Society for American Archaeology

Paracas, Nazca, and Tiahuanacoid Cultural Relationships in South Coastal Peru

Author(s): William Duncan Strong
Source: Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 13, Paracas, Nazca, and
Tiahuanacoid Cultural Relationships in South Coastal Peru (1957), pp. 1-48
Published by: Society for American Archaeology
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AMERICAN

ANTIQUITY,

Volume

XXII, Number

4, Part 2, April,

1957

MEMOIRS OF THE
SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

Number Thirteen

PARACAS,

AND

NAZCA,

CULTURAL

TIAHUANACOID

RELATIONSHIPS

SOUTH COASTAL

PERU

by
WILLIAM DUNCAN

published

STRONG

by

THE SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

SALT LAKE

CITY,

UTAH,

U.S.A.

IN

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
a

generous

Council
made

grant

by the

for Research
publication

columbia

in the
of

this

university

Social

memoir

Sciences
possible.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

1. Cultural
2. The
3.

and Historical

Environmental

4. The

Surface

5. Preceramic

Background.

1952-1953 Columbia

University

2
Background.
and
Culture
Survey

Evidence

Expedition.

Epoch Terminology.

. 8

6. The

Formative

7. The

Florescent

24

8. The

Epoch

36

. 11

Epoch

Epoch.
of Fusion.

9.

. 43
Summary
Addendum:
Recent Radiocarbon
and Viru Valleys
. 45
References

Cited.

Dates

from the lea, Nazca,

47

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece.

. vi
from the air (1952)
of the South Coast

Cahuachi

Fig.

1. Archaeological
2. Stone artifacts,

Fig.

3.

Fig.

4. Map

Fig.

5. Architectural

Fig.

6. Late Paracas

pottery

Fig.

7. Late Paracas

and Proto-Nazca

Fig.

8. Late Paracas

pottery

types, Cahuachi.

20

Fig.

9.

Proto-Nazca

pottery

types, Cahuachi.

22

Fig. 10. Proto-Nazca

pottery

types, Cahuachi.

Fig. 11. Early Nazca

pottery

type, Cahuachi.

Fig.

Fig.

12.

Burials

Minor

site map

San Nicolas

decorated

Fig. 13. Middle

the Nazca

pottery

types,

phases.

12

14

. 15

types, Cahuachi.

and Late Nazca

and Late Paracas

"capital".

Cahuachi

details,

follows

III. 9

and pottery of the Early Paracas

of Cahuachi,

of Peru.

pottery

17
types.

19

23
26

Cahuachi.

27

burials and associated

pottery

from Cahuachi

. 30

Fig. 14. Wood

carving from Estaqueria and Late Nazca burial pottery
from Cahuachi.
33
Fig. 15. Huaca del Loro, and pottery from Huaca del Loro
phase burial, Cahuachi.
37
Fig. 16. Map of the Huaca del Loro site.
38
Fig. 17. Huaca del Loro pottery types, Huaca del Loro.
39
Fig. 18. Early lea (Epigonal) burial with associated pottery
from Pinilla II, and Coastal Tiahuanacoid
pottery.

42

LIST OF TABLES
Table

1. Surface

survey of sites in the lea and Nazca

Table

2. Culture

sequence

Table

3.

Table

4. Radiocarbon

Stylistic position
(Early Nazca)

of the South Coast

of the Cahuachi
. 25

dates.

46

of Peru

Polychrome

region.
(Ica-Nazca).
style

4
7

Cahuachi

from

the

Air

(1952).

1. CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

title

PRESENT
THE

of

this

not

paper,

the emphasis

suggests

its

content.

total

the

tially, this is an advance report on the 1952-53

Columbia
expedition
University
archaeological
in the river valleys of the lea and Rio Grande
in south coastal Peru.* The scope of
de Nazca
this work was both intensive and extensive and
the

to

materials

be

so

studied

numerous

The

and

findings.

had

analyses

taking

been

our

to wait

this has had

Even

of

outline

considered,

carefully

since

labora

Since

excavations

reconnaissance
are

covered

The

latter

former

and correlated
(Fig. 1), classified,
herein.
1), but only briefly discussed
(Table
Excavation
the
brought us face to face with
of the Formative epoch, including
development
the

Paracas

culture

Proto-Nazca

ceeding

phase.

Then,

we

suc

defined

out

growing
a

late

of

the

Nazcoid

huanacoid

this

early
are

both

in the epoch

classificatory

epochs

our

and

For

immediate

later

countered,

(Table
The

fitted

Ica-Nazca

and

mous,
known

of

at

cultural

region,

has
the

from

one

same

time,

provinces

1954,

For

preliminary
1955, and Rowe

These

one

announcements

from

that
of

because

the

is also

region
of

and

Nazca

Paracas
to

known
prehistoric

subsequent

were

times,

Inca Empire.
of

conquered

Yet,

cultural

despite

such
the

materials,

basic

to point
rich

en

and
from

Paracas

out

that

purely

the great
and

or

stylistic
present
so

been

bulk
and

private

un

been

our

has

known

materials,

in museums

the very

has

It is beyond
this

and

temporal

cultures

save

any

standpoint.
to stress why

cultural

studied

the

between

relationship

Nazca

limitations

as

problems

of all

save

these

sometimes
collections,

had

been dug up by treasure hunters

and
lacks all associational
or provenience
usually
data (Kroeber 1927: 652).
Further, even the

archaeologi

of

the

Its

fa

very

least

Strong

amount

small

of

scientific

excavation

ac

in the region has to the present

complished
received little publication
and, finally, it should

archaeo

on the discovery
see:

such

speculative

scheme

of the most

in Peru.

logical fame rests primarily

*

the

ancient

prehistoric

wealth

answered

indicates.

been

the

series

late

obvious

early

Earlier

larger

to

developmental

in

briefly

the

in

even

horizons

emphasis.

into

2) as the evidence

cal standpoint,

cultural

manifestations,

are

I have

of Fusion.

and

point

cultural

reason

vast

the

among all these hori

stratigraphic relationships
zons has until this time remained unknown and

the

which
later in
by the invading Tia

cluded

an

was

del Loro phase,

Huaca
fluenced
and superseded
cultures.

of

recovered
tombs

southern

by the historic

Florescent,
horizon,

has

Necropolis
because

textiles

Cavernas

this

These,

in the
involved
became
and Late
(here, Early, Middle,

encountered

Paracas
famous

the adjacent

from the Tiahuanacoid

occupations
extending
a
series
of
local
lea and Chincha
civili
through
zations
and
(Kroeber
1924a, 1924b).
Strong

and

Successively,

peninsula

described

The

a complex

have

we

stratigraphically,
Florescent epoch
Nazca).

its newly

Paracas

nearby

incised

cultures

in

(Cavernas-Necropolis

and

terminology)

the

In addition

is

survey

mapped

older

beautiful

particular

and painted pottery of Chavi

noid style which
they contained
1929;
(Tello
Carrion Cachot
1949).

survey
the

more,

many

here.

emphasized

surface-site

of

unusual

certain

emphasized
our

whereas

periods,

the

Tello

world

and

array
site,

cultural

on

tombs.
become

into

and
Julio Tello
discovered
the famous

Lothrop
site

Cavernas

tory.
our

cul

1925 when

later, when

and,

major

the

Nazca

came

again

in

Necropolis

until pains

in

made

ancient

relatively

area

general

prominence
Samuel
K.

varied that final publication will take time. For

this reason it seems well to first present a brief,
but

and

colorful

ture by Max Uhle

in 1901 (Uhle 1914; Kroeber
and Strong 1924b; Gayton
and Kroeber
1927).
This Florescent or Classic culture is particularly
notable
for its exquisite
pottery.
polychrome

Essen

of

be

noted,

no

stratigraphic

or

studies whatsoever
had been
the region prior to 1952.

1952,

1953.

settlement-pattern

accomplished

in

2 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

memoirs, 13

2. THE 1952-1953COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY EXPEDITION

the primary purpose of
T T WAS,
therefore,
* the Columbia
University
expedition of 1952
53

to

at

answer

some

least

of

these

our

questions

survey and stratigraphic

by applying detailed
in
techniques
along lines already inaugurated
Peru
Coastal
and North
Central
(Strong,
and Corbett
1943; Strong and Evans
Willey,
University
expedition
1952). The Columbia
consisted of the writer; his wife, Helen Richard
son

research

2 departmental

Strong;

assistants,

L. Stigler, Jr., and Rose M. Lilien; and

a ceramicist,
from New York
Sonin,
All of these have aided greatly in
University.
in the
the present paper and will participate
I acknowledge
final report. Here,
particular
to Rose Lilien, for the use of her
indebtedness
in drawing
ceramic analyses
up the
detailed
in this
brief ceramic
employed
descriptions
The

we

which

was

expedition

by
equally
Foundation

almost

supported

a grant from the Wenner-Gren

for
for Anthropological
Research,

are most

from

and

grateful,

research

and

sponsoring

the

agency,

cooperating

thanks
Regional
lea, and our warm
to
Bermudez
the
Adolfo
go, especially,
director,
de

Museo

Jenkins,

making
also

Robert
Robert

paper.

funds supplied by Columbia University.

In the
field and laboratory we were greatly aided by

the

and

curator,

our work

in the first place we

possible

to express

wish

particular

At

others.

among

Respaldiza,

to Paul Truel

to Jorge

gratitude

Director
de Arqueologia
Muelle,
Ministerio
de Educacion
Publica,
much

y Historia,
and to Jose
we

Ocucaje

us

assisted

who

in the Ocucaje

are

We

region.

owe

in every
his mag

in field work
and in studying
way
collection
of the Paracas cultures
nificent
tained

In

Pezzia.

Alejandro

also

ob
very

to Pablo and Carlos

Soldi, both of
grateful
and
afforded us invaluable
whom
guidance
our
in
the
lea
work
Valley.
during
hospitality
Further

to

acknowledgments

assistance

appreciated

for much

others

in later

be made

will

reports.

3. ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND
drained by
VAST
region intermittently
rivers is a
Nazca
de
THE the lea and Rio Grande
one.
fact
that both
the
Despite
very fascinating
areas

are

result

of

extremely

prosperous

expanding

cotton

as mining

as well

at
and

grape

growing,

area

the

operations,

as

present

is very

and many
the geographic
poorly
is
at
Cultivation
other
present
standpoints.
to
the
confined
upper
valleys
irrigable
largely
from

known

are

which
pampas,

areas

vast

by

separated

mountain

sand

ridges,

of

barren
and

dunes,

dry

are

small irrigable
relatively
for
example, esti
(1939: 96),
pockets; Romero
in
were
acres
then
cultivated
mates that 32,500
a
out
of
the lea Valley
irrigable
potentially
125,000 acres. Receiving water from the western
These

valleys.

they are very

cordillera,
fine cotton
exceptionally
to maize,

addition

cotton
that,

and
in

fruit,

the emphasis

However,

native

viticulture
times,

fertile and produce

and grape crops in

and

many

other

takes
was

up
used

much
for

water
seemingly

crops

on

the

the

same

Nazca

is

mouth

of the Rio Grande

about

on

rivers.

lower

The

from

distance

the

(Fig. 1). However,

is confined

cultivation

modern

almost

entirely

to the upper valleys

in both places and the
lower rivers flow through almost unbelievably
wild and desolate country. Yet, in native times,
and
of this territory along the middle
much
lower rivers was settled, as indicated by large
are being
which
living sites and cemeteries,
for
revealed as the algarroba bush is removed
charcoal
ing

and

burning

cotton

of

expansion

grow

continues.

Space is lacking here to expand concerning

the fascinating
topography and geology of this
unique

area.

The

pebble-strewn

on

pampas,

of

combination

lated, but rich river valleys,

plants.

in the upper valleys

food

abundant

town of lea is about 55 miles in -adirect

modern
and the town of
line from the river mouth

medanos,

floor (as well

the valley
coastal mountains),
ancient

small,

iso

amidst vast

hidden
or

sand

dunes

as capping
the
the steep
with

"
PISCO

[7

fC^-^/7

?*
y^pisco

r*\

<\_^^?

/paracas

ica

vx^.
^"^/ \

e* ~-*|ca

v /I

1 ^-?\
I '-'*8
<0 .ol;

^\

***

/
C

X>,2I3

,<A

V^

2 7?\ /

I 26\ /
1

JUAN PABLO I

4
5
6

MACACONA
ANGOSTURA I
ANGOSTURA H

SAN RAMON )

^~^\^
H
PABLO
2 JUAN
^^
SUCTANGALLA
3

8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
3 1
32
33
34
35

\
\

/
/

\^^

/ j

^^/shell
Rounds

/ S

HUACACHINA I
^.
HUACACHINAH
X.\J \
TACARACA X.
PANCHO RAMOS
PINILLA I
PINILLA
H
PINILLA m
OCUCAJE I
OCUCAJE H
LLAPANA
CACIQUE
CHACRACARO ALTO
CERRO BLANCO
OYUJAYA I
OYUJAYA H
OYUJAYA HI
49
SAMACA
CABECERA DE SAMACA
PIES DE SAMACA
SAMACA LLAMA CEMETERY
53
COYUNGO
TRES PALOS I
TRES PALOS E
LA
MUNA
MOLINOS
LA VENTILLA
PAMPA DE JUANCAMOTE
INGENIO

/^
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
50
5l
52
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

SAN JOSE I
X
SAN JOSE TL
\
INCA SITE
5
\
ESTAQUERlA
CHICO I X/II^5,
CHICO H
62
CAHUACHI
PACHECO
63
SOISONGO I
PAREDONES
LATE
PAREDONES EARLY
TAMBO DE PERRO I
TAMB0 DE PERRO H
TROPHY HEAD CEMETERY
LAS CANAS
70
ACHACO
71
SOISONGO II
SAN NICOLAS I
SAN NICOLAS II
SAN NICOLAS M
OCUNGALLA I
OCUNGALLA H
AYAPANA
78
EL QUEMADO
ATARCO
80

61

64
65
66
67
68
69

72
73
74
75
76
77
79
8 1

Approximate

scale:

1 cm. = 12 km.;

MANCHA VERDE NICOL

LA HUAQUILLA I B*
LA HUAQUILLA H
SANTA ROSA
LA FALDA
COPARA
LA JOYA I
LA JOYA H
CORRALONES
TUNGA
LAS TRANCAS I
LAS TRANCAS H
HUACA DEL LORO
HUAYURI I
HUAYURI H
HUAYURI HI
HUAYURI ET
POROMA CEMETERY
LOMAS VASURALES
CHAVINIA VASURALES
CHULLPA SITE

1 inch-19

miles.

