Ec8411 Ec II Lab Regulation 2012

MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY
CHROMPET
CHENNAI 600 044
EC 8411 ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II LABORATORY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
ANNA UNIVERSITY
Dec 2013 to May2014
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Name:
Reg. No.:
Subject:
Department:
REGISTER NO.:
Certified to the bonafide record of Practical work done by
Mr. / Miss ...
in theLaboratory during the
period ..20 - 20 .
STAFF IN-CHARGE
Date:
Submitted for the Practical Examination held on..
.
Examiners
1.
2.
INDEX
S.
No.
Date
Name of the Experiment
Page
No.
Marks
Awarded
Remarks
INDEX
S.
No.
Date
Name of the Experiment
Page
No.
Marks
Awarded
Remarks
SYLLABUS
EC 8411
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS-II LABORATORY
1.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
2.
DESIGN OF RC OSCILLATORS
3.
DESIGN OF LC OSCILLATORS
4.
SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
5.
LPF AND HPF
6.
SPICE SIMULATION OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS
7.
SPICE SIMULATION OF OSCILLATORS AND MULTIVIBRATORS
8.
CLASS A AND CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIERS
Ex. No:
Date:
VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBCK AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design and test the voltage series feedback amplifier and to calculate the
following parameters with and without feedback.
(i) Mid band gain
(ii) Cutoff frequencies (iii) Bandwidth
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Name of the component
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VB,VC,VE represent the DC potential at the base, collector and emitter respectively.
Let VCC=12V
Find value using the given transistor
Fix RE=1K
Condition for stiff bias

RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
VB =
(3)
Choose R1&R2 satisfying equations (1),(2) & (3)

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)
Choose RC as per equation (6)

R1, R2, RC, RE are calculated using the equations given above.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS AND DESIGNED VALUES:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Voltage series: Without Feedback
VCC
R1
RC1
RC2
R3
C3
VOUT
C2
C1
Q2
RL
Q1
VAMPL =
FREQ =
R2
C5
RE1
R4
RE2
C4
Voltage series: With Feedback

VCC
R1
RC1
RC2
R3
C3
VOUT
C2
C1
Q2
RL
Q1
R6
VAMPL =
FREQ =
R2
R4
RE2
RE1
R7
C4
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
With Feedback: Vin=
Freq.
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
Without Feedback: Vin=

Freq.
(Hz)
Output
Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
THEORY:
A negative feedback amplifier (or more commonly simply a feedback
amplifier) is an amplifier which combines a fraction of the output with the input so that
a negative feedback opposes the original signal. The applied negative feedback
improves performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response) and
reduces sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environment.
Because of these advantages, negative feedback is used in this way in many amplifiers
and control systems.
Pros:
Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on type of feedback)
Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback)
Reduces distortion (increases linearity)
Increases the bandwidth
Desensitizes gain to component variations
Can control step response of amplifier
Cons:
May lead to instability if not designed carefully
The gain of the amplifier decreases
The input and output impedances of the amplifier with feedback (the closedloop amplifier) become sensitive to the gain of the amplifier without feedback
(the open-loop amplifier); that exposes these impedances to variations in the open
loop gain, for example, due to parameter variations or due to nonlinearity of the
open-loop gain
Voltage Series Feedback:

In a voltage series feedback amplifier the sampled signal is a voltage and feedback
signal (Which is fed in series) is also a voltage. Voltage series is equivalent to Series
Shunt amplifier. Term Voltage in this discussion represents the output (sampled) and
Series represents the type of input signal. An electronic circuit whose function is to
accept an input voltage and produce a magnified, accurate replica of this voltage as an
output voltage. The voltage gain of the amplifier is the amplitude ratio of the output
voltage to the input voltage. Voltage gain of the amplifier is Av [AV = VO/Vin]. The
following table gives the characteristics of voltage series feedback amplifier.
Feedback
Structure
Close loop gain
Input impedance
Series-Shunt
Vo 1 T
(
)
Vi 1 T
Rin (1 T ) ri
Output impedance
Rout
ro
1 T
T is the Loop gain, is the feedback factor
PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement :
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure.
2. without any AC signal as input. Measure the DC potentials VB, VE, VC (using
Multi meter/CRO/DSO) and compare with values obtained from above
equations.
Mid band gain and Frequency Response (Small Signal and Bandwidth Analysis):
1. Fix the input sinusoidal signal amplitude Vin=____mV.
2. For each input frequency measure the output amplitude using a CRO/DSO.
Observe the input also on the dual channel CRO/DSO.
3. Calculate the voltage gain, Av= (Vo/Vin) at each frequency and draw the
frequency response curve.
WITH FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement :
2. Without any AC signal as input. Measure the DC potentials VB, VE, VC
(using Multi meter/CRO/DSO) and compare with values obtained from the
design equations.
3. Calculate the voltage gain, Av=(Vo/Vin) at each frequency and draw frequency
response curve.
RESULT:
Thus the voltage series feedback amplifier is designed and the following
parameters are calculated.
Bandwidth:
1) The bandwidth of the voltage series amplifier without feedback BW=
2) The bandwidth of the voltage series amplifier with feedback BWf =
Bandwidth with feedback > Bandwidth without feedback.
Gain:
1) The Mid band gain Gain of the voltage series amplifier without feedback =
2) The Mid band Gain of the voltage series amplifier with feedback
=
Gain with feedback < Gain without feedback.
Ex. No.
Date:
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design and test the Current series feedback amplifier and to calculate the
(i) Mid band gain
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K
RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
VB =
(3)

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Current Series: Without Feedback

VCC
R1
RC
C2
C1
Vout
Q1
VAMPL =
FREQ =
R2
RE
CE
Current series: With Feedback
R1
RC1
C2
C1
Vout
Q1
VAMPL =
FREQ =
R2
RE1
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
With Feedback: Vin=
Freq.
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
Without Feedback: Vin=

