United Nations Organization (UNO)

United Nations Organization

Origin of U.N.O.: When the World War-II was
going on the Allied powers had felt the necessity
for forming a United Nations Organization. The
talks were held at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington
D.C. from August 21 to October 7, 1944, which
was finally put to concrete shape by the delegates
of 50 Allied Nations assembled at San Francisco
from April 26 to June 26, 1945. At this place the
representatives of 50 nations signed the United
Nations Charter and the United Nations officially
came into existence on October 26, 1945, after the
Charter has been ratified by a number of countries.
This meant the end of the League of Nations.
Non-members: The nations that are non-members
of the UNO are:
(a) Switzerland
(b) Taiwan.
Switzerland and Vatican are permanent observers.
Official languages: They are Arabic, Chinese,
English, French, Russian and Spanish.
Flag of the UN: On the flag is the UN emblem in
white superimposed on a light blue ground. The
emblem consists of the global map projected from
the North Pole and embraced in twin olive
branches (Symbol of Peace).

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Objectives: The U.N as an organization of

nations who have voluntarily joined together to
work for world peace, the objectives and purposes
of the U.N.
To maintain peace and security in the world.
To develop friendly relations among nations.
To work together to remove poverty, disease and
illiteracy in the world and to encourage respect
for each others rights and freedom.
To be a centre for helping the nations to achieve
these goals.
Charter of the U.N:
The Charter of the U.N contains aims and
purposes of organisation. It gives direction to
achieve these aims within the rules and
regulations, set by U.N.
U.N. General Assembly proclaimed the historic
declaration of Universal Human Rights on
December 10, 1948.

Admission into U.N.O.:

A country must get the support of the twothird members of the General Assembly.
Country must be peace-loving.
Country must accept the rules and regulations,
aims and objectives of the U.N.O.
It is necessary for a new member to get the
recommendation of Security Council.
Power of veto:
If any one of the five permanent members casts a
negative vote on the resolution, it falls. This is
known as Veto. Every member has got one
vote. To pass a resolution, all the five Big Powers
Plus two others must cast their votes in favour of
the resolution.
Principal Organs of the U.N:
Headquarters: U.N Plaza, New York City, U.S.A.
General Assembly, Secretariat, Security Council,
Trusteeship council, Economic and Social
Council and International Court of Justice.
The General Assembly:
The General Assembly is the largest of all the
organs of the United Nations. The Assembly
consists of the representatives of all the member
States. Each State has one vote. The General
Assembly meets at least once in a year. Special
sessions may be convened by the secretaryGeneral, on a request by the Security Council.
The General Assembly determines the contribution
payable by each member. It receives and
considers the reports of the special committees
including the Security Council. It passes the
annual budget of the U.N. The General Assembly
elects the non-permanent members of the Security
Council, the members of the Economic and Social
Council and elected members of the Trusteeship
Council.
The Secretariat:
It is composed of the Secretary-General who is the
Chief Administrative Officer of the organization
and an International Staff appointed by him under
regulations established by the General Assembly.
The Secretary- General is appointed by the
General Assembly on the recommendation of the
Security Council.

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United Nations Organization (UNO)

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Secretary-General of the United Nations:

