Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
AND
CODE OF PRACTICE
FOR
ROAD BRIDGES
SECTION V
.STEEL ROAD ;BRIDGES
(Second Revi.sion)
2001
Published by
THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS
Jamnagar House, Shahjahan Road
New Delhi-110011
2001
Price Rs.200/
(Plus packing & postage)
.1RC:24-2001
First published
Reprinted
Reprinted
Reprinted
Reprinted
Second Revision
IRC:24-200 I
: May, 1967
: August, 1972
. : July, 1976
: August, .1984 (Incorporates
Amendment No.1- December, 1982)
: October, 1994
: April, 2001
CONTENTS
Section-V
STEEL ROAD BRIDGES
Page
Personnel of Bridges Specifications
and Standards Committee
501.
(i) to (iv)
Introduction
Scope
502.
Limitations
503.
References
504.
504.l.
Definitions
504.2.
Symbols
505.
505. l.
Steels
505.2.
10
505.3.
Fasteners
11
505.4.
Welding Consumables
12
505.5.
Welding
12
505.6.
13
506.
14
506.l.
Combinations
14
506.2.
14
506:3.
Worst Effect
15
506.4.
Working Stresses
15
506.5.
16
506.6.
18
506.7.
Stress Analysis
20
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 l
Page
Page
506.8.
Stresses
21
508.16.
56
507.
23
509.
57
507.1.
Effective Spans
23
509.1.
General
57
507.2.
Effective Depths
23
. 509.2.
Base Plate
57
507.3.
Spacing of Girders
23
509.3.
Cap Plate
61
507.4.
Depth of Girders
23
510.
62
507.5.
Deflection of Girders
24
507.6.
Camber
25
511.
62
507.7.
Minimum Sections
25
511.1.
General
62
507.8.
Sectional Area
26
. 511.2.
507.9.
Skew Bridges
29
511.3.
508.
Design of Beams
30
508.1.
General
30
Intersection at Joints
62
Compression Members
63
511.4.
Tension Members
79
511.5.
Splices
83
511.6;
Connections at Intersection
84
85
508.2.
Web Plates
30
511.7.
Lug Angles
508.3.
Flanges
32
511.8.
85
508.4.
33
511.9.
Pin Plates
86
508.5.
Slenderness Ratio
38
511.10.
Diaphragms in Member~
86
508.6.
38
511.11.
Lateral Bracings
86
508.7.
45
508.8.
49
512.
Connections
88
512.l.
Composite Connections
88
508.9.
49
508.10.
49
512.2.
Welded Connections
88
508.11.
Web Stiffeners
49
512.3.
92
508.12.
Flange Splices
55
508.13.
Splices in Webs
56
513.
98
508.14.
End Connections
56
513.1.
General
98
508.15.
Lateral Bracing
56
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 l
Page
513.2.
Laminations in Plates
98
513.3.
Storage of Materials
98
513.4.
99
513.5.
Workmanship
100
513.6.
II2
514.
I22
514.1.
Scope
122
514.2.
122
514.3.
Storage
123
514.4.
Handling
I23
514.5.
..
Erection Scheme
I24
514.6.
Procedure of Erection
I24
Appendices
A: Limitations
I27
I29
133
146
Members
3. S.S. Chakraborty
5. Ninan Koshi
6. A.G. Borkar
7. N.K. Sinha
8. M. V.B. Rao
* ADG(B) being not in position. The meeting was presided by Shri Prafulla Kumar;
DirectOr General (Ro_acl Development), Ministry of Surface Transport
(i)
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
9. C:R. Alimchandani
(ii).
31. The Chief Engineer (R) S&R (C.C. Bhattacharya), Ministry of Road
Transport &Highways, Transport Bhawan,
New Delhi-11000 I
(iii)
IRC:24-200J
IRC:24-2001
M.P. Public
Bhopal-461004
Works
Ex-qfficio Members
37. President,
Indian Roads Congress
39. Secretary,
Indian Roads Congress
Corresponding Members
I. N.V. Merani
2. Dr.'G. P. Saha
3. Shitala Sharan
INTRODllCTION
Department,
Convenor
Vijay Kumar
R.P. Indoria
Member-Se~i;-etary
Members
Achyut Ghosh
S.J. Worlikar
M.K. Aggarwal
R.Ray Chaudhuri
Vinod Kumar
K.M. Loomba
T.B. Banerjee
J.N. Pujni
D'~D; Sharma
Utpal K. Ghosh
Dr. P. Jayakrishnan
S.Ahmed
A. Ghoshal
H.D. Matange
(iv)
I RC':24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
Ex-Officio
President, IRC'
(Maj. C.R. Rah1esh)
Membe1~\'
C'or~espo11cli11g
Kanishka Bishi
Mahesh Tandon
Memhers
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
(a)
(b).
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
( i)
curved bridges
cable-stayed bridges
suspension bridges
temporary bridges
pedestrian bridges
swing bridges
bascule bridges
box girder bridges
prestressed steel bridges
503. REFERENCES
While preparing di.is code, practices prevailing in this country
in the design and construction of steel bridges have been primafily kept
in view. However, recommendations offered in the foll\owing
publications have also been considered:
(a)
(b)
I RC':24-200 I
A
a,b
c
c
D
d
cl,
= i)
=ii)
d.
E
1c,,.
1.;,
!,.
g
h
I
k
k,, k_,
k,,()/" k
M
kl
I'
M
,..
M
N
"
II
p
p
It('
p"'
p"
.'"
,.
s
s
T
I
v
v,
v
w
!'
Zp
/3
/3,.fl~
A.
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
Slenderness ratio of the member, ratio of the effective length
(I) to the appropriate radius of gyration ( r)
~Py/Pe
{I)
di'
"'
<7i.
Note:
. =
"''"'
The subscripts x, y denote the x-x and y-y axis of the secti.on
respectively. For symmetrical secti~ns, x-~ ~enote~ the major
principal axis while y-y denotes the mmor prmc1pal axis.
"
Steels
aI'
a:lw.cul =
IS:808- l 989
a:ht.cul=
IS:l 161-1979
l',
r11t
T,.,,
l'IJI
IRC:24~2001
lRC:24-200 I
IS: 1730-1989
IS: 1732-1989
,IS: 1852-1973
IS:2062- l 992
IS:4923- l 985
IS:8500- l 992
IS:l 1587-1986
IS:2644- l 986
.IS:4367-1991
505.3. Fasteners
Bolts, nuts,-washers and rivets shall comply with the following
or relevant Indian Standards, as appropriate:
IS:l 148-1982
IS: 1149-1982
IS:l363-1992
(Pt 1 to Pt 3)
IS:l364-1992
(Pt 1 to Pt 3)
IS: 1367-1979-94
(Pt I to Pt 18)
IS: 1929-1982
IS: 1875-1992
IS:2155-1982
IS: 6911-1992
IS:3640- l 982
IS:3757-l 985
IS:4000- l 992
18:5369-1975
18:5370-1969
18:5372-1975
18:5374-1975
18:5624-1970
Foundation bolts
I8:66l0-1972
is: 1030-1989
IS: 1875-1992
IS:2004- I 99 I
11
IRC:2<i-200I
IRC:24-2001
IS:6623-1985
IS:6649- l 98~
IS:7002-199 l
IS: 1395-1982
IS:3613-1974
IS:6419-l 971
IS:6560- l 972
IS: 7280-197 4
IS:l 182-1983
IS:4853- l 982
JS:5334- l 98 l
IS:7307(Pt. I)
-1974
IS:73 IO(Pt. 1)
-1974
IS:73 l 8(Pt. I)
-1974
IS:9595-1980
IS:2266- l 989
IS:2315-1978
IS:9282-1979
505.5 Welding
IS:8 l 2- l 957
IS:822- l 970
IS: I 024-1979
13
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
506. l. Combinations
506. l. l. Main effects: For the purpose of computing stresses,
the classifications (colump l) and combinations (column 2) as given in
Table 6.1 below will be followed. For legend of symbols under combination
(column 2) refer to Clause 202. l ofIRC:6-2000 (Fourth Revision).
