A)

B)
C)
D)

1.The three steps in memory information processing are

input, processing, output.
input, storage, output.
input, storage, retrieval.
encoding, storage, retrieval.

A)
B)
C)
D)

2.Visual sensory memory is referred to as

iconic memory.
echoic memory.
photomemory.
semantic memory.

A)
B)
C)
D)

3.Echoic memories fade after approximately

1 hour.
1 minute.
1 second.
3 to 4 seconds.

A)
B)
C)
D)

4.Which of the following is NOT a measure of retention?

recall
recognition
relearning
retrieval

A)
B)
C)
D)

5.Our short-term memory span is approximately ________ items.

2
5
7
10

A)
B)
C)
D)

6.Memory techniques such as acronyms and the peg-word system are called
consolidation devices.
imagery techniques.
encoding strategies.
mnemonic devices.

A)
B)
C)
D)

7.One way to increase the amount of information in memory is to group it into larger,
familiar units. This process is referred to as
consolidating.
organization.
encoding.
chunking.
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A)
B)
C)
D)

8.Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter
________ is released into synapses.
ACh
dopamine
serotonin
noradrenaline

A)
B)
C)
D)

9.Research on memory construction reveals that memories

are stored as exact copies of experience.
reflect a person's biases and assumptions.
may be chemically transferred from one organism to another.
even if long term, usually decay within about five years.

A)
B)
C)
D)

10.In a study on context cues, people learned words while on land or when they were
underwater. In a later test of recall, those with the best retention had
learned the words on land, that is, in the more familiar context.
learned the words underwater, that is, in the more exotic context.
learned the words and been tested on them in different contexts.
learned the words and been tested on them in the same context.

11.The spacing effect means that

distributed study yields better retention than cramming.
retention is improved when encoding and retrieval are separated by no more than 1
hour.
C)
learning causes a reduction in the size of the synaptic gap between certain neurons.
D)
delaying retrieval until memory has consolidated improves recall.
A)
B)

A)
B)
C)
D)

12.Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ________ of
animals' neurons.
myelin
cell bodies
synapses
all of these parts

13.In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three
letters, followed immediately by a low, medium, or high tone. The participants were able
to report
A)
all three rows with perfect accuracy.
B)
only the top row of letters.

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C)
D)

only the middle row of letters.

any one of the three rows of letters.

A)
B)
C)
D)

14.The basal ganglia of the brain play a critical role in the formation of
iconic memory.
echoic memory.
procedural memory.
explicit memory.

A)
B)
C)
D)

15.Memory for skills is called

explicit memory.
declarative memory.
prime memory.
implicit memory.

A)
B)
C)
D)

16.The eerie feeling of having been somewhere before is an example of

state dependency.
encoding failure.
priming.
dj vu.

A)
B)
C)
D)

17.When Gordon Bower presented words grouped by category or in random order, recall
was
the same for all words.
better for the categorized words.
better for the random words.
improved when participants developed their own mnemonic devices.

A)
B)
C)
D)

18.The three-stage processing model of memory was proposed by

Atkinson and Shiffrin.
Herman Ebbinghaus.
Loftus and Palmer.
George Sperling.

A)
B)
C)
D)

19.Hypnotically refreshed memories may prove inaccurateespecially if the hypnotist

asks leading questionsbecause of
encoding failure.
state-dependent memory.
proactive interference.
memory construction.

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A)
B)
C)
D)

20.Which area of the brain is most important in the processing of implicit memories?
hippocampus
cerebellum
hypothalamus
amygdala

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Answer Key
1.D
2.A
3.D
4.D
5.C
6.D
7.D
8.C
9.B
10.D
11.A
12.C
13.D
14.C
15.D
16.D
17.B
18.A
19.D
20.B

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