/J

1\trujillo

\lima

r
\ -cuzco

ICHIMBA
/"GRANDE ^\

^J
/ J

VISCAS
^jPALPA^r-?
^
^\\
/
//

I
^"^V ) \\
\ ^^<36*^'*-"/

J-^""?''NGEN'?

/yy^

As
jr\L0M

r^-^^/r
_J

/NAZCA

J9 soJ^^^^^

^v

KaJ)

^|Bj

SAN

BAY

^sl -53 :
-^~~~^N?n
N IC 0 L A S \ \
V*>

/ YAUCA /
__/
>/^

J ^^y?

XT/ ^^^

';>

/ /

v.-?*

^^^

iTUNGA
\

R.

y^

\_

"~'*<?*

/I

/ (

^~^?N^
//

^?

Fig.

1. Archaeological

site map

of

the south

CHALA

^^?

8"'\/

coast

of Peru.

strong ]
Andean

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

Cordillera

ground,

is utterly

changing
minerals

color

in the eastern back

It is a land of ever

always

unique.
arising from the polychrome
in the soil and the shifting light effects
from dawn to dusk. Rains of great erosive force
occur at intervals of from 3 to 15 years (Bow

man

1916: 114); except for these rare events

sun
the
shines every day. Rain in the Cordillera
begins to flood the lower streams in December
and

January. From May until about October

the climate is excellent
for field work, but the
summer is desperately
hot
remaining Peruvian
in

these

ent

southern

trade

force, driving
the afternoon

ever-pres
to

increase

winds

sand and making

cutting

practically

The more

the

while

valleys,

southwest

great

in

work

impossible.

'ecology of this interesting

be treated elsewhere,
but Utile's brief

area will

of

the hacienda

in 1901
Ocucaje
is
still
other
(Uhle
5)
valid, although
sources of subsoil water have been tapped since

description

1914:

then.

an enclosed
about
three
occupies
valley
in diameter
and separated
from
the lea Valley
The
is extremely
soil here
proper by a solitary mountain.
the rainy season
in the Cordillera
the
dry. Only
during
little lea river carries
a few weeks
its water
as far
during

This

hacienda

miles

down

as

when

none

this

are many
while
there
valley,
dry years
comes
at all. Fortunately
for this region
is
the circumstance
that there is a substratum
of gypsum
of lime) underlying
the top soil, which
retains
(sulphite
so that at least

the humidity
subterraneous
that

blazes
sun

unclouded

all

there

remains
always
the vegetation

otherwise

filtrations,
be scorched

would

valley
heat

out

the

of existence

year

around

by
from

some
of

the

the

torrid

an

ever

and

breezes
untempered
by any cooling
from the sea, which
are cut off by the intervening
moun
tain. All
the surrounding
mountain
slopes and any ele
are covered
vations
visible
with
sand dunes
hundreds
of meters
has a completely
high. The
landscape
tropical
character.

Palms

districts.

detailed

RELATIONSHIPS

here

grow

Extensive

groves

and

dates

of algarrobe

in many
ripen
form the natural

of the valley, only interrupted

vegetation
where
extermi
in order to give way to plantations
nated
of grape vines,
cotton
Peruvian
shrub.
The
fig trees, and native
arid
mountains
of gypsum
contain
numerous
well
preserved
skeletons
tions
and

of palaeontological
some rocky eleva
creatures,
in the valley
are covered with petrifacts
of conchs
as if in this remote
turtles.
It seems
crea
solitude

in
tion,
thousands

its development,
of years.

has

been

still

standing

for

4. THE SURFACE SURVEY

AND CULTURE EPOCH TERMINOLOGY
'"THE PRIMARY
purpose of the 1952-53 ex
*
cuts in
pedition was to make
stratigraphic
to place

order

the Nazca

the Cavernas
occur

culture

at Paracas

and

culture

in

was

which

but

Ocucaje

relation

to

known

to

so

as

not,

far

then known, elsewhere

in the lea Valley proper
nor the Nazca
region. My brief survey trips
in the Ica-Nazca area in 1940, 1941, and 1949
had not revealed such stratified sites. Therefore,
an important part of the 1952-53 expedition was
to make

a surface

for its own

most

middle
as well
a

for

(Ocucaje),
as 5 branches
were

sites
81

sites

a considerable
and

Nazca

thorough

examined,
survey.

in the area

sites

were

of

the

large

sake and particularly

promising

While

be

survey

to select

the

portion of the upper,

lower lea River valley,
of the Rio Grande
de
this
There

and

does

not
are

many

listed here.
surface

to

purport
more

In all,

collections

mediate

site.

on

attack

revealed.

Table

certain

1 gives

names

These

are

red in the literature

used

sondage.

than are

examined

both

area,

made. The location of each is indicated on the

map
this is combined with
(Fig. 1) and, when
the condensed data presented
in Table
1, it is
believed
that the combination
should be of
immediate use to later scientific explorers who
wish to add to the record or use it for an im

locally,

or, where

culture

those

which

(relatively
necessary,

here

phases

first the name

have

of the
occur

few have),
are

are

arbitrary

names

our field designa

applied by us. Next
tions and numbers
are given
(for field and
laboratory techniques employed here, as in the
see Ford and Willey
Viru Valley,
1949: 18-19).
The

nature

of the site follows. Cultural

affilia
determined
oc
the
by
proportionate
of culturally
determinable
sherds in

tion was
currence
our
factors

surface
in our

collections,
subsurface

or

from

excavations.

all

available

4 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
Table
Note:

1.

Surface

of

Survey

in the

Sites

on the map,
and
1, are sequential
Figure
are marked
an asterisk.
with
Cultural
accomplished
are markedly
dominant.

Site

not

numbers

were

Map No.
(Fig.

of Site

Name
I)

Field Desig.

Field No.

and

Ica

are

Nature of Site

Nazca

numbers.

survey

phases

memoirs, 13
Region.
Those

italicized

sites where

when

Cultural

excavations

ceramic

their

samples

of Site

Affiliation

ICA VALLEY SITES (NORTH TO SOUTH)

of City

North
*
Juan 1Pablo
*
Juan 2 Pablo

of

1-25
I

80

cemetery

II
1-26

81

cemetery

Ica

24

sand dunes Late

1-2

22

sandy mound

5
Angostura

1-1I

21

eroded mound

1-8

23

sand dunesLateIca

II

6
Angostura

Huacachina
8
II

Ica

Late
Coast

Ica

Tiahuanaco-Middle

Ica and Ocucaje

Between
San Ramon
7 1-4

Nazca

Paracas-Late
lea

1-3

Macacona
4

3
Suctangalla

lea

Paracas-Middle

Early
Early

adobe mounds

25

Lea-Late

26

sandy

1-6

27

sand mounds,

adobemound complex

Huacachina

10

Tacaraca

1-7

28

Pancho *11

Ramos 1-20

75

cemeteries,

1-21

76

low mounds

II 1-22

77

tombs

1-23

78

lea-Late

Middle

area

I1-5

Early
cemetery

Middle

Ica-Inca
lea

lea-Late

Ica-Inca-Colonial

Middle lea-Late lea

Ocucaje

Pinillal

*12

Pinilla *13
*

14

III

Pinilla

*15

Ocucaje

1-24

79

*16

Ocucaje

II

1-27

82

17

Ica (Epigonal)

Early

Nazca

mound,
mound,

walls

Late Paracas-Proto-Nazca

Paracas-Late

Late Paracas-Late

cemetery

Nazca

of Ocucaje

Llapana

(Callango)

1-9

29

adobe

(Callango)

1-10

30

adobe

Alto

1-14

69

adobe

structures

Late

lea

structures,
mounds

Early

structures,
cemeteries
Early

(Callango)
Cerro20 Blanco

Paracas-Proto-Nazca

Late

Cacique
Chacracaro
19

Late Paracas-Proto-Nazca
Late

walls

South

18

refuse

large adobe

70

1-16
I

71

mounds

Huaca

1-17

72

mounds,

adobe walls

lea

del Loro

Late Nazca-Huaca
Ica

town

1-15

lea-Late

Early

lea-Late

Ica

(Callango)
Oyujaya 21
II

Oyujaya22

III 1-18

Oyujaya23

Samaca
24 1-11
25

Cabecera

Samaca 27

cemetery
adobe

village,

Nazca-Huaca

cemetery

32

tapia village

Llama 1-19

74

cemetery

Ica
del Loro

Early-Middie-Late

Ica

cemetery

Ica-Inca

Early-Middle-Late

Middle-Late

33
1-13
1-12

de Samaca

Pies 26de Samaca

73
31

del Loro-Middle
Middle

Nazca-Middle-Late
Middle-Late

Ica

lea-Colonial
Ica

Early-Middle-Late

Cemetery

NAZCA DRAINAGE
Grande

TresPalosI
29
Tres

Palos
30

NG-1
28 Coyungo

65

NG-2

66

NG-3
II

67

(NORTH TO SOUTH)
Branch
Middle

cemetery
wooden-stake
round

temple

Nazca-Middle

Ica

temple ?
Late Nazca-Huaca

del Loro-Early

Ica

strong ]
Map No.
(Fig. I)

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND T1AHUANACOID

Name

of Site

Field Desig.

Field No.

"Natureof

LaMufia
Molinos

NP-1
NP-2

1
2

cemetery
temple and cemetery
Ingenio

33

LaVentilla

34

Pampa

35
36

de Juancamote

Ingenio
San Jose I

Site

Cultural Affiliation

38

San Jose II
Inca Site

Branch

NW

16

NI-2

17

NI-3

18

NI-4

19

NI-5

20

stone city

NI-6

68

adobe city

Nazca
*39

Estaqueria

(Kroeber)

N-l

34

of Site

Middle-Late Nazca
Middle Nazca

Middle Nazca-Middle lea

cemetery
cemeteries

Middle

cemetery

Branch

lea

Nazca-Early

Early-MiddJe-LateNazca
cemetery Early-MiciciZe-Late
Nazca-Early
Middle

37

Branch

Palpa

31
32

RELATIONSHIPS

lea

Early-Middle-Late lea
Middle Nazca-Late Ico-Inca

Proper

wooden

temple
cemeteries

and

Proto-Nazca-L/ite

Nazca-Huaea
lea

Loro-Middle

40

Chicol

N-2

35

cemetery

Middle-Late Nazca

41

Chico II

N-3

36

cemetery

Middle-Late Nazca

Cahuachi

N-4

37

temples,

*42

house

43

Pacheco

44

Soisongo

45

Paredones

Nazca)

N-5

38

cemetery

Late

N-6

39

stone

Early-Middle-Late

N-7

44

cemetery

Late

village

Paredones

Early

N-8

Ica-lnca.

Middle

(Nazca)

Paracas

sequence-Late

through

area

temple
46

(complete

cemeteries

mounds,

Zca-Inca
lea

Nazca-Early-Late

(Inca)

45

cemetery

Middle-Late

Nazca-Middle-Late

Ica-lnca

47

Tambo de Perro I

N-9

46

48

Tambo de Perro II

N-10

47

cemetery

Middle-Late lea

N-ll

48

cemetery

Middle-Late

*49

Trophy

Head

cemetery

Early-Middie-Late lea

Nazca

Cemetery
50

Las Cafias

N-12

53

cemetery

Early Nazca-Middle

51

Achaco

N-120

59

2 cemeteries

Late Nazca-Huaea
Early

52

lea
del Loro

lea

N-13

54

*53

Soisongo II
SanNicolas I

N-14

49

*54

SanNicolas II

N-15

55

*55

SanNicolas III

N-16

56

shellmounds

preceramic

56

Ocungalla I

N-17

57

cemetery

Early-Late lea

57

Ocungalla II

N-18

58

58

N-19

60

cemetery

Early lea

59

Ayapana
El Quemado

N-20

62

cemeteries

Middle-Late Nazca-Huaea del

60

Atarco

N-21

63

cemeteries

cemeteries
Late
village site
mummies ?

cemetery

Middle Nazca-Middle lea

lea

Early Ica-Mi'ddle-Latelea

Loro-Early

lea

Middle-Late Nazca-Huaea del

Loro-Coastal

Tiahuanaco

Early-Mi'ddle-Late

61

Mancha Verde

N-22

64

small cemeteries

Middle Nazca

lea

del

6 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

tAap No.
(Fig.

