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INDEX
CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. CONNECTING DEVICES
2.1 Hubs
2.2 Repeaters
2.3 Bridges
2.4 Switch
2.5 Router
Network Devices
Networking devices
Introduction
LANs do not normally operate in isolation but they are connected to one another or to the
Internet. To connect LANs, connecting devices are needed and various connecting devices
are such as bridge, switch, router, hub, repeater.
CONNECTING DEVICES
Connecting devices into five different categories based on the layer in which they operate in a
network. Five categories of connecting devices.
Hubs:-
Network Devices
that use twisted pair cabling to connect devices. They are designed to transmit the packets to
the other appended devices without altering any of the transmitted packets received.
Types of Hubs :
A passive hub is just a connector. It connects the wires coming from different
branches. The signal pass through a passive hub without regeneration or amplification.
Connect several networking cables together
A Active hubs or Multiport repeaters- They regenerate or amplify the signal before
they are retransmitted. Active hubs are also termed as repeaters.
Repeaters:-
Network Devices
A repeater is a device that operates only at the PHYSICAL layer.A repeater can be used to
increase the length of the network by eliminating the effect of attenuation on the signal. It
connects two segments of the same network, overcoming the distance limitations of the
transmission media. A repeater forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.A repeater
is a regenerator, not an amplifier. Repeaters can connect segments that have the same access
method. (CSMA/CD, Token Passing, Polling, etc.) Opticfiber repeater. Repeater connecting
two segments of a LAN Function of a repeater.
Network Devices
-Different Address and protocol used so they are called unintelligent electronic device that
cannot filter and Translate the information or message.
-The location of repeaters also plays a huge role because Noise can alter the data and initial
data becomes unrecoverable. But the number of repeaters used Must be least in order to avoid
the propagation delay.
-Repeaters cannot connect The network of two different architecture such as Token ring and
Ethernet etc.
Bridges:-
Bridges (Continued):Operates in both the PHYSICAL and the data link layer. As a PHYSICAL layer
device, it regenerates the signal it receives.As a data link layer device, the bridge can check
the PHYSICAL/MAC addresses (source and destination) contained in the frame.A bridge has
a table used in filtering decisions. It can check the destination address of a frame and decide
if the frame should be forwarded or dropped. If the frame is to be forwarded, the decision
must specify the port.A bridge has a table that maps address to ports. Limit or filter traffic
keeping local traffic local yet allow connectivity to other parts (segments). A bridge
connecting two LANsA bridge does not change the physical (MAC) addresses in a frame.
Network Devices
Bridges work at the Media Access Control Sub-layer of the OSI model Routing table is built
to record the segment no. of address .
Characteristics of Bridges:Routing Tables Contains one entry per station of network to which bridge is connected. Is
used to determine the network of destination station of a received packet.
Filtering Is used by bridge to allow only those packets destined to the remote network.
Packets are filtered with respect to their destination and multicast addresses.
Forwarding the process of passing a packet from one network to another.
Advantages and disadvantages of using a bridge:Advantages of using a bridge-Extend physical network.
-Reduce network traffic with minor segmentation.
-Creates separate collision domains.
-Reduce collisions Connect different architecture.
Disadvantages of using bridges-Slower that repeaters due to filtering.
-Do not filter broadcasts.
-More expensive than repeaters
Switch:-
Network Devices
A network switch (also called switching hub, bridging hub, officially MAC bridge) is
a computer networking device that connects devices together on a computer network, by
using packet switching to receive, process and forward data to the destination device. Unlike
less advanced network hubs, a network switch forwards data only to one or multiple devices
that need to receive it, rather than broadcasting the same data out of each of its ports.
Type of switchForm factors:Switches are available in many form factors including: desktop units not
mounted in an enclosure which are typically intended to be used in a
home or office environment outside a wiring closet; rack-mounted
switches for use in an equipment rack; large chassis units with swappable
module cards; DIN rail mounted for use in industrial environments; and
small installation switches, mounted into a cable duct, floor box or
communications tower, as found, for example, in FTTO Infrastructures.
Configuration options:
Managed switches these switches have one or more methods to modify the
operation of the switch. Common management methods include: a command-line
interface(CLI)
accessed
via serial
Shell.
Examples
of
configuration changes that one can do from a managed switch include: enabling features
such as Spanning Tree Protocol or port mirroring, setting port bandwidth, creating or
modifying virtual LANs (VLANs), etc.