506.1.2. Other' effects
1.
0.6.f,.
2.
0.6f.
3.
Bending
4.
0.66J;.
0. 62 ./;.
Shear Stress
Maximum
0.43.f.,
Average
0.38f
. ."
ClassifiCombination
Increase
cation (I)
(2)
(3)
I
Nil
G + Q or GS + Q.llll + F +Fr+ Gb +Fr+
F
+G
f
t'/J
('
e
M'(
II .
(/) + Fs + Fd + F,e
III
(II)~
IV
40 per cent
(II)+ F.Int + W
25 per cent
VI
VII
15 per cent
W + Fwp
5.
0.351;..
0.8.(..
25 per cent
30 per cent
40 per cent
(VI)+ Fea - W
14
5()6.4.2.
Equivalent Stress
IRC:24-200 I
cr c. cr1/ =
IRC:24-200 I
'1 ( cr
or cr (", nil=,
l1t.C"t1l
'1 (cr
')
.,
he.cal
l'<'rll
)-
Whe,.e
(j
1r.ca1
r,.1: cal =
17
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
1.
2.
3.
In tension
Axial stress on nominal area of rivet and on net area of
bolts and tension rods : .
Power driven shop rivets
Power driven field rivets
Bolts over 38 mm dia
Bolts 20 mm upto 38 mm dia
Bolts less than 20 mm dia
Tension rods
In shear
Shear stress on gross area of rivets and nominal area of
bolts:
Power driven shop rivets
Power driven field rivets
Hand driven rivets
Turned and fitted bolts (IS:3640)
Black bolts (IS: 1363)
In bearing
Bearing stress on gross diameter of rivets and nominal
diameter bolts:
Power driven shop rivets
Power driven field rivets
Hand driven rivets
Turned and fitted bolts (IS:3640)
Black bolts (lS:1363)
0.33 !.
0.27 i,.
0.53/.
0.40fy
0.33 f..
0.53(..
Steel Conforming
as per IS:815-1974
Electrode Designation
Shear Stress
Mpa
IS:2062-1969
EXXX-43X
108.
IS:8500-1991
EXXX-51X
131
0.43!,.
0.40 .I
0.331.,
0.43./..
Q.37 !,.
t..
1.00 !,.
-0.90i,.
0.67 J;.
/.OOi,.
0.87.~.
e. f'al
or
CT
p.rn
=
19
)! +(CT ht.cu
)(CT
) +3( r1iru )
, 1u11
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 l
~~
(ii) Stresses which are the result of the elastic deformation of the
structure and the rigidity of the joints. These arc known as
deformation stresses.
R.C:24-2001
IRC:24-200l
.
'
(a) For main girders - The distance between centres of bearings
both at. ,the centre and at the supports being taken as equal to 3/4
of the maximum bending moment in a simply supported beam of
span equal to the panel length. Where desired, calculations may
(c) For rail or road bearers - The distance between the centres
of cross members
(b) For cross gil;ders -The distance between the centres of the
main girders or trusses
22
23
IRC:24-200 I
1RC:24-2001
507.6. Camber
(b) For rolled steeljoists and plate girders: 1125 of the effective . ,
.
507.6.1. Camber, ifany, shall be provided as specified by the
span
engineer. Camber may be required to maintain clearance under all
{c) For composite steel and concrete bridge:
. (i) Overall depth: 1/25 of the e!fective span
(ii) Steel beam or girder: 1/30 of the effective span
of the span.
deflection.
507 .5 .4. When cross bracings or diaphragms of sufficient
depth and strength are provided between beams to ensure ~he ~ateral
distribution of loads the deflection may be calculated cons1denng all
. 507. 7.1. For all members of the structure, except parapets and
packmg plates, the following minimum thicknesses of plates and rolled
sections shall apply :
.
(af 8 mm when both sides are accessible for painting or are in
close. contact with other plates or rolled sections, or are
otherwise adequately protected against 'corrosion. When one
side is not readily accessible for painting or is not in close
contact with another member, or is not otherwise adequately
protected and where the thickness required by calculation is
less than 12.5 mm, 1.5 mm shall be added to the calculated
thickness subject to the total thickness being not less than
lOmm.
(b) 6 mm for box members when the inside of the member is
effectively sealed.
(c) For rolled steel beams and channels, the controlling thickness
24
25
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
shall be taken as the mean thickness of the flange, regardless
of the web thkkness.
where,
t = thickness of web, and
as a whole, the value of any rivets or bolts joining the parts between
s~eel
26
27
IRC:24-200l
iRC:24-200l
A I+ A2 x k
(a)
where,
ofthe section.
(b)
and
Where lug angles are used, the effective sectional area of the
whole of the angle member shall be considere~:
Note:-
(b)
Al+A2xk
where,
not applicable.
an
relevant clauses.
28
29
Av/ IAc/loiIRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
508.. 1. General
508.1.1 .. Beams are defined as members with solid webs or
with openings, subjected primarily to bending, including members
of tolled and hollow section, plate girders and box girders.
508.1.2. Beams. shall be proportioned on. the basis of the
moment of inertia of the gross cross-section with the neutral axis
taken at the centroid of that section. In' computing the maximum
stresses, the stresses calculated on this basis shall be increased in
the ratio of the gross to the effective area of the flange section. For
this purpose, the flan.ge sectional area in riveted or bolted
construction shall be taken to be that of the flange plates, flange
angles and the portion of the web and side plates, if any, between
the flange angles. In welded construction, the flange sectional area
shall be taken to be that of flange plates and of the tongue plates
(i.e., the thick vertical plates connecting flange to web), if any, upto
a depth of the tongue pla.te equal to eight times its thickness, which
shall not be less than twice that of the web.
d/75 for
conforming to
18:8~00
lRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
508.3. Flanges
508.3 .1. The effective sectional area of compression flanges
shall be the gross area with the specified deduction for excessive width
of plates (Clause 508.3.3:, 508.3.4) and maximum deduction for open
holes and holes for bolts occurring in section perpendicular to the axis
of the member.
508.3.'2. The effective sectional area of tension flanges shall be
the gross sectional area with specified deduction for excessive width or
l?rojection of plates (Clause 508.3.5) and deduction of all holes as
specified for rivet or bolt holes in tension members in Clause 507.8.2.1.
.
508.3.3. In riveted or bolted construction, flange angles shall
fonn as large a part of the area of the flange .as practicable (preferably
n~t,. less than l /3) and the number of flange plates shal 1 be kept to a .
m'.mmum. Where flange plates are used, they shall preferably of equal
. thickness and atleast one plate of the top flange shall extend the full
length of the girder, unless the top edge of the web is finished flush with
the flange angles.