Name
1)

of Site

Field Desig.

Field No.

Nazca-Huaca
Early-Middle-Late
del Loro-Early-Middle-Late

NT-1
I

cemetery

La Huaquilla
63

II
NT-2

cemetery

Rosa NT-3

cemetery

large stone

Santa 64

Falda

65

NT-4

Tunga
66 NTu-1
Copara
La

67

NTu-2I

Jolla

of Site

Affiliation

Branch

La Huaquilla
62

La

Cultural

Nature of Site

Taruga

[memoirs, 13

Huaca

lea

Early-Middle
Late

city

Ica

Branch
town

adobe

cemetery

Late

Ica-Inca

Middle-Late

68

Jolla

Corrallones
69

NTu-3
II

NTu-4

10

Coast

cemetery
cemeteries

del

Nazca-Huaca
Ica

Loro-Early-Middle
La

Ica

Tiahuanaco-Eariy
Middle-Late

Na^ca-Coast
Ica

Tiahuanaco-Early-Late
NTu-5
70 Tunga

cemeteries

11

Nazca-Huaca

Middle-Late

Loro-Early-Middle-Late
Las Trancas
71

Trancas
Las 72

II

I
NTu-6

12

NTu-7

13

huge

cemeteries

to NTu-6)

(related

Huaca

del Loro

74
Huayuri

NTu-8,9

14,15

Late Nazca-Huaca

NTu-10

40

town Huaca
temple,
cemeteries
cemetery

(small)

Late Nazca-Huaca

II

NTu-11

41

cemetery

(small)

Middle

76
Huayuri

III

NTu-12

42

cemetery

(small)

Late Nazca-Huaca

Nazca

Early
77
Huayuri
78

Poroma

IV
Cemetery

NTu-13

43

large stone

NTu-14

61

cemetery

city

del Loro

Ica

75
Huayuri

Early-Late

del Loro

Ica
lea

Middle-Late

Ica-Inca

SITES OUTSIDE NAZCA DRAINAGE TO SOUTH

Lomas
Lomas
Vasurales
79
80

Chavinia

Vasurales

Valley

L-l

52

vast

refuse mounds

Late

L-2

50

vast

refuse mounds

Late Nazca, Huaca

much
else

Chala
81C-l
Chullpa

51

Ica-much

Valley
30(?)

stone

chullpas

Late

Ica (?)

Ica

del Loro-Coast

del Loro

Early

del

Na^ca-Huaca
Ica

Early-Middle-Late
del Loro-Early

Tiahuanaco-Early-Middle
Late Ica
*73

Ica

del Loro-Early-Middle
Late Ica

else
del Loro

strong ]

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

Table

2. Culture

of the

Sequence
Note:

numbers

Site

Culture Phase
Epoch

South

Colonial

leaChincha

Middle

also
lea

Early

lea (Epigonal)
Tiahuanaco

Huaca

del Loro

Cahuachi

Florescent

(42)

Cahuachi

(42)

Proto-Nazca

Cahuachi

(42)

Late Paracas

Cahuachi
Ocucaje

Incipient

Chavinia

to note

It is interesting
that

so many

cemeteries
interesting
phase
tive
cent

sites

in

continuity

usually
late

phases,

and phases

Florescent

there

various
sites.

Inca.

with

early

with

early

tive

more

it should be noted
epoch

sites

are

very

that, in general,
rare

and

were

Forma
revealed

often

by digging than by surface survey

was observed in the Viru Valley
As
techniques.
so in the
1952: 179-81),
(Strong and Evans
Ica-Nazca

quate

surface

region,
to reveal

the

lower

surveys
content

by

and

deep,

coastal

not be analyzed here but they confer consider

able validity on the upper portions of our cul
are as yet
tural time chart (Table 2) which
How
largely based on style and association.
ever,

ered

are

inade

of deep

strati

later

seems
probable
assignment
is, as yet, hypothetical.

they may
if the

latter

Peru

mutually
where

reveal
have

traces of such

deep

been

are

cov
work

survey

digging
exclusive,

cul

hunting

not

Surface

occupations.
stratigraphic

not

a lithic

Apparently,
ture

cultures

early

Flores

can

but

fled sites though

mentary,

Fusion,

This

(80)

III (55)

Forma

and Con

occurrences

These

is an

cultural

Thus

of the epoch of Kingdoms

with

federacies

overlap

mixed

looted,

1),

the

at most

manifestations
phases

of

46, Table

(some

the fact

that despite

consisted

identified.)

(79)

Vasurales

San Nicolas

San Nicolas

Pre-Agricultural

is

1(1)

Lomas Vasurales

Lomas

Agriculture

to he
have
may
(Early Paracas
moved
Paracas
if
up to Middle
a simpler
Paracas
culture
type

(42)
II (16)

Juan Pablo

Early Paracas

encountered)

(73)

(39)

Cahuachi

Nazca

style not

(42)

Estaqueria

Early Nazca
Formative

also

(Pacheco

(?)
del Loro

Huaca

Late Nazca
Middle

Colonial

Kingdom

Coast

Fusion

(Ica-Nazca).

1.

Figure

Late
and
Kingdoms
Confederacies

SitesRemarks

Definitive

Inca

Imperial

of Peru

Coast

to map,

refer

RELATIONSHIPS

comple
in

techniques

sites

once

abound

one

really digs.
the

Concerning

epoch

and

culture

phase

in Table
terminology
employed
2, this is
in the
basically similar to that used previously
Viru Valley
1952: 226,
(Strong and Evans
Table
stemmed
from the Chiclin
18) which
Conference

(Willey 1946; Strong 1948). How

ever, epoch terminology here has been slightly
in the upper
changed
(later) epochs to con
form

to

the

recommendations

ference

of 1953

ceding

brief

of

the

Lima

Con

1953). The pre

culture
patterns
the earliest cultural

(Anonymous
of
tabulation

from
(Table 1) proceeds
we
evidence
encountered

to historic

times

8 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
the emphasis herein,
(Tables 1, 2). However,
as indicated
in the present
title, is on the
Formative,

Data

for periods

are

based

largely

workers

detailed

these

than

are

and

service

the

of

appearance

to

illustrative
the

account,

present

material
reader

general

I have

that

should
emphasized
ceramic
described
and
but important
newly
structural types which have not heretofore been
or

published

received

recognition.

adequate

cul
the first 2 postulated
/CONCERNING
^^
tural epochs
(Table 2) the Pre-Agricul
tural and the epoch of Incipient Agriculture,
is

evidence

contra

sometimes

limited,

However,
dictory, and generally hypothetical.
site there is posi
in the case of the San Nicolas
lithic cul
tive proof of an hitherto undescribed
ture which
and pre
is seemingly preceramic
For

agricultural.

present

this

present

briefly

noncommittal

purposes

we

will

under

the

more

evidence
of

heading

evidence.

preceramic

The

Nazca.

now

road,

well

to

improved

the

Pacific port on the Bay of San Juan just south

is longer. Between
the port of
of San Nicolas,
San Juan and the shores of San Nicolas
Bay
tracks exist. We visited the Bay
only wandering
of San Nicolas
10, and
briefly on November
16, 1953, the last time in
again on November
a
of
with
company
geologist, Albert Gregerson
New
the Gulf Oil Company,
Summit,
Jersey.
The site in question
(No. 55, Table 2 and Fig.
1) is located in the northeast section of the Bay
of

San

coast

line

is a very

This

Nicolas.
and

Mr.

recent

active,
noted

Gregerson

super

terraces at this
imposed beach lines or major
are
numerous
low shell
end of the bay. There
heaps
their

above
white

these mounds

the
color,

present
are

beach

which,

inconspicuous.

and the adjacent

save

for

Between

hills

is a rocky,

complete

in

placement

our

own.

regard

to

strati

own

excavations.

For

of the relatively well-known

and
the

Inca

the

styles,

Nazca,
is re

reader

standard

older,

on

is based

factors

our

some

vessels,
than

other

from

to

ferred

by

associational

materials

sherd

literature.

In

the Early,

and Late
Ica
classifying
Middle,
to
ceramic
of
Fusion
styles (epoch
Imperial
epoch, Table 2), I have followed Kroeber and
Strong (1924b) but have omitted their numeri
as

subdivisions

cal

the

of

purposes

to

nongermane

the

major

paper.

present

evidence
dike which encloses a blocked and dry
or
channel.
Rocks in this channel are
lagoon
on the basis of a
encrusted with algae which,
to
brief examination,
Mr. Gregerson
believed
more
water
be of fresh
origin. This point merits
natural

extended

since

investigation

fresh water here

the possibility of
ent, water used
is hauled
in in
miles

is located
great empty bay of San Nicolas
a
of
in
direct
line
southwest
miles
45

The
about

the

and

graphic

ceramic

unrecognized

collections

However,

5. preceramic

our

from

Ica-Chincha,

to the limited

be warned

types

illustrated

illustrations

a more

account.

descriptive

the

later

materials

hitherto

possible,
are

times

epochs.

as of possible

to

prior

In regard
in

surface

here

Fusional

and

earlier
on

outlined

barely
other

and

Florescent,

Where

memoirs, 13

in former

occurrence

the

of

times would

explain
At pres
human occupation.
in San Juan and San Nicolas
some 50
tanks from Poroma

away.

The

shellmounds

irregular

series

in
some

of

shell

an

compose

question
5

concentrations

from 15 to 25 m. long and 3 to 4 m. high

but is be
(Site 55). Their depth is unknown

each

not

to be

lieved

great.

It was

our

to

intention

screen by levels here but due to the constantly

vicious southwest wind
carrying cutting sand,
systematic work proved to be impossible in our
some digging
time. However,
and
limited
was

screening
was

made.

and

done

ceramic

No

a wider
objects

surface
were

survey
on

found

or within
in question
the mounds
although
in the vicinity and several miles
other mounds
to

the

southwest

pottery

yielded

and

re

other

of culture phases in the epoch of Fusion.

or
of whole
55 consisted mainly
Site Number
sea
scal
shells
urchin,
including
disintegrated

mains

lop,
ash,

limpet,
charcoal,

and

mussel,
charred

and bird bones,

clam.
and

numerous

It also
split

rocks,

pebbles,

contained
sea

and

lion

sand

strong ]

III

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND T/AHUANACO/D

p|lP^
Fig.

2.

Stone

artifacts,

RELATIONSHIPS

CM.
San Nicolas

III.

\v|ft/

10 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
blasted obsidian chips. The only possibly culti
vated plant evidence was the stem end of a
small maize cobs (3.6 cm. long)
gourd. Two
on

occurred

surface

the

another

of

recent

now

mound

75 yards to the south and on the very

the beach, but none was found in the
of
edge
"nonceramic"

Artifacts

that

area,
and

on,

from,

55.

is, Site

included one broken, granite "handstone" with

a smoothed
face. The most
striking artifacts
were 5 double-ended
projectile points, from 5.5
to 3 cm. in length, all of which were finely re
touched (Fig. 2 A-E). The triangular point was
twice the length of the basal point.
generally
Like all the stone artifacts and flakes here these
were

sandblasted

were

smooth

butt
(Fig.
(2.7
have
cm.)
the

so
and

that

dull.

and

surfaces

edges

one

was

There

large

3
end from such a point. There were
2 l-K) side scrapers of basalt and quartzite
to 5!5 cm. long), one of which may also
been a drill or chisel. A flake knife (3.5
of obsidian with a use retouch completes
there were
In addition,
lithic inventory.

of both
very many
flakes, cores, and nodules
obsidian which
black and red-flecked
repre
such obsi
sented work shop debris. Normally
dian

chips

and

retain

artifacts

edge, but here the endless wind

all into rounded dullness.

sharp

cutting

has sandblasted

of 2
few nonlithic
artifacts consisted
The
reeds with smoothly flattened points; 3 2-strand
twisted strings of reed fiber; one 2-strand knot
ted loop of reed fiber; and one twined piece of
soft vegetable fiber.
secured on
While
the bulk of the material
our

very

2,

its positive

impressive,
istics

reconnaissance

brief,

are.

the

On
of

appearance

the

and
positive

obsidian

side
points,

is not

trips

character

negative
the

types

side

and

scrapers,

seem very close to those from

in northern Chile
the "oldest coastal culture"
the negative side
On
34
a-g).
(Bird 1943, Fig.
at
55
San
Nicolas
Site
the absence
Bay of any
or
of
lack
cultivated
ceramics and the paucity

and flake knives

plants
that

occur
which
fact,

seems equally
a very

early

significant.

cultural

horizon,

It is apparent
or

just

vey

horizons,

at San Nicolas
in superficial
deposits
should not require deep excavation. This
of
in conjunction
the evidences
with

the

area,

almost

September

23 to 24,

was

made

from

other

sites,

two were

trip

well

may

from

emerging

From
among

surface

the

beneath

in

activity

suggests

that further combined work here may

much needed light on Peruvian cultural

about
main

geological

memoirs, 13

contain

obscurity.

1953, a brief

and,

encountered

for

sur

to Chala

Nazca

which

culture

preceramic

evidence

However,

total

throw
origins

such

horizons.
is

conclusion

inferential, not positive. The first of those south

of Nazca
is the great series of shellheaps which
marks
the site of Lomas. The town of Lomas
is located on a rocky point which
separates 2
bays, the one to the south rough and wind
to

swept,

that

calm.

