MACHINE TOOL & MACHINING LAB

ASSIGNMENT # 3

Submitted to:
Sir Tahir Amin

Submitted by:
Usman Anjum
2011-ME-96

Department of mechanical engineering

University of Engineering &
Technology, Lahore

Measurement And Calibration Devices

Measuring devices are the instruments that shows the extent or amount or quantity
or degree of something. Calibration is a comparison between measurements one
of known magnitude or correctness made or set with one device and another
measurement made in as similar a way as possible with a second device. The
formal definition of calibration by the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures is the following: "Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first
step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement
uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications
with associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or
secondary standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a
relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication. The device with the
known or assigned correctness is called the standard. The second device is the unit
under test, test instrument, or any of several other names for the device being
calibrated. The measurement and calibration devices are shown in figure in 1.1.
Several different types of measuring instruments exists which are used for taking
the measurement of various materials and objects. Distance, length, time and mass
can be calculated easily with the use of these measuring devices. The use of
various devices and instruments can be traced back to the ancient period where
people used crude methods to measure the time, length, distance and density.
Today a huge array of complex measuring instruments is used to measure different
physical quantities.

Figure 1.1

Types Of Measurement And Calibration Devices

The types of measurement and calibration devices are given below.
1. Vernier Calliper
2. Graphometer
3. Micrometer Screw Guage
4. Pressure Guage
5. Weighing Scale
6. Brinell Hardness Tester

1. Vernier Calliper:
The vernier, dial, and digital calipers give a direct reading of the distance measured
with high accuracy and precision as shown in figure 1.2. They are functionally
identical, with different ways of reading the result. These calipers comprise a
calibrated scale with a fixed jaw, and another jaw, with a pointer, that slides along
the scale. The distance between the jaws is then read in different ways for the three
types. The simplest method is to read the position of the pointer directly on the
scale. When the pointer is between two markings, the user can mentally interpolate
to improve the precision of the reading. This would be a simple calibrated caliper;

but the addition of a vernier scale allows more accurate interpolation, and is the
universal practice; this is the vernier caliper. Vernier, dial, and digital calipers can
measure internal dimensions (using the uppermost jaws in the picture at right),
external dimensions using the pictured lower jaws, and in many cases depth by the
use of a probe that is attached to the movable head and slides along the centre of
the body.

Figure 1.2
2. Graphometer:
A graphometer is used for angle measurements. the device is mounted on a Jacobs
staff via a ball and socket joint and comprises a graduated semi circle carrying two
alidades with sights, one attached to the semi circle, the other rotating on the
graduation. In effect it is a half circumferentor .The graphometer or semicircle is a
surveying instrument used for angle measurements. It consists of a semicircular
limb divided into 180 degrees and sometimes subdivided into minutes. The limb is
subtended by the diameter with two sights at its ends as shown in figure 1.3. In the
middle of the diameter a "box and needle" (a compass) is fixed. On the same
middle the alidade with two other sights is fitted. The device is mounted on a staff
via a ball and socket joint. In effect the device is a half-circumferentor. For
convenience, sometimes another half-circle from 180 to 360 degrees may be
graduated in another line on the limb. Some 19th-century graphometers had
telescopic rather than open sights. To measure an angle, say, EKG, place the
diameter middle C at the angle apex K using the plummet at point C of the
instrument. Align the diameter with leg KE of the angle using the sights at the ends

of the diameter. Align the alidade with the leg KG using another pair of sights, and
read the angle off the limb as marked by the alidade. Further uses of the
graphometer are the same as those of the circumferentor.