.
Compression flange plates unstiffcned at their edges shall not
pro3ect beyond, the outer lines of connections to the flange angles by
more than l6t . for steel conforming to IS:2062 or 14t' for steel
confonning to IS:8500 where t' is the thickness of the thinnest flange
plat~ or the aggregate thickness of the two or more plates when projecting
portions ?f these plates are adequately tacked together.
.
. 508.3.4. In welded construction, compression flange plates
unstiffened at their edges shall not project beyond the line of connection
to the web or tongue plates by more than 12t'.
. 508.3.5. In all cases tension flange plates, stiffened or
unstiffened at their edges, shall npt project beyond the outer line of
connections to the flange angles (or where there are no flange angles, to
the web or tongue plates) by more than 20t'.
.
32
b = spacing of stiffeners
t
= thickness of web
IRC:24-2001
RC:24-2001
kl L
where,
span of the beam (i.e. between restraint at supports)
kI
where,
Young's Modulus
c5
flange where
F=
o( f'c,/1," - 1. 7 J
fc,,"
/,"' =
when
a 3/(40 EIc )
I= a
In cases of symmetrical U-Frames where cross members and
stiffners are each of constant moment of inertia throughout their own
length.
35
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
(d,) 3
(d_J :.h
----- +
EI,
3 E /1
(Clause 508.4.4)
where,
distance of the centroid of the compression
d,
d,'
Restraint Conditions
Position of load
At support
At tip
1. Built in
(a) Free
(b) Tension flange held
against displacement
(c) Both flanges held
against lateral
displacement
1.4 L
1.4 L
0.8 L
0.7 L
0.6 L
0.6 L
2.5 L
2. Continuous (a) Free
2.5 L
(b) Tension flange held
and both
against displaceirient
flanges held
against lateral ( c) Both flanges held
1.5 L
against lateral
displacement
displacement
1.0 L
0.9 L
I,
(a) Free
7.5 L
3. Continuous
7.5 L
(b) T,ension flange held
with tension
against displacement
flanges held
4.5 L
against lateral (c) Both flanges held
displacement
against lateral
displacement
0.8 L
3.0 L
2.7 L
2.4 L
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
Table
for Different
Values of f,.
(Clause 508.6.2)
AIL Units in MPa
f,7
I'
250
340
13
13
19
25
31
36
41
46
51
55
60
64
67
71
74
78
81
84
87
89
92
94
96
19
26
31
37
43
48
54
59
64
68
73
400
1,,,;~
r,'I'=
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
77
I
39
81
85
89
93
97
100
103
106
110
13
19
26
32
38
44
49
55
60
65
70
75
80
84
89
93
97
102
105
109
112
116
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
420
440
460
480
500
520
540
560
580
600
620
640
660
680
113
115
118
121
123
126
128
130
133
135
137
139
141
143
144
146
148
151
154
157
159
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
175
177
178
99
101
103
104
106
108
110
lJ 1
113
114
115
117
118
119
120
121
122
124
126
128
130
131
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
40
119
122
126
129
132
135
137
140
143
145
148
150
152
155
157
159
161
165
'
169
172
175
178
181
184
187
189
192
194
196
198
200
1,
700
720
740
760
780
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2200
2400
2600
2800
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
6000
142
143
143
144
145
145
147
148
149
150
151
152
152
153
154
155
156
157
157
158
158
159
160
160
161
161
161
162
163
163
163
163
164
180
ll:: I
182
184
185
186
188
191
193
195
196
198
199
200
203
205
206
208
209
210
211
212
213
215
216
216
217
218
219
220
221
221
222
41
202
204
205
207
208
210
213
216
219
222
224
226
228
230
233
236
238
240
242
243
245
246
248
250
251
252
253
255
257
258
259
259
260
IRC:24-2001
IRC':24-200 I
The elastic critical stress.t;.,, for beams and plate girders with ly smaller
than Ix shall be calculated using the following formula:
.t;:,,
k,(X+kJ)(c/c)
where,
X
(Clause 508.6.2)
Y = 26.5 x
to-' I (I Ir,.}
\jJ
l.O 0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.0
kI
l.O
l.O
l.O
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.2
Note:
MPa
c,. cc = respectively the lesser and greater distances from the section
neutral axis to the extreme fibres
13 l.O 0.9
0.8
0.7 o.6
0.5 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
k! ..Q.5 0.4
0.3
0.2
-0.4
-,6
-0.8 - l.O
,.
_,.
kI
0.1
-0.2
o:o
.
508.6.2.1. Values ofJ;,, shall be increased by 20 per cent when
Tit 1s not gr~ater than 2.0 and d /tis not gre~ter than l 344hf,. where d, is
as defined m Clause 508.2.1 and t the thickness of the- web and the
value off;. is expressed in MPa.
. 508.6.3. Be~ms bent a.bo.ut the axis of minimum strength
(y-y axis): The maximum penmsstble bending stress in tension or in
.
508.6.4_. Angle and tee shap~s: The benping stress in the leg
when loaded with the flange or table m compression shall not exceed
the appropriate permissible stresses in Table 6.2. When loaded with the
leg in compression, the permissible bending stress shall be calculated
from Clause 508.6.2 with k 5 = -J~o and T =thickness of leg ..
43
IRC:24-2001
1RC:24-200 l
!Yr-~
Ill
12
80
14
I<>
18
20
25
.10
.5
40
50
<O
100
15-Hi
141)')
14h.5
1411
1.'~0
L\(l:!
1.'49
1.U.5
1.r!7
111)
4.5
.'.?10.'
IK5h
1709 lbl:!.
hil
1822
15q()
144Q 1.157
12'!.I
1248
1214
llCI
II.II
Ill.I
1101
I08h
1078
55
l(.tl7
l.18q
12.14 I loo
1105
10(.t)
l!J2~
Q7h
<147
q2Q
>17
qo2
R<>4
88h
8~.I
87b
Nl
14.17
12.12
1104 1020
%1
018
88b
B.15
80<>
788
77b
7b2
754
74b
74.1
7.1<
b5
I.IOI
1107
QB5
904
847
806
775
72b
b'>7
b7'>
657
o5.I
045
b.\7
(>.14
<>27
70
1188
1005
88Q
811
757.
717
b8i
bJB
blQ
592
581
507
559
551
547
541
15
J()Q4
q20
810
1.15
682
M4
015
567
540
5n
511
4<>7
489
481
478
471
80
1014
84Q
74.1
on
021
5R4
55<
soo
482
4os
454
440
4.12
424
421
414
85
J45
7N8
b87
bl8
570
5.1.1
50b.
461
4.14
417
40<
.192
.185
.177
.17.1
.IC>7
.121
JO
880
7.15
o.19
57.1
520
491
4b4
420
.194
.177
.lob
.15.1
.145
.1.17
.11.1
q5
8.1.1
089
597
5.14
488
454
CB
.IB5
.160
.14.I
.1.12
.1 lq
.111
.104
.100
204
IOU
787
b49
560
4QQ
455
4:?.\
.'NN
.l.56
.UI
.\14
.m4
.'.?'JO
:?l:t'
:!.75
272
2b5
110
708
582
4<><>
4-H
402
.\71
347
.\07
.'.?SJ
.'.?6~
:?57
:?44
:?37
:?:? 1l
:?2b
2 l'l
120
b44
s:?7
.is1
3Qs
.\5Q
.uo
_;os
:?7o
:?47
:?~.'.?
