In this current business year, they are about to employ 60, 000 people to meet their
business requirement.

Tata Motors Limited: The biggest automobile company in India, Tata Motors Limited,
is among the leading commercial vehicles manufacturer in the country. They are one of the
top 3 passenger vehicle manufacturers. Established in the year 1945, this company, a part of
the famous Tata Group, has got its manufacturing units located in different parts of the nation.
Some of their well known products of the company are categorized in the following heads:

Commercial Vehicles

Defense Security Vehicles

Homeland Security Vehicles

Passenger Vehicles

Indian Multinational resulting in the growth of foreign market: India Inc. is flying high. Not only over the Indian sky. Many Indian firms have slowly and
surely embarked on the global path and lead to the emergence of the Indian multinational
companies.
With each passing day, Indian businesses are acquiring companies abroad, becoming worldpopular suppliers and are recruiting staff cutting across nationalities. While an Asian Paint is
painting the world red, Tata is rolling out Indicas from Birmingham and Sundram Fasteners
nails home the fact that the Indian company is an entity to be reckoned with.

Tata Motors sells its passenger-car Indica in the UK through a marketing alliance with
Rover and has acquired a Daewoo Commercial Vehicles unit giving it access to
markets in Korea and China.

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 Ranbaxy is the ninth largest generics company in the world. An impressive 76 percent
of its revenues come from overseas.
Dr Reddy's Laboratories became the first Asia Pacific pharmaceutical company
outside Japan to list on the New York Stock Exchange in 2001.
Asian Paints is among the 10 largest decorative paints makers in the world and has
manufacturing facilities across 24 countries.
Small auto components company Bharat Forge is now the world's second largest
forgings maker. It became the world's second largest forgings manufacturer after
acquiring Carl Dan Peddinghaus a German forgings company last year. Its workforce
includes Japanese, German, American and Chinese people. It has 31 customers across
the world and only 31 percent of its turnover comes from India.
Essel Propack is the world's largest manufacturers of lamitubes - tubes used to
package toothpaste. It has 17 plants spread across 11 countries and a turnover of Rs
609.2 crore for the year ended December 2003. The company commands a staggering
30 percent of the 12.8 billion-units global tubes market.
About 80 percent of revenues for Tata Consultancy Services come from outside India.
This month, it raised Rs 54.2 billion ($1.17 billion) in Asia's second-biggest tech IPO
this year and India's largest IPO ever.
Infosys has 25,634 employees including 600 from 33 nationalities other than Indian. It has 30
marketing offices across the world.

8.Economic Reforms in India since 1991

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Economic reforms were introduced by the Rajiv Gandhi government (1985-89), it was the
Narasimha Rao Government that gave a definite shape and start to the new economic reforms
of globalization in India. Presenting the 1991-92 Budgets, Finance Minister Manmohan
Singh said: After four decades of planning for industrialization, we have now reached a
stage where we should welcome, rather fear, foreign investment. Direct foreign investment
would provide access to capital, technology and market.
In the Memorandum of Economic Policies dated August 27, 1991 to the IMF, the Finance
Minister submitted in the concluding paragraph: The Government of India believes that the
policies set forth in the Memorandum are adequate to achieve the objectives of the program,
but will take any additional measures appropriate for this purpose. In addition, the
Government will consult with the Fund on the adoption of any measures that may be
appropriate in accordance with the policies of the Fund on such consultations. Era of 1991
Indian economy had experienced major policy changes in early 1990s. The new economic
reform, popularly known as, Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization (LPG model)
aimed at making the Indian economy as fastest growing economy and globally competitive.
The series of reforms undertaken with respect to industrial sector, trade as well as financial
sector aimed at making the economy more efficient.
With the onset of reforms to liberalize the Indian economy in July of 1991, a new chapter has
dawned for India and her billion plus population. This period of economic transition has had
a tremendous impact on the overall economic development of almost all major sectors of the
economy, and its effects over the last decade can hardly be overlooked. Besides, it also marks
the advent of the real integration of the Indian economy into the global economy.
Indian economy was in deep crisis in July 1991, when foreign currency reserves had
plummeted to almost $1 billion; Inflation had roared to an annual rate of 17 percent; fiscal
deficit was very high and had become unsustainable; foreign investors and NRIs had lost
confidence in Indian Economy. Capital was flying out of the country and we were close to
defaulting on loans. So in order to over situation follow policies and steps were initiated by
then UPA government under the leadership of Narasimha Rao.
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1. Devaluation:
In 1991, India still had a fixed exchange rate system, where the rupee was pegged to the
value of a basket of currencies of major trading partners. India started having balance of
payments problems since 1985, and by the end of 1990, it found itself in serious economic
trouble. The government was close to default and its foreign exchange reserves had dried up
to the point that India could barely finance three weeks worth of imports. As in 1966, India
faced high inflation and large government budget deficits. This led the government to
devalue the rupee. At the end of 1999, the Indian Rupee was devalued considerably.
Therefore the first steps towards globalization were taken with the announcement of the
devaluation of Indian currency by 18-19 percent against major currencies in the international
foreign exchange market. In fact, this measure was taken in order to resolve the BOP crisis.
Disinvestment-In order to make the process of globalization smooth, privatization
and liberalization policies are moving along as well. Under the privatization scheme,
most of the public sector undertakings have been/ are being sold to private sector.
Company such as Modern Foods India Ltd., BALCO an aluminum company and very
recent example is coal.
Dismantling of the Industrial Licensing Regime: at present, only six
industries are under compulsory licensing mainly on accounting of environmental
safety and strategic considerations. A significantly amended locational policy in tune
with the liberalized licensing policy is in place. No industrial approval is required
from the government for locations not falling within 25 kms of the periphery of cities
having a population of more than one million.

