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Thomas Key
Power Electronics Applications Center
10521 Research Drive, Suite 400
Knoxville, Tennessee 37932
I. INTRODUCTION
Harmonic currents come from electronic equipment
employing an input rectifier supplying a dc-link storage or
ripple-smoothing capacitor. This type of equipment includes
everything from adjustable-speed motor drives and fluorescent
lighting to personal computers and home electronics.
Harmonic currents do not upset end-use equipment as much as
they load neutral conductors and transformers, and in general
result in additional heat losses and reduced power factor in the
electrical power system components that must handle these
currents.
Heating problems have occurred in commercial buildings
where there is an increased use of electronic-type equipment
and a trend to higher loading in ova per square foot. Office
buildings that were designed for a relatively light plug load in
the 1960s and 70s are often overloaded by electronic
equipment today,
There are several reasons for this trend. One is the
growing use of electronic equipment, even replacing
conventional loading such as lighting and office machines.
Another is an increased demand factor because many of these
electronic equipment are left on a high percentage of the time.
Also, when all the harmonic currents are taken into account,
these appliances can have a very low power factor. And unlike
large data processing systems, located in specially designed
and powered rooms, these electronic appliances tend to be
distributed on existing branch circuits.
0-7803-3544-9196 $5.00 0 1996 IEEE
2244
Service
Entrance
I..
Sub-panels
or Load Center
..............
12A
I
I
I
I
...................,15O%THD
I
I
I
600kVA
377A
16%THD
Branch Circuit
or Cord Connection
- ...................
j 83A
............V'
...L
..?
. 55%THD
L
I
I
I
I
I
b55kW
Built into
60kW
7.8%THD
................
L_
14kVl.l
.................
478.6V71-1
477.2Vi-i
475.4vi-i
205.9vl.l
118.4Vi+,
116.5Vi.,
Fig. 1. A commercial office building wiring system voltage and current profiles under mixed lineair and nonlinear loads with each transformer 50% loaded.
111. HARMONIC
MITIGATION
LOCATIONS
AND THEIR
EQUIPMENT
OPTIONS
2245
SMPS
PCRF
r---
V,,
- - - /
1-
00
=
Cr
:1
Lr
- SMPS
: ;
Neutral Harmonic
Blocking Filter
2246
---______-
IV
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,
I1 Segments
Cable I*:
Cable 12:
2x#12,200ft
4 x #4/0,50ft
Cable 13:
3 x #1/0, 150 ft
I
I
I
Load
II@
SeriesFilter
PWM Controlled
Shunt Filter
Ill
Fig. 6. A power line conditioner containing a senes and a shunt active filters
for harmonic voltage and current compensation.
2247
1.
2.
3.
4.
The single-phase SMPSs are used for the base case loading.
These high or low values are considered the filters side-effects.
The savings are based on the reduction in wiring losses as
percentages of the switch-mode power supply loading.
Without any compensation the losses for a 60-kW switchmode power supply load would be about 8150 watts or
13.6%. For comparison, powering a linear load results in
estimated losses of only 4-5% in the same building wiring
system.
TABLEDI: ENERGY
SAVINGS AND LINELOSSES BY HARMONIC
MITIGATION
METHODS
Location
MitigationMethod
at Branch Circuit
at Load Center
PCRF I SCRF NCF I ZZF APF
I
II
2248
Location
Mitigation
at Branch Circuit
PCRF
Method
Ib
at $. 1OkWH
OPTIONS
SClRF
at Load Center
NCF
ZZF
APF
$0
$4,038
II
$4,038
$4,038
$4,038
VI. CONCLUSIONS
$6,057
V. DISCUSSIONS
For parallel-connected filtering devices at the load center,
harmonics are allowed to travel further upstream in the power
system. This leads to higher day to day energy costs that will
accumulate due to Z2R losses in the power system conductors
carrying the oscillating harmonic currents. Conversely for
series-connecteddevices, located at the load center, such as a
series-connected choke or tuned filter, there are increased
losses in the filter itself. These losses are simply the result of
2249
Mechanism
dilutes or absorbs
harmonics
restricts harmonics
cancels specific
harmonics
traps a specific
harmonic
traps several
harmonics
I
I
Equipment
Features
existing power system
- uses power system natural tolerance and diversity
capacity to dilute & absorb - relies on system restricting and canceling effects
series inductor at load
- simple and relatively low cost
generally low pass, 19 or 39 - reduce voltage at load
phase shifting transformer at I - three-phase,multi-bridge
load
- complex structure, bulky
series or parallel single
- compensates single harmonic
tuned filter at or near load
- possible under or over compensation, bulky
series or parallel multi-tuned - normally tuned to two adjacent odd harmonic frequencies
filter at or near load
- possible under and over compensation
PricekVA
higher watt losses
and reduced capacity
430
-$loo
19 -$200-400
39 -$30
19 -$200/frequency
39 -$30/frequency
II
Mechanism
cancels harmonic
currents
reshapes voltage
fundamental
cancels current and
voltage harmonics
Equipment
parallel filter at or near load
commonly used topology
series filter at load center
requires a current xformer
series and parallel active
converters at or near load
Features
- suitable for current source converters or current harmonic loads
- compensate harmonic currents in real time
- suitable for voltage source converters or voltage harmonic loads
- real-time compensation of voltage
- real-time compensation of both voltages and currents
- most expensive, commercial products available
2.
PricekVA
-$500
-$750
-$ 1,000
REFERENCES
[ l ] T. Key and J. S. Lai, Cost and Benefits of Harmonic
Current Reduction for Switch-Mode Power Supplies in
a Commercial Building, Con. Rec. of IEEE IAS
Annual. Mtg., Orlando, FL, Oct. 1995, pp. 1101-1108.
[2] T. Key and J. S. Lai, Analysis of Harmonic Mitigation
Methods for Building Wiring Systems, to be
presented at the 7th International Con. on Harmonics
and Quality Power, Las Vegas, NV, Oct 16-18, 1996.
2250