Freq.
(Hz)
Output
Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
THEORY:
A Transconductance amplifier (gm amplifier) puts out a current proportional to
its input voltage. In network analysis the transconductance amplifier is defined as
a voltage controlled current source (VCCS) . The current series feedback is a negative
feedback in which the output current feeds back a proportional voltage back to the input
terminals in series
with
the
input signal. In
Current-Series
configuration
feedback signal is proportional to the load current and fed to input through a resistance
RE in series with the input signal The series connection at the input and the output
increases the input and output impedance. Amplifier- circuit works as transconductance type current amplifier.
Transconductance Gain of the Amplifier = AG = IO/VIN
The following table gives the characteristics of current series feedback amplifier.
Feedback
Structure
Series-Series
Close loop gain
Input impedance
Output impedance
Io 1 T
(
)
Vi 1 T
Rin (1 T ) ri
Rout (1 T ) ro
PROCEDURE:
WITHOUT FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement :
equations.
WITH FEEDBACK:
DC Measurement :
2. Without any AC signal as input. Measure the DC potentials VB, VE, VC
(using Multi meter/CRO/DSO) and compare with values obtained from the
design equations.
3. Calculate the voltage gain, Av=(Vo/Vin) at each frequency and draw frequency
response curve.
RESULT:
Thus the Current series feedback amplifier is designed and the following
Bandwidth:
1) The bandwidth of the Current series amplifier without feedback BW=
2) The bandwidth of the Current series amplifier with feedback BWf =
Gain:
1) The Mid band gain Gain of the Current series amplifier without feedback =
2) The Mid band Gain of the Current series amplifier with feedback
=
Ex. No:
Date:
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design and test the RC phase shift oscillator based on the given frequency and
to obtain the practical frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K

RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
(3)
VB =

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

Theoretical frequency =
K= RC/R
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC Phase Shift Oscillator
R1
RC1
VCC
C6
C7
C8
VOUT
Q1
R3
R2
R4
C5
RE1
MODEL GRAPH
TABULATION:
Voltage
Amplitude (V)
Time period(s)
Practical
Frequency(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency(Hz)
R5
THEORY:
A phase-shift oscillator is a simple electronic oscillator circuit. It consists of
an inverting amplifier element such as a transistor or op amp, with its output fed back
into its input through an filter consisting of a network of resistors and capacitors.
The feedback network 'shifts' the phase of the amplifier output by 180 degrees at the
oscillation frequency, to give positive feedback. Phase shift oscillators are mostly used
at lower frequencies, often in the audio frequency range as audio oscillators.
The filter produces a phase shift that increases with frequency. It must have a
maximum phase shift of considerably greater than 180 degrees at high frequencies, so
that the phase shift at the desired oscillation frequency is 180 degrees.The most
common way of achieving this kind of filter is using three identical cascaded resistorcapacitor filters, which together produce a phase shift of zero at low frequencies, and
270 at high frequencies. At the oscillation frequency each filter produces a phase shift
of 60 so the whole filter circuit produces a phase shift of 180.
PROCEDURE:
2. Measure the DC potentials VB, VE, VC (using Multi meter/CRO/DSO) and
compare with values obtained from above equations.
3. Measure the output amplitude and frequency using CRO/DSO.
4. Plot the graph between Time and Voltage.

RESULT:
Thus, the RC phase shift oscillator was designed for the given specification.
Practical frequency=
Theoretical frequency=
Ex. No:
Date:
HARTLEY OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design and test the Hartley oscillator based on the given frequency and to
obtain the practical frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K

RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
(3)
VB =

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

Theoretical frequency = f =
where C is in farads
L is in Henry.
Where L=L1+L2.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Hartley Oscillator
VCC
R1
RC
C2
C1
VOUT
Q1
R2
RE
L1
L2
C3
MODEL GRAPH:
CE
TABULATION:
L1
L2
C3
Output
Voltage (V)
Time period(s)
Practical
Frequency(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency(Hz)
THEORY:
The Hartley oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses an inductor and
a capacitor in parallel to determine the frequency. Invented in 1915 by American
engineer Ralph Hartley, the distinguishing feature of the Hartley circuit is that
the feedback needed for oscillation is taken from a tap on the coil, or the junction of
two coils in series.
Hartley oscillator is essentially any configuration that uses two series-connected
coils and a single capacitor. Although there is no requirement for there to be mutual
coupling between the two coil segments, the circuit is usually implemented this way.
It is made up of the following:
Two inductors in series, which need not be mutual
One tuning capacitor
Advantages of the Hartley oscillator include:
The frequency may be adjusted using a single variable capacitor
The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range
Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed
Disadvantages include:
circuit.
Harmonic-rich content if taken from the amplifier and not directly from the LC
.PROCEDURE:

RESULT:
Thus, the Hartley oscillator was designed for the given specification.
Ex. No:
Date:
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design and test the Colpitts oscillator based on the given frequency and
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K

RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
(3)
VB =

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

L is in Henry.
Where C=[C1C2]/[C1+C2]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Colpitts Oscillator
VCC
R1
RC
C2
C1
VOUT
Q1
R2
RE
C3
C4
MODEL GRAPH:
CE
TABULATION:
L
C3
C4
Output
Voltage (V)
Time period(s)
Practical
Frequency(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency(Hz)
THEORY:
A Colpitts oscillator, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator
circuits using the combination of an inductance (L) with a capacitor (C) for frequency
determination, thus also called LC oscillator. The distinguishing feature of the Colpitts
circuit is that the feedback signal is taken from a voltage divider made by
two capacitors in series. One of the advantages of this circuit is its simplicity; it needs
only a single inductor.
The Colpitts Oscillator, named after its inventor Edwin Colpitts is another type
of LC oscillator design.. Just like the Hartley oscillator, the tuned tank circuit consists
of an LC resonance sub-circuit connected between the collector and the base of a single
stage transistor amplifier producing a sinusoidal output waveform.
The basic configuration of the Colpitts Oscillator resembles that of the Hartley
Oscillator but the difference this time is that the centre tapping of the tank sub-circuit is
now made at the junction of a "capacitive voltage divider" network instead of a tapped
autotransformer type inductor as in the Hartley oscillator.
The Colpitts oscillator uses a capacitor voltage divider as its feedback source.
The two capacitors, C1 and C2 are placed across a common inductor, L as shown so
that C1, C2 and L forms the tuned tank circuit the same as for the Hartley oscillator
circuit. The advantage of this type of tank circuit configuration is that with less self and
mutual inductance in the tank circuit, frequency stability is improved along with a more
simple design.
.PROCEDURE:

RESULT:
Thus, the Colpitts oscillator was designed for the given specification.
Ex. No:
Date:
SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design a single tuned amplifier based on given frequency and to obtain
frequency response of the amplifier.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VB, VC and VE be the dc potentials at the base, collector and emitter
respectively.
VCC = 12V , RE = 1K, ICQ = 2mA
VB = VCC/3
(i)
R1 = VCC-VB/0.1ICQ ........
(ii)
R2 = VB/0.1ICQ.
(iii)
Theoretical Resonant frequency = f =

L is in Henry.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Single Tuned Amplifier
VCC
R1
C2
C1
Q
VOUT
VAMPL =
FREQ =
R2
RE
CE
TABULATION:
Vin=
Freq.
(Hz)
Output
Voltage
(V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
MODEL GRAPH:
THEORY:
A single tuned amplifier basically consists of a tuned circuit connected to the
collector of an amplifier circuit. The tuned circuit is designed to get a resonant
frequency equal to the incoming frequency signal that arrives at the base.
The single tuned amplifier gives maximum amplification to that particular
incoming frequency which matches the resonant frequency of the tuned circuit and
attenuates all other frequencies. Thus it gives sharp selectivity with a high Q- factor. It
provides high constant gain over a specified bandwidth centred at a specified
frequency.
PROCEDURE:
DC Measurement :
equations.
RESULT:
Thus a single tuned amplifier is designed for a required frequency.
`
Practical frequency =
3dB bandwidth =
Ex. No:
Date:
WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR
AIM:
To design and test Wein bridge oscillator based on the given frequency and to
obtain the practical frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
The frequency of oscillation is given by:
Th e gain of the amplifier is A3
Range
Quantity
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Wein Bridge Oscillator
Rf
7 (+VCC)
Ri
3
+
6
IC741
Vout
2
4 (-VCC)
C1
C2
R1
R2
MODEL GRAPH
TABULATION:
Voltage Amplitude Time period(s)
(V)
Practical
Frequency(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency(Hz)
THEORY:
A Wien
bridge oscillator is a type of electronic oscillator that generates sine
waves. It can generate a large range of frequencies. The oscillator is based on a bridge
circuit originally developed by Max Wien in 1891. The bridge comprises four
resistors and two capacitors. The oscillator can also be viewed as a positive gain
amplifier combined with a bandpass filter that provides positive feedback.
The frequency of oscillation is given by:
An oscillator consists of an amplifier and a feedback network.

1) 'Active device' i.e. Op Amp is used as an amplifier.
2) Passive components such as R-C or L-C combinations are used as feed back net
work.
To start the oscillation with the constant amplitude, positive feedback is not the only
sufficient condition. Oscillator circuit must satisfy the following two conditions known
as Barkhausen conditions:
i. The first condition is that the magnitude of the loop gain (A) = 1
A = Amplifier gain and = Feedback gain.
ii. The second condition is that the phase shift around the loop must be 360 or 0.
The feedback signal does not produce any phase shift. This is the basic principle of a
Wien bridge oscillator.
Lead-Lag circuit :- The given circuit shows the RC combination used in Wien bridge
oscillator. This circuit is also known as lead-lag circuit. Here, resistor R1 and capacitor
C1 are connected in the series while resistor R2and capacitor C2 are connected in
parallel.
Working of lead-lag circuit :- At high frequencies, the reactance of capacitor C1 and
C2 approaches zero. This causes C1 and C2 appears short. Here, capacitor C2 shorts
the resistor R2. Hence, the output voltage Vo will be zero since output is taken across
R2 and C2 combination. So, at high frequencies, circuit acts as a 'lag circuit'.
At low frequencies, both capacitors act as open because capacitor offers very high
reactance. Again output voltage will be zero because the input signal is dropped across
the R1 and C1combination. Here, the circuit acts like a 'lead circuit'. But at one
particular frequency between the two extremes, the output voltage reaches to the
maximum value. At this frequency only, resistance value becomes equal to capacitive
reactance and gives maximum output. Hence, this particular frequency is known as
resonant frequency or oscillating frequency.
The basic version of Wien bridge has four arms. The two arms are purely resistive
and other two arms are frequency sensitive arms. These two arms are nothing but the
lead-lag circuit.Here, bridge does not provide phase shift at oscillating frequency as one
arm consists of lead circuit and other arm consists of lag circuit. There is no need to
introduce phase shift by the operational amplifier. Therefore, non inverting amplifier is
used.
PROCEDURE:

RESULT:
Thus the wein bridge oscillator circuit was designed and it is found that the
experimental frequency and theoretical frequency are equal.
Experimental frequency=
Ex. No:
Date:
VOLTAGE SERIES FEEDBCK AMPLIFIER USING PSPICE
AIM:
To design and simulate the voltage series feedback amplifier using PSPICE and
to calculate the following parameters with and without feedback.
(i) Mid band gain
H / W and S / W Required:
LTSPICE, PC
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K
RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
VB =
(3)

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Without Feedback
With Feedback
MODEL GRAPH:
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS [OUTPUT for Vin=100mV] [Without Feedback]
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS [OUTPUT for Vin=100mV] [With Feedback]
SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS [FREQUENCY RESPONSE]

Feedback]
[Without
[With Feedback]
TRANSIENT & SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS NETLIST [Without Feedback]