2. Allowing Foreign Direct Investment

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With the initiation of new economic policy in 1991 and subsequent reforms process, India
has witnessed a change in the flow and direction of foreign direct investment (FDI) into the
country. This is mainly due to the removal of restrictive and regulated practices such as

The removal of quantitative restrictions on imports

Trade policy reform has also made progress, though the pace has been slower than in
industrial liberalization. Before the reforms, trade policy was characterized by high tariffs and
pervasive import restrictions. Imports of manufactured consumer goods were completely
banned. For capital goods, raw materials and intermediates, certain lists of goods were freely
importable, but for most items where domestic substitutes were being produced, imports were
only possible with import licenses. The criteria for issue of licenses were non transparent;
delays were endemic and corruption unavoidable. The economic reforms sought to phase out
import licensing and also to reduce import duties.

Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured consumer goods and agricultural

products were finally removed on April 1, 2001, almost exactly ten years after the reforms
began, and that in part because of a ruling by a World Trade Organization dispute panel on a
complaint brought by the United States, the reduction of the peak customs tariff from over
300 per cent prior to the 30 per cent rate that applies now.

Throwing Open Industries Reserved For The Public Sector to

Private Participation.
The list of industries reserved solely for the public sector -- which used to cover 18
industries, including iron and steel, heavy plant and machinery, telecommunications and
telecom equipment, minerals, oil, mining, air transport services and electricity generation and
distribution -- has been drastically reduced to three: defense aircrafts and warships, atomic
energy generation, and railway transport. Industrial licensing by the central government has
been almost abolished except for a few hazardous and environmentally sensitive industries.
The requirement that investments by large industrial houses needed a separate clearance
under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act to discourage the concentration
18

of economic power was abolished and the act itself is to be replaced by a new competition
law which will attempt to regulate anticompetitive behavior in other ways for instance power
generation, transmission and distribution in Mumbai (Tata and reliance power) foreign direct
investment in India increased from US $ 129 million in 1991-92 to US$ 2,214 million in
April 2010. The cumulative amount of FDI equity inflows from August 1991 to April 2010
stood at US$ 134,642 million, according to the data released by the Department of Industrial
Policy and Promotion (DIPP). Today, India provides highest returns on FDI than any other
country in the world. Therefore, India is evolving as one of the 'most favored destination' for
FDI in Asia and the Pacific.

Non Resident Indian Scheme

The general policy and facilities for foreign direct investment as available to foreign
investors/ Companies are fully applicable to NRIs as well. In addition, Government has
extended some concessions especially for NRIs and overseas corporate bodies having more
than 60% stake by NRIs

Wide-ranging financial sector reforms

In the banking, capital markets, and insurance sectors, including the deregulation of interest
rates, strong regulation and supervisory systems, and the introduction of foreign/private
sector competition.

3. Financial Sector Reform

Indias reform program included wide-ranging reforms in the banking system and the capital
Markets relatively early in the process with reforms in insurance introduced at a later stage.
Banking sector reforms included:
a. measures for liberalization, like dismantling the complex system of interest
rate controls, eliminating prior approval of the Reserve Bank of India for large
19

loans, and reducing the statutory requirements to invest in government

securities;
b. measures designed to increase financial soundness, like introducing capital
adequacy requirements and other prudential norms for banks and
strengthening banking supervision;
Measures for increasing competition like more liberal licensing of private banks and freer
expansion by foreign banks. These steps have produced some positive outcomes. There has
been a sharp reduction in the share of non-performing assets in the portfolio and more than 90
percent of the banks now meet the new capital adequacy standards. However, these figures
may overstate the improvement because domestic standards for classifying assets as nonperforming are less stringent than international standards. Indias banking reforms differ from
those in other developing countries in one important respect and that is the policy towards
public sector banks which dominate the banking system. The government has announced its
intention to reduce its equity share to 33-1/3 percent, but this is to be done while retaining
government control. Improvements in the efficiency of the banking system will therefore
depend on the ability to increase the efficiency of public sector banks.