Figure 1.3
3. Micrometer Screw Gauge:
A micrometer sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device
incorporating a calibrated screw used widely for precise measurement of small
distances in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical
trades, along with other metrological instruments such as dial, vernier, and digital
calipers. Micrometers are usually, but not always, in the form of calipers (opposing
ends joined by a frame), which is why micrometer caliper is another common
name. The micrometer screw guage is shown in figure 1.3. The spindle is a very
accurately machined screw. The object to be measured is placed between the
spindle and the anvil. The spindle is moved inward by turning the ratchet knob or
thimble until the object to be measured is lightly touched by both the spindle and
the anvil. The sleeve through which the spindle moves is graduated with marks
0.025 inch (0.635 mm) apart, with the number 1 on the sleeve representing 0.1 inch
(2.54 mm), 2 representing 0.2 inch complete turn for each 0.025 inch on the sleeve

scale, and the thimble scale is graduated from 0 to 25. Thus use of the two scales
permits a reading to the nearest 0.001 inch (0.025 mm).Micrometers are also used
in telescopes or microscopes to measure the apparent diameter of celestial bodies
or microscopic objects. The micrometer used with a telescope was invented about
1638 by William Gascoigne, an English astronomer.

Figure 1.4
4. Pressure Gage:
Instruments used to measure pressure are called pressure gauges or vacuum
gauges. A vacuum gauge is used to measure the pressure in a vacuum. Pressure
gage is a gauge for measuring and indicating fluid pressure as shown in figure in
1.4. Gauges with bourdon tubes are the most common pressure measuring devices
used today. They combine a high grade of measuring technology, simple operation,
ruggedness and flexibility with the advantages of industrial and cost-effective
production. Needing no external power supply, bourdon tube gauges are the best
choice for most applications. Pressure gauges are crucial components of most
processing systems. In these environments, a pressure gauge needs to be reliable,
accurate and easy to read to help prevent failure in everyday operations. Therefore,
how a gauge is constructed and tested is extremely important for reliability, safety

and peace-of-mind. Applications for gauges with a bourdon tube range from highly
automated chemical processes, such as, refineries and petrochemical processing.

Figure 1.5
5. Weighing Scale:
Weighing scale is a measuring instrument for determining the weight or mass of an
object. Weighing scales are used in many industrial and commercial applications,
and products from feathers to loaded tractor-trailers are sold by weight. Specialized
medical scales including infant medical scales, and bathroom scales are used to
measure the body weight of human beings. Spring balances or spring scales
measure force or weight by balancing the force due to gravity against the force on
a spring, whereas a balance or pair of scales using a balance beam compares
masses by balancing the force of gravity (weight) due to the mass of an object
against the force due to gravity (weight) of a known mass as shown in figure in
1.6. A microbalance is an instrument capable of making precise measurements of
weight of objects of relatively small mass: of the order of a million parts of a gram.
An analytical balance is a class of balance designed to measure small mass in the
sub-milligram range. In electronic versions of spring scales, the deflection of a
beam supporting the unknown weight is measured using a strain gauge, which is a
length-sensitive electrical resistance. A spring scale measures weight by reporting

the distance that a spring deflects under a load. In a spring scale, the spring either
stretches or compresses. Pendulum type scales do not use springs. This design uses
pendulums and operates as a balance and is unaffected by differences in gravity. It
is also common in high-capacity applications such as crane scales to use hydraulic
force to sense weight.

Figure 1.6
6. Brinell Hardness Tester:
The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the
scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of
several definitions of hardness in materials science. The oldest of the hardness test
methods in common use today, the Brinell test is frequently used to determine the
hardness of forgings and castings that have a grain structure too course for
Rockwell or Vickers testing as shown in figure 1.7. Therefore, Brinell tests are
frequently done on large parts. By varying the test force and ball size, nearly all
metals can be tested using a Brinell test. Brinell values are considered test force
independent as long as the ball size/test force relationship is the same. Brinell
testing is typically done on iron and steel castings using a 3000Kg test force and a
10mm diameter carbide ball. Aluminum and other softer alloys are frequently
tested using a 500Kg test force and a 10 or 5mm carbide ball. All Brinell tests use a
carbide ball indenter. The Brinell number, which normally ranges from HB 50 to
HB 750 for metals, will increase as the sample gets harder. Because of the wide

test force range the Brinell test can be used on almost any metallic material. The
part size is only limited by the testing instrument's capacity. The main drawback of
the Brinell test is the need to optically measure the indent size. This requires that
the test point be finished well enough to make an accurate measurement.

Figure 1.7