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Equation of state
P: P = f(T,v)
in v: v = f(T,P)
in z: z = Pv/RT = f(T,v)
in z: z = Pv/RT = f(T,P)
2
P = RT/ v
Relates P, T and v
Derived directly from the kinetic theory of gases
Assumptions:
Generalization to non-ideality
Principle of corresponding
states
Two-parameter corresponding
states
Figure 3.1 Dashed lines are for methane, solid lines are for pentane.
The figure demonstrates that critical pressure and temperature alone
are insufficient to accurately represent the PvT behavior.
Three-parameter
corresponding states
Three-parameter
corresponding states
T r 0 .7
Psat at reduced
T of 0.7
Figure 3.2
Reduced vapor
pressure plotted
as a function of
reduced
temperature.
10
Generalized Compressibility
Factor Charts
Z Z 0 Z 1
Accounts
for simple
molecules
12
Estimate the specific volume for CO2 at 310K and (a) 8 bars (b) 75
bars by the compressibility factor charts and compare to the
experimental values of 70.58 cm3/g and 3.9 cm3/g respectively.
Solution: = 0.228, Pc= 73.76 bar, Tc= 304.2 K
(a) Tr= 310/304.2= 1.02
Pr= 8/73.82= 0.108
From the charts, Z0= 0.96, Z1= 0,
Z= 0.96 + 0.228(0)= 0.96
v= ZRT/P
= ZRuT/PM
= [0.96*83.14cm3bar/molK*310 K]/[8 bar*44g/mol]
= 70.29 cm3/g (within 0.4 % of the experimental value)
13
Cont. Example 1
(b)
Z 1 B C 2 D 3 ...
B, C, D Virial
coefficients temperature
dependent only
C = D == 0 at low pressures
15
B Pr / Tr
4.2
r
B 0.139 0.172 / T
or Vr 2.0
16
17
Estimate the specific volume for CO2 at 310K and (a) 8 bars (b) 75 bars by
the virial equation and compare to the experimental values of 70.58 cm3/g
and 3.9 cm3/g respectively.
18
Cont. Example 2
(b)
19
20
Redlich-Kwong EOS
Vapor only, moderate pressures
obsolete
Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS
Vapor & saturated liquid, high pressures
Valuable in history
Nobody should use anymore
Peng-Robinson EOS
Vapor & saturated liquid, high pressures, HC industry std
RT
a
2
vb v
or
Z 1
b
a
1
a
1 b RT 1 b RT
Deviations due
to the repulsive
interactions
Deviations due
to the attractive
interactions
where
27 R 2Tc2
a
64 Pc
b 0.125 R
Tc
Pc
24
Redlich-Kwong EOS
25
b ( b)
where
T
a a c 1 m 1
Tc
0.42747 R 2Tc2
ac
Pc
26
Soave-Redlich-Kwong EOS
Z 3 Z 2 Z 0
Where
-1
A B B2
-AB
A aP/(RT)2
B bP/RT
27
Use the SRK EOS to calculate for nButane at 500K and 30 bar
1. Z
2. v
28
29
30
Peng-Robinson EOS
b ( b) b( b)
where
T
a a c 1 m 1
0.45723553R 2Tc2
ac
Pc
31
Peng-Robinson EOS
Z 3 Z 2 Z 0
Where
B1
A 2B 3B2
B3 + B2 AB
A aP/(RT)2
B bP/RT
32
P = Psat, T < Tc: The larger root of f(Z) is the vapor root. The
smallest root is the liquid root. The middle root corresponds to
a condition that violate thermodynamics stability.
P >> Psat, T < Tc: Compressed liquid, vapor root is less stable.
P << Psat, T < Tc: Superheated vapor, liquid root is less stable.
T > Tc: Supercritical fluid which can only have a single root.
33
17
1.
2.
Compute dF/dZ
3.
Znew=Zold-F(Z)/(dF/dZ)
4.
5.
Example: Peng-Robinson
Equation
35
Peng-Robinson EOS
Use the Peng-Robinson EOS to calculate for nButane at 500K and 30 bar
36
Example: Peng-Robinson
Equation
Estimate the specific volume for CO2 at 310K and (a) 8 bars (b) 75 bars by
the Peng-Robinson equation and compare to the experimental values of
70.58 cm3/g and 3.9 cm3/g respectively.
Solution: = 0.228, Pc= 73.82 MPa, Tc= 304.2 C
(a)
v= ZRT/P
= ZRuT/PM
= [0.961*83.14cm3bar/molK*310 K]/[8 bar*44g/mol]
= 70.36 cm3/g (within 0.3 % of the experimental value)
37