The above factors are some of the important factors which have robust the growth of Indian
mncs
India was a latecomer to economic reforms, embarking on the process in earnest only in
1991, in the wake of an exceptionally severe balance of payments crisis. The need for a
policy shift had become evident much earlier, as many countries in East Asia achieved high
growth and poverty reduction through policies which emphasized greater export orientation
and encouragement of the private sector. India took some steps in this direction in the 1980s,
but it was not until 1991 that the government signaled a systemic shift to a more open
economy with greater reliance upon market forces, a larger role for the private sector
including foreign investment, and a restructuring of the role of government.
Indias economic performance in the post-reforms period has many positive features. The
average growth rate in the ten year period from 1992-93 to 2001-02 was around 6.0 percent,
20

as shown in Table 1, which puts India among the fastest growing developing countries in the
1990s. This growth record is only slightly better than the annual average of 5.7 percent in the
1980s, but it can be argued that the 1980s growth was unsustainable, fuelled by a buildup of
external debt which culminated in the crisis of 1991. In sharp contrast, growth in the 1990s
was accompanied by remarkable external stability despite the East Asian crisis. Poverty also
declined significantly in the post-reform period, and at a faster rate than in the 1980s
according to some studies (as Ravalli on and Datt discuss in this issue).

4. Reforms in Industrial and Trade Policy

Reforms in industrial and trade policy were a central focus of much of Indias reform effort in
the early stages. Industrial policy prior to the reforms was characterized by multiple controls
over private investment which limited the areas in which private investors were allowed to
operate, and often also determined the scale of operations, the location of new investment,
and even the technology to be used. The industrial structure that evolved under this regime
was highly inefficient and needed to be supported by a highly protective trade policy, often
providing tailor-made protection to each sector of industry. The costs imposed by these

policies had been extensively studied (for example, Bhagwati and Desai, 1965; Bhagwati and
Srinivasan, 1971; Ahluwalia, 1985) and by 1991 a broad consensus had emerged on the need
for greater liberalization and openness. A great deal has been achieved at the end of ten years
of gradualist reforms.

Industrial Policy
Industrial policy has seen the greatest change, with most central government industrial
controls being dismantled. The list of industries reserved solely for the public sector -- which
used to cover 18 industries, including iron and steel, heavy plant and machinery,
telecommunications and telecom equipment, minerals, oil, mining, air transport services and
electricity generation and distribution -- has been drastically reduced to three: defense
aircrafts and warships, atomic energy generation, and railway transport. Industrial licensing
by the central government has been almost abolished except for a few hazardous and
environmentally sensitive industries. The requirement that investments by large industrial
21

houses needed a separate clearance under the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act
to discourage the concentration of economic power was abolished and the act itself is to be
replaced by a new competition law which will attempt to regulate anticompetitive behavior in
other ways.

5. Trade Policy
Trade policy reform has also made progress, though the pace has been slower than in
industrial liberalization. Before the reforms, trade policy was characterized by high tariffs and
pervasive import restrictions. Imports of manufactured consumer goods were completely
banned. For capital goods, raw materials and intermediates, certain lists of goods were freely
importable, but for most items where domestic substitutes were being produced, imports were
only possible with import licenses. The criteria for issue of licenses were nontransparent;
delays were endemic and corruption unavoidable. The economic reforms sought to phase out
import licensing and also to reduce import duties.
Import licensing was abolished relatively early for capital goods and intermediates which
became freely importable in 1993, simultaneously with the switch to a flexible exchange rate
regime. Import licensing had been traditionally defended on the grounds that it was necessary
to manage the balance of payments, but the shift to a flexible exchange rate enabled the
government to argue that any balance of payments impact would be effectively dealt with
through exchange rate flexibility. Removing quantitative restrictions on imports of capital
goods and intermediates was relatively easy, because the number of domestic producers was
small and Indian industry welcomed the move as making it more competitive. It was much
more difficult in the case of final consumer goods because the number of domestic producers
affected was very large (partly because much of the consumer goods industry had been
reserved for small scale production). Quantitative restrictions on imports of manufactured
consumer goods and agricultural products were finally removed on April 1, 2001, almost
exactly ten years after the reforms began, and that in part because of a ruling by a World
Trade Organization dispute panel on a complaint brought by the United States.

6. Foreign Direct Investment

22

Liberalizing foreign direct investment was another important part of Indias reforms, driven
by the belief that this would increase the total volume of investment in the economy, improve
production technology, and increase access to world markets. The policy now allows 100
percent foreign ownership in a large number of industries and majority ownership in all
except banks, insurance companies, telecommunications and airlines. Procedures for
obtaining permission were greatly simplified by listing industries that are eligible for
automatic approval up to specified levels of foreign equity (100 percent, 74 percent and 51
percent). Potential foreign investors investing within these limits only need to register with
the Reserve Bank of India. For investments in other industries, or for a higher share of equity
than is automatically permitted in listed industries, applications are considered by a Foreign
Investment Promotion Board that has established a track record of speedy decisions. In 1993,
foreign institutional investors were allowed to purchase shares of listed Indian companies in
the stock market, opening a window for portfolio investment in existing companies.