It would

for

the

at

north,

fishermen

from

least

comparatively

to be an excellent

appear

to

ancient

place
times

present

and the fact that by far the greater part of the

consists

point

an

of

enormous

this

supports

heaps

series

contention.

of

shell

The

small,

present-day fishing town nestles along the north

shore of the rocky point sheltered
from the
southwest winds by the vast middens
of pre
times.

Columbian

to estimate with any accuracy

or extensive
these middens

It is impossible
how high, deep,
may

but

be,

mous.

are

they

On

obviously

western

the

sea

the

exposure

enor

and

deep

has

cut a face at least 50 feet deep in the cultural

deposits and on this partly artificial base nu
merous other mounds
rise again from 30 to 40
or more
feet, the highest being capped by a
modern

or

sea

below

Pottery

of many

scattered

over

of

Midden

cemetery.
to

down

entire

these deposits,

other
areas

action,

where

were

sherds

acquired

but

exposed

were
in

is

plain ware,
at

noted.
these

the

base

or

by wave

examination

superficial
no

where

ments

area,

sides.

several

types, especially
the

extend

deposits
on

level

revealed
Cloth

sherdless

frag
areas

cloth found in
that suggest the crudely woven
Prieta and similar sites assigned to the
in northern
of Incipient Agriculture
epoch

Huaca
Peru.

garded

examination

was

very

and since the textile fragments referred

not yet been located in our collections

limited,
to have
sent

my

However,

here
as

from

Peru,

speculative.

the

above

must

be

re

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

strong]

of the
Further to the south, near the mouth
Rio Lomas,
is another vast area of shell and
refuse

heaps

covers

which

in intermittent

several

concentrations.

miles

square

These

white, refuse heaps occur just back of the town

of Chavinia
and extend to the sea. Here again,
of many

pottery

over

tered

ware

utilitarian
cursory

the

and

types
surface

again,

and,

scat
or

plain
Our

predominates.

greatly
here

examination

occurs

periods

no

gave

opportunity

11

to determine
the depth or nature of these refuse
are lower and more
scattered
deposits which
than

scattered,

RELATIONSHIPS

those

on

concentrated

the

rocky,

sea-girt

Punta de Lomas. All

that can be said here is
that the kitchen middens
of both Lomas and
Chavinia
rank in bulk with those at the mouth
of the lea River (Strong, Willey,
and Corbett
1943: 25, PI. 1 b) and undoubtedly
contain a
of early,

long record
later

human

and possibly

continuous,

occupation.

6. THE FORMATIVE EPOCH

EARLY Paracas culture phase is the
we
horizon
THE earliest
Formative
encountered
in the Ica-Nazca region. It was briefly studied
at the Juan Pablo I site, a burial ground up
stream from Ica near the head of the valley

lection.

As types these may be listed as Juan

Pablo Postfired Polychrome, which
in this early
also

period

incorporates

deco

negative-painted

ration; Slipped Red; Incised Interior; and Plain

Wares
(not further classified herein). The type
as Juan Pablo Postfired Poly
Our work here was very
here designated
(Figs. 1; 3 A-G).
but
confirmed
of
the
earlier
is
in
chrome
the Chavinoid
tradition and repre
reports
limited,
Pablo Soldi who guided us to the site. Numer
sents an earlier and hitherto undescribed
vari
ous materials
ant of what has been called the Cavernas
from
this site are among
the more
style
recent additions
to the Truel Collection
in
(Tello 1929; Carrion Cachot
1949). The forms
we
were
are quite highly varied, with
to study
where
able
them.
Ocucaje
low-walled
bowls
The burials were located on a rocky shelf well
and spout, bridge, and bird effigy vessels pre
above the river and consisted
of simple pits
are thin and
(Fig. 3 G). Walls
dominating
from 0.60 to 1.75 m. in depth. The skeletons
are
or dully
surfaces
smoothed
undecorated,
were flexed and in very poor condition,
all but
the
luster of the Ocucaje Post
polished,
lacking
one

showing

the

cabeza

larga

or

general

nas

All
type of head deformation.
had disappeared
perishable materials
small,

crumbling

of

fragments

Caver

traces of
save for

plain-weave

cloth. Of the 4 burials encountered,

one was
covered by a rough boulder ceiling or barbacoa,
one

was

seated

in a broken

olla,

and

two

were

side by side alongside a short stone and rough

adobe wall.
The bodies had originally
been
seated or flexed, but had collapsed. Only
the 2
adjacent bodies had grave gifts consisting of 6
small-mouthed,

plain

ware

ollas,

one

interior

banded

and incised bowl, 2 red-slipped

open
bowls, one bowl with exterior incised and post
fired painted decoration,
and a negative-painted
from a painted,
fragment probably
postfired
spouted vessel like that shown in Figure 3 G.
The above limited sample includes the range
of presently known Early Paracas ceramic types
and concurs with the richer selected materials
from the Juan Pablo

site now

in the Truel

Col

fired Polychrome
to be mentioned
Decoration
takes the form of broken
panels decorated with a very fugitive
The

powder.

pigments
most
are

latter

without

common
used,

white,
to 5

to

appears

binder.
at

including

red,

brown,

least

may
in

decoration

Incision

appear
negative

of

pure

red

is the

11 other

colors

yellow,

green,

gray, and black.

flesh, pink, orange,

colors

incised
colored

consist

Orange

but

color,

below.

on

single

vessel,
and

painting

Up
plus

incision.

is done with

thin, somewhat
irregular,
lines and simple Chavinoid
feline face designs

are

common.

quite

lined with
negative

All

incised
technique

lines.
occur

areas

painted

Simple
on

are

out

dot designs

numerous

in

vessels

of this type but, so far as our own observations

are

concerned,

pear

alone

Paracas

lem of

period.

negative

as it does
In regard

decoration

does

in the subsequent
to

the

the origin and spread

it should
painting
technique,

important

not

ap

Late
prob

of the negative
be pointed
out

12 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[

Fig.

Burials

and pottery
of the Early
Paracas
and Late Paracas
and
Paracas
burial
A-E,
phases.
Early
of burial
I: A,
and associated
ollas and Juan Pablo Postfired
Juan Pablo
close-up
plain ware
Red
C, E, Cahuachi
Polychrome
bowl; B, Juan Pablo Postfired
Polychrome
bowl;
Slipped
bowls; D, Cahuachi
Interior bowl.
vessels
Incised
F, G, Juan Pablo Postfired
(Paul Truel
Polychrome
burial,
Collection);
H, Late Paracas
Postfired
Ocucaje
II; I, J, Ocucaje
Polychrome
effigy jars, Late Paracas
burial, Ocucaje
II; K, L, Cahuachi
Negative
II.
burial, Ocucaje
bowl, Late Paracas
associated

3.

memoirs, 13

pottery,

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

strong ]

that both 2 and 3 color negative occur in this

about
horizon and that, in the Truel Collection,
show
decoration.
of
the
negative
pieces
40%
of these facts is
theoretical
The
significance
dealt with elsewhere
(Stigler 1954).
is lacking here

Space

mentioned

types

to deal with
but

above,

the other
are

names

the

judging from
Thus,
descriptive
(Fig. 3 B-G).
the much more abundant Early Paracas vessels
in the Truel and Pablo Soldi collections
(Soldi
of various
1956), and from Soldi's description
other graves from the Juan Pablo site, we can
our

regard

a small

as

here

4 graves

reason

but

of

the funerary
sample
ably characteristic
culture phase.
aspects of the Early Paracas
de
excavation
controlled
and more
Further
the above collections
tailed comparison with
must be accomplished
before any full definition
can

be

given.

while

Therefore,
Paracas

is

phase

of

the

limited

to

knowledge
at

present

Early
grave

it seems to be a definite
types and ceramics,
and early horizon. Characteristics
noted in our
own

small

boulder

shallow

sample,
covers,

crude

graves,

pit

stone

and

rough
adobe

lump

skeletal remains
flexed, very deteriorated,
deformed
lack of
heads, and a general
are also reported as typical
perishable materials
In the ceramic
range, the
by Soldi
(1956).
fugitive, powdery nature of postfired decoration
and the fact that both 2 and 3 color negative

walls,
with

occurs

painting
vessels,

and

not

on

a high

alone

(as

of

percentage
in Late

Paracas),

these
set

the 2 phases apart.

It is of interest that the
feline designs
in this Early
incised,
simple,
Paracas phase definitely
show that this is an
to
manifestation
early Chavinoid
(contrary
Pablo Soldi regards this Juan
1951).
Willey
as
Pablo I site, at the head of the Ica Valley,
the oldest
region.

Paracas
He states

culture manifestation
in the
that there is a slightly later
of Paracas
type at the foot of the

cemetery
central
Ica Valley
to
unable
(this we were
that
and
the
latest
Paracas
culture phase
visit),
at Ocucaje
is manifest
still further down
stream. The
our own
last is in accord with
findings

which

ferences

Juan Pablo

between

show

distinct

Paracas

I and at Ocucaje.

subcultural
manifestations

dif
at

The

Late Paracas
was

phase

13

RELATIONSHIPS

culture

(and "Necropolis")
to us

revealed

in various

manifesta

tions at Ocucaje
site in
and at the Cahuachi
the drainage of the Nazca
evi
These
proper.
while

dences,

are more

limited,

than

extensive

those so far known for the Early Paracas phase

struc
and include data on probable ceremonial
domestic
and
burials
burial
tures,
architecture,
as abundant

as well

practice,
artifact

Our

types.

Late

ceramic

and

strata

Paracas

other
and

pits

some vessels and considerable

graves yielded
sherd and other materials
and the pottery col
lections are well
supplemented
by the Truel
Collection.
consist of

The so-called ceremonial

structures
low mounds
of
bundled
composed
reeds and irregular adobe walls, occurring at 3
sites, Pinilla I and II and Ocucaje
I, all in the
are classified
as Late
basin. They
Ocucaje
Paracas on the basis of scant but specific sherd
materials which
they contain. That at Ocucaje
I may be considered
typical though the others
are

somewhat

smaller.

This

mammiform

now topped by a modern

mound,
house, is 50
m. in diameter and 4 m. high.
It is composed
of layers of bent reeds, each unit consisting of a
bundle of stalks, 0.70 m. long, bent over and
tied in hairpin shape. The mound
is traversed
a
wall
2-coursed
of
by
crude,
rectangular
set

adobes,

with

in mud.

These

grass and overlaid

The

plaster.
and

bone,

with

some

charcoal,

but

not

refuse mounds
and would
the substructures
for ceremonial

ings.

was

Time

common

at Ocucaje

but
and

of

adobe
sherds,
are

they

appear to be
or other build

to work

lacking

in detail,

structions

coated

smoothed

contain

mounds

considerable

are

walls

out

con

these

they

seem

Late

Paracas

to

be
pro

venience.

Two rows of Late Paracas domestic dwelling

were found with erect posts at the very base of
we sank Cuts
1 and 3 at
on
5
rest
the very
A).
(Fig.
They
of the artificial layers here and their

the mound
Cahuachi
bottom
firm

where

even

construction,

after

abandonment,

seems

to have caught blowing soil and built up

the nuclear core on which people of the Middle
Nazca
Late

poorer

culture
Paracas

hacienda

phase

later built
are

very

dwellings

of

houses

a temple.
similar

today

The
to

the

and were

14 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
constructed with
posts tied together
reed bundles and
walls were then
adobe

were

Forms
were
not

but

were

houses

these

in our

entire

floor

in

encountered

were

cuts.

Since

the

center

causes.

tinctive

/
L

/J

**m2&\\

r\
7-^->

n\\V^N

*/ 1

jj^^|f*f

/l^/^^^l|OTfl|'

^SS^L
jl'-V^WIf
f'
^.ti jff H^'%^^^ih
jp

some

cabeza

(Fronds.;

type

larga

of

occur.

did

skulls with

the dis

deformation

that

also the
up earlier by huaqueros,
other human bones which were
under the houses. Most puzzling
located on a
great cloth deposit

to the west

flat

refuse

practice

of several

Fig.

and below the Great Temple

This
strange deposit was

4).

CAHUACHI
WV^V
_J^
Wiw^^
S|TE
N"4
^/
/^-^ v fflyvS^^
osSLc

^n)
M
/xi ((
\J

with

pits

Irregular

consisted

had been dug

few jaws and
found in and
of all was a

and at one end of this mound,

they apparently
covered most of the original area upon which
later arose due to both natural and
the mound
artificial

of mortuary

evidences

zling

These

houses

plans

strata

deep

wall.

and

rectangular

interconnected,
out

durable

extremely

evidently

worked

and a few human bones occurred in the under

lying natural soil or sand.
or pits
No
Late Paracas
burial
grounds
were
at
located
but puz
(cavernas)
Cahuachi,

a series of main
(huarango)
of vertical
with a wattlework
horizontal cane supports. The
smeared with a thick layer of
an

creating

memoirs, 13

_ <,r
*^ ^

5/--C;.?*

sv??!#
BurialArea 2 V*^
.1,j~*-*?fc^

XvflrZ^G *

llV^UJ

\^^^K^f

}f Hp\

**/V
Sfrf'l

CONTOUR
LINESREPRE

Jfl (^

sent NATURAL
FEATURES

<^0J/lf\y

T-j-^ -J

HATCHING
REPRESENTS

CULTURAL
FEATURES

Vzrfr^-^

ft 1^jffiST~~
^

((3^
Ull"j?j|\Atefcll
/f^^&^
CC
f'l 1HL^-J?
~r^?C^

]}ff'

yy

HEAVY
SOLID
LINES
RE"
PRESENT
ADOBE
WALLS

,,,.-.^?,.^u>--?
Wr?? J
If"'* ^*/??t -3

!'-.csSWl
/Hi

\l v*1?r^'tn

cultivated

^f$kM~^<

Lands

Fig.

