Running head: CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Criminal Justice Policy and Transnational Crime:

The Case of Anti-Human Trafficking Policy
[Name]
[Institutional Affiliation]

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Abstract
Human trafficking has always been known as the 'dull side' of globalization. Government has
found out that currently human trafficking is the third biggest transnational crime and with the
passing year the quantity of victims increases. With an effort to battle with the crime, the UN
-United Nations has made certain policies to punish, Suppress, and prevent Trafficking in
Persons which will outline the dimensions of anti-uman trafikking plocies. A few nations have
been effective in agreeing to the policies and fighting against the human trafickcers whereas
other nations are still strugling. This reasearch will analyse certain cases regarding human
trafficking from the year of 2006-2012 in United States. This research will also concentrate on
the relationship between policies and politics within this case. We will provide the information
on various aspects of trafficking and will compare it with the affirmations on people. In the end
result will demonstrate that nations must take these policies into an account to be more
successful in their fulfilment.

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Table of Contents
Abstract........................................................................................................................ 2
1.

Introduction............................................................................................................. 4

2.

Literature review....................................................................................................... 6
2.1

Political implications of human-trafficking.................................................................6

2.2

Politics in human trafficking................................................................................... 7

2.2.1
2.3
2.3.1

Evidence..................................................................................................... 8
Policies of human trafficking..................................................................................9
Evidence..................................................................................................... 9

3.

Method................................................................................................................. 10

4.

Results and Findings................................................................................................ 12

5.

Conclusion and Limitations........................................................................................ 12

References................................................................................................................... 14
References................................................................................................................... 14

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Criminal Justice Policy and Transnational Crime: The Case of Anti-Human Trafficking Policy
1.

Introduction
In the last couple of decades, the phenomena of human trafficking are growing all around

the world. The unlawful trade in individuals across borders threatens national security, disregards
human rights victims and break down the health of affected societies and economies by
expanding activities like organized criminal as well as by expanding the size of shadow
economy. In spite of the fact that the accurate sizes and measurements of the issue are still
unknown, the statistics recommend that in 21st century human trafficking is considered as the
most severe transnational crime.

As indicated by the Department of State in U.S, that the total number of human trafficking
victims are around 12 million all around the world. They also had estimated that a crime like
human trafficking is multi-billion-dollar business, adding up to the third biggest transnational
crime following arms trafficking and drugs. As progressions in transportation and technology
which connect nations more closely despite of geographical separations, unlawful flows of
people have additionally turned into global phenomena. Some of the evidences has proposed that
traffickers usually recruit victims and then they transfer from one nation then onto the next,
frequently across continents.
As per UNODC, for instance trafficking victims who are found in US have come from
different 66 countries in distinctive districts (for example Nigeria, Mexico and China). The other
major destination which is Germany, which gets trafficking victims from almost 51 nations,
which includes many other than Europe (the Dominion Republic, Colombia and Afghanistan and
so on.).

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It is evaluated that all around the world almost 27 million women, children and men what
has become are known as the Human Trafficking. This current year will be marked as the 150th
anniversary regarding the Emancipation's Proclamation along with the USA; the remaining part
of the world is getting united in finishing up the slavery all around the globe. Indeed, even with
more up to date laws which address the current slave trade, for example, the act of Trafficking
Victims Protection (TVPA) also the U.N. Protocol who is struggling to punish, suppress and
prevent Trafficking in persons, particularly Children and women slavery in all around the globe
which is continuously considered as a serious issues.

Even though the international efforts are made in order to fight human trafficking, the state
department in U.S. is continuously facing issues with regards to the human trafficking which is
rapidly growing amongst the crimes. However, a few nations have been more effective as
compared to others in battling human trafficking. But, the question emerges concerning why the
crime keeps on growing in spite of international efforts to stop human trafficking and, all the
more particularly, why have a few nations been more powerful in battling human traffickers as
compared to others? Recently A small research little has investigated the factors that either help,
or hinder a nation's ability to combat human trafficking. The factors like economical
development level, income distribution and freedom, have been analyzed to impact a nation's
efforts of anti-human trafficking.

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2.

Literature review
The recent study has analyzed four wide elements of human-trafficking in destination as

well as in origin countries vulnerability, crime migration and institutional and policy efforts. In
this research, the author found that in origin countries level of human-trafficking is reducing in
institutional quality, but still no such evidences of human trafficking were discovered of a
relationship between policy and politics, showing that still anti-trafficking measures arent wellgrounded in various countries.
On the other hand, one of the evidence also recommends that the representation of womens
in establishments is connected with the degree of human trafficking, as female politicians will
probably express concerns toward this crime, as observed that majority of the victims are
females. While it has been observed that to examine policy is really needed for underlying the
reasons of human trafficking, which includes gender discrimination, inequality and poverty, the
research also looks at the institutional usage of laws towards anti-human trafficking is affected
by the freedom. Past exploration has not focused on the relationship between policies and
politics in the country and its devotion to laws of anti- human trafficking.