These reforms have created a very different competitive environment for Indias industry than
existed in 1991, which has led to significant changes. Indian companies have upgraded their
technology and expanded to more efficient scales of production. They have also restructured
through mergers and acquisitions and refocused their activities to concentrate on areas of
competence. New dynamic firms have displaced older and less dynamic ones: of the top 100
companies ranked by market capitalization in 1991, about half are no longer in this group.
Foreign investment inflows increased from virtually nothing in 1991 to about 0.5 percent of
GDP. Although this figure remains much below the levels of foreign direct investment in
many emerging market countries (not to mention 4 percent of GDP in China),
The change from the pre-reform situation is impressive. The presence of foreign-owned firms
and their products in the domestic market is evident and has added greatly to the pressure to
improve quality.
These policy changes were expected to generate faster industrial growth and greater
penetration of world markets in industrial products, but performance in this respect has been
disappointing. As shown in Table 1, industrial growth increased sharply in the first five years
after the reforms, but then slowed to an annual rate of 4.5 percent in the next five years.
Export performance has improved, but modestly. The share of exports of goods in GDP
23

increased from 5.7 percent in 1990-91 to 9.7 percent, but this reflects in part exchange rate
depreciation. Indias share in world exports, which had declined steadily since 1960,
increased slightly from around 0.5 percent in 1990-91 to 0.6 percent in 1999-2000, but much
of the increase in world market share is due to agricultural exports. Indias manufactured
exports had a 0.5 percent share in world markets for those items in 1990 and this rose to only
0.55 percent by 1999. Unlike the case in China and Southeast Asia, foreign direct investment
in India did not play an important role in export penetration and was instead oriented mainly
towards the domestic market.
One reason why export performance has been modest is the slow progress in lowering import
duties that make India a high cost producer and therefore less attractive as a base for export
production. Exporters have long been able to import inputs needed for exports at zero duty,
but the complex procedure for obtaining the necessary duty-free import licenses typically
involves high transactions cost and delays. High levels of protection compared with other
countries also explains why foreign direct investment in India has been much more oriented
to the protected domestic market, rather than using India as a base for exports. However, high
tariffs are only part of the explanation for poor export performance. The reservation of many
potentially exportable items for production in the small scale sector (which has only recently
been relaxed) was also a relevant factor. The poor quality of Indias infrastructure compared
with infrastructure in east and Southeast Asia, which is discussed later in this paper, is yet
another.
Inflexibility of the labor market is a major factor reducing Indias competitiveness in exports
and also reducing industrial productivity generally (Planning Commission, 2001). Any firm
wishing to close down a plant, or to retrench labor in any unit employing more than 100
workers, can only do so with the permission of the state government, and this permission is
rarely granted. These provisions discourage employment and are especially onerous for laborintensive sectors. The increased competition in the goods market has made labor more willing
to take reasonable positions, because lack of flexibility only leads to firms losing market
share. However, the legal provisions clearly remain much more onerous than in other
countries. This is important area of reform that has yet to be addressed. The lack of any
system of unemployment insurance makes it difficult to push for major changes in labor
flexibility unless a suitable contributory system that is financially viable can be put in place.
The government has recently announced its intention to amend the law and raise the level of
24

employment above which firms have to seek permission for retrenchment from 100 workers
at present to 1000 while simultaneously increasing the scale of retrenchment compensation.
However, the amendment has yet to be enacted.
These gaps in the reforms provide a possible explanation for the slowdown in industrial
growth in the second half of the 1990s. It can be argued that the initial relaxation of controls
led to an investment boom, but this could have been sustained only if industrial investment
had been oriented to tapping export markets, as was the case in East Asia. As it happened,
Indias industrial and trade reforms were not strong enough, nor adequately supported by
infrastructure and labor market reforms to generate such a thrust. The one area which has
shown robust growth through the 1990s with a strong export orientation is software
development and various new types of services enabled by information technology like
medical transcription, backup accounting, and customer related services. Export earnings in
this area have grown from $100 million in 1990-91 to over $6 billion in 2000-01 and are
expected to continue to grow at 20 to 30 percent per year. Indias success in this area is one of
the most visible achievements of trade policy reforms which allow access to imports and
technology at exceptionally low rates of duty, and also of the fact that exports in this area
depend primarily on telecommunications infrastructure, which has improved considerably in
the post-reforms period.