The Secretary-General of the United Nations is
the head of the United Nations Secretariat.
The Secretary-General also acts as the de facto
spokesperson and leader of the United Nations.
Their role is laid out by Chapter XV (Articles 97
to 101) of the United Nations Charter.
The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S.
President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a world
moderator.
Article 97 under Chapter XV of the United
Nations Charter states that the Secretary-General
shall be the chief administrative officer of the
Organization, but does not dictate their specific
obligations.
Secretary - General of the U.N.O:
1. Mr. Trgve Lie (of Norway) the First Secretary
General of the UNO (1946-52)
2. Mr. Dag Hammarkjoeld (of Sweden) (1953-61)
3. Mr. U.Thant (Myanmar) (1962-71)
4. Mr. Kurt Waldeim (of Austria) (1972-81)
5. Mr. Javier Perez de Cuellar, (Peru) (1982-91)
6. Dr. Boutros Boutros Ghali, (Egypt) (1992-96)
7. Mr. Kofi Annan (of Ghana) (1997-2006)
8. Ban Ki- Moon (South Korea) (2007-16)
9. Antonio Guterres (Portugal) appointed on Jan 1,
2017 till date.
About Ban Ki- Moon:
Ban Ki-moon of South Korea, who took
office on 1st January 2007.
His first term expired on 31 December 2011.
He was re-elected, unopposed, to a second term
on 21 June 2011.
Guterres succeeded Ban Ki-moon on 1st January
2017.
About Antonio Guterres:
Antonio Manuel de Oliveira Guterres is a
Portuguese politician.
He served as the Prime Minister of Portugal from
1995 to 2002.
He also served for a time as President of the
Socialist International.
He served as United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees from June 2005 to December 2015.

Security Council: The member states of the

United Nations have delegated the Primary
responsibilities for maintaining world peace,
Security to the Security Council. The Security
Council originally consisted of eleven members,
but increased to fifteen in 1965. It consists of 15
members, each of which has one vote. There are 5

permanent and 10 non-permanent members

elected for a 2 year term by a two-thirds majority
of the General Assembly. The permanent
members have the power to veto any move.
Retiring members are not eligible for immediate
re-election.
Permanent Members: China, France, Russia,
U.K., and USA.
Non-permanent Members: Bangladesh, Mali,
Tunisia, Jamaica and Ukraine (until Dec. 31,
2001), Malaysia, Namibia, Canada, Netherlands
and Argentina (until Dec. 31, 2000), Cape Verde,
Hungary, Japan, Morocco, Venezuela (until
Dec.31, 1993) Brazil, Djiboute, New Zealand,
Pakistan and Spain (until Dec.31, 1994)
The Presidency of the Security Council is held for
one month in rotation by the member states in the
English alphabetical order of their names.
The expansion of the Security Council is to
include new powers such as India, Brazil,
Germany and Japan as permanent members has
been suggested. Pakistan has formally stakes its
claim to a permanent seat on the council as and
when it is expanded.
Trusteeship Council:
The Charter provides for an international
trusteeship system to safeguard the interests of the
inhabitants of territories which are not yet fully
self-governing and which may be placed there
under by individual trusteeship agreements. These
are called trust territories. All of the original 11
trust territories except one, the republic of Belau
(Palau) administrated by the USA, have become
independent or joined independent countries.
Members: China, France, Russia, UK, USA.
Economic and Social Council:
Economic and Social Council is responsible under
the General Assembly for carrying out the
functions to achieve cooperation of the United
Nations with regard to international economic,
social cultural, educational and health to promote
and encourage respect for human rights and
fundamental freedom without distinction of race or
sex, language or religions. It consists of 54
member states elected by a two-thirds majority of
the General Assembly.
The Council has the following regional
Economic Commissions:
1. ECE (Economic Commission of Europe) with

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United Nations Organization (UNO)

its H.Q. at Geneva.

2. ESCAP (Economic and Social Commission for
Asia) with its H.Q. at Bangkok.
3. ECIA (Economic Commission for Latin
America) with its H.Q. at Santiago (Chile).
4. ECA (Economic Commission for Africa) with
its H.Q. at Addis Ababa.
5. ECWA (Economic Commission for Western
Asia) with its H.Q. at Baghdad.