2.1 Political implications of human-trafficking

Human trafficking is the issue of major concern and discussions. Since it includes
transnational movement of individuals, one essential related area of this debate is policy of
migration and the other concern of this debate is aspects of human rights. The researchers has
described that there is a complex interrelationship in between actions and policies with regards to
smuggling, trafficking in persons and flow of migration. They have noticed that the relevance of

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border control is increasing, just like the status ascribed to the individuals who legally don't enter
a State.

An unintended outcome of efforts was principally directed at unlawful migration which

can be the victimization and non-distinguishing proof of trafficked persons. Such migration
issues are faced by the nations of destination and origin which can have an immediate effect on
human trafficking; also the systemic difficulties can be met while identifying a trafficked person
in one State from another State.

2.2 Politics in human trafficking

these days politicians on the right and left rarely gets agreed about anything, but recently there
have been numerous events where anti-trafficking policies and law have gained high support and
high level. This different political coalition has served to promote a deceptive picture of humantrafficking as an issue of a 'non-ideological' which transcends "typical" politics, with liberal,
conservatives, progressives and traditionalists all meeting up under the standard of a typical
cause of worldwide.
To create sense of these issues included here, we have to consider why policies makers and
political enemies have able to reach and possibly seem to reach an irregular degree of shared
view regarding the matter of combating trafficking
Since mid-1990s, a developing number of researchers have connected efforts of anti- trafficking
to the largest political agendas and interests. These connections are said to be the most strongest
with respect to the relationship in between trafficking and the policies and political agendas as
well as in between human trafficking and the development of border security measures.

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One main issue is the extent to which human-trafficking has closely been connected with
prostitution. Commercial sex is a topic which produces strong emotions and feelings, and this
isnt the issue which straightforwardly threatens political interests and dominant economic
(though within society larger gender relations are most likely a major part of a statement here).
This profile of politics is important, as it serves to clarify why anti-trafficking has frequently
been able to charge an uncommon level of support to bipartisan

Rivalry between diverse interests is a normal feature of economic and political life. At the point
when unions campaigns try to enhance working conditions and wages for their people,
commercial interests related with increasing expenses routinely oppose their efforts. Similarly
when campaign for human rights activists battle to end genuine abuses connected with the
misuse of state power, for example, extrajudicial killings and torture, they are contradicted by
security hawks and government authorities.
Interestingly, when campaigns of anti-trafficking target abuses related with commercial sex, then
their efforts don't specifically challenge major political and economic interests. Well, there may
be events where individual leaders are implicated in particular abuses; however the nature of
criminal activities is seriously curtailing huge public restriction.
2.2.1

Evidence
In spite of the political energies consumed on human trafficking, little evidence has been

examined which have the essential effect on total levels of trafficking. As in the example,
government of U.S. demonstrated that there are somewhat 200,000 victims of trafficking.
However, even with a prosecution system and well- prepared law enforcement, under 500
individuals have been granted T visas, these T-visas are the special visas which are given to the

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victims consequently for cooperation with government prosecutors. Actually, somewhere around
2001 and 2003, just 110 were prosecuted from trafficking by the department of Justice. Of these,
almost 77 were pled or convicted guilty.

2.3 Policies of human trafficking

The government of U.S. has various methods, laws and strategies set up to combat
the global measurements of human trafficking. In particular, congress, has played a
dynamic part in setting up the general structure of U.S. policy approach, and also
giving allocations for combating trafficking and leading periodic oversight of
implementing anti trafficking programs by different agencies and executive brand
departments. As per to the policies, the term human trafficking signifies: "The
transfer, recruitment, receipt of person or transporation utilizing the use of threat or
force or any other types of pressure, of kidnapping, of deception, of fraud, misuse of
position or power of vulnerability or the receiving or giving of benfeifts or payments
to accomplish the assent of a person who has the control over another and for the
purpose of exploitation.

To fight human-trafficking UN, OSCE and IOM have introduced the policies of anti-trafficking.
Each government has also undertaken certain activities regarding this. Human-trafficking is
illegal as it causes trade of humans for the reasons of commercial sexual abuse or forced labor,
which is a modern type of slavery. This movement is the most developing criminal action on the
planet and is connected with the illegal arms trade, which is the second biggest criminal after the
trading of drugs. Policies by UN which were adopted in 2000 emphasizes on punishing of human
trafficking particularly when it comes about children and women.