7. Infrastructure Development
Rapid growth in a globalized environment requires a well-functioning infrastructure
including especially electric power, road and rail connectivity, telecommunications, air
transport, and efficient ports. India lags behind east and Southeast Asia in these areas. These
services were traditionally provided by public sector monopolies but since the investment
needed to expand capacity and improve quality could not be mobilized by the public sector,
these sectors were opened to private investment, including foreign investment. However, the
difficulty in creating an environment which would make it possible for private investors to
enter on terms that would appear reasonable to consumers, while providing an adequate riskreturn profile to investors, was greatly underestimated. Many false starts and disappointments
have resulted.
25

The greatest disappointment has been in the electric power sector, which was the first area
opened for private investment. Private investors were expected to produce electricity for sale
to the State Electricity Boards, which would control of transmission and distribution.
However, the State Electricity Boards were financially very weak, partly because electricity
tariffs for many categories of consumers were too low and also because very large amounts of
power were lost in transmission and distribution. This loss, which should be between 10 to 15
percent on technical grounds (depending on the extent of the rural network), varies from 35 to
50 percent. The difference reflects theft of electricity, usually with the connivance of the
distribution staff. Private investors, fearing nonpayment by the State Electricity Boards
insisted on arrangements which guaranteed purchase of electricity by state governments
backed by additional guarantees from the central government. These arrangements attracted
criticism because of controversies about the reasonableness of the tariffs demanded by private
sector power producers. Although a large number of proposals for private sector projects
amounting to about 80 percent of existing generation capacity were initiated, very few
reached financial closure and some of those which were implemented ran into trouble
subsequently.
Civil aviation and ports are two other areas where reforms appear to be succeeding, though
much remains to be done. Two private sector domestic airlines, which began operations after
the reforms, now have more than half the market for domestic air travel. However, proposals
to attract private investment to upgrade the major airports at Mumbai and Delhi have yet to
make visible progress. In the case of ports, 17 private sector projects involving port handling
capacity of 60 million tons, about 20 percent of the total capacity at present, are being
implemented. Some of the new private sector port facilities have set high standards of
productivity.
Indias road network is extensive, but most of it is low quality and this is a major constraint
for interior locations. The major arterial routes have low capacity (commonly just two lanes
in most stretches) and also suffer from poor maintenance. However, some promising
initiatives have been taken recently. In 1998, a tax was imposed on gasoline (later extended to
diesel), the proceeds of which are earmarked for the development of the national highways,
state roads and rural roads. This will help finance a major program of upgrading the national
26

highways connecting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta to four lanes or more, to be
completed by the end of 2003. It is also planned to levy modest tolls on these highways to
ensure a stream of revenue which could be used for maintenance. A few toll roads and
bridges in areas of high traffic density have been awarded to the private sector for
development.
The railways are a potentially important means of freight transportation but this area is
untouched by reforms as yet. The sector suffers from severe financial constraints, partly due
to a politically determined fare structure in which freight rates have been set excessively high
to subsidize passenger fares, and partly because government ownership has led to wasteful
operating practices. Excess staff is currently estimated at around 25 percent. Resources are
typically spread thinly to respond to political demands for new passenger trains at the cost of
investments that would strengthen the capacity of the railways as a freight carrier. The Expert
Group on Indian Railways (2002) recently submitted a comprehensive program of reform
converting the railways from a departmentally run government enterprise to a corporation,
with a regulatory authority fixing the fares in a rational manner. No decisions have been
announced as yet on these recommendations.

8. Financial Sector Reform

Indias reform program included wide-ranging reforms in the banking system and the capital
markets relatively early in the process with reforms in insurance introduced at a later stage.
Banking sector reforms included: (a) measures for liberalization, like dismantling the
complex system of interest rate controls, eliminating prior approval of the Reserve Bank of
India for large loans, and reducing the statutory requirements to invest in government
securities; (b) measures designed to increase financial soundness, like introducing capital
adequacy requirements and other prudential norms for banks and strengthening banking
supervision; (c) measures for increasing competition like more liberal licensing of private
banks and freer expansion by foreign banks. These steps have produced some positive
outcomes. There has been a sharp reduction in the share of non-performing assets in the
portfolio and more than 90 percent of the banks now meet the new capital adequacy
standards. However, these figures may overstate the improvement because domestic
27

standards for classifying assets as non-performing are less stringent than international
standards.
Indias banking reforms differ from those in other developing countries in one important
respect and that is the policy towards public sector banks which dominate the banking
system. The government has announced its intention to reduce its equity share to 33-1/3
percent, but this is to be done while retaining government control. Improvements in the
efficiency of the banking system will therefore depend on the ability to increase the
efficiency of public sector banks.