Q1 N004 N006 N009 0 NPN
Q2 N002 N005 N007 0 NPN
R2 N009 0 1k
R3 N006 0 12.12k
R4 N001 N006 24.24k
R1 N001 N004 1.8k
R5 N001 N002 1.8k
R6 N007 0 1k
R7 N005 0 12.12k
R8 N001 N005 24.24k
C1 N004 N005 10
C2 N002 N003 10
C3 N008 N006 10
C4 N009 0 22
R9 N003 0 10k
V1 N001 0 12
C5 N007 0 22
V2 N008 0 SINE(0 100m 1k) AC 1
C6 N003 0 10p
.model NPN NPN
.model PNP PNP
.lib C:\Program Files (x86)\LTC\LTspiceIV\lib\cmp\standard.bjt
;ac oct 1 10 2GHz
.tran 0 100ms 1ms 1ms
.backanno
.end
TABULATION:
Without Feedback
Input Signal
Amplitude
Peak to Peak
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
BW
(Hz)
Peak to Peak
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
BW
(Hz)
Frequency
With Feedback
Input Signal
Amplitude
Frequency
THEORY:
A negative feedback amplifier (or more commonly simply a feedback
amplifier) is an amplifier which combines a fraction of the output with the input so that
a negative feedback opposes the original signal. The applied negative feedback
improves performance (gain stability, linearity, frequency response, step response) and
reduces sensitivity to parameter variations due to manufacturing or environment.
Because of these advantages, negative feedback is used in this way in many amplifiers
and control systems.
Pros:
Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on type of feedback)
Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback)
Reduces distortion (increases linearity)
Increases the bandwidth
Desensitizes gain to component variations
Can control step response of amplifier
Cons:
May lead to instability if not designed carefully
The gain of the amplifier decreases
The input and output impedances of the amplifier with feedback (the closedloop amplifier) become sensitive to the gain of the amplifier without feedback
(the open-loop amplifier); that exposes these impedances to variations in the open
loop gain, for example, due to parameter variations or due to nonlinearity of the
open-loop gain
Voltage Series Feedback:

In a voltage series feedback amplifier the sampled signal is a voltage and feedback
signal (Which is fed in series) is also a voltage. Voltage series is equivalent to Series
Shunt amplifier. Term Voltage in this discussion represents the output (sampled) and
Series represents the type of input signal. An electronic circuit whose function is to
accept an input voltage and produce a magnified, accurate replica of this voltage as an
output voltage. The voltage gain of the amplifier is the amplitude ratio of the output
voltage to the input voltage. Voltage gain of the amplifier is Av [AV = VO/Vin]. The
following table gives the characteristics of voltage series feedback amplifier.
Feedback
Structure
Close loop gain
Input impedance
Series-Shunt
Vo 1 T
(
)
Vi 1 T
Rin (1 T ) ri
Output impedance
Rout
ro
1 T
PROCEDURE:
1. Pick up the Active and Passive components from library file and connect the
circuit as shown in figure.
3. For transient analysis, set the starting and ending time using Edit Simulation
Command option.
4. After saving the whole circuit, run the circuit and plot the input and output
signals
5. Go to view menu and select SPICE netlist for transient analysis
6. For small signal analysis, set the starting and ending frequencies using Edit
Simulation Command option.
7. After saving the whole circuit, run the circuit and plot the frequency response
characteristics
8. Go to view menu and select SPICE netlist for small signal analysis
9. Tabulate the input signal amplitude, output signal amplitude, gain in dB.
RESULT:
Thus the voltage series feedback amplifier is designed and simulated using
PSPICE & the following parameters are calculated.
Bandwidth:
3) The bandwidth of the voltage series amplifier without feedback BW=
4) The bandwidth of the voltage series amplifier with feedback BWf =
Gain:
3) The Mid band gain of the voltage series amplifier without feedback =
4) The Mid band Gain of the voltage series amplifier with feedback
=
Ex. No.
Date:
CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER USING PSPICE
AIM:
To design and test the Current series feedback amplifier and to calculate the
(i) Mid band gain
LTSPICE, PC
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K
RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
VB =
(3)

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Without Feedback
With Feedback
MODEL GRAPH:
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS [OUTPUT for Vin=100mV] [Without Feedback]
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS [OUTPUT for Vin=100mV] [With Feedback]

Feedback]
[Without
[With Feedback]
TRANSIENT & SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS NETLIST [Without Feedback]

Q1 N002 N004 N006 0 NPN
R2 N006 0 1k
R3 N004 0 12.12k
R4 N001 N004 24.24k
R1 N001 N002 1.8k
C3 N005 N004 22
V1 N001 0 12
V2 N005 0 SINE(0 100m 1k) AC 1
C2 N002 N003 .1
C4 N003 0 10p
R5 N003 0 10k
C1 N006 0 10
.model NPN NPN
.model PNP PNP
;ac oct 1 10 2GHz
.backanno
.end
TRANSIENT & SMALL SIGNAL ANALYSIS NETLIST [With Feedback]

Q1 N002 N004 N006 0 NPN
R2 N006 0 1k
R3 N004 0 12.12k
R4 N001 N004 24.24k
R1 N001 N002 1.8k
C3 N005 N004 22
V1 N001 0 12
V2 N005 0 SINE(0 100m 1k) AC 1
C2 N002 N003 .1
C4 N003 0 10p
R5 N003 0 10k
.model NPN NPN
.model PNP PNP
;ac oct 1 10 2GHz
.backanno
.end
TABULATION:
Without Feedback
Input Signal
Amplitude
Peak to Peak
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
BW
(Hz)
Peak to Peak
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB
=20log(Vo/Vi)
BW
(Hz)
Frequency
With Feedback
Input Signal
Amplitude
Frequency
THEORY:
A Transconductance amplifier (gm amplifier) puts out a current proportional to
its input voltage. In network analysis the transconductance amplifier is defined as
a voltage controlled current source (VCCS) . The current series feedback is a negative
feedback in which the output current feeds back a proportional voltage back to the input
terminals in series
with
the
input signal. In
Current-Series
configuration
feedback signal is proportional to the load current and fed to input through a resistance
RE in series with the input signal The series connection at the input and the output
increases the input and output impedance. Amplifier- circuit works as transconductance type current amplifier.
Transconductance Gain of the Amplifier = AG = IO/VIN
The following table gives the characteristics of current series feedback amplifier.
Feedback
Structure
Series-Series
Close loop gain
Input impedance
Output impedance
Io 1 T
(
)
Vi 1 T
Rin (1 T ) ri
Rout (1 T ) ro
PROCEDURE:
Command option.
signals
6. For small signal analysis, set the starting and ending frequencies using Edit
Simulation Command option.
7. After saving the whole circuit, run the circuit and plot the frequency response
characteristics
8. Go to view menu and select SPICE netlist for small signal analysis
9. Tabulate the input signal amplitude, output signal amplitude, gain in dB.
RESULT:
Thus the Current series feedback amplifier is designed and simulated using
PSPICE & the following parameters are calculated.
Bandwidth:
3) The bandwidth of the Current series amplifier without feedback BW=
4) The bandwidth of the Current series amplifier with feedback BWf =
Gain:
3) The Mid band gain Gain of the Current series amplifier without feedback =
4) The Mid band Gain of the Current series amplifier with feedback
=
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING SPICE