Network Devices
Routers:-
A routeris a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks.
Routers perform the traffic directing functions on the Internet. A data packet is typically
Network Devices
forwarded
from
one
router
to
another
through
the
networks
that
constitute
Advantages and Disadvantages of Routers:Advantages :provide sophisticated routing, flow control, and traffic isolation configurable, which allows
network manager to make policy based on routing decisionsallow active loops so that
redundant paths are available.
Disadvantages :Routers are protocol dependent devices that must understand the protocol they are
forwarding. can require a considerable amount of initial configuration are relatively complex
devices, and generally are more expensive than bridges.
Brouters: Bridging Routers :Device for connecting computer networks that incorporates the facilities of both a bridge and
a router. Brouters usually offer routing over a limited number of protocols, operating by
routing where possible and bridging the remaining protocols. A device which bridges some
packets (i.e. forwards based on data link layer information) and routes other packets (i.e.
forwards based on network layer information). A brouter is a network bridge and a router
combined in a single product.
Combine features of bridges and routers. Capable of establishing a bridge between two
networks as well as routing some messages from the bridge networks to other networks. Are
sometimes called (Layer 2/3) switches and are a combination of bridge/router hardware and
software.
Network Devices
Advantages and Disadvantages of Brouter:Advantage of Brouter :-They forward broadcasts by default it save the bandwidth of network.
-They can filter the network based on layer 3 (Network layer) information (i.e., IP address).
-Packet switching
- Packet filtering
- Internetwork communication
- Path selection
- It works on Both LAN and WAN
-Router uses NAT (Network-Address-Translation) that can the IP Address because each
device need to go on internet
Gateway:-
Network Devices
Interchangeably used term router and gateway .Connect two networks above the network
layer of OSI model .Are capable of converting data frames and network protocols into the
format needed by another network. Provide for translation services between different
computer protocols. Gateway is completely dedicated to the specific task at once &
contributes to complete the task very well. And an another function that a gateway play is the
interconnection between the completely different system together. Likewise, the main &
important function of the gateway is protocol conversion. i.e. a gateway can control the entire
protocol of a network to other.
Types of Gateways:Transport gateways- make a connection between two networks at the transport layer.
Application gateways- connect two parts of an application in the application layer, e.g.,
sending email between two machines using different mail formats.
Broadband-modem-router is one e.g. of gateway
Advantages and disadvantages of Network Gateway:Advantages of network gateway:-The direct linking between internal & external hosts are denied.
-In Network gateway, the user level authentication or protection is supported.
-In this term, the application command is examined under the payload section of the data
packets.
-The gateway can be utilized to extend the network & it is a server in order to provide some
protection.
-In this way, we can connect or links two variant networks.
-The protocol conversion is done & it handles the traffic problems.
-It deploys the links b/w internal & external network form.
Disadvantages of network gateway:-It is not an intellectualequipment.
Network Devices
Modem:In simple language modem is a device that is used to connect with internet. Technically it is a
device which enables digital data transmission to be transmitted over telecommunication
lines. A Telco company uses entirely different data transmission technology from the
technology that a PC uses for data transmission. A modem understands both technologies. It
converts the technology that a PC uses in the technology which a Telco company understand.
It enables communication between PC (Known as DTE) and Telco companys office (Known
as DCE).
There are two types of connection line between DCE and DTE
Analog connection line:An existing telephone or cable TV network line that uses analog signals (sound waves) for
transportation. Instead of supporting Internet, these lines were primarily installed for their
respective requirements.
Digital connection Line:A separate connection line between DTE and DCE. Since it is installed primarily for internet,
it uses digital signals for data transportation.
For analog connection line we have to use analog modem and for digital line we need to use
digital modem.
Network Devices
Analog Modem:Analog modem converts analog signal in digital signal and vice versa.
There are two types of analog modem; internal and external.
Internal Modem:Internal modem is available as interface card for desktop and as PCMCIA card for laptop .
We need to install it on available slot of motherboard. In comparison with external modem
these are inexpensive. As these modems usage computers CPU for data encoding and
decoding. We have to purchase these modem separately.
External Modem:External modem is a separate device that has its own CPU and memory. Usually Telco
company provide this with connection. Depending on subscription it may be free or
chargeable.