:?n
.:o<l
.'.?O.'.?
194
1 >1
184
1.10
591
482
HI
.lbl
'.125
2Q8
277
240
218
204
lq4
181
174
167
lb.I
157
140
54b
444
.178
.1,11
2Q7
271
251
217
195
181
172
lbO
15.1
145
142
IJ5
150
SOS
412
350
JOb
274
24<1
2.10
l'J7
177
ih.I
154
142
1.15
145
124
118
. lbO
474
.185
.12o
2B4
254
2.10
212
181
161
148
1.19
127
121
I I.I
I Ill
104
170
445
.lbO
.100
265
2Jb
214
lJ7
lb7
14~
1.15
126
115
llN
1<12
Q5
02
180
420
.IJq
286
249
221
200
184
155
1)7
125
I lb
105
Q8
92
88
82
190
.197
no
.110
2Js
W8
18N
1n
145
121
115
101
8.1
80
1.1
200
476
_104
25b
222
197
177
lb2
IJb
111
107
<)Q
8Q
B.I
7b
78
bb
210
.158
238
24.1
210
18b
168
15.1
128
112
IOI
Q,I
82
76
70
ob
220
341
275
2.11
200
117
159
145
121
105
q4
87
77
71
b4
bl
55
2.10
J2b
262
220
191
169
152
1.18
115
9Q
89
K2
72
bb
bO
56
50
240
Ji2
251
211
182
lol
145
IJ2
109
94
K4
77
o7
o2
55
52
4<
250
:?99
:?41
202 .175
151
139
126
104
90
80
7.\
b4
58
5~
4Q
41
260
288
2.11
194
167
148
13-J
121
99
BS
76
6B
bO
SS
48.
45
.1Q
270
277
222
186
161
142
127
115
95
B2
72
6b
57
52
4b
42
.lb
2BO
2o7
214
IBO
155
137
122
111
91
7B
bQ
oJ
54
49
43
40
J4
290
257
207
173
149
IJ2
118
107
BB
75
66
oO
52
46
41
JS
.12 .
.100
249
200
167
144
127
114
IOJ
84
72
b4
57
49
44
.18
.15
JO
44
45
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
..
o.4d
o.5u
o.c.u
o.7u
o.xd
o.9u
1.ou
!. lu
1.2d
ud
l.4d
75
13(1
131>
13<>
1.16
130
13<
136
136
I.Hi
136
IJ<1
1.16
Kil
l.1(1
1.16
l.16
I 3h
13(1
136
13h
13(1
136
I J<1
136
136
136
X:i
136
13<1
I .16
l.1C
136
136
IJ<>
13(>
136
13<1
134
133
13(;
13<1
13h
130
136
135
IH
IJ2
131
IJ<
136
IJ6
135
133
131
129
128
I 3h
131>
136
127
126
135
133
130
128
128
13h
132
130'
126
1~4
123
u1i o.Ju
o.l't!
'Ill
tUd
100
0.4d
100
0.5d
100
0.hd
100
0. 7d
100
0.8d
100
.O.<Jd
100
1.0d
I. Id
100
100
1.2d
1.Jd
1.4d
100
100
100
1.Sd
100
C),:\
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
1(10
100
100
99
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
99
99
98
105
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
IOO
99
98
97
90
136
136
136
95
136
136
136
13<>
IJ(1
100
136
136
136
136
U6
136
105
136
1.1<
136
136
136
110
1.16
13h
136
13<1
136
135
133
131
128
126
124
122
120
115
136
13(1
136
13(>
136
133
131
129
126
123
121
119
118
88
120
136
136
13(1
13<
IJ5
131
129
127
12-t
121
119
117
115
125
136
136
1.16
13<1
1.13
12'1
127
125
121
I l'l
116
114
113
130
1,1(,
136
136
135
131
127
125
122
11'1
116
114
112
110
135
136
136
136
134
12<>
12<
123
120
117
114
111
109
108
140
1.16
136
136
132
127
124
121
118
115
112
109
107
105
150
IJ6
136
136
129
124
120
117
114
I IC>.
107
10-t
102
100
1(10
IJ6
13(1
132
126
120
116
113
110
97
95
170
13(1
136
12'1
123
117
112
10'1
106
IOI
98
95
92
90
IRO
13<1
135
127
11'1
113
108
105
102
97
93
90
87
R4
190
136
133
124
116
110
105
100
113
110
107
106
103
<)9
IOI
97
93
103
96
100
97
q4
<>2
110
115
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
IOQ
100
100
100
99
98
98
96
96
95
95
94
94
93
120 .
100
100
100
100 .
IOO
100
100
98
96
95
93
. 92
91
125
100
100
100
HlO
100
100
98
>7
92
91
90
130
100
100
100
100
100
99
135
100
100
100
100
100
98
140
100
100
100
100
99
150
100
100
100
100
97
IN>
100
100
100
98
'14
94
'12
97
94
92
'>O
89
89
87
86
95
91
89
87
86
85
92
88
85
84
83
81~
89
85
Q(J
83
81
80.
78
170
100
100
100
9(>
'12
89
87
82
80
78
76
75
l~O
100
100
98
l/4
90
87
84
80
77
75
73
72
190
100
100
<)7
92
88
84
200
100
l<JO
'15
90
86
82
210
100
99
93
SR
83
81
220
100
98
91
86
81
80
230
100
90
8-t
7<>
240
100
95
88
83
77
250
100
93
86
82
74
260
100
92
85
81
270
100
90
84
81
81
Non-applicable zone
46
I.Su
Non-applkablc zone.
200
136
130
121
210
220
230
136
136
136
128
12(1
123
118
116
113
240
250
260
270
134
132
130
128
121
119
116
114
110
107
104
102
Note~
l)I
IRC:24-2001
IRC: 24-200 l
0.3J
1<>0
IC>O
IC>O
~()
1<>0
160
160
160
160
HS
90
95
100
1()5
I Ill
115
0.4d'
I Ml
0.5J
160
0,6d
160
0.7d
.160
0.8d
16()
160
l<>O
160
160
160
1<10
1<10
160
1(1()
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160 .