AIM:
To design Symmetric and Asymmetric Astable Multivibrator circuits and to
obtain its input, output waveforms.
LTSPICE, PC
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=6V, ICQ = 2mA
R = {Vcc-(2/3)Vcc}/Ic ..(i)
The approximate time for each transistor in a symmetric Astable multivibrator is given
by
TON = TOFF= 0.69*R*C .(ii)
With R in ohms and C in Farads

Also Total time = 1/frequency
Total time = 1.38RC ..(iii)
The approximate time for each transistor in asymmetric astable multivibrator is given
by Total Time = 0.69 *(R1C1 + R2C2)..(iv)
The output of multivibrator is buffered by the high input impedance of an emitter
follower. This serves to prevent the oscillation frequency from changing when the
output load is changed.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ASYMMETRIC
SYMMETRIC
Transient Response : Symmetric
Transient Response : Asymmetric
Tabulation
Parameter
Collector
Q1
of Collector
Q2
of Base of Q1
Base of Q2
TON (s)
TOFF(s)
Positive peak
Voltage (V)
Negative Peak
voltage (V)
THEORY:
Astable multivibrator is a circuit which is not stable in either state; it
continually switches from one state to another. It does not require an input such as
clock pulse. It is a regenerative circuit consisting of two amplifying stages connected in
a positive feedback loop by two capacitive-resistive coupling networks.
The amplifying elements may be junction or field-effect transistors, vacuum
tubes, operational amplifiers or other types of amplifiers.
The circuit has two stable states that change alternatively with maximum
transition rate because of the accelerating positive feedback. In each state, one
transistor is switched on and the other is switched off. Accordingly, one fully charged
capacitor discharges slowly thus converting the time into an exponentially changing
voltage. At the same time, the other capacitor quickly charges thus restoring its charge.
Frequency of Oscillation(Symmetric)
Where, R is in 's, C is in Farads, T is in seconds and is in Hertz.

and this is known as the "Pulse Repetition Frequency". So Astable Multivibrators can
produce TWO very short square wave output waveforms from each transistor or a
much longer rectangular shaped output either symmetrical or non-symmetrical

depending upon the time constant of the RC network .
PROCEDURE:
Command option.
signals
5. Tabulate the base and collector voltages
RESULT:
Thus the astable multivibrator is designed and simulated using pspice based
on given specifications.
Symmetric astable multivibrator:
Asymmetric astable multivibrator:
Theoretical Time=
Theoretical Time=
Practical Time=
Practical Time=
Ex. No:
Date:
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR USING SPICE
AIM:
To design and test the RC phase shift oscillator based on the given frequency and
LTSPICE, PC
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K
RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
VB =
(3)

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
(5)
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

K= RC/R
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH
TRANSIENT RESPONSE
NETLIST:
Q1
R1
R2
R3
R4
C2
C4
N002
N001
N001
N005
N007
N007
N003
N005 N007 0 NPN

N002 1.818k
N005 24.24k
0 12.12k
0 1k
0 10
N002 0.01
V2 N001 0 12
R5 N003 0 1k
R6 N004 0 1k
R7 N006 N005 1k
C1 N004 N003 0.01
C5 N006 N004 0.01
.model NPN NPN
.model PNP PNP
.lib C:\PROGRA~2\LTC\LTSPIC~1\lib\cmp\standard.bjt
.tran 0 15m 10m
.backanno
.end
TABULATION:
Voltage Amplitude Time period(s)
(V)
Practical
Frequency(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency(Hz)
THEORY:
A phase-shift oscillator is a simple electronic oscillator circuit. It consists of
an inverting amplifier element such as a transistor or op amp, with its output fed back
into its input through an filter consisting of a network of resistors and capacitors.
The feedback network 'shifts' the phase of the amplifier output by 180 degrees at the
oscillation frequency, to give positive feedback. Phase shift oscillators are mostly used
at lower frequencies, often in the audio frequency range as audio oscillators.
The filter produces a phase shift that increases with frequency. It must have a
maximum phase shift of considerably greater than 180 degrees at high frequencies, so
that the phase shift at the desired oscillation frequency is 180 degrees.The most
common way of achieving this kind of filter is using three identical cascaded resistorcapacitor filters, which together produce a phase shift of zero at low frequencies, and
270 at high frequencies. At the oscillation frequency each filter produces a phase shift
of 60 so the whole filter circuit produces a phase shift of 180.
PROCEDURE:
Command option.
3. After saving the whole circuit, run the circuit and plot the output signals
5. Tabulate the time and voltage and frequency
RESULT:
Thus, the RC phase shift oscillator was designed for the given specification.
Ex. No:
Date:
COLPITTS OSCILLATOR USING SPICE
AIM:
To design and test the Colpitts oscillator based on the given frequency and
LTSPICE, PC
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=12V
Fix RE=1K
RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
VB =
(3)

VE=VB-0.7
(4)
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
VC VCC/2
ICRC VCC/2
(5)
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