Digital Modem:Instead of signal conversion, digital modem performs modulation known as line coding. Line
coding is used to modulate the digital signal in such a way that they can be transmitted over
the digital line. DSL, ADSL and ISDN modem are the examples of digital modems.
Network Devices
Advantages:
-More useful in connecting LAN with the Internet
-Speed depends on the cost
Disadvantages:
- Acts just as a interface between LAN and Internet
- No traffic maintenance is present
Connector:A device for keeping two parts of an electric circuit in contact.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Connecters:Advantages:
The connector is fully screened making it unaffected by adverse environmental conditions.
The two Faraday cages featured within the connector eliminate the need for separately
installed stress control and taping of components.
-Tee connectors can piggybacked, allowing more than one cable to be attached to a single
bushing.
Each unit is factory tested for partial discharge and power frequency withstand (dependant
on manufacturer).
-Can be installed both indoor and outdoor environments.
-Connectors can be utilised to joint cables together, using the appropriate mating part.
Disadvantages:-
Network Devices
The equipment and connector must have the correct bushing interface, unlike with heat
shrink and cold shrink terminations.
- Separable connectors are best suited for single core cables (Although three-core cables can
be modified to suit).
-Tends to be more expensive than the equivalent cold and heat shrink terminations.
Types of Connector:RJ-11 (Registered Jack):Standard telephone cable connectors, RJ-11 has 4 wires (and RJ-12 has 6 wires). RJ-11 is the
acronym for Registered Jack-11, a four- or six-wire connector primarily used to connect
telephone equipment.
RJ-11 Pin
Signal Name
Power Ground
RJ-45 (Registered Jack):The acronym for Registered Jack-45 is RJ-45. The RJ-45 connector is an eight-wire
connector that is commonly used to connect computers to a local area network (LAN),
particularly Ethernet LANs. Although they are slightly larger than the more commonly
used RJ-11 connectors, RJ-45s can be used to connect some types of telephone equipment.
Network Devices
F-Type:The F connector is a type of RF connector commonly used for cable and universally for
satellite television. They are also used for the cable TV connection in DOCSIS cable
modems, usually with RG-6 tri-shield cable. The F connector is inexpensive, yet has good
performance up to 1 GHz. One reason for its low cost is that it uses the center wire of the
coaxial cable as the pin of the male connector. The male connector body is typically crimped
onto the exposed outer braid. Female connectors have a 3/8-32 thread. Most male connectors
have a matching threaded connecting ring, though push-on versions are also available.
ST (Straight Tip) and SC (Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector):Fiber network segments always require two fiber cables: one for transmitting data, and one
for receiving. Each end of a fiber cable is fitted with a plug that can be inserted into a
network adapter, hub, or switch. In the North America, most cables use a square SC
connector (Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector) that slides and locks into place
when inserted into a node or connected to another fiber cable, Europeans use a round ST
connector (Straight Tip) instead
Network Devices
SC connector
ST connector
Fiber LC (Local Connector):These connectors are used for single-mode and multimode fiber-optic cables. FC connectors
offer extremely precise positioning of the fiber-optic cable with respect to the transmitter's
optical source emitter and the receiver's optical detector. FC connectors feature a position
locatable notch and a threaded receptacle.
MT-RJ (Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack):MT-RJ connectors are used with single-mode and multimode fiber-optic cables. The MTRJ connectors are constructed with a plastic housing and provide for accurate alignment via
their metal guide pins and plastic ferrules.
Network Devices
Used for Gigabit ethernet. To connect to modules with MT-RJ interfaces, use multimode
fiber-optic cables.
USB (Universal Serial Bus):Universal Serial Bus, or USB, is a computer standard designed to eliminate the guesswork in
connecting peripherals to a PC. It is expected to replace serial and parallel ports. A single
USB port can be used to connect up to 127 peripheral devices, such as mice, modems,
keyboards, digital camera's, printers, scanners, MP3 players and many more. USB also
supports Plug-and-Play installation and hot plugging.
USB 2.0 is fully compatible with USB 1.1 and uses the same cables and connectors. USB has
with two connector types. The first is Type A (on the right), This connector connects to the
PC's USB port. The Type B (on the left) connector and is for connecting to the relevant
peripheral. Where as the type A connector is truly standard, the Type B connector could be
Network Devices
changed in size etc. with individual peripherals meaning they require there own unique
cables.