\M

4. Map

^tht miw^Sr

of Cahuachi,

?L*

^\

-?
.---***

^ 1**^f
*-%

V~

the Nazca

"capital."

/&^^ys/

vr:;?/^^?^//w

******** jr**

> ?**

p^

tzdlX^^

\jC-<^Tr(S

/7
|||C\///If/ff//Mil,
^\ O // li?>*wir

SIRONO
J

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

RELATIONSHIPS

15

,
HH^^^^^l^^H^^^^lI^^B^^&I^^B^^^^3iiii
^^^^^^^^^^^^BBmm^'^
8.

^KuBWmmmmmmmmmmmmBmWS^m.
l^mm^BBmmmmmmmmmmmmuBmaBm
WBrnRmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

PI

'

- . **-

^
/^MMHHHB|iHn||f
'^

...

._.

IL.

F ~

*g,-^?

*-

^>~ /
**
~&?>.L.?$r
' ^"r. ".L-ji".IW

5.

Cut

Architectural
5

:^

1 (Late Paracas);
and daub wall, Cut
Cahuachi.
A, wattle
details,
of small,
of
conical
adobes
wall
behind
D, wall
ungrooved,
(Early Nazca);
of
of large grooved,
conical
E, walls
F, close-up
(Proto-Nazca);
adobes, Cut 3 (Early Nazca);
3 (Early Nazca);
1 (Middle Nazca).
cal adobes, Cut
of wedge
G, wall
adobes, Cut
Fig.

rooms,

:<+?

B, C, complex
Cut
loaf adobes
large,

grooved,

of

coni

16 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
of

composed

cotton

plain-weave,

simple,

cloth

a trench 18 m. long and 1.75

which
occupied
m. wide; the top of the cloth lay 0.80 m. below
folded
the surface and the intricately
layers
were
cloth
thick. The
0.15 m.
itself, from
selvage to selvage, proved to be 7 m. in width
to be one single piece.
It was
and appeared
folded in from side to side in rough
complexly
accordion pleats, and then folded end over end
estimate of its
at least 3 times. A conservative
m.
its extraordi
to
with
is
50
60
which
length
it one of the largest pieces
nary breadth makes
of cloth reported from Peru. It was quite rotten
been

in places and had

puzzled huaqueros,
Peruvian

entire.

cut

times by
be saved

several
not

could

hence

that

reported

archaeologists

com
this was exactly the type of cloth which
of
the
cloth
the
majority
wrappings
plain
posed
bundles at Paracas and
of "Necropolis" mummy
were

they

sure
The

Necropolis.

we

had

another

encountered

occurrence

of

"Cavernas"

(our

type sherds, on and under the

Paracas)
this belief. How
cloth
layer, furthered
great

Late

we

when

ever,

cut

and

cloth

the

through

tested the underlying,

very hard
thoroughly
natural ground no burial pits were found. The
a connec
probability that this cloth deposit had
tion

burial

culture

Paracas

with

how

practices,

ever, was furthered by the fact that up the

draw leading from the deposit toward the great
we

temple

several

encountered

empty

deep

sealed
tombs, several of which were carefully
canes and had not been excavated
with
by
All

huaqueros.

area

this

through

were

there

abundant
signs of very hot and extensive fires
which had calcined the earth and rock to con
siderable depths, as well as several previously
cabeza larga (Cavernas
excavated
type) de
of large,
formed skulls, and many
fragments
seems
ware
It
ollas.
highly probable either
plain
are

there

that

culture

Paracas

concentrated

ever

areas near here which

both the
and ourselves have so far
seeking huaqueros
failed to find, or else that this was a place

burial

the

where
ped,

and

to Ocucaje

At Ocucaje,
we

were

across

transported
or

much

the

were

dead

important

Paracas

even
more

wrap

smoked,
the

great

broken

though our time was

for

we

ware

plain

en

were

others

flexed

barbacoas

of burned-off
albarroba
logs, with
another beneath composed of lashed canes, the
interstices being stuffed with grass (Fig. 3 H).
not abundant,
but 2 fine
Grave
gifts were
vessels occurred
Postfired Polychrome
Ocucaje
with one (Fig. 3 I, J), and Cahuachi Negative
ware vessels with 3 others (Fig. 3 K, L). Cloth
was

rotten

and

sparse

but

did

in mantles,

occur,

and bags; as did feather mantles,

wrapping,
plume fans with wickerwork
handles, wicker
work baskets, crude chalk effigies, and various
Several bowls, gourds,
objects.
problematical
and baskets contained peanuts and cotton. The
graves, being in refuse, full of reeds and grass,
were

very

and

messy
we

However,

to delineate

hard

secured

clearly.
to

evidence

adequate

establish the Late Paracas burial type at this site

and to verify the conditions
reported by those
who secured the materials
in the Truel Collec
tion.

Space is lacking here to describe Late Paracas

and Cahuachi
artifact material
from Ocucaje
in any detail but, in general,
the perishable
were

materials

similar

form)

graves

Necropolis

lected materials
Collection.
made

at

More

Paracas

and

ceramic

and
se

similar

in the Truel

types

be

will

comparisons

specific
The

fragmentary

from the Cavernas

from Ocucaje

elsewhere.

istic of

more

(in

to those reported

character

culture phase were

in cuts at Cahu
stratigraphically

the Late

determined
from

the

for

Paracas

above

the

segregating

brief,

the

ollas,

and seated (one on reed pads), usually with

the face to the north. The
skeletal material,
while somewhat better than that at Juan Pablo,
was
in very bad shape. The
skulls were de
formed, but this whole problem of deformation
needs detailed
study before specific types are
seriously named. Three graves had ceilings or

Ocucaje

peninsula.

fortunate

to the Late
countered
9 burials pertaining
Paracas period. These were pit burials in refuse
of the Late Paracas period which
ranged from
0.80 to 2.10 m. in depth. Three of the bodies
were
in partially
seated in a flexed position

achi,

pampas

memoirs, 13

mentioned

and

abundant

graphic

materials.

Collections

with

comparison

vessels

but

and

graves,

rich Truel

our

fragmentary

few

by

from
grave
strati

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND T/AHUANACO/D

strong]

S3^?ZZ^^p^T\

"
.
1 YELL0W
1
"

BROWN
[;^i;';.jFLESH
1111111

^^^^Jl^^
^^^

I
|_|

F'W^'f^'PJ^uj

^^^^^^

GREEN

||||li
IB1IIIMAUVE
I -. ;.
\ ?or-Ak,
1 : : : 1 CREAM

17

KEY

COLOR

WWM RED

RELATIONSHIPS

COLOR
WORNOFF

I_'_?_'_>_'

**~^?~?*?
W^^Sf

Fig.

6.

Late

CM.

Paracas
D,

pottery
E, Cahuachi

types, Cahuachi.
Incised
Interior;

A-C,
F-/,

Ocucaje
Cahuachi

Postfired
Negative.

Polychrome;

IS SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

The

is characterized
Paracas horizon
Post
ceramic types: Ocucaje
White
Slipped "Necropolis,"
Incised Interior,
Cahuachi
Negative,
Cahuachi
Red and White Decorated,
and plain ware types.

Late

by the following
fired Polychrome,
Cahuachi
Cahuachi

Modeled,
The
first, Ocucaje
the most distinctive
occurs only sparsely

is
Polychrome,
ware
it
although
funerary
in the strata cuts (Figs. 3
Postfired

It differs from its earlier proto

J, J; 6 A-C).
in that
Postfired Polychrome,
Pablo
type, Juan
and other surfaces are often well
the unpainted
the resinous colors are thickly applied
polished,
and will not readily wash off in water, and the
incised lines are often wider and more evenly

memoirs, 13

While
ceramic

the Ocucaje
Postfired
Polychrome
type has to date been regarded as most
the
for the Late Paracas
diagnostic
culture,
more
associated
types are much
following
in the refuse and living levels per
abundant
strata cuts.
taining to this period in Cahuachi
Cahuachi
has 2 and 3 colors, occurs
Negative
most
on bowls,
double
commonly
although
spouts do occur
are

(Figs. 3 K, L; 6 F-J).

geometric

lines,

circles-and-dots,

dashes,

stepped

blocks,

spirals, all used on either

the

vessels.

Interior

Designs
chevrons,

dots,

and

triangles,

interior or exterior
seem

designs

more

of

complex

The
and may
Incised
rarely be naturalistic.
Interior type is self-descriptive.
The
type was
first noted at Chincha
(Kroeber and Strong
applied than in the earlier type. Also negative
PL
also see Kroeber
occur
on
not
Post
the
does
1924a,
20,
Proto-Chincha;
Ocucaje
painting
PL
Red and
Cahuachi
a
forms
but
fired Polychrome
Paracas).
1944,
41B,
separate
vessels,
White
Decorated
like
8
7
ceramic
Cahuachi
(Figs.
E;
A-E),
type,
Ocucaje
Negative.
is a very abundant Late
has a range of at least 12 Cahuachi
Postfired Polychrome
Negative,
Paracas type. Rounded
bowls with
incurving
colors and may have up to 8 postfired applied
a

on

colors

those of
but

single

Its

pot.

are more

are

forms

Postfired

the Juan Pablo

to

similar

Polychrome

complex.

The White
type (Fig.
Slipped "Necropolis"
but theoretically
10 F) is a minor,
important,
ware, also closely related to the Cahuachi
Poly
chrome
Incised and Modeled
types (Fig. 10)
are

which

culture

Proto-Nazca
lies

portance

sent

of

characteristic

in the

Its

phase.
that

fact

the

it appears

im

to repre

the White

incised,
polished,
Slipped,
ware said to have been found
and/or modeled
in the "Necropolis"
in isolation
(a Cavernas
at
Paracas
culture house
1929;
(Tello
ruin)
some 400 mum
Carrion Cachot
1949) where
mies

rich

with

textile

wrappings

Since

occurred.
data on

and provenience
descriptive
type pottery is utterly inadequate
"Necropolis"
in the existing published
record, all that may
be said here is that the stratigraphy at Cahuachi
indicates

that

the

is probably

so-called

"Necropolis"

ware

to our White

Slipped
equivalent
type and occurs, stratigraphically,
"Necropolis"
as
with
late "Cavernas"
(our Late Paracas),
a
as
well
with
succeeding culture horizon here
termed Proto-Nazca.

It is therefore

form

later than

and earlier
early "Cavernas"
(Early Paracas)
than fully developed Nazca
(Middle Nazca).

double-spouted

bowls,

face

vessels,

collar

and

jars,

plat
with

jars

everted lips are all present. These have either

a watery white or buff-red background
and are
decorated with narrow red rim bands, parallel
on
or red (depending
vertical
lines in white
or
as well
as white
background),
or
curvilinear
Some
designs.

contrasting
black

subsequent
theoretic

sides, hemispheric

geometric

modeling

is present.
as

important

The

a possible

is theoretically

type

southern

representation

of theWhite-on-Red
tion of the central

horizon style and/or tradi

and northern coasts (Willey
is a highly pol
Cahuachi Modeled
1948:10).
ware
The
ished black
type (Fig. 8 F, G).

decorations
to

tions

may

from

series

of

(Fig. 8 G). Further

details concerning

depressions
stratigraphic

as

as well

decorated

varia

shape

simple

most

representations;

effigy
are

characteristic

racas

vary

elaborate

thumb-shaped

and
descriptive
these Late Pa

plain

ware

must

types

be presented
elsewhere.
However,
hoped that even this brief description will
cate

how

inventory
previously
Cavernas
been

more

much

of

complex

the Paracas

been

indicated

culture
when

the

it is
indi

ceramic

is than has
only 2 or 3

and Necropolis
funerary types have
or
at least mentioned
in the
known,

literature.

strong |

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHVANACOJD

Fig.
seum,

7.

Late

Harvard

E, Cahuachi
and Modeled

Paracas

and

Proto-Nazca

D, Cahuachi
University);
Decorated
Red
and White
Thin

double-spout

bottle

pottery
Polished

I_I_I
CM.
types.
Black

19

10

Cahuachi
bowls
A-C,
Stylus Decorated
(Peabody Mu
bottle
Incised
de Ica);
double-spout
Regional
(Museo
Incised
F, G, Cahuachi
Cahuachi;
bottle,
Polychrome

double-spout
Soldi Collection).

(Carlos

RELATIONSHIPS

rA1-,~Ti~^V
SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

20

[ MEMOIRS, 13

COLORKEY
^^^0^3

CM.