L is in Henry.
Where C=[C1C2]/[C1+C2]
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
TRANSIENT RESPONSE:
NETLIST:
Q1 N002 N005 N006 0 NPN
R1 N001 N002 1.818k
R2 N001 N005 24.24k
R3 N005 0 12.12k
R4 N006 0 1k
C2 N006 0 22
C3 N005 N004 10
C4 N003 N002 10
V2 N001 0 12
C1 0 N004 0.01
C5 N003 0 0.01
L1 N004 N003 1m
.model NPN NPN
.model PNP PNP
.lib C:\PROGRA~2\LTC\LTSPIC~1\lib\cmp\standard.bjt
.tran 500u
;op
.backanno
.end
TABULATION:
L
C3
C4
Output
Voltage (V)
Time period(s)
Practical
Frequency(Hz)
Theoretical
Frequency(Hz)
THEORY:
A Colpitts oscillator, is one of a number of designs for electronic oscillator
circuits using the combination of an inductance (L) with a capacitor (C) for frequency
determination, thus also called LC oscillator. The distinguishing feature of the Colpitts
circuit is that the feedback signal is taken from a voltage divider made by
two capacitors in series. One of the advantages of this circuit is its simplicity; it needs
only a single inductor.
The Colpitts Oscillator, named after its inventor Edwin Colpitts is another type
of LC oscillator design.. Just like the Hartley oscillator, the tuned tank circuit consists
of an LC resonance sub-circuit connected between the collector and the base of a single
stage transistor amplifier producing a sinusoidal output waveform.
The basic configuration of the Colpitts Oscillator resembles that of the Hartley
Oscillator but the difference this time is that the centre tapping of the tank sub-circuit is
now made at the junction of a "capacitive voltage divider" network instead of a tapped
autotransformer type inductor as in the Hartley oscillator.
The Colpitts oscillator uses a capacitor voltage divider as its feedback source.
The two capacitors, C1 and C2 are placed across a common inductor, L as shown so
that C1, C2 and L forms the tuned tank circuit the same as for the Hartley oscillator
circuit. The advantage of this type of tank circuit configuration is that with less self and
mutual inductance in the tank circuit, frequency stability is improved along with a more
simple design.
. PROCEDURE:
Command option.
3. After saving the whole circuit, run the circuit and plot the output signals
5. Tabulate the time and voltage and frequency
RESULT:
Thus, the Colpitts oscillator was designed for the given specification.
Ex. No:
Date:
Frequency Response of LPF and HPF
AIM:
To design and construct the first order and second order LPF and HPF circuit and
to obtain its frequency response characteristics. Also to find its 3dB cut off frequency.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS for LPF and HPF:
The 3dB cutoff frequency of LPF and HPF
First Order and Second order
Range
Quantity
Gain of op-amp with inverting mode

R
A F
RIN
Gain of op-amp with Non- inverting mode
R
A 1 F
RIN
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
First Order LPF
Second Order LPF
First Order HPF
Second Order HPF
TABULATION:
Vin=
Freq.
(Hz)
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
Gain in dB =20log(Vo/Vi)
THEORY:
The low pass and the high pass filters can be made using just a single resistor in series
with a non-polarized capacitor connected across a sinusoidal input signal. The main
disadvantage of passive filters is that the amplitude of the output signal is less than that
of the input signal, ie, the gain is never greater than unity and that the load impedance
affects the filters characteristics. With passive filter circuits containing multiple stages,
this loss in signal amplitude called "Attenuation" can become quiet severe. One way of
restoring or controlling this loss of signal is by using amplification through the use
of Active Filters.
As their name implies, Active Filters contain active components such as operational
amplifiers, transistors or FET's within their circuit design. They draw their power from
an external power source and use it to boost or amplify the output signal. Filter
amplification can also be used to either shape or alter the frequency response of the
filter circuit by producing a more selective output response, making the output
bandwidth of the filter more narrower or even wider. Then the main difference between
a "passive filter" and an "active filter" is amplification.
An active filter generally uses an operational amplifier (op-amp) within its design and
the Op-amp has a high input impedance, a low output impedance and a voltage gain
determined by the resistor network within its feedback loop. Unlike a passive high pass
filter which has in theory an infinite high frequency response, the maximum frequency
response of an active filter is limited to the Gain/Bandwidth product (or open loop gain)
of the operational amplifier being used. Still, active filters are generally more easier to
design than passive filters, they produce good performance characteristics, very good
accuracy with a steep roll-off and low noise when used with a good circuit design.
Active Low Pass Filter
The most common and easily understood active filter is the Active Low Pass
Filter. Its principle of operation and frequency response is exactly the same as that of
passive filter, the only difference is that it uses an op-amp for amplification and gain
control. The simplest form of a low pass active filter is to connect an inverting or noninverting amplifier. The frequency response of the circuit will be the same as that for
the passive RC filter, except that the amplitude of the output is increased by the pass
band gain, AF of the amplifier.The Active Low Pass Filter has a constant gain AF from
0Hz to the high frequency cut-off point, C. At C the gain is 0.707AF, and after C it
decreases at a constant rate as the frequency increases. That is, when the frequency is
increased tenfold (one decade), the voltage gain is divided by 10. In other words, the
gain decreases 20dB (= 20log 10) each time the frequency is increased by 10. When
dealing with filter circuits the magnitude of the pass band gain of the circuit is
generally expressed in decibels or dB as a function of the voltage gain.
Applications of Active Low Pass Filters are in audio amplifiers, equalizers or

speaker systems to direct the lower frequency bass signals to the larger bass speakers or
to reduce any high frequency noise or "hiss" type distortion. When used like this in
audio applications the active low pass filter is sometimes called a "Bass Boost" filter.
Active High Pass Filter
This first-order high pass filter, consists simply of a passive filter followed by a noninverting amplifier. The frequency response of the circuit is the same as that of the
passive filter, except that the amplitude of the signal is increased by the gain of the
amplifier.
For a non-inverting amplifier circuit, the magnitude of the voltage gain for the filter is
given as a function of the feedback resistor ( RF ) divided by its corresponding input
resistor ( Rin ) value and is given as:
Then, the Active High Pass Filter has a gain AF that increases from 0Hz to the low
frequency cut-off point, C at 20dB/decade as the frequency increases. At C the gain
is 0.707AF, and after C all frequencies are pass band frequencies so the filter has a
constant gain AF with the highest frequency being determined by the closed loop
bandwidth of the op-amp.
PROCEDURE:
2. Fix the input sinusoidal signal amplitude Vin=____V.
RESULT:
Thus, the First order and second order Low Pass and High Pass filters are
designed and its frequency response is obtained.
LPF
HPF
Practical 3dB frequency=
Practical 3dB frequency=
Theoretical 3dB frequency=
Theoretical 3dB frequency=
Ex. No.
Date:
CLASS A POWER AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design and test the Class A Power amplifier circuit and to plot its frequency
response characteristics and to calculate the following parameters.
(i) Mid band (ii) Bandwidth (iii) Power conversion Efficiency ()
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=10V. Use Power transistor (SL100). (Set input of the order of volts)
Fix RE=1K
RE>>R1||R2
(1)
VB VCC/3
(2)
(3)
VB =