International Court of Justice

It was created by an International Treaty, the
Statue of the Court, which forms an integral part
of the United Nations Charter. There are 15
Judges. President is Gulbert Guillaume (France).
The Court has its seat at The Hague. The expenses
of the Court are borne by the U.N. The Purpose of
the Inter-national Court of Justice is to adjust and
settle international disputes in conformity with
justice and international law. There is no appeal
against the decision of the Court. The Judges of
the Court are elected for nine years and may be reelected.
Languages: French, English

United Nations, Educational, Scientific

& Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
Headquarters: Paris.
A Conference for the establishment of an
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
of the United Nations was convened by the
Government of France, and met in London, 1 to 16
Nov. 1945. UNESCO came into being on 4th
November 1946. The main purpose of UNESCO is
to promote peace and security in the world by
promoting collaboration among the nations
through education, science and culture in order
that people may have respect for justice, for the
rule of law, for human rights and fundamental
freedoms irrespective of race, sex, language and
religion.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

United Nations International Childrens

Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

It was adopted by the U.N. Assembly on

December 10, 1948. It is a statement of normal
standards to be followed by all nations. It
guarantees international peace and prosperity.
It stresses the fact that everyone has the rights to
life, liberty and security, equality before law,
freedom of movement etc. irrespective of race,
religion, sex or language.

Headquarters: USA.
It was founded in 1946 by the General Assembly.
It was established to deliver post-war relief to
children and it aims at improving the quality of
life for children and mother in developing
countries. UNICEF is not financed by the U.N.
budget but by voluntary contributions from
governments and individuals.

International Maritime Organization -IMO

International Civil Aviation Organisation

Headquarters: London.
It was established as a specialised agency of the
UN by the UN Maritime Conference at Geneva in
1948.

Headquarters: Lebanon.
ICAO was formed in the International Civil
Aviation Conference held in Chicago from 1 Nov.
to 7 Dec. 1994. Its aims and objectives are to
develop international air navigation and foster the
planning and development of international
transport.

International Labour Organisation (ILO)

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The UN Conference on Food and Agriculture held

in May 1943, at Hot springs, Virginia, set up an
Interim Commission in Washington in July 1943
to plan the Food and Agricultural Organisation,
which came into being on 16th October 1945.
FAO sponsers the World Food Programme.

Headquarters: Geneva.
It was established in 1919 as an autonomous part
of the League of Nations. It is an intergovernmental agency with a tripartite structure, in
which representatives of governments, employers
and workers participate. In 1969, it won the Nobel
Peace Prize.

Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO)

Headquarters: Rome.

International Bank of Reconstruction and

Development (IBRD)
Headquarters: Washington.
It was established at Bretton Woods Conference in
July 1994. Its object is to assist the member
nations in the economic reconstruction and
development of the territories. The bank advances

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United Nations Organization (UNO)

loans to the member nations for development

purposes and encourages private foreign
investment and also arranges loans to its own
security. It guarantees loans by Private Investors.

and experienced management. The membership of

the Corporation will be open to those countries
which are members of the World Bank.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Headquarter: Vienna.
It was set up under the U.N. to make
recommendations for the use of atomic energy for
peaceful purposes. All the nations are to pay a part
of fissionable material and also Uranium at the
disposal of the Agency. The Agency was
established at meeting of 82 nations held in New
York in September, 1956.

Headquarters: Washington.
It was established on 27th December 1945 and it
operates from 1st March 1947. It works for the
promotion of International Trade. It helps those
countries with foreign exchange whose balance of
trade is in unfavourable position.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Headquarter: Geneva.
WHO came into existence on April 7, 1948. It
aims to assist the Governments to raise the
standard of public health and impart information
of health research. It also promotes in
improvement of nutrition, housing, sanitation and
recreation.

Universal Postal Union (UPU)

Headquarter: Switzerland.
It was formally established on 1st July 1875. It has
been established to alleviate uncertainty.
Confusion and excessive cost of international
postal communications by writing its member
countries in a single postal territory for the
reciprocal exchange of mail. The postal
convention has been extended and improved by
the various Postal Congress.

International Telecommunications Union

Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland.
The International Telegraph Union (ITU) founded
in Paris in 1865 and the International Radio
Telegraph Union, founded in Berlin in 1906 by
the Madrid Convention of 1932 to form the
ITU. Its main purpose is to bring the improvement
and rational use of telecommunications and
increase the efficiency of the telecommunication
services by maintaining and extending
international co-operation.