COLORKEY
^^^^
Pblack
FI0.,

r.huachi

L.?P-?iS^-^Sthi

A-E,

Cahuachi

Modeled.

bi&3
Red

and White

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

strong ]

painted

of complex
negative
in both Early
in abundance

designs
Paracas

Late

and

occurrence

the

Like

culture

so

phases,

the

strati

"Ne
of the White
Slipped
graphic placing
and
in
Paracas
Late
immediately
cropolis" style
is theoreti
culture phase horizons
succeeding
cally

important.

tures

about

are many

There
the

so-called

fea

puzzling

ceramic

"Necropolis"

and

we

encountered

pieces

in our

own

At

clined

to identify

vessels),

to

objective

isolation

reported
an

and

Proto-Nazca

at

record

similar

possibly

are

sites

cul

until

the

is pre

Paracas

its

recorded,

fully

site at
in the Necropolis
due to class limited functions,
excavation

inadequate

in

Slipped
it equiv

make

here. However,

Necropolis

Paracas,

present

would

Paracas

as defined

or

sented,

or

Late

the

ture phases

I am

will

record,

remain

culture

the Proto

and stylistically,

Stratigraphically,

follows

phase

the

Late

Paracas

the Early Nazca

phase,
precedes
transitional between the two. The Proto

culture

and

being
Nazca

culture

refuse

from

tirely

is at

known

present
no

layers,

almost

en

nor

unit

burials

structures

for this phase having been found by

In
us, nor have they been reported by others.
Cuts 1 and 5 at Cahuachi,
walls of wattle and
as well

daub,

and

adobes,

structures

a result,

small,

irregular

5 D),

not

have

adobes

lump

(Fig.

yet

but
been

occur

more

decorated

are concentrated

in Cut

revealed.

As

of

ceramic

1?

in

the
types

above

those

characteristic
of Late Paracas and below those
as Early Nazca
(Table 2). The dis
are
tinctive decorated
types in Proto-Nazca

classified

Incised and Modeled

(1) Cahuachi
Polychrome
Incised Thick,
(2) Cahuachi
Polychrome

Thin,

(3) Cahuachi

Stylus Decorated,

and

(4) Ca

are

gray

with

colors

rust,

the

most

the

most

orange,

flesh,

characteristic
on

one

any

are rich and usually well pol

vessel. Colors
ished. Design areas are outlined by even incised
lines, the latter occasionally
being paint filled
or covered.
and modeled
incised
Elaborately
closed vessels, including platform double spout
or collared jars as well as bowls are most typi
cal. Varied
geometric and naturalistic
designs
the
latter
occur,
including human effigies, birds,
In
fish, killer whales,
beans, and other plants.
the
main
certain
includes
sub
type
addition,
types such asWhite
Slipped "Necropolis" men
tioned

above

which

occurs

also

How

earlier.

In
ever, the bulk of the Cahuachi
Polychrome
cised and Modeled
Thin is unique, representing
a distinct though transitional ceramic and, pre
sumably, cultural period. Cahuachi
Polychrome
Incised Thick
includes
(0.8 cm. or thicker)
painted with
fired, true ceramic
10
The
elaborate designs,
pigments
J).
(Fig.
are
outlined
with deep
mainly
representational,
incised lines which are usually painted over and
vessels

filled in.
Cahuachi
is a unique type
Stylus Decorated
characterized
black
by
polished decoration on a
black background
These
(Figs. 7 A-C; 9 GA).
vessels usually have completely
black reduced
interiors and exteriors but, in about half the
examples,

duces

com

diagnostics

are

phase

conical

ungrooved,

the present major

Proto-Nazca

which

of

strata

Proto-Nazca
plete

as

buff,

black,

and

closed

obscure.

Nazca

white,

Red,
colors,

complete

our White

it with

style which

"Necropolis"
alent

work.

no

are true
Polished
Black
Incised. All
not
in
decoration.
fired,
postfired,
The first of these, Cahuachi
In
Polychrome
cised and Modeled
has
great variety in
Thin,
both shape and design (Figs. 7 F, G; 10 A-I).

huachi

brown,

of the storage collections of this

style. Analysis
at the Museo Magda
I
examined
which
style,
in 1952, showed that vessels of this
lena Vieja
style are very limited in number and not par
The style is very rare in
ticularly distinctive.
the Truel Collection
from Ocucaje
(one or 2

21

RELATIONSHIPS

the

slight

vessel.

of

oxidation

lighter coloration
Upon

the

exterior

giving a 2-tone

these

surfaces

pro

effect to

subtle

designs

were

a blunt
with
by burnishing
produced
instrument before firing while
the clay
pointed
was
state. The designs are
in a leather-hard
essentially
lines), but
dots,

and

linear
spirals,
sunburst

(both

straight

S-shaped
designs

and

designs,
are

also

wavy
circles,

common.

Naturalistic
designs of fish are also present and
cover
the designs
the entire
inside
usually
bottom of the plates. The plates are usually
gambreled, but incurved, round forms and out
flaring forms also occur. The fourth character

22 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[

memoirs, 13

^^^^^m KEY

J^^^HRI^^^Sfc

Fig.

9.

Proto-Nazca

pottery
Incised;

types, Cahuachi.
A-F, Cahuachi
Cahuachi
Stylus Decorated.

G~l,

Polished

Black

strong ]

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

RELATIONSHIPS

13

H
COLOR

Fig.

'?'?'?'-'?'
CM.

10.

Proto-Nazca
and Modeled

18111

pottery
Thin;

^^^

KEY

MAUVE
H -^^M

types, Cahuachi.
A-I, Cahuachi
Polychrome
Incised Thick.
/, Cahuachi
Polychrome

Incised

BLACK

24 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
type is Cahuachi
(Figs. 7 D; 9 A-F).

ceramic

istic Proto-Nazca

Pol

This
re
includes
type
completely
well-polished,
ware
fine
with
vessels
black
decorated
duced,
line incised designs. Bowl forms are similar to
Incised

ished Black

the

The

type.

preceding

common

most

type

of

design is a series of single evenly spaced vertical

around
the sides of the vessel.
lines placed
and un
Other
by polished
designs produced
area
contrasts
include
step
diamonds,
polished
block frets and chains, as well as more elaborate
such as the killer whale.
naturalistic
designs
that a grouping of ceramic types,
placed, at present most specifi
stratigraphically
It is obvious

cally

the

characterizes

culture

Proto-Nazca

ce
phase. This phase,
the early incised tradi
ramic types fall within
tion of the Formative epoch of the South Coast
seems rightly to be included in that major cul
it should also be
tural grouping.
However,
since all

its decorated

noted

memoirs, 13

that

the Proto-Nazca
horizon decorated
are characteristically
with
painted
ceramic pigments
normal
(not resins) which
are truly fired, not applied after firing, hence ac
of the
the decorative
cording with
techniques
in these regards
Florescent
subsequent
epoch
as
Derived
and therefore
truly transitional.
ceramics

they are from the earlier Paracas incised and

the
postfired
tradition,
they also foreshadow
later Nazca
tradition in other basic techniques,
in forms, colors, and particularly designs; hence
seems more
the term Proto-Nazca
fitting here
to the

than as originally
applied
Nazca
Middle
(Nazca A)

full-blown
style at Ocucaje
(Kroeber and Strong 1924b). In regard to nega
it persists
in small
tive painted
decoration,

amounts

in

Paracas

be

the

the

as primarily

regarded

Formative

on

later

in

abundant

hence

periods,

and

Proto-Nazca

more

is much

but

periods,

the

South

earlier
can

Coast

diagnostic

of

the

epoch.

7. THE FLORESCENT EPOCH

in the present
FLORESCENT
epoch,
cul
includes the pure Nazca
THE classification,
tural and artistic tradition and, on stratigraphic
into Early
is subdivided
and stylistic grounds,
it is
In
Late
and
ceramics,
phases.
Middle,
Peruvian
the
marked
development
highest
by
style, is preceded by
and
the Formative,

of the polychrome
painted
the incising tradition of
terminates

prior

haanacoid
coastal

to

stylistic

the

first

elements

intrusion

into

of

the

Tia

south

region.

The Early Nazca phase is known on the basis

and stratified refuse de
of some architecture
we
no
found
but
graves. Kroeber found
posits,
in 1926. The
one grave of this period at Aja
ceramic
characteristic
type of the Early
is Cahuachi
Nazca
(Fig.
Polychrome
period
several Proto-Nazca
types still
11), although
most

persist and small amounts of Nazca A Poly

chrome types begin to appear toward the end
is stylisti
of the period. Cahuachi
Polychrome
to
A
related
Nazca
Polychrome
cally closely
1927), but it possesses a
(Gayton and Kroeber
series of distinctive

features

as well

as stylistic

ties with Proto-Nazca

types which are no longer
evident in the Nazca A Polychrome
style. The
nature of the distribution
of Cahuachi
Poly
in

chrome

relation

to

partially

overlapping

Proto-Nazca
In
types (Cahuachi
Polychrome
Polished
Black
cised, Cahuachi
Incised, and
in
Cahuachi
Stylus) and Nazca A Polychrome
is shown in Table 3. It can
3 cuts at Cahuachi
there

be

seen

that

the

Proto-Nazca

are

types

comes into
Polychrome
fading when Cahuachi
As
Cahuachi
fades
in the
vogue.
Polychrome
it
Nazca
A
is
upper levels,
Poly
replaced by
chrome. This table (Table 3) includes 3 sites:
a one-culture
Cut 6
site, The Great Temple;
(average of 3 levels); and Cut 5 (6 levels)
statistics will be pub
(Fig. 4). More detailed
table
lished later, the present
being introduced
solely to indicate the gross stratigraphic position
It seems
of the Cahuachi
Polychrome
style.
us
to
that
Cahuachi
Polychrome
probable
alone, or with only a little foreign influence,
into the famous Nazca A Polychrome
evolved
it is some
with sherd materials,
style. Working
times
painted

difficult
types.

to distinguish

between

the

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND T1AHUANACOID

strong j
Table

3.

Style

Cuts at Cahuachi

of

Position

Stratigraphic
Polychrome

polished
Nazca A
Polychrome
80.10%

52.32
51.77
38.75
53.96
none
31.99
none
33.87

11.14
10.71
4.65
1.59

Polychrome

shapes

flaring bowls, small bowls with sharply incurv

bowls are
ing rims, and almost hemispherical
Small
also typical of Cahuachi
Polychrome.
are
on
the
inside
with
painted
designs
plates
double
necks

Closed

are

but

occur,

not

everted

short

jars with

and

spouted,

as platform

such

vessels,

common.

distinctive
is the most
2. The
decoration
It is al
characteristic.
Cahuachi
Polychrome
to a 2 or 3 color combination
limited
ways
(red
white

and

black/cream

black/cream-white,
to a

and,

or

gray

Rarely,

lesser
an

extent,

are

is added.

color

orange-brown

occur.

backgrounds

rarer

but

metric,

are

latter

are

Designs

naturalistic

most

commonly
of

representation

geometric,

geo

usually

designs

occur.

stylized,
the

aji

The
almost
pepper,

flowers, fish, and a rare strange 4-legged animal

and
with
body,
crescent-shaped
long neck
"beak." Such designs as hemispheres,
triangles,
step blocks,
so

on,

dots,
are

circles

common.

and dots,
A

panel

squiggles,
of

or more

in one

paint

colors

pro

any

one

of these designs, each unit usually separated by

a single vertical
line and running completely
around the vessel, is by far the most common
form of decoration.
Peculiar to Cahuachi
Poly

design

Polychrome
solid

areas

of

paint

is that decorative
and

are

out

not

lined with either an incised line (characteristic

of Cahuachi
Incised) or a painted
Polychrome
of Nazca A Polychrome).
line (characteristic
In

several

instances

the

shapes

Incised.
Polychrome
In resume, Cahuachi
terized by a number
to Proto-Nazca

related

nonincised,

painted,

and

decorations

vessels are otherwise

the earlier Cahuachi

of Cahuachi
Polychrome
those of
identical with

is charac
Polychrome
most
of shapes
closely
forms; but the solidly
re

and

anticipate

designs

the simpler
semble
types in the full-blown
Nazca A Polychrome
style.
The
Broad Line Red and
type Cahuachi
is also most characteristic
White
(Fig. 12 A)
it is
of the Early Nazca
phase.
Stylistically
Broad Line Red,
closely related to Cahuachi
and
Black (Fig. 12 B-D) of the Middle
White,
Late

red/cream-white).

Colors are thickly applied, rich in appearance

The
and vessel
surfaces are well
polished.
but dark
is usually
cream-white,
background

and

Cahuachi
units

common.

of

effect (Fig. 11 I).

ducing a decidedly mottled
is a brushed
Related to the splattered technique
of
decoration
of
type
consisting
irregular strokes
of paint applied with some sort of brush (Fig.
is also evident in
11 H). This brush technique
some of the solid geometric designs where
the
is jagged or serrated through brush
of
distinctive
characteristic
Another
work.

are generally more similar to

A
than
Proto-Nazca
typical Nazca
shapes
bowls
(side heights
shapes. Small gambreled
In shape
of 3 cm. or less) are most
typical.
are identical with
these vessels
and profile
and unlike
the larger, thicker
Proto-Nazca
vessels. Small out
walled Nazca A Polychrome

also

flecks

small

base of each

type:
1. The

is a type of splatter painting where the

surface of the vessel is splattered with

chrome

7.33%
18.8656.25

the Cahuachi

summarize

Cahuachi

Cahuachi
Polychrome

Proto-Nazca
Type

.
none
Great Temple
none
Cut 6 (Average of 3 levels)
Cut 5
m.
15.54%
0-0.50
. 16.07
.50-1.00
. 37.21
1.00-1.50
. 25.39
1.50-2.00
.
53.32
2.00,2.50
.
45.16
2.50-Bottom

To

the
Nazca)

(Early

25

RELATIONSHIPS

Nazca

phases.

is also known from

Early Nazca architecture
structures encountered
at Cahuachi
in Mound
1 (Cuts 1, 1 S-W, and 3) and these from a
most

interesting

of

complex

walls

and

struc

tures in Cut
in Mound

5 (Fig. 5 B, C). The massive walls

1 are composed
of very
large,
tip to
grooved, conical adobes laid horizontally
tip so that the disc bases produce a smooth wall
(Fig. 5 E, F).
Such conical adobe walls had been laid up
on all sides of the old residual and refuse
left by the earlier Paracas peoples
in
1 and, apparently,
composed
temple

deposits
Mound

rooms,

structures,

of

these

quite
ceramic

great
common
and

and

conical

foundations.

and

at Cahuachi
stratigraphic

and,

use

The

adobes

grooved

from

associations,

is

their
they

26 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

mkmoirs, 13

KEY
COLOR

^ m^HHHHI^V

H|H
Fig.