160
160
160
160
157
160
160
160
160
160
157
154
1<>0
160
160
160
160
IC10
160
159
155
160
156
152
152
149
160
160
160
O.<Jd
160
ICiO
l.Od
IC10
160
160
160
160
160
160
159
160
157
1.3d 1.4d
160 160
160 160
159 157
156 154
l.5d
160
15<J
156
152
152
149
151
147
149
146
149
146
144
143
146
14.3
141
f39
143
140
140
137
138
135
136
133
1. IJ
160
l.2d
1(10
160
160
IMl
160
l<>O
157
158
155
154
152
155
15i
152
149
149
. 147
14Ci
143
120
160
160
1<10
159
154
150
147
144
140
l.l7
134
132,
129
125
160
160
160
157
152
147
144
141
137
134
131
128
12<>
130
135
140
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
160
ISM
155
150
145
141
1)9
1.31
1.31
128
125
123
153
147
143
139
136
133
12K
120
II()
155
136
131
122
119
160
140
135
125
122
160
145
141
'128
125
150
ISi
147
132
129
123
119
115
112
110
160
160
160
151
14.3
136
1.10
126
123
170
180
190
1<10
160
. 160
153
155
152
148
144
140
139
135
132
127
126
121
121
116
117
112
131
123
116
Ill
106
Nun-applicable zone
200
160
149
137
127
118
Ill
210
160
146
1.13
123
114
106
220
157
143
130
119
109
IOI
230
155
140
126
240
. 250
153
151
137
134
123
119
114
110
105
100
143
14(1
106
96
135
. 260
148
131
116
270
146
128
112
102
98
117
112
106
107
IOI
103
97
100
93
103
'17
90
130
48
49
IRC:24-2001
RC:24-2001
u. t. B
t/C
where,
croc =
(d_, ....J3)/t
t
web thickness
d.I =
Wh~n
( D"
where,
RC:2.4-2001
IRC:24-200 I
stiffeners about the centre line of the
web plate.
where,
'" flange
(i)
Note:
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
placed on the neutral axis of the girder when the thickness of the web is
less than d,/250 for steel conforming to 1s:2062 or d)225 for steel
(a)
of the girder ..
the web:
for
fl~ts
(b)
Young's modulus
thickness of web
55
IR't:24-2001
IRC: 24-200 I
AF= NI acc
where,
A,..= Area of base plate
.ac,.
.
For (Crushing value of concrete) .IS:456 may be
referred for guidance.
509.2.2.1. Width of base plate should be B
where,
= b( or lz) + 2t + 2c.
s
c=
-F
57
IRC:24-200 l
IRC:24-2001
A = Area of base plate
r
509 .2.2.2. Thickness of base plate should not be less than 20 mm.
509.2.2.3. Thickness of plate is determined from its bending
consideration due to. reactive pressure of foundation on base plate.
P,=NIA,
If alb .:S 0.5 the support of plate on a-side does not have any
effect, as such for bending moment on base plate formula for cantilever
type should be used with c = a.
509.2.2.3.3. Maximum Bending Moment in case of plate having
support at four sides.
M3 =p P;. (bl
where,
where,
(i) Cantilever
(ii) Supported on two sides perpendicular to each other
a/b, 1.0
I. I
O.O~l
1.4
1.5
2.0 More
than 2
0.055 0.063 0.069 0.o75 0.081 0.086 0.091 0.094 0.098 0.1 . 0.125
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
MI
M3
= PF di 2
509.2.23.2. Maximum bending moment in centre of free Bside in cases of plate having support at thrc;!e sides and also at two ..
perpendicuiar sides: .
= P,,(h//8
0 .6
alb 0 .5
Cl
0.7 0.8
0.9
l.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
More
than?
I.
58
59
= P"x / 1
IRC:24-200l
IRC:24-200l
shear stress.
509.2.2.5. Welded and riveted connections are designed to
transfer the loads coming on stiffeners to main member and also to
connect base plate with stiffeners.
S09 .2.2.6. In case of heavy load transfer from member to the
base plate machining ofcontact surface between baseplate and member
is recommended and the area of the base plate shall be sufficient to limit
the stress in bearing for whole of the load. In such cases, the weld or
rivet connecting base plate with stiffeners and main member should be
designed for 25 per cent of total load coming on base plate (for resisting
the unforeseen bending and shear). which should b.e resisted by total
weld length or all rivets.
509 .2.2. 7. Base plate for eccentrically loaded members - Action
due to bending rriome~t in base plate along with compression causes
non-unifom1 pressure on the foundation and value of max. and min.
pressure can be computed as under:
p f''ax. Min=
N +~ +6My
Bl BU - LB1
of base plate.
M, and
}'
plate respectively.
er hg.tc
where,
l,r = Length stiffener, to be sufficient for transmitting the load to web
of stanchion by rivet or weld.
61
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
Basic permissible bearing stress
N
bSC
Width of stiffener
tc
(b)
(b) All members are straight and free to rotate at the joints.
(c) All loads including self weight of members are applied at
the joints.
Stipulations made in this section are ~ot applicable for design of
stiffening trusses of suspension bridges.
63
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
including holes for pins and black bolts (see relevant clause of this
code) occurring in a section perpendicular to the axis of the member
within the critical zone of the compression member.
511.3.2.3. For members other than circular hollow section for
calculating the effective cross-sectional area ofa member in compression
the effective width h,. of a plate, in terms of its width b measured
between adjacent lines of rivets, bolts or welds connecting it to other
parts of the section, unless effectively stiffened shall be taken as :
(i)
(ii)
A. - I I r-V
250
340
400
(iii)
10
150
204
239
20
148
201
235
30
145
194
225
40
139
183
210
50
132
168
190
60
122
152
168
70
112
135
147
80
IOI
118
127
90
90
103
109
100
80
90
94
65
~C:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
72
64
57
51
45
41
37
33
30
28
25
23
21
,'
2.(1)
18
79
69
61
54
48
43
38
34
31
28
26
24
22
20
18
82
71
62
55
49
43
39
35
31
28
26
24
22
20
, 19
66
where,
!,.
lr
IRC:24-2001
IKC:24-2001
:;hall be taken as given in Table 11.2 except that, for battened struts,
all values given in table shall be increased by 10 per cent.
Table 11.2. Effective Lengh of Compression Members
Effective length 1 of member
For buckling normal to the plane
of the truss
For buckling in the Compression chord
or (compression)
plane of the truss
member effectively
braced by lateral
system
Member
Chords
0.85 x distance
between centres of
intersection with
the web members
Single
triangulate(
system
Web
Note:-
0. 70 x distance
between centres
of intersection
with the main
chords
Compression
chord or
(compression)
member unbraced
Multiple
0.85 x greatest
intersection
distance between
system where
centres of any
two adjacent
adequate
connections are intersection
provided at all
points of
intersection
Distance
between
centres of
intersection
68
(b)
69
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
2.5.x
where,
Young's Modulus
E =Young's modulus
moment of inertia of the vertical in its plane
of bending and
o=
when
(!Jl!.+
(d~
31 1 E/1
d,
1.4x/00-3/
a(co-t.7}
.11!.
401
/=a
where,
2. 5 x v1r-rE-,c-,-o-J
I
0
where, E
Young's Modulus
,.
radius of gyration
f,
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 l
(c}
Id
511.3.8.4. The rivets bolts 0
be sufficient to carry the sh;ar forc;s:~d s ~n these connecti~n_s shall
t e moments spec1f1ed for
battened struts and in no case sh ll th .
a
e nvets or bolts be less than 16 mm.
d bl . 511.3.9:3. Exc~ptfortieplatesasspecifiedinClause511398
ou . e mtersect1on lac mg systems shall not be comb. d .
. . . ,
of diaphragms perpendicular to the Ion . . me. with members
. member, unless all forces res'ulting from ~~t~o~:a~ axis of the main
and provided for in the lacing and its fastening:. ton are calculated
o~et~ed
that the.re is no
e system.
IRC:24-2001
(b)
IRC:24-200I
' 74
75
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
times the ratio of the slenderness of the member as a whole about its
weaker axis.