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International Finance Corporation (IFC)

Headquarter: Washington.
It was established in July 1956. It is affiliated to
World Bank. The basic object of the Corporation is
to supplement the activities of the World Bank. It
will seek to bring together investment
opportunities, domestic and foreign private capital

International Atomic Energy Agency-IAEA

The General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT)
Headquarter: Geneva.
It was negotiated in 1947 and came into force on
January 1, 1948. It is the only treaty setting rules
for world trade. Its functions are to ease trade
barriers and establish rules of fair trade. In recent
years, GATT made special efforts to develop
international trade and has also given particular
emphasis on increasing the export trade of
developing countries. GATT was replaced by the
World Trade Organization (WTO) on January 1,
1995.

World Meteorological Organization- WMO

Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland.
Conference of Directors of the International
Meteorological Organization meeting in
Washington in 1947, adopted a convention
creating the W.M.O. It aims at improving weather
observations and to adopt common measures for
weather reporting in order to prevent-disaster
caused by natural calamities like cyclones,
typhoons etc.

World Intellectual Property Organization

Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland.
The convention establishing WIPO was signed at
Stockholm in 1967 by 51 countries and came into
force in April 1970. In Dec. 1974 WIPO became a
specialized agency of the U.N.

International Fund for Agricultural

Development (IFAD)
Headquarter: Rome, Italy.
The establishment of IFAD was one of the major
actions proposed by 1974 World Food Conference.

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United Nations Organization (UNO)

The agreement for IFAD came into force on 30

Nov. 1977 following attainment of initial pledges
of $ 1,000 and the agency began its operations.

United Nations Industrial Development

Organization (UNIDO)
Headquarter: Vienna.
It provides developing and underdeveloped
countries with advice on all aspects of industrial
policy converted into a specialized agency by U.N.
in 1985.

Effectiveness of UN
The UNs influence on international politics
is significant and cannot be ignored.
The main goal of the UNs founders was to
avoid a third world war, and in that respect,
the organization has succeeded.
The UN has peacefully resolved numerous
international disputes since its founding and
has established a set of rules for the use of
force in the contemporary world.
The UN has been involved in every major
war and international crisis since World
War II in one fashion or another. It
authorized the international coalitions that
fought the Korean War (1950-1953) and the
Persian Gulf War of 1991.
A UN has been both a forum for debate and
an active mediator in the Arab-Israeli
conflict.
In the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, the
United States used the UN as a forum to
challenge the Soviet Union in front of the
whole world.

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Failures of the United Nations

1. Rwanda
The Rwandan genocide of 1994 details the
gross inability of the United Nations to carry
out its sworn duty to maintain peace and
security. In 1993, UN peacekeeping forces
entered the nation, attempted to secure the
capital and enable humanitarian aid. The
peacekeeping forces were not authorized to
use military manoeuvres to achieve these
goals. In January of 1994, a cable was sent
from the Canadian Force Commander to the

UN headquarters detailing the imminent threat

of genocide by Hutu mobs on Tutsi minorities.
The Security Council never received the cable,
and the notice was largely ignored.
2. Darfur
In 2003, the unstable nation of Sudan erupted
in conflict. Early in the war, rebel forces
defeated the Sudanese military. Seeing that
defeat was imminent, the government funded
the Janjaweed, a group of Arabs. By 2005, the
Janjaweed were carrying out attacks on
populated villages using artillery and
helicopters, prompting condemnation by UN
Secretary General Kofi Annan. Despite this
condemnation, the UN did not enter Sudan,
instead urging members of the African Union
to intervene.
3. The Cold War
The Cold War exemplifies the failure behind
the United Nations Charter. In 1948, the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
(UDHR) was established, which was binding
to all nations, along with the Convention
against Genocide. But, almost immediately,
the USSR disregarded these. Civic rights were
virtually non-existent and Stalin continued to
rule with an iron fist. With the United Nations
unwilling to act upon such atrocities, the
words in the Charter were rendered
meaningless for those who needed them the
most.
4. Khmer Rouge Ruling Cambodia from
1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge practiced an
extreme form of Communism, as dictated by
their borderline-psychotic leader Pol Pot. In
1979, the Vietnamese army invaded Cambodia
to oust the Khmer Rouge and end the
massacre and a new government was put in
place in Cambodia. Shockingly, the United
Nations refused to recognize this new
government because it was backed by
Vietnam, which had recently ended a decadelong conflict with the United States.
5. Srebrenica Massacre
This 1995 Bosnian War massacre was the
single worst act of mass murder on European