(4)
VE=VB-0.7
IE=VE/RE
IC IE
VC=VCC-IC.RC
(5)
VC VCC/2
ICRC VCC/2
RC VCC / (2IE)
(6)

Efficiency Calculation
PAC
X 100
PDC
PAC VAC xI AC VRMS xI RMS

PDC VDC xI DC
2
PAC
V
Vm 1
RMS
x
RL
2 RL
PDC
VCC
RL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
MODEL GRAPH:
TABULATION:
Vin=
Freq.
(Hz)
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
THEORY:
Common emitter amplifiers are the most commonly used type of amplifier as
they have a large voltage gain. They are designed to produce a large output voltage
swing from a relatively small input signal voltage of only a few millivolts and are used
mainly as small signal amplifiers. However, sometimes an amplifier is required to
drive large resistive loads such as a loudspeaker or to drive a motor in a robot and for
these types of applications where high switching currents are needed Power
Amplifiers are required. The main function of the power amplifier, which are also
known as a large signal amplifier is to deliver power, which is the product of voltage
and current to the load. Basically a power amplifier is also a voltage amplifier the
difference being that the load resistance connected to the output is relatively low, for
example a loudspeaker of 4 or 8s resulting in high currents flowing through the
collector of the transistor.
Because of these high load currents the output transistor(s) used for power
amplifier output stages such as the 2N3055/SL100 need to have higher voltage and
power ratings than the general ones used for small signal amplifiers such as the BC107.
Since we are interested in delivering maximum AC power to the load, while consuming
the minimum DC power possible from the supply we are mostly concerned with the
conversion efficiency of the amplifier.
However, one of the main disadvantage of power amplifiers and especially the Class A
amplifier is that their overall conversion efficiency is very low as large currents mean
that a considerable amount of power is lost in the form of heat. Percentage efficiency in
amplifiers is defined as the r.m.s. output power dissipated in the load divided by the
total DC power taken from the supply source as shown below.
Where:
% - is the efficiency of the amplifier.
Pout - is the amplifiers output power delivered to the load.
Pdc - is the DC power taken from the supply.
For a power amplifier it is very important that the amplifiers power supply is well
designed to provide the maximum available continuous power to the output signal.
The most commonly used type of power amplifier configuration is
the Class A Amplifier. The Class A amplifier is the most common and simplest form
of power amplifier that uses the switching transistor in the standard common emitter
circuit configuration as seen previously. The transistor is always biased ON so that it
conducts during one complete cycle of the input signal waveform producing minimum
distortion and maximum amplitude to the output.This means then that the Class A
Amplifier configuration is the ideal operating mode, because there can be no crossover
or switch-off distortion to the output waveform even during the negative half of the
cycle. Class A power amplifier output stages may use a single power transistor or pairs
of transistors connected together to share the high load current.
Class A power amplifier is a type of power amplifier where the output transistor
is ON full time and the output current flows for the entire cycle of the input wave form.
Class A power amplifier is the simplest of all power amplifier configurations. They
have high fidelity and are totally immune to crossover distortion. Even though the class
A power amplifier have a handful of good feature, they are not the prime choice
because of their poor efficiency. Since the active elements (transistors) are forward
biased full time, some current will flow through them even though there is no input
signal and this is the main reason for the inefficiency. Output characteristics of a Class
A power amplifier is shown in the figure below.
From the above figure it is clear that the Q-point is placed exactly at the center of the
DC load line and the transistor conducts for every point in the input waveform. The
theoretical maximum efficiency of a Class A power amplifier is 50%. In practical
scenario, with capacitive coupling and inductive loads (loud speakers), the efficiency
can come down as low as 25%. This means 75% of power drawn by the amplifier from
the supply line is wasted. Majority of the power wasted is lost as heat on the active
elements (transistor).As a result, even a moderately powered Class A power amplifier
require a large power supply and a large heatsink.
Advantages of Class A power amplifier.
Class A design is the simplest.
High fidelity because input signal will be exactly reproduced at the output.
Since the active device is on full time, no time is required for the turn on and
this improves high frequency response.
Since the active device conducts for the entire cycle of the input signal, there
will be no cross over distortion.
Single ended configuration can be practically realized in Class A amplifier.

Single ended means only one active device (transistor) in the output stage.
Disadvantages of Class A power amplifier.
Main disadvantage is poor efficiency.
Steps for improving efficiency like transformer coupling etc affects the
frequency response.
Powerful Class A power amplifiers are costly and bulky due to the large power
supply and heatsink.
PROCEDURE:
DC Measurement :
equations.
Mid band gain and Frequency Response (Large Signal and Bandwidth Analysis):
6. Calculate the efficiency
RESULT:
Thus the Class A Power Amplifier is designed using SL100 and the following
Parameters:
1) The Mid band gain of Class A Power amplifier A=
2) The bandwidth of the Class A Power amplifier BW =
3) Power Conversion Efficiency of Class A Power Amplifier =
Ex. No.
Date:
CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIER
AIM:
To design and test the Class B Power amplifier circuit and to plot its frequency
response characteristics and to calculate the following parameters.
(i) Mid band (ii) Power conversion Efficiency ()
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No.
1.
Range
Quantity
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
DESIGN EQUATIONS:
Let VCC=10V. Use Power transistor (NPN-2N3904, PNP-2N3906). (Set input of the
order of volts)
Efficiency Calculation
PAC
X 100
PDC
PDC 2 xV CCx I DC when VCC VEE