511.3.10.3. Battens shall be plates, channels or I sections and
shall be riveted, bolted or welded to the main components. Battens
and their connections shall be so designed that they resist simultaneously
a longitudinal shear force equal to QD/na and a moment equal to QD/
2n where
D = the longitudinal distance between centre-to-centre of battens.
~umber
of
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
(ii)
(iii)
(i)
12
a/i
2h
78
IRC:24-200l
IRC:24-2001
back-to-back
taken as follows :
(i)
51 t .4.6. t. Tension members formed by sections placed backto-back, either in contact or separated by a distance not exceeding 50
mm shall be connected together in their length at regular intervals by
riveting, bolting or welding so spaced that the maximum ratio of
slenderness of each element is not greater than that specified for main
members in Clause 511.4.3.
51 t .4.6.2. Where the components are in contact back-to-back
riveting, bolting or welding shall be in accordance with Clauses
applicable.
511.4.6.3. When the components are separated they shall be
connected through solid washers "r packings, riveted, bolted or welded.
511.4. 7. Design
of lacing
of tension members
.
.
(ii)
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 l
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
the ratio of the net width of the members (through the pin hole transverse
to the axis of the member) to its thickness shall not be more than 16.
Where the thickness of the main material is not sufficient to resist the
load from the pin in bearing, or where the net section through the pinhole
requires reinforcement, pin plates (see Clause 511.9) shall be provided
and the total thickness shall comply with the above requirements.
86
87
IRC:24c2001
IRC:24-2001
512. CONNECTIONS
512. l. Composite Connections
In any connection which takes a force directly comn:unicated
to it and which is made with more than one type of fas~enmg, only
rivets and turned and fitted bolts may be considered as actmg together
to share the load. In all other connections sufficient number of one ~pe
offastening shall be provided to communicate the entire load for which
the connection is designed.
512.2. Welded Connections
512.2.1. Types of welds: The following types of welds can be
used:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Plug welds
(b)
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
(c)
End returns
(b)
(i) 16 MM
(ii) 0.45 times the diameter of the hole or the width of
the slot.
(iii) One-tenth of the length of slot but not greater than
the thickness of the holed or slotted part.
91
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
The diameter of the hole or the width of a slot shall not be less
than the thickness of the hole or slotted parts plus 8 mm.
The distance between centres of holes or between the centre
lines of slots shall not be less than four times the diameter of the hole or
the width of the slot. The distance between the centres of the slots
measured in the direction of their length shall not be less than double
the length of the slot.
The ends of the slot shall be semi-circular except where the slot
terminates at the edges of the part where it can be square.
Welding procedure
92
(2)
( 1)
(c)
93
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
(c)
{b)
2
)
12
14
84
115
16
18
20
22 24 27 30 33
303 353 459 561 694
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 l
(f)
(g)
96
(h)
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
(b)
(c)
.)<I}
(e)
'
98
upon platforms, skids or other supports. These shall be kept free from
dirt and other foreign matter and shall be protected from corrosion and
distortion. The electrodes shall be storeo specificationwise and shall be
kept in dry warm condition in properly designed racks. The bolts, nuts,
washers and other fasteners shall be stored on racks above the ground
with protective oil coating in gunny bags. The paint shall be stored
under cover in air tight containers.
99
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 l
required to obtain the required curvature and heating shall
be at approximately same rate along the top and bottom
flange.
(a)
cuttmg.
(b)
(c)
.
~13.?.4.2. Shearing and flame cutting: Where flame cutting
or she~rmg is .used as specified in Clause 513.4.1 atleast one of the
followmg reqmrements shall be satisfied.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(t)
101
IRC:24-2001
513.5.5.3. Holes for high strength friction grip bolts - All holes
shall be drilled after removal of burrs. Where the number of plies in the
grip does not exceed three, the diameters of holes shall be 1.5 mm
larger than those of bolts and for more than three. plies in grip, the
. diameter of hole in outer plies shall be as above and diameter of holes
in inner plies shall be not less than 1.5 mm and not more than 3 mm
larger than those in bolts, unless otherwise specified by Engineer.
513.5.6. Bolted construction
513 .5 .6.1. All joint surface for bolted connection including bolts,
nuts, washers, shall be.free of scale, dirts, burrs other foreign material
and other defects that would prevent solid seating of parts. The slope of
surface of bolted parts in contact with bolt head and nuts shall not exceed
1/20, plane normal to bolts axis, otherwise suitable tapered washer shall
be used.
All fasteners shall have a washer under nut or bolt head,
whichever is turned in tightening.
Each fastener of joint shall be tightened to specified value or
equal to 70 per cent of specified minimum tensile strength by hand
wrenches (tum ofnut method) or calibrated wrenches or manual torque
wrenches. Impact wrench or any other method specified by Engineer.
When tum of nut method is used for tightening the bolts in
joint first all bolts shall be brought to "snug tight" condition, that is
tightening by full effort of man using ordinary wrench or by few impacts
of any impact wrench. All bolts in the joint shall be then tightened
additionally by applicable amount of nut rotation specified below for
guidance:
lOJ
I RC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 I
'
Bolt face One face Normal to.
bolt
axis
anci
other
normal to
bolt axis face slopped less than 1:20
l/3 tum
1/2
1/2 tum
2/3
2/3 tum
516
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
513.5. 7.1 l. Where the Engineer has specified the butt welds
are to be ground flush, the loss of parent metal shall not be greater than
that allowed for minor surface defects.
513.5.7.12. The joints and welds listed in are prohibited type,
which do not perform well under Gyclic loading:
(a)
(b)
Groove welds made from one side only without any backing
strip,
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
513 .5. 7 .13. The run-on and run-off plate, extension shall be
used providing full throat thickness at the end of butt welded joints.
These plates shall comply with following requirements.
(i)
106
107
Av/ rile/,,,IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 I
(b)
The stud and the surface to which studs are welded shall be
free from scale, moisture, rust and other foreign material.
The stud base shall not be painted, galvanised or cadmiumplated prior to welding.
( c)
(d)
(e)
(b)
The rate of heating shall not be more than 220C per hour
divided by max. metal thickness subject to max. 220C per
hour.
(c)
108
(d)
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-200 I
510.5~ 12.
Fabrication tolerances
(8)
L/1000, where L
is the nominal
length of the
diagonal
(9)
D/500, where D
is the distance
from the column
axis to the
point under
consideration on
the base plate.
(10)
( 11)
D/1000, where
D is as defined
in 9 above.
D/1000, where
D is as defined
in 9 above.
( 12)
I 1600 of depth
of member
subject to a
max. of 1.5 mm.
(Clause 513.5.12)
Individual Com2onents :
(I) Length:
(4) Straightness:
(a) Deviation from straightness of
columns to a maximum of 15 nun
(i) In elevation
(ii) In plan
( 5)
(6)
1 mm
+Omm-2mm
2mm
3.5 mm
3mm
0 nun-3mm
3 mm -2 mm
L/300 subject to
+5nun
-Omm
3 nun
0.005 d to a
max. 2 mm
O.Ql5 b to a
maximum of 4 mm
0.005 b to a
max. of2 mnl
110
111
/
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
1.
Discontinuities of 3 mm in maximum
depth, any length for material
thickness upto 200 nun
None
2.