11. Early Nazca

pottery

type, Cahuachi.

A-M,

Cahuachi

Polychrome.

BLACK

strong 1

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

^^

RELATIONSHIPS

27

WHITE
[' ;'/.'' ,]

E
N^>^^

/^'^^^^^:SS<N\

f^^?^?^^^^^

'
W.V^

/ ^5

"
V

^^^^IsX^
Fig.

12. Minor

(Proto-Nazca).

B-D,

I CLAY

IV"'
\A---^^feJ
G

and White;

KEY

COLOR

decorated

pottery

Cahuachi

Broad

types.
Line

:::-

Cahuachi
Red, White,

'

''?/xy

(Early Nazca
Black;

wsj

fr::::::::?|
to Late

EAT, Cahuachi

Nazca).

A,

Cahuachi

miscellaneous

Broad

Modeled

Line
and

Red

Incised

28 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
seem

to pertain

to

particularly

the

factual

Nazca

Early

and residential area

horizon. The occupational
in
Cut 5 (Fig. 5 B, C) consists of a
uncovered
series

of

walls,

heavy

as walks,

used

perhaps

and a series of well-constructed,

nicely finished
walls
and floors, the former
wattle-and-daub
by both small and large algar
strengthened
roba posts. The
large posts are burned off on
top and may well have once supported a higher
rooms.

open

main

The

were

which

roof under

general

the partially
content

ceramic

of

of
5 consisted of a high percentage
sherds with
very fine Cahuachi
Polychrome
and earlier types in the deeper
Proto-Nazca
levels. The rooms had been filled in at a later
in Cut

fill

in the Middle Nazca

culture
time, presumably
phase, to judge from a small percentage of fine
sherds in the upper levels
Nazca A Polychrome
In

5 strata

the Cut

were

there

numerous

also

cloth fringes and other unworn fragments from

woven
and colored embroideries,
beautifully
worn
as other
as well
textile
types. While
textile

fragments,

curred

in all

our

and

Paracas

oc

and elaborate,

both plain

our
fine

levels,

culture

Nazca

were

structures

used

textile

deposits

at Cahuachi

represent

most

of

that these

and

weavers.

by

than

that
the

from

fragments

the

refuse

seem

elsewhere

the major

in

abundant

particularly

to say more

is lacking

numerous

so

were

pieces

5 that it seems possible

those at Cut
Space

to

Necropo

Paracas,

types of fine and plain weaving

assigned to these periods in publica

generally
or

and

in Peruvian

museums.

other

Since

and specialized study of our textile

is still in progress, no more can be
collections
since objective information
said here. However,
the tedious

the

concerning

of

actual

data

provenience

on many

the fine, so-called Paracas

(Cavernas-Ne
textiles so far published
and Nazca

cropolis)
is often

that

to

be

which
moment,

the

levels

and

Nazca,

deposits

important

our

present

primarily

textile

and graves

other

as

or

confused,

lacking,

probable
stratified

and synthesis,

analysis

the

final

report.

to

refers

ceramic

polychrome

and

techniques

art style as well as to size and complexity

of
architectural
units. Possibly this is also the case
to

textiles

remains,

but

regard

factual

and

certain
are

these

other

too

arti

incompletely

to be reported upon
at this time.
analyzed
with
of beaten gold, seem
exception
Metals,
to be lacking in Early and Middle Nazca.
Re
mains of the Middle Nazca culture phase, rep
resented particularly
ceramic
by the decorated
are found in the
type Nazca A Polychrome,
upper

of

portions

the

strata

at Cahuachi.

cuts

com
and architectural
largest ceremonial
plex, the Great Temple
(Fronds.; Fig. 4), be
longs almost entirely to this period since only
Nazca A Polychrome
and a
(Middle Nazca)
of Early Nazca
very small proportion
type
sherds were
found in stripping and pitting at
this great structural unit south of the strata pit

as

from the
fragments
in all our Paracas,

may
the

More

prove

eventually
pottery

classification
based.

it seems

arbitrary,

types

is, for
complete

Our

located

expedition

of

number

graves across the river from our

cuts and Kroeber,
in 1926, also
stratigraphic
located Middle
Nazca
graves both up and
Nazca

Middle

down

the

river

from

our

at Cahu

excavation

vast sherd collection

from this site is
Middle Nazca.
predominantly
In general, our definition
of the Nazca A
achi. Our

lis, and Nazca

tions,

await

The Middle Nazca cultural phase represents

the climax of the famous Nazca culture and the
apogee of the Florescent
epoch as at present
in south coastal Peru. This
defined
climax

area.
strata

must

The

3).

(Table

and architectural

however,

in

the

memoirs, 13

on

the
arti

Polychrome

ceramic

style

agrees

with

that

of

the Nazca A of Gayton

and Kroeber
(1927)
and with Kroeber's latest revision (1956) of the
Nazca A style. We
did not, however, find any
evidence,

stratigraphic

or

stylistic,

confirming

any distinctive Nazca X, or transitional A-B,

in the strictly stylistic Gay
style as postulated
ton-Kroeber
the

Nazca

classification.
Polychrome

We
ceramic

therefore
style,

view
as

as an essentially
whole,
bipolar development
its ear
with Nazca A Polychrome
dominating
the
lier and Nazca B its later stages. Through
in the stratigraphic pits, the
materials
excavated
in the Great Temple,
large sample collected
and the very large surface collection
from the
looted cemeteries which
in the area,
abound

strong ]
we

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

were

amass

to

able

an

sample

impressive

is not
of Nazca A Polychrome
pottery. This
the time nor place to attempt a fully synoptic
rich and very
of the symbolically
description
the
colorful Nazca A Polychrome
style. Unlike
hitherto

unknown

nonfunerary

and

Proto-Nazca,

the

ceramic

Nazca

Early

the

Paracas,

types

at
Nazca
below Middle
deposits
the later Nazca
styles have already
Cahuachi,
treatment elsewhere
received extensive
(Uhle
and
1914; Putnam
1914; Seler 1923; Kroeber
1927; Kroe
Strong 1924b; Gay ton and Kroeber
occur

which

ber
at

1926

the

moment,

however,

been

ble

be
to

in

to

us

are,

com

for

here.

it is possi

However,
ideas

general

and

Paracas

types

previously

This
I
Kroeber
and
type, which
1924b).
as "Proto-Nazca,"
has
(1924b) then designated
since been recognized
by Kroeber
(1930: 8;
and

as

others,

an

outstanding

of

sample

Nazca A style. Our present Nazca

collection
shows much
the same slight regional variation
in both shape and decoration
from the Uhle
as does Kroeber's
collection
1926
Ocucaje
Nazca
A grave sample
It
(Kroeber
1956).
already
samples

seems

certain

represent

tions of the same

which

extended

these

type, Nazca

over

an

local

ceramic

regional

varia

larger,

minor

only

area

Polychrome,

at

least

as

collection.

and

double-frustrum,

also

in our

appear

Kroe

Double
plat

collections.

The

2 latter shapes, double frustum and platform,

are lacking in the Uhle Ocucaje
collection.
constricted-mouthed
Similarly,
jars and jars
with
short everted necks are present
in our
Cahuachi
in the Uhle
but lacking
sample,
and the Kroeber Nazca
Ocucaje
grave collec
tions. It is believed
that these forms, present
at Cahuachi
but lacking in one or both the
and

Ocucaje
are

derived

the Kroeber

from

earlier

Nazca

collec

Proto-Nazca

and

types known to be present in Cahuachi

levels but, so far, not described
stratigraphic

Paracas

To

summarize:

variants

of Nazca

the Ocucaje
A

and Cahuachi
are

Polychrome

closely

re

lated.

and the descendant

Nazca B
briefly outlined
type which will be similarly treated
Polychrome
below (Figs. 13, 14).
The Nazca
A
from
pottery
Polychrome
is very closely similar to that col
Cahuachi
lected by Uhle at Ocucaje
(Kroeber and Strong

1956),

from

apparently,

grave

elsewhere.

concerning

the range and nature of Nazca A Polychrome

to be compared with the ancestral Early Nazca,
Proto-Nazca,

and,

spheroid,
vessels

tions,

be a lengthy process which

few

collection

spouted,
form

bowls occur in our Middle Nazca

levels but are lacking from the

1926 Nazca

ber's

Uhle

have,

They

available

attempted
a

Further,

at Nazca

preparation.

made

present

others).

excavations

grave

and this will

parison
cannot

various

among

1956,

Kroeber's

Hemispheric
stratigraphic
Ocucaje

29

RELATIONSHIPS

large

as these 2 valleys. Bowls, especially gambreled

and straight sided, predominate
in both areas.
However,
deep, flaring bowls (shape F-H, Kroe
ber 1956) are largely lacking in Nazca Valley
sites although
of the
they are characteristic
The Nazca
sites
Ocucaje Nazca A collection.
on the other hand contain a much higher per
of plates with
interior decoration.
centage

It is here postulated
that the Uhle
collection
is slightly later in date be
Ocucaje
cause of the presence of the F-H bowls (Gayton
and Kroeber
the Cahuachi
1927, Fig. 2) while
variant

lacks

earlier

shapes

but

these,
mentioned

retains
above.

a
The

number
latter

of
can

to be connected with
earlier, local
styles. On the basis of a comparison
between his 1926 Nazca Valley
grave pottery
of this style and that from the Uhle Ocucaje
collection, Kroeber
(1956) comes to a similar

be shown
Cahuachi

conclusion.

The foregoing comparisons

with
certain variant forms
chrome

pottery

valleys,

primarily

from
the Ica and Nazca
on the basis of our own

collections

stratigraphic

have dealt mainly

in Nazca A PAly

at Cahuachi.

Concern

ing the wide range of colors employed nothing,

at the moment,
can be added to Gayton
and
Kroeber
and
Kroeber
Certain
(1927)
(1956).
other design characteristics
of our Cahuachi
Nazca

A may, however,
be men
Polychrome
tioned here. The most common Nazca A Poly
chrome background
is cream-white,
then red,
then black. The last is about one-half as com

mon

as

istically
outlines

the

first.

Bowl

red. A

interiors

are

character

line usually
slipped
painted
both the entire design as well as the

30 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

memoirs, 13

C E

',..-

I
H-

^"HB^fc

||

J.
Fig.
Nazca
vessels;
spout

13. Middle

and

burial

and

C-E,

Nazca

HJ,

Nazca

bottle;

Late

associated

Nazca
pottery:

(Nazca A
view
A,

jars.
Polychrome
A Polychrome

G-iM,
bowls;

and

jj|

11

and associated
from Cahuachi.
B) burials
pottery
A~E, Late
of burial
and
associated
B, view
barbacoa;
chamber,
body,
double
from Middle
Nazca
burial: G, Nazca A Polychrome
pottery
of

K-M,

plain

ware

jars.

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHVANACOID

strong]

color units within

individual

unoutlined

painted,

any design.
do

designs

Solidly

Bowl designs are generally painted around the

outside of the vessel and a single, or double,
Very often
painted rim band is characteristic.
a
are
line. In
vertical
the designs
separated by
are
usually placed on the
plates, the designs
vessels 2 fig
inside bottom. On double-spout
ures,

painted

There

is a

on

the

opposing
of

sparseness

design

sides

are

and

an

typical.