9. Privatization
The public sector accounts for about 35 percent of industrial value added in India, but
although privatization has been a prominent component of economic reforms in many
countries, India has been ambivalent on the subject until very recently. Initially, the
government adopted a limited approach of selling a minority stake in public sector enterprises
while retaining management control with the government, a policy described as
disinvestment to distinguish it from privatization. The principal motivation was to mobilize
revenue for the budget, though there was some expectation that private shareholders would
increase the commercial orientation of public sector enterprises. This policy had very limited
success. Disinvestment receipts were consistently below budget expectations and the average
realization in the first five years was less than 0.25 percent of GDP compared with an average
of 1.7 percent in seventeen countries reported in a recent study (see Davis et.al. 2000). There
was clearly limited appetite for purchasing shares in public sector companies in which
government remained in control of management.
In 1998, the government announced its willingness to reduce its shareholding to 26 percent
and to transfer management control to private stakeholders purchasing a substantial stake in
all central public sector enterprises except in strategic areas. ii The first such privatization
occurred in 1999, when 74 percent of the equity of Modern Foods India Ltd. (a public sector
bread-making company with 2000 employees), was sold with full management control to
Hindustan Lever, an Indian subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch multinational Unilever. This was
followed by several similar sales with transfer of management: BALCO, an aluminum
28

company; Hindustan Zinc; Computer Maintenance Corporation; Lagan Jute Machinery

Manufacturing Company; several hotels; VSNL, which was until recently the monopoly
service supplier for international telecommunications; IPCL, a major petrochemicals unit and
Maruti Udyog, Indias largest automobile producer which was a joint venture with Suzuki
Corporation which has now acquired full managerial controls.

An important recent innovation, which may increase public acceptance of privatization, is the
decision to earmark the proceeds of privatization to finance additional expenditure on social
sector development and for retirement of public debt. Privatization is clearly not a permanent
source of revenue, but it can help fill critical gaps in the next five to ten years while longer
term solutions to the fiscal problem are attempted. Many states have also started privatizing
state level public sector enterprises. These are mostly loss making enterprises and are
unlikely to yield significant receipts but privatization will eliminate the recurring burden of
financing losses.

10. Social Sector Development in Health and Education

Indias social indicators at the start of the reforms in 1991 lagged behind the levels achieved
in Southeast Asia 20 years earlier, when those countries started to grow rapidly (Dreze and
Sen, 1995). For example, Indias adult literacy rate in 1991 was 52 percent, compared with 57
percent in Indonesia and 79 percent in Thailand in 1971. The gap in social development
needed to be closed, not only to improve the welfare of the poor and increase their income
earning capacity, but also to create the preconditions for rapid economic growth. While the
logic of economic reforms required a withdrawal of the state from areas in which the private
sector could do the job just as well, if not better, it also required an expansion of public sector
support for social sector development.
Much of the debate in this area has focused on what has happened to expenditure on social
sector development in the post-reform period. Dev and Moolji (2002) find that central
government expenditure on towards social services and rural development increased from 7.6
percent of total expenditure in 1990-91 to 10.2 percent in 2000-01, as shown in Table 4. As a
percentage of GDP, these expenditures show a dip in the first two years of the reforms, when
fiscal stabilization compulsions were dominant, but there is a modest increase thereafter.
29

However, expenditure trends in the states, which account for 80 percent of total expenditures
in this area, show a definite decline as a percentage of GDP in the post-reforms period.
Taking central and state expenditures together, social sector expenditure has remained more
or less constant as a percentage of GDP.

Closing the social sector gaps between India and other countries in southeast Asia will require
additional expenditure, which in turn depends upon improvements in the fiscal position of
both the central and state governments. However, it is also important to improve the
efficiency of resource use in this area. Saxena (2001) has documented the many problems
with existing delivery systems of most social sector services, especially in rural areas. Some
of these problems are directly caused by lack of resources, as when the bulk of the budget is
absorbed in paying salaries, leaving little available for medicines in clinics or essential
teaching aids in schools. There are also governance problems such as nonattendance by
teachers in rural schools and poor quality of teaching.
Part of the solution lies in greater participation by the beneficiaries in supervising education
and health systems, which in turn requires decentralization to local levels and effective
peoples participation at these levels. Nongovernment organizations can play a critical role in
this process. Different state governments are experimenting with alternative modalities but a
great deal more needs to be done in this area.
While the challenges in this area are enormous, it is worth noting that social sector indicators
have continued to improve during the reforms. The literacy rate increased from 52 percent in
1991 to 65 percent in 2001, a faster increase in the 1990s than in the previous decade, and the
increase has been particularly high in the some of the low literacy states such as Bihar,
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

9.Reasons for the Growth of MNCs:

(i) Non-Transferable Knowledge:
30

It is often possible for an MNC to sell its knowledge in the form of patent rights and to
licence foreign producer. This relieves the MNC of the need to make foreign direct
investment.
However, sometimes an MNC that has a Production Process or Product Patent can make a
larger profit by carrying out the production in a foreign country itself. The reason for this is
that some kinds of knowledge cannot be sold and which are the result of years of experience.