Discontinuities of 3 mm to 6 mm in
depth and over 25 mm in length
for thickness upto 100 mm and 6 mm
to 12 mm depth, over 50 nun in length
for thickness l 00 mm to 200 mm
3.
Discontinuities of 6 mm to 25 mm in
depth, over 25 mm in length for
thickness upto 100 mm and 12 nun
to 25 mm in depth, over 25 mm in
length for thickness over l 00 to 200 mm
4.
With approval of
Engineer remove to
depth of 25 mm and
repair by weld block
5.
None
methods. Flame cut edges without visual signs of laminations need not
be tested for compliance with Clause 513.2 unless specified otherwise
by the Engineer..
513.6.5. Steelwork shall be inspected for surface defects and
exposed edge laminations during fabrication and blast cleaning.
Significant edge laminations found shall be reported to the Engineer
for his decision.
112
Repairs required
Discontinuity
'
113
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
513 .6. 11. Testing of flame cut and sheared edges is to be done
where the hardness criteria of Clause 513.5.~.2 (a) to (d) are adopted.
Hardness testing shall be carried out on six specimens.
513 .6.12. Welding and welding connection
513.6.12.J. Welders qualification test shall be carried out as
per requirements laid down in IS:7318 (Part- I), for respective approved
welding procedure, they shall satisfy relevant requirements of IS:7310
(Part-1)-1970.
Welding procedure, welded connection and testing shall be in
compliance of requirements mentioned in Clause 513.5.7.
115
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
(d)
(e)
When weld in transverse to the primary stress, undercut shall not be more than 0.25 mm deep in the part
that is under-cut and shall not be more than 0.8 mm
deep when the weld is parallel to the primary stress in
the part that is undercut.
(f)
(g)
(h)
.
513;6.12.5. The method ofinspection shall be according to
IS:822-l 970 and extent of inspection and testing shall be in accordance
with the relevant standards or in the absence of such a standard as
agreed with the Engineer.
'
513.6.12.6. Procedure tests: The Destructive and NonDestructive test of weld shall be carried out according to IS:7307 (Part I).
513.6.12.7. Non-Destructive testing of welds: One or more
of following methods may be applied for inspection testing of weld.
nr
(c)
Weld
profiles
are
116
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
Acceptance criteria:
The weld shalI be unacceptable if radiograph or mag~etic
particle testing shows any of the type discontinuities listed hereunder,
unless agreed by the Engineer.
C,
(a)
(b)
( c)
(d)
dimension shall not exceed the size, B, nor shall the space
between adjacent discontinuities be less than the
minimum clearance allowed, C,
for
the ~ize of
119
1RC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
Where specified by the Engineer, bearing stiffeners or
bearing diaphragms adjacent to welds, flange plates
adjacent to web/flange welds, plates at cruciform welds,
plates in box girder construction adjacent to corner welds
or other details shall be ultrasonically tested after
fabrication.
(a)
(b)
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
.
514.3.3. Storage should be planned to suit erection work
sequence and avoid damage or distortio!n.
122
514.4. Handling
123.
IRC:24-2001
514.5.
IRC:24-2001
Erection Scheme
124
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
Appendix-A
LIMITATIONS
514.6. 9. The method of erection, the drawing of temporary work
and the use of erection equipment shall be subject to the approval by
the Engineer.
514.6. l 0. Joints: Any connection to be riveted or bolted shail
be secured in close contact by service bolts o~ specified no. of permanent
bolts before final connection. Service bolts are to be fully tightened and
kept as such by torque wrenches when the joint is assembled. Joints
shall be made by filling not less than 50 per cent of the holes with service
bolts and drifts in the ratio of 4: 1. Connections to be completed by close
tolerance bolts or as specified, as such, practicable.
(Clause 502)
Al.
Curved Bridges
(c)
Suspension Bridges
Temporary and
(e)
Pedestrian Bridges
(g)
127
IRC:24-2001
A2.
IRC:24-2001
(h)
( i)
Also, the following aspects of steel road bridges have not been
covered in this code :
(a)
(b)
Appexdix-B
Ratings <~!Bridges
For this aspect, IRC:SP:37-l 991 "Guidelines for Evaluation
Bl.
Bl.1.
Bl.2.
Bl.3.
Bl.4.
Fatigue
Fluctuation of stresses may cause fatigue failure for members
or sections at lower stresses than those at which they would
fail under the load. However, for steel road bridges, this aspect
is 1101 always critical and has, therefore, not been included in
this Code. Members subjected to fluctuation of stresses need
to be examined in accordance with IS: I 024-1979 (Ref.
Chiuse 505.5).
128
129
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
B2.3.
Bl.5.
81.6.
81.7.
Bl.8.
Bl.9.
B2.
Fabrication
B2.l.
82.2.
83.
Erection
83.1.
83.2.
83.3.
83.4.
IRC:24-200 I
me:24-2001
Appelldix-C
BJ.6;
83.7.
Cl.
Introduction
Cl.I.
. Cl.2.
Cl.3.
B3.8.
83.9.
B3.IO.
Aspects to be considered
C2. l.
132
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
(b}
(c)
(d)
C2.2.
(d)
Environment
C2.2.2.
C2.2.3.
Ext?rior exposed
(b)
(c)
(d)
Exterior sheltered
(e)
Sa line/non-saline
C3.
(b)
(c)
(d}
(e)
(f)
Control of Corrosion
Corrosion can be minimised/controlled by :
Improved design and detailing;
Cathodic protection;
Concrete encasement;
Use of special corrosion resistant steels;
Protective coating on surface.
Local conditions :
(a)
Tolerance of coating
CJ.I.
Other factors :
(a)
(b)
Maintenance aspects
- Access for effective inspection and maintenance
- Possibility of effective maintenance.
134
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
C3.4.2.
Cathodic Protection
There are two basic types of cathodic protection :
(a) Sacrificial anode system: This system does not require
external power source. Magnesium, Zinc, Aluminium are
used as anode and the metal to be protected becomes cathode.
Hence, there is no corrosion in the metal.
(b) Impressed current system: This system requires D.C. power
supply.
C3.3.
Concrete Encasement
The concrete itself .acts as a protective barrier. Adequate
cover and good quality ofconcrete is however, essential.
Loose mill scale and rust should be removed but other
surface preparations are not necessary. The steel work must
not be painted but a cement-wash may be given to the steel
surface to prevent corrosion until it is encase.
3.5.
3.5.l.
3.5.2.
Gafranising
The process of providing zinc coating to steel surface is
called galvanisation.
C3.4.
C3.4.l.
Stainless Steel
. 3.5.3.
Metallising
Metallising consists of projecting an atomised stream of
molten metal at a high velocity from a special gun on to a
'prepared' surface.
Painting
Paints are a mixture of film forming material called a vehicle
or binder and pigments for colouring and protection. A
drying agent may also be added. The vehicle or binder may
be natural oil or resin or alkyd varnish or synthetic resin.
137
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
Surface Preparation
Steel surface to be painted either at the fabricating shop or .!
at the site of work shall be prepared in a thorough manner 1
with a view to ensuring complete removal of mill scale by,,
one of the following processes as agreed to between the
fabricator and the Engineer (or the purchaser).
Primaiy Coats
These are applied over the primary coats and should have
the properties of
Type of Paints
Durability
Abrasion resistance, and
Aesthetic appearance and smooth finish.