Study Notes by Aamir Mahar

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United Nations Organization (UNO)

soil since World War II. After an ethnic

cleansing campaign led by the Serbs targeted
the Bosniaks, a largely Muslim community,
the United Nations designated Srebrenica a
safe-zone in 1993. But, as many as 7,800
Bosniaks were killed by Serbian soldiers
mainly due largely to an ill-equipped and
unprepared UN force.
6. Veto Power: Five permanent members of
the United Nations Security Council enjoy the
luxury of veto power; when a permanent
member vetoes a vote, the Council resolution
cannot be adopted. Most recent example of a
veto came when the UNSC attempted to evoke
chapter VII sanctions from the UN Charter to
intervene and prevent genocide in Syria. But
the vetoes by China and Russia halted any
international intervention and rendered the UN
hapless.
7. Child Sex Abuse Scandal
To the oppressed people, the blue helmets of
UN peacekeepers represent stability and
safety. Unfortunately, the reports from Bosnia,
Kosovo, Cambodia, Haiti, and Mozambique
revealed a shocking trend; areas with
peacekeeping forces saw a rapid rise in child
prostitution. But, the senior officials in the UN
refused to even condemn the peacekeepers.
8. Sri Lanka: In the final months of the war
between LTTE and Sri Lankan army, the
opposing sides fought in the heavily populated
northeast coastline, a designated safe zone.
Independent experts urged the Human Rights
Council of the UN to investigate claims of war
crimes, but the United Nations made no
attempts to intervene on behalf of the civilian
population.
9. Nuclear Proliferation: In 1970, the nuclear
non-proliferation treaty was signed by 190
nations, including five nations that admitted to
owning nuclear weapons: France, England,
Russia, China, and the US. Despite this treaty,
nuclear stockpiles remain high, and numerous
nations continue to develop these devastating
weapons. The failure of the non-proliferation
treaty details the ineffectiveness of the United

Nations, and their inability to enforce crucial

rules and regulations on offending nations.
10. Jammu and Kashmir (J&K)
The state of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K), a
landlocked territory, lies in northwestern part
of Indian subcontinent. It became a disputed
territory after the partition of the Indian
subcontinent in 1947. The disputed status of
J&K is acknowledged in the UN Security
Council resolutions of August 13, 1948 and
January 5, 1949, to which both Pakistan and
India agreed. These resolutions remain fully in
force today, and cannot be unilaterally
disregarded by either party.
Talks between India and Pakistan over the
future status of J & K should aim to secure
the right of self-determination for the
Kashmiri people. This right entails a free,
fair, and internationally supervised
plebiscite, as agreed in the 1948-1949 UN
Security Council resolutions.
The plebiscite should offer the people of
Kashmir the choice of permanent accession
to either Pakistan or India.
Talks between India and Pakistan in regard
to the future status of J&K should be held in
conformity both with the Simla Agreement
of July 1972 and the relevant UN Security
Council resolutions. An international
mediatory role in these talks may be
appropriate.
11. Terrorism: Many experts agree that
modern terrorism began with the 1968
hijacking of El Al Israel Flight 426 by a
Palestinian organization. The United Nations
condemned the action, but failed to take any
further action. These terrorist acts continued
throughout the remainder of the twentieth
century, with no reaction from the UN; a
simple condemnation was as far as they would
go.
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MEMBERS OF THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION (UNO)