(ii) Exploiting Reputations:

In some situation, MNCs invest to exploit their reputation rather than protect their reputation.
This motive is of particular importance in the case of foreign direct investment by banks
because in the banking business an international reputation can attract deposits.
If the goodwill is established the bank can expand and build a strong customer base. Quality
service to a large number of customers is bound to ensure success. This probably explains the
tremendous growth of foreign banks such as Citibank, Grind-lays and Standard Chartered in
India.

(iii) Protecting Reputations:

Normally, products, develop a good or bad name, which transcends international boundaries.
It would be very difficult for an MNC to protect in reputation if a foreign licensee does an
inferior job. Therefore, MNCs prefer to invest in a country rather than licensing and transfer
expertise, to ensure the maintenance of their good name.

(iv)Protecting Secrecy:
MNCs prefer direct investment, rather than granting a license to a foreign company if
protecting the secrecy of the product is important. While it may be true that a license will take
precautions to protect patent rights, it is equally true that it may be less conscientious than the
original owner of the patent.

(v) Availability of Capital:

31

The fact that MNCs have access to capital markets has been advocated as another reason why
firms themselves moved abroad. A firm operating in only one country does not have the same
access to cheaper funds as a larger firm. However, this argument, which has been put forward
for the growth of MNCs has been rejected by many critics.

(vi) Product Life Cycle Hypothesis:

It has been argued that opportunities for further gains at home eventually dry up. To maintain
the growth of profits, a corporation must venture abroad where markets are not so well
penetrated and where there is perhaps less competition.
This hypothesis perfectly explains the growth of American MNCs in other countries where
they can fully exploit all the stages of the life cycle of a product. A prime example would be
Gillette, which has revolutionized the shaving systems industry.

(vii) Avoiding Tariffs and Quotas:

MNCs prefer to invest directly in a country in order to avoid import tariffs and quotas that the
firm may have to face if it produces the goods at home and ship them. For example, a number
of foreign automobile and truck producers opened plants in the US to avoid restrictions onselling foreign made cars. Automobile giants like. Fiat, Volkswagen, Honda and Mazda are
entering different countries not with the products but with technology and money.

(viii) Strategic FDI:

The strategic motive for making investments has been advocated as another reason for the
growth of MNCs. MNCs enters foreign markets to protect their market share when this is
being threatened by the potential entry of indigenous firms or multinationals from other
countries.

(ix) Symbiotic Relationships:

Some firms have followed clients who have made direct investment. This is especially true in
the case of accountancy and consulting firms. Large US accounting firms, which know the
parent companies special needs and practices have opened offices in countries where their
clients have opened subsidiaries.
These US accounting firms have an advantage over local firms because of their knowledge of
the parent company and because the client may prefer to engage only one firm in order to
32

reduce the number of people with access to sensitive information. Templeton, Goldman Sachs
and Earnest and Young are moving with their clients even to small countries like Sri Lanka,
Panama and Mauritius.

33

10.New Industrial
Corporations:

Policy

1991

and

Multinational

The New Industrial Policy 1991, removed the restrictions of entry to MNCs through various
concessions. The amendment of FERA in 1993 provided further concession to MNCs in
India.

At present MNCs in India can

(i) Increase foreign equity up to 51 percent by remittances in foreign exchange in specified
high priority areas. Subsequently MNCs are free to own a majority share in equity in most
products.
(ii) Borrow money or accept deposit without the permission of Reserve Bank of India.
(iii) Transfer shares from one non-resident to another non-resident.
(iv) Disinvest equity at market rates on stock exchanges.
(v) Go for 100 percent foreign equity through the automatic route in Specified sectors.
(vi) Deal in immovable properties in India.
(vii) Carry on in India any activity of trading, commercial or industrial except a very small
negative list.
Thus, MNCs have been placed at par with Indian Companies and would not be subjected to
any special restrictions under FERA.

34

11.Criticisms against MNCs in India:

The operations of MNCs in India have been opposed on the following

grounds:
(i) They are interested more on mergers and acquisitions and not on fresh projects.
(ii) They have raised very large part of their financial resources from within the country.
(iii) They supply second hand plant and machinery declared obsolete in their country.
(i v) They are mainly profit oriented and have short term focus on quick profits. National
interests and problems are generally ignored.
(v) They use expatriate management and personnel rather than competitive Indian
Management.
(vi) Though they collect most of the capital from within the country, they have repatriated
huge profits to their mother country.
(vii) They make no effort to adopt an appropriate technology suitable to the needs. Moreover,
transfer of technology proves very costly.

35

(viii) Once an MNC gains foothold in a venture, it tries to increase its holding in order to
become a majority shareholder.
(ix) Further, once financial liberalizations are in place and free movement is allowed, MNCs
can estabilize the economy.
(x) They prefer to participate in the production of mass consumption and non-essential items.