Depending on the aggressive nature of the environment the
number of coats can be increased, e.g., A primer, under-coat and
top-coat can be given for aggressive marine atmosphere.
C3.5.4.2.2. Chemical resistant paints
The more highly corrosion resistant paints can be divided
in two main groups
One pack paints (ready for use)
Two pack paints (mixed before use).
138
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
C3.5.4.3.
C3.5.4.4.
(i)
(b)
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-200 I
or
or
For site paintings the whole of the steel work shall be given
the second cover coat after final passing and after touching
up the primer and cover coats, if damaged in transit.
C3.S.4.6.
Quali~v
of Paint
The paints which have been tested for the following qualities
as per the specification given in the relevartt IS codes should
only be used.
- .Weight Test (weight per 10 lit. of paint thoroughly mixed);
- Drying times;
- Flexibility and adhesion;
- Consistency;
- Dry thickness and rate of consumption
Finishing Coats
Two coats of aluminium paint to IS:2339 shall be
. appi.ed over the primer coatS. One coat shall be applied
before the fabricated steel work leaves the shop. After
. the steel work is erected at site the second coat shall be
given after touching up the primer and the cover coat if
damaged in transit.
C3.S.4.S.
General
C4.1.
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
2.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Environment
System
I.
5.
3.
4.
144
145
IRC:24-200 I
IRC:24-2001
. -'
.
Appendix~D
DI.
Personnel
D2.1.l.
General
Bridge structures, permanently exposed to atmosphere are
subjected to effect of adverse envrronmtmtal conditions.
Investment made in the structural facility can be protected
by well programmed, monitored-inspection and
maintenance schedule adopted for its designed life. Such
systems developed ensures structural safety by recording
the state of the structure periodically and providing feed
back information to designers while actually identifying
actual and potential sources of.trouble and taking remedial.
measures in time.
This clause lay down the desired inspection procedure for
determining physical conditiol'I and programming
maintenance -heeds of the bridges. Systematic periodical
inspection required for various elements. and. the
responsibilities of the inspection group have beeri specified.
The scope of maintenance work involved does not include
correcting measures for known deviations introduced during
construction stage and no attempt has been made in this
direction. It is necessary to understand that for proper
inspection of various components of the bridge structure in
built facilities should be developed at the detailing and
construction stage, for accessibility to important areas.
D2.
D2.1.
Inspection
Bridge inspection is done by use of well tried and
established techniques required for assessing the physical
condition of the structure. I.RC Special Publication 35 :
"Guidelines for Inspection and Maintenance of Bridges"
may be referred in this connection.
146
D2.l.2.
D2.1.3.
D2.l.4.
D2.l.5.
,
IRC:24-2001
02. l .6.
03.
1
Definite guidelines should be given to ensure availability
of technical assistance from other agencies/where regular
staff is not available. In case of specialised structure
consultation with expert bodies is a necessity.
IRC:24-200 I
Training
'
Bridge management requires extensive-team work involving
various levels of responsibility and skills. Training
programmes need be framed in order to develop expertise.
Training facilities may be set up at central level for training
of trainees and,'at local level for actual imparting training
to field staff, workshop on topical interest may be held
regularly to acquaint the concerned people with accepted
technical methods and their correct application.
04.
Frequency of Inspection
04.1.
Detailed Inspection
04.1.1.
Inspection Items
I.
Main Bridge
a) Steel Girders
Structure
and Stringers
5 Year I Year
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
b) Trusses
2.
Bearing
a) Wearing surface
3.
Decks
a) Drainage
System
b) Steel Deck
c) Curbs
d) Foot Path
4.
Expansion Joints
5.
04.1.2.
6.
Signs
04.2.
7.
04.3.
Special Inspection
Such Insp(!ction are required for any bridge with known
defic~eJ'(cies, like, restriction on weight/speed, loss of
6 Months
As
situation
demands
Inspection Procedure
D5.l.
General
05.1. l.
148
149
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
05. l.2.
05.2.
06.5.
06.6.
06.7.
lateral Bracing
Inspection Items
Inspection of all items, such as, approaches, waterways;
basic floor conditions, substructure which may affect the
safety of the steel superstructure need be done, like, other
types of bridges.
06.
Main Structure
06.1.
06.i.
06.3.
06.4.
Loose Rivets
Field rivets are to be examined for looseness. This is
caused due to running traffic and consequent vibratory.effect
and corrosjon around the rivets. A joint with loose rtVe.t.s
should not be touched unless more than 20 per cent rivets
in thejoint are loose.
D6.9.
Bearings
D6.9.1.
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
lubrication of Bearings
Oiling and greasing of the bearing is done periodically
once in 3 years. Improper and failure in timely lubrication
may lead to corrosion of bearings resulting in reduction in
strength and consequent damages.
Where bearings are encased in oil baths and stay
submerged in recommended brand of lubric~ting oil the
level of oil should be maintained on checking every year.
It should be ensured that the oil baths are always sealed.
06.9.3.
(2)
(3)
07.
Trusses
07. l.
07.2.
07 .3. l.
07.3.2.
Elastomeric Bearing~
( 1)
08.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
Decks
D9.l.
D9.2.
DlO.
Expansion Joints
DIO.l.
Dl0.2.
Dll.
Dll.l.
Dl 1.2.
Dl2.
Services
The number and types ofutilities, such as pipelines, cables,
etc. must be inspected and observations kept for record with
the details suitably displayed. Special care need be kept for.
hazardous utilities, regular joint inspection in such case
with suitable guidelines is a necessity.
Dl3.
Dl3. l.
D13.2.
D14.
014.l.
D14.2.
Special Structures
Moveable Bridges
The most common type of moveable bridge are the swing
span, vertical lift bascule (Single or double leaf). Inspection
of the trusses, floor system, and other structural elements
will require inspection procedures suitably modified as per
guidelines mentioned in the Code. Ensuring proper seating
of the girder after operation is an absolute necessity.
In case of other structures, like, suspension bridges, cable
stayed bridges detailed inspection manuals should be
prepared and staff trained to observe the same.
Documentation
The most important function of bridge maintenance unit is
to prepare a complete, methodical and current record for
each bridge on the system. Much of the usefulness of the
information obtained from field investigation depend upon
its reliability and availability on a concise format. The
record must be preserved systematically and readily
available.
Records should provide a full history of the structure
155
IRC:24-2001
IRC:24-2001
014.4.
015.
B.
ASS~SSMENT
POSSIBLE
Steel
1
Cracks
Ultrasonic, radiographic
Cable/Wire failure
Con-osion meter
Electrici;il resistivity
Modem Surveying
Extensometric measurements.
Pressures, Forces
Miscellaneous
Thickness of coating Paint film
gauge (digital electrometer)
Electric resistance
A. STANDARD TOOLS
Vibration
Accelerometer
( 1)
Widening of Cracks
(2)
Metal thickness
Ultrasonic metal
thickness measuring
(3)
(4)
016.
016.1.
(5)
(6)
Signs
All signs required to indicate restrictive load limit, reduced
speed or impaired clearance should be inspected to ascertain
they are visible and located in proper places. This inspection
is to include sign at or on the structure and any advance
warning sign. Examination should include that indications
are legible and sign posts are well secured.
016.2.
(7)
(8)
156
157