1. Argentina
2. Australia
3. Belarus
4. Belgium
5. Bolivia
6. Brazil
7. Canada
8. Chile
9. China
10. Colombia
11. Costa Rica
12. Cuba
13. Denmark
14. Dominican (Re)
15. Ecuador
16. Egypt
17. El Salvador
18. Ethiopia
19. France
20. Greece
21. Guatemala
22. Haiti
23. Honduras
24. India
25. Iran
26. Iraq
27. Lebanon
28. Liberia
29. Luxembourg
30. Mexico
31. Netherlands
32. New Zealand
33. Nicaragua
34. Norway
35. Panama
36. Paraguay
37. Peru
38. Philippines
39. Poland
40. Russia
41. Saudi Arabia
42. South Africa
43. Syria
44. Turkey
45. Ukraine
46. UK
47. USA
48. Uruguay
49. Venezuela
50. Yugoslavia
51. Afghanistan
52. Iceland
53. Sweden
54. Thailand

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55. Pakistan 1
56. Myanmar
57. Israel
58. Indonesia
59. Albania
60. Austria
61. Bulgaria
62. Cambodia
63. Finland
64. Hungary
65. Ireland
66. Italy
67. Jordan
68. Laos
69. Libya
70. Nepal
71. Portugal
72. Romania
73. Spain
74. Sri Lanka
75. Japan
76. Morocco
77. Sudan
78. Tunisia
79. Ghana
80. Malaysia
81. Guinea
82. Benin
83. Burkina Faso
84. Cameroon
85. Central African
86. Chad
87. Congo
88. Congo, Dem.
89. Cote d- Ivoire
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90. Cyprus
91. Gabon
92. Madagascar
93. Mali
94. Niger
95. Nigeria
96. Senegal
97. Somalia
98. Togo
99. Mauritania
100. Mongolia
101. Sierra Leone
102. Tanzania
103. Algeria
104. Burundi
105. Jamaica
106. Rwanda
107. Trinidad & Tobago
108. Uganda

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109. Kenya
110. Kuwait
111. Malawi
112. Malta
113. Zambia
114. Gambia
115. Maldives
116. Singapore
117. Barbados
118. Botswana
119. Guyana
120. Lesotho
121. Equatorial Guinea
122. Mauritius
123. Swaziland
124. Fiji
125. Bahrain
126. Bhutan
127. Oman
128. Qatar
129. UAE
130. Bahamas
131. Bangladesh
132. Grenada
133. Guinea-Bissau
134. Cape Verde
135. Comoros
136.Mozambique
137. Papua New Guinea
138. SaoTome Principe
139. Suriname
140. Angola
141. Samoa
142. Seychelles
143. Djibouti
144. Vietnam
145. Dominica
146. Solomon Islands
147. St. Lucia
148. St. Vincent &

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Grenadines

149. Zimbabwe
150. Antigua &
Barbuda
151. Belize
152. Vanuatu
153. St.Kitts & Nevis
154. Brunei
155. Germany 2
156. Liechtenstein
157. Namibia
158. Yemen
159. Estonia
160. Korea North

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161. Korea South

162. Latvia
163. Lithuania
164. Marshall Islands
165. Micronesia
166. Armenia
167. Azerbaijan
168. Bosnia
169. Croatia
170. Georgia
171. Kazakhstan
172. Kyrgyzstan
173. Moldova
174. San Marino
175. Slovenia
176. Tajikistan
177. Turkmenistan
178. Uzbekistan
179. Andorra
180. Czech Republic 3
181. Eritrea
182. Macedonia
183. Monaco
184. Slovakia
185. Palau
186. Kiribati
187. Nauru
188. Tonga
189. Tuvalu
190. Serbia
191. Switzerland
192. East Timor
193. South Sudan
1. Pakistan has become non permanent member of
Security Council for 7
times.
2. In 1973, East and West
Germany became the
members of UN Germany
as such became the
member in 1990.
3. Czech Republic (previously
Czechoslovakia became the
member of UN as early as
1945).

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