RECOMMENDATION
Companies should avoid simply imposing global business models and practices on the local
market.
Over the past 20 years, multinational companies have made considerable inroads into the Indian
market. But many have failed to realize their potential: some have succeeded only in niches and
not achieved large-scale market leadership, while others havent maximized economies of scale or
tapped into the countrys breadth of talent. The experience of a leading multinational consumer
goods company illustrates the challenge: its revenue in India has grown by 7 percent compounded
annually in the past seven yearsalmost twice the rate of the parent company in the same period.
Nevertheless, the companys growth rate in India is only about half that of the sector.
For multinationals, the key to reaching the next level will be learning to do business the Indian
way, rather than simply imposing global business models and practices on the local market. Its a
lesson many companies have already learned in China, which more multinationals are treating as a
second home market.1In India, this trend has been slower to pick up steam, although best-practice
examples are emerging:

36

A leading beverage company entered India with a typical global business modelsole
ownership of distribution, an approach that raised costs and dampened market penetration. The
companys managers quickly identified two other big challenges: Indias fragmented market
demanded multiple-channel handoffs, and labor laws made organized distribution operations
very expensive. In response, the company contracted out distribution to entrepreneurs, cutting
costs and raising market penetration.

A big global automobile company has become the one of the largest manufacturers in
India, growing at a rate of more than 40 percent a year over the last decade, by building a local
plant, setting up an R&D facility to help itself better understand what appeals to Indian
customers, and hiring a well-known Indian figure as its brand ambassador.
To realize Indias potential, multinationals must show a strong and visible commitment to the
country, empower their local operations, and invest in local talent. They must pay closer attention
to the needs of Indian consumers by offering the customization the local market requires. And
multinational executives must think hard about the best way to enter the market. More and more,
that will mean moving beyond the joint-venture approach that so many have adopted and learning
to go it alone. (For a localization-assessment tool, see exhibit, Winning in India: An illustrative
scorecard.)
Its essential that multinationals raise their game in India: the countrys economy is expected to
grow by upward of 6 percent annually in the next few years, among the highest rates of any big
emerging economy. In several product and market categoriesmobile handsets, for example
India could account for more than 20 percent of global revenue growth in the next decade. In other
words, the future of many multinationals depends on their ability to succeed in India.

37

Conclusion
In conclusion, MNCs are beneficial to less developed countries. They improve the
foundations of a "backwards" economic environment through the diffusion of capital,
technology, skills, and exports. MNCs have a direct effect on the development of a more
citizen welfare conscious government. Accordingly, the number of jobs increases, consumer
spending increases, the tax base grows and health care is more widely accessible. They also
have an apparent lasting effect on the values and institutions of the host country. The values
of the country change to reflect a country committed to staying in pace with a rapidly
changing global environment; extending to political norms and nationalistic tendencies. Once
there is openness to capitalism, or a more developed capitalist society emerges then there will
be a more stable global society. However, in the end there really is no other more reliable way
to improve the social, economic, and political environment of a state than by allowing a
MNC to invest. The MNCs is fascinating and important for understanding economic
globalization. There has been substantial progress in the literature in the past couple of
decades.
As a consequence, the government policy was progressively tightened in the following
1) Some industries were not allowed to import technology at all, the underlying principles of
38

the policy being that

a) No inessential article should be produced with fresh imports of technology (this gave the
exiting domestic and foreign producers automatic protection against fresh imports of technology).
b) Where domestic capacity was adequate no technology should be imported;
2) Among industries where technology imports were allowed, the maximum rate of royalty was
laid down;
3) In some designed industries, foreign investment was allowed in principle, but sanction in
individual cases was a matter of administrative decision;
4) The normal permissible period of agreements was reduced from ten years to five, and
renewals were generally frowned upon;
5) Exports and other marketing restriction were generally not allowed, and often an obligation to
export a certain proportion of the output was insisted upon;
6) A clause was often inserted in the agreements granting permission to the importer to sublicense the technology;

7) The CSIR was allowed to look at applications for approval of technology imports, and if it
expressed willingness to supply the technology, approval was withheld or at least delayed.
The most effective curb on the activities of foreign companies, especially MNCs, was
supposed to come with the passing of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) in 1973
to which we now turn.
Multinational companies are not disadvantage to our country. India needs MNCs to become
developed country. But employees of these companies should not take responsibility for
overloaded work just for high salary. So that, there can have fulfillment of passion and also
fulfillment of personal life.
39

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Introduction To International Economics Author: Dominick Salvatore
Publisher: John Wiley& Sons, 2011
Economics Of Global Trade And Finance, Johnson Mascarenhas
Mithani&Jhingan, International Economics, S.Chand& Co.

WEBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.americanessays.com/study-aids/free-essays/business/indiaattractive-destination-to-the-world.php
http://business.mapsofindia.com/india-company/multinational.html
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com
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