2
PAC
V
Vm 1
RMS
x
RL
2 RL
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION:
Vin=
Freq.
(Hz)
Output Voltage (V)
Gain=
Vo/Vi
THEORY:
Class A amplifiers have almost linear response but are inefficient (maximum
efficiency=25%).Class B amplifiers can operate at efficiencies up to %78.5 and are
often used in high power amplifiers. Class B power amplifier consists of two
complementary pair of power transistors (PNP and NPN) with emitters connected
together. The operating point of each one of the complementary pair initially located in
the cutoff region. This implies that the operating points for the transistor Q1 and the
transistor Q2 be equal when the input signal Vi=0 . Ideally, the maximum instantaneous
swing voltage (each transistor) for the operating point is equal to the power supply VCC
when V CC = V EE
The circuit operates in a push-pull fashion. One transistor will take care of the
positive half (assume a sinusoidal input signal) of the signal, the second transistor will
charge the negative half of the signal. As a result of having the dc operating point in the
cut off region a small amount of the applied input voltage will be consumed in bringing
the operating point into the active region of the device. This amount is about 0.5 V for
Q1 and 0.5 V for Q2 and can be seen as a dead band in the transfer characteristic of
the class B stage.
Class B amplifier is a type of power amplifier where the active device
(transistor) conducts only for one half cycle of the input signal. That means the
conduction angle is 180 for a Class B amplifier. Since the active device is switched off
for half the input cycle, the active device dissipates less power and hence the efficiency
is improved. Theoretical maximum efficiency of Class B power amplifier is 78.5%.
The schematic of a single ended Class B amplifier and input , output waveforms are
shown in the figure below.
From the above circuit it is clear that the base of the transistor Q1 is not biased and the
negative half cycle of the input waveform is missing in the output. Even though it
improves the power efficiency, it creates a lot of distortion. Only half the information
present in the input will be available in the output and that is a bad thing. Single ended
Class B amplifiers are not used in present day practical audio amplifier application and
they can be found only in some earlier gadgets. Another place where you can find them
is the RF power amplifiers where the distortion is not a matter of major concern.
Anyway, Class C amplifiers are more often used in RF power amplifier applications.
Output characteristics of a single ended Class B power amplifier is shown in the figure
below.
One way to realize a practical Class B amplifier is to use a pair of active devices
(transistors) arranged in push-pull mode where one transistor conducts one half cycle
and the other transistor conducts the other half cycle. The output from both transistors
are then combined together to get a scaled replica of the input. But there is a snag
there must be some way to split the input wave form to feed the individual transistors
and there must be some way to put together the output of the individual transistors.
Transformer coupling is solution for this problem and such amplifiers are called
transformer coupled Class B amplifiers.
Cross over distortion.
Since the active elements start conduction only after the input signal amplitude has
risen above 0.7V, the regions of the input signal where the amplitude is less than 0.7V
will be missing in the output signal and it is called cross over distortion. The schematic
representation of cross-over distortion is shown in the figure below. In the figure, you
can see that the regions of the input waveform which are under 0.7V are missing in the
output waveform.
Advantages of Class B amplifier.
High efficiency when compared to the Class A configurations.
Push-pull mechanism avoids even harmonics.
No DC components in the output (in ideal case).
Disadvantages of Class B amplifier.
The major disadvantage is the cross-over distortion.
Coupling transformers increases the cost and size.
It is difficult to find ideal transformers.
Transformer coupling causes hum in the output and also affects the low
frequency response.
Transformer coupling is not practical in case of huge loads.
PROCEDURE:
DC Measurement :
5. Calculate the efficiency
RESULT:
Thus the Class B Power Amplifier is designed using NPN and PNP and the
following parameters are calculated.
Parameters:
1) The Mid band gain of Class B Power amplifier A=
2) Power Conversion Efficiency of Class B Power Amplifier =

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MADRAS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

EC 8411 ELECTRONICS CIRCUITS II LABORATORY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Submitted for the Practical Examination held on..

Name of the Experiment

Name of the Experiment

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS-II LABORATORY

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

LPF AND HPF

SPICE SIMULATION OF FEEDBACK AMPLIFIERS

SPICE SIMULATION OF OSCILLATORS AND MULTIVIBRATORS

CLASS A AND CLASS B POWER AMPLIFIERS

(ii) Cutoff frequencies (iii) Bandwidth

Name of the component

Condition for stiff bias

Choose R1&R2 satisfying equations (1),(2) & (3)

Choose RC as per equation (6)

Voltage series: With Feedback

Without Feedback: Vin=

Can increase or decrease input impedance (depending on type of feedback)

Can increase or decrease output impedance (depending on type of feedback)

Reduces distortion (increases linearity)

Increases the bandwidth

Desensitizes gain to component variations

Can control step response of amplifier

May lead to instability if not designed carefully

The gain of the amplifier decreases

Voltage Series Feedback:

Close loop gain

T is the Loop gain, is the feedback factor

(ii) Cutoff frequencies (iii) Bandwidth

Name of the component

Choose R1&R2 satisfying equations (1),(2) & (3)

Choose RC as per equation (6)

Current Series: Without Feedback

Current series: With Feedback

Without Feedback: Vin=

Close loop gain

T is the Loop gain, is the feedback factor

Name of the component

Condition for stiff bias

Choose R1&R2 satisfying equations (1),(2) & (3)

Choose RC as per equation (6)

4. Plot the graph between Time and Voltage.

Name of the component

Condition for stiff bias

Choose R1&R2 satisfying equations (1),(2) & (3)

Choose RC as per equation (6)

Two inductors in series, which need not be mutual

One tuning capacitor

Advantages of the Hartley oscillator include:

The frequency may be adjusted using a single variable capacitor

The output amplitude remains constant over the frequency range

Either a tapped coil or two fixed inductors are needed

4. Plot the graph between Time and Voltage.

Name of the component

Condition for stiff bias

Choose R1&R2 satisfying equations (1),(2) & (3)

Choose RC as per equation (6)

4. Plot the graph between Time and Voltage.

SINGLE TUNED AMPLIFIER

Name of the component

Theoretical Resonant frequency = f =

TON = TOFF= 0.69RC .(ii)