Nazca

"is

that

without

31

concentrated

or large structures"

"all

four

of

sites

our Nazca-Ica-Paracas

of

and

(1927: 639)

cultures

reached a high pitch of aesthetic

consequently
while
uninterested
in building"
development
The Great
(1944: 25), it is truly noteworthy.
site consists of a pyramid overlooking
Temple
a flat-topped
are a series of
ridge below which
courts. The pyramid
low adobe-walled
is a
natural

expanse

as com

in Nazca A Polychrome
of background
more
to
the
flamboyant Nazca
pared

that

habitation

however.

occur,

RELATIONSHIPS

B Poly

hill capped and faced with tall, wedge

shaped adobes (Fig. 5 G) and the walls of the
courts and rooms (Fig. 4) are built of similar

chrome.

materials

fruit and vegetal form

all backgrounds,
designs (aji pepper, corn, beans, lucuma, and so

is an estimated
20 or
pyramid
in height
and the largest court
below it is 45 m. from north to south and 75 m.
from east to west. This plaza is surrounded by
walls of similar adobes as seen in the diagram.
are at least 3 similar but somewhat
There

On

are

on)

common.

most

Animal

par

figures,

as fish, killer whales,

birds, as well
worms or serpents,
amphibians, double-headed
and crayfish also occur. Particularly
interesting
are a pair of plates
(Fig. 13 H) with double
Beside purely
designs.
heading hummingbird
ticularly

natural
slings,
quite
as

trophy heads,
objects, conventionalized
tied bags, foot or hand prints also occur
as

commonly,
the

step

block,

do

such

motifs

geometric
stars,

triangle,

circles,

scrolls,

and various lineal designs. A

dots, diamonds,
cat face with "centipede"
body (the centipede
monster
of Gayton
and Kroeber
1927) occurs
and 2 cat
in sherd collections,
fairly commonly
occur

figures

in grave

lots.

no

However,

exam

or feline
"cat demon,"
ple of the elaborate
deity, with a human body or limbs (compare
Gayton and Kroeber 1927, Fig. 3, 15) is present
in either
Nazca

or

cut

strata

or

provenience
of modeled

amples

and

Further
must

that

1927, Fig. 2, X),

representations

do

not

descriptions,
analyses,
ce
of Nazca A Polychrome

be made

elsewhere.

most

impressive

test-pitting

and

The

ex

occur

vases

detailed

comparisons

ramics

few

figure

and Kroeber

human

painted

occur.

association.

tains to the Middle

but

The

ridges.

par

architectural

on

complexes

the

south

side of the Nazca River at Cahuachi

and at least
two on the north side. None of these has yet
been
but the Great
intensively
investigated,
is definitely of Middle Nazca proveni
Temple
ence. Its occupied
levels yielded a large amount
of fine Nazca

Polychrome

amount

unusual

of

broken

an

and

pottery

re

llama

panpipes,

bird plumage,
and other
apparently
feasting and sacrificial materials.
Space forbids
more detailed discussion
of the Great Temple
mains,

or

other
areas

ficial

itmay

temple
mounds,
we
explored

E, F)

Great

sacri

However,

sometimes

also

probably

also

adobes
grooved
(Fig. 5
associated with Nazca A
in the strata cuts. Walls

ceramics

irregular,

adobes

we

structures,

Temple

large, conical,
in constructions

Polychrome
of

and

cemeteries,
at Cahuachi.

be noted here that, while the tall wedge

adobe
is apparently
in the
standard

superficial

noted

can

prove

per

Nazca

in the light of Kroeber's

In the present

complex

period. This is the

partly natural and partly artificial Great Tem
This is
ple site (Fronds.; Fig. 4) at Cahuachi.
not comparable
to the Mochica
of the
Temple
nor
to
the
or
ruins
of
Chan
Chan
Pacha
Sun,
camac,

erosion

almost

rectangular,

to this cultural

belong

phase.

architectural

stripping

smaller

shaped

of Middle

materials

human

(shape X, Gayton
but

grave

river

upon

tially natural
more meters

statements

size

seems

what

article
to

be

tried to empha

I have
the

most

characteristic

of each cultural phase. How

building materials
of the sometimes
ever, only full presentation
can
for
data
site
each
complex
fully demon
strate

this.

ing new
Florescent,

For

the moment,

fact seems
and

the most

interest

to be that in the Formative,

later epochs
large ceremonial

32 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
as well

constructions
Nazca-Ica

region

were

towns

of

that

and,

in the

made
all

the

these,

structures of the Middle Nazca cul

are by far the most
at Cahuachi

ceremonial
ture phase

we

impressive

as

In our

noted.

Cahuachi

opinion,

was

the greatest, and probably the main capital

in the time of its
site of the Nazca
civilization
own peculiar highest florescence.
vast

The

extent

of

cemeteries

the

dig

them

was

excavation

Grave

scientifically.

in our work, which was

secondary
definitely
we did
primarily
nevertheless,
stratigraphic;
uncover 6 Middle
Nazca
period graves and a
of
the
Late
Nazca period. The
number
larger
Middle Nazca burials come from Burial Areas
4 on

3 and

the north

The

Cahuachi.

side
were

graves

of

generally

Nazca

Decorated

0.40 to
of logs
occur

vessels

Grave

than

other

offerings

pottery

were

were
limited and textile wrappings
extremely
in
small
present only
fragments.
these were all lower or middle
Presumably
classy

we

burials;

not

did

encounter

any

un

log and adobe chamber-tombs

at Cahuachi,
have been looted by the
which,
thousands and lie open and empty to the sky.
touched

great

to note

It is interesting
Late

Nazca

tombs

seemed

that our Middle

to

run

in

and

somewhat

typical,

they

have

not

overlooked

many

formerly
barbacoas

and

of

numerous.

very

in by

huge

are

many

were

They

algarroba

awesomely

log
Yet

deep.

of them at present
boasting or very indirect
know

quero

is from hua
scientific ref

erence.

The

of the south coast

third and final phase

Florescent

the

epoch,

Late

to be

remains

Nazca,

and other
stratigraphically,
architectonically,
wise more
Our own data on
fully exploited.
this period includes some 19 burials at Cahu
a

achi,

in

section

stratigraphic

of La Estaqueria
Stonehenge"
to belong
to the Late Nazca
Loro

other

level

of Cut
sherds

and

graves

Late

Nazca

times.
the

in

sherd

Yet

surface

the

upper

surface

collections

the site was

that

indicate

from

quence

of

and numerous

5 we found no Nazca
B
in any of our stratigraphic

at Cahuachi.

trenches

"Wooden

range

one

for

Except

the

(which proved
del
and Huaca

at Cahuachi

made

sites.

most

a wide

and

periods),

our

Since

Paracas

underlying

in

used

se

stratigraphic
cultures,

and into Early

through Proto-Nazca
dle Nazca
is continuous
(Nazca A),

and Mid
and with

out

yet

marked

and

breaks,

since

as

the

strati

graphically unplaced Late Nazca

(Nazca B) is
a direct
continuation
of
Nazca
stylistic
A,
runs its course and fades off into the
which
Huaca
del Loro (Nazca Y style), there seems
no

reason

ing of
there

to doubt

the

present

the Late Nazca

are

structures,

B).

extensive

undoubtedly
other

sequential

(Nazca

than

the

plac

However,
Late

Nazca

Estaqueria-type

tem

ples, which we lacked time to locate or investi

is an important
and fascinating
gate. This
a
in
with
than Early
space
greater range
period
Nazca.

a study of the looted,

formation,
indicates
tombs
similar linear or group
great
the huaqueros
(Frontis.).
placing
Thus, when
found one great tomb they went right on to the
are
next and, if our limited grave explorations
and

lineal

are

sealed

Polychrome

red in 5 graves: 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, respectively; with

3 smudged, plain ware vessels in the grave with
the 7 Nazca A pots. Bodies were seated-flexed
and all faced south, which
is the direction of
the Great Temple
(Fronds.; Fig. 4). Two males
and 2 females, each in individual graves, had
skull deformation.
One burial
fronto-occipital
be
lacked a skull and one had disintegrated
or
sex
of
deformation
determi
yond possibility
nation.

(Frontis.),

collections

circular

shafts (depth 0.70 to 2.10 m., diameter

0.90 m.); there was a ceiling (barbacoa)
in 2 graves.

at

river

the

these. It is a sad loss to science that none of

these huge,
adobe-block
built graves of the
ever
has
been described
in
type
leader-priest
as
The
looted
tombs
this
of
indi
print.
type,
cated by ground survey and air photographs

all we

pertaining

to the Nazca and related cultures in this region

can only be appreciated by one who sees them,
and the shocking extent to which
they have
who
been
those
today try to
already
looted, by

memoirs, 13

Moreover,

suggestive stylistic
dicate a connection
certain of the more
great ground
the many

(Reiche

slender

tends

but

to in

this period and

of the mysterious
are so abundant on

between
realistic

figures which

pampas

some

which

is

there

evidence

areas

1955, Figs. 3-14).

of

the Nazca-Ica

These

suggested

region

con

STRONU
]

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHVANACOID

33

*WHHr

H
Fig.

RELATIONSHIPS

I
14. Wood

from Cahuachi.

from Estaqueria
and Late Nazca
carving
(Nazca B) burial
from Estaqueria;
B Polychrome
A, wood
BJ, Nazca
carving

pottery
vessels.

34 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

are

in that certain partially

stylistic
Nazca
ground figures of monkeys,
published
scrolls, and so on, suggest simi
hummingbirds,
in the Nazca B ceramic style. How
lar motifs

nections

ever,

in

correlations

positive

this

are

regard

yet

to be made.

were

structures

and

deposits

Late

between

correlations

Architectural
Nazca

en

not

at the
However
countered by us at Cahuachi.
1944:
site of La Estaqueria
(see Kroeber
26, 27, Fig. 4, Pis. 9, 10) we sank a stratigraphic
sherd types which were
trench that revealed
of Late Nazca
(B) type but also in
mainly
nearby

cluded those of the Huaca del Loro culture of

the succeeding epoch of Fusion. Earlier or later
were

types

absent.

sion of
serves

site

the Cahuachi
special

of

consisting

paral

at
lel rows of algarroba logs generally notched
In 1926
the top and burned off at the base.
12 rows
and counted
Kroeber
(1944) mapped
of 20 log pillars spaced about 2 m. apart in the
In contrast to these 240 large
main structure.
posts noted in 1926, we, in 1952, counted only
The
47 large posts on the 2 main platforms.
been removed
remainder had apparently
by
modern
in

this

man

On

region.
a

encountered
face

on

who

are

surface

of

burners

charcoal

the

but

simple
a

48

of

H
pottery

below

slab

strata

the

of

we
hu

carved

algarroba

trench

yielded
surface,

site

the

strongly

cm.-long

Our
wood
(Fig. 14 A).
east end of the colonnade

active

very

in the

two-thirds Late Nazca

(Nazca B) and one-third
structure
The
del Loro
(Nazca Y).
therefore was apparently built and used in Late
in use into the next
Nazca times and continued
Huaca

period. Both ceramics and dating sug

that this unique wood
pillar colonnade

cultural
gest

structure

type

was

evidently

characteristic

and Huaca

of

del

very late Nazca

(Florescent)
Loro (Fusion) periods. A smaller but similar
1 and Fig. 1) occurs
structure (Site 29, Table
on the lower Grande but lacks ceramic associa
tion.

(B) ceramic designs find

Just as Late Nazca
some
in
of the great Nazca
stylistic analogies

stone

extensive

the

colon

spaced

regularly

type find a parallel

or

piles

beds"

"garden

in the

arranged

in linear and rectangular patterns which occur

on the pampas back of the Cahuachi
site and
elsewhere
(Reiche 1955, Fig. 4). Since neither
nor the Huaca
the Late Nazca
del Loro cul
tures have yet been associated with such huge
at
adobe structures as those of Middle
Nazca
at
it
con
is
least possible
that the
Cahuachi,
struction of ground figures and colonnades
of
in
adobe work
logs or rocks replaced massive
Late Nazca and Huaca del Loro times. Further
or extend
is needed
work
either to maintain
this hypothesis.
Important
correlations
will
be the
ceramic

Nazca-Ica

in

types
but

sequence,

stylistic

in establishing
such
of
description

full

as well

stratigraphic
can

this

be

out

barely

lined in a preliminary
from one
report. Aside
sherd in the uppermost
level of Cut
5 we
recovered no Late Nazca
(Nazca B) sherds
our

from

cuts

stratigraphic

at

Cahuachi.

of this type of sherds

large surface collection
was made at Cahuachi
and in mixed
and pure
Late Nazca sites (Table 1) elsewhere, but these
cannot

be

here.

analyzed

Nazca

pure

However,

was

cemetery

small

encountered

about

150 yards from Mound

1 at Cahuachi.
From
this cemetery
(Burial Area
1, Fig. 4) we exca
vated 18 graves containing 40 decorated vessels
to Late Nazca
all of which pertained
(B) types.
The following brief discussion
is based on this
associated

only 2 types
approximately

so

figures,

of Estaqueria

nades

as

a square,

in 2 steps, adja

platform

is a rectangle

to which

cent

of

exten

but de

(Frontis.)

It consists

treatment.

adobe wall-supported

an

is really

Estaqueria

ground

memoirs, 13

collection.

In major

our

part

Late

Nazca

ware

decorated

to the Nazca B style as defined by

corresponds
and Kroeber
Gayton
(1927), but some are of
as Nazca
X or
types which
they described
transitional

It is significant

A-B.

defined
stylistically
occur in association.
sels in Burial Area
or light background.
chocolate-brown

that

these

styles (Nazca B and X)

Out of 40 decorated ves
1, thirty-four have a white
Four

are

Interiors

background.

have

vessels

A single, out
usually smoothed, but unslipped.
side, black rim band is characteristic.
In
in

regard

this

flaring

goblets,

to

the

shape,

collection:
bowls

vases,

are most

gambreled

following
waisted

common;

bowls,

are

present
and

goblets,
double-convex

flat-bottomed

flaring

strong 1

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND T1AHUANACOID

concavely
flaring bowls, head-to-spout
vessels, cylindrical bodied double spouts, small
lipless jars, and small flaring rim jars are also
as well
as 3 plates. The
last have
present,
all-over
A
unusual
rather
unique head
designs.
a
is
in
with
form
queer, Picasso-like,
jar bulbous
a feather
human head wearing
impressionistic
bowls,

headdress
one

Three miniature

(Fig. 14 C).

double

head-and-spout

occurred

vessel

in a child's

small-mouthed
and

spouts,

human

larger
(Burial

narrow-mouthed

vases,

handled

grave

often associated with

are
in this cemetery,

Forms
17, Fig. 14 D-G).
Nazca B, but not found
cylindrical