2.3.1

Evidence

Regarding with the differenced and illegal nature in strategy, the precise growth and size of
human-trafficking is still unknown. As per the Department of state in US, every year, "generally
somewhere around 600,000 to 820,000 children women and men are involved in across the

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international borders, around 70 percent are ladies and young ladies, whereas 50 percent are
included in minors. The information demonstrates that many victims of international humantrafficking are in business sexual abuse.
Trafficking which is carried over international borders, needs interaction and cooperation
between states, the main objective is to successfully manage the criminal activity. OSCE
(Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe), is an exceptional organization of
intergovernmental, which acts as per the Charter of UN, which is one of the main establishments
to battle human trafficking, and the areas where it works, including Central Asia, Russia, Europe
and North America. The main mistake is trading which can just happen in poor countries. But
every nation on the planet is involved in the underground systems.

3.

Method

My research involves the analysis gathered from secondary data from an expert
journal diary directed by Bureau of Justice in 2009 and in 2010. Also I have analysed
the sources incorporated from online references by the victims who were involved in
human trafficking and they have openly shared their stories to the public.Details
and facts from the act of traffkicing victims protection, provides a more deep
understadning of sex as well as human trafficking. The information from the HTRS
was created to check the federally performance of funded task forces. Currently
HTRS is the main system which catches data on human trafficking examinations
conducted by local and state law enforcement agencies of United States. The
outcomes shown in different case studies which includes the suspect arrests as well
as the confirmed status of visa and defines the attributes of incidents which were
entered into the system of HTRS tentatively by the teams starting in 2008

"The USA is a destination and transit nation for human trafficking. It has been observed in the
statistics that around 14,500 to 17,500, particularly children and women, are trafficked to US per
year.

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The government of U.S. is dedicated strongly to battling human trafficking in abroad as well as
in the United States. Acts and laws have been gone in America to assist the avoidance of human
trafficking. Majority of the part which is observed is the sex trafficking internationally, where the
victims are taken from place like Southeast Asia, South and Central America, former Soviet
Union and many other placed which are less developed and they try to move ib more developing
nations like North America, Western Europe, Middle East and Asia.
TVPA was sanctioned in the month of October and year of 2000. Preceding that, no extensive
Federal law presented to secure victims of Trafficking and to prosecute the traffickers. Their
main goals are to prevent overseas human trafficking, to secure the victims and to help them with
rebuilding the lives of victims in U.S. with the support of state and Federal, also to act against
human traffickers under strict punishments from Federal. The law is complete in addressing to
the different methods for battling trafficking, including Prosecution, Protection and Prevention.

Prevention measures involves the approval of public and educational awareness programs..
Protection for victims of human trafficking under the law, involves healthcare, educational,
making housing, training for job and other Federally-supported social service programs which
help in rebuilding the lives of victims. Also this law has created the T-visa, which permits human
trafficking victims to be the temporary residents in US.

4.

Results and Findings

Once after assessing the graph, which shows the percentage rate of trafficking which has

been committed in the US. Prostitution was viewed as 46%, agriculture was 10%, domestic

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servitude was viewed as 27%, miscellaneous was viewed as 12% and finally factories were
considered 5%. By reviewing this, the ideas preceding human trafficking were right; and
sexual/prostitution trafficking is the most common trafficking seen in united States.

5.

Conclusion and Limitations

All in all, with an end goal to lessen, reducing and prevent human trafficking, The act of

2000 of Victims Protection Act implements the approval of public and educational awareness
programs all over the US. Maybe with expanding numbers of human trafficking, media shall
start to cast spotlight on this problem and might get society involved and with the help of this
step terrible crimes can be prevented. Moreover, this research was based on various policies and
politics with related to human trafficking and the relationship between them, showing concern to
different problems of human trafficking in United Stated with different evidences. Due to the
limited research and because of many cases which are not reported yet, we observed that the
statistic is not accurate at all.

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References

Banks, D., & Kyckelhahn, T. (2011). Characteristics of suspected human trafficking incidents,
2008-2010. Retrieved from http://www.northeastern.edu/humantrafficking/wpcontent/uploads/cshti0810.pdf
Faqs: Types of human trafficking. (n.d.). Retrieved from
http://www.traffickinghope.org/types
of-human-trafficking.php

Appendix
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE),
International Organization for Migration (IOM).
Trafficking Victims Protection Act TVPA
"Human Trafficking Reporting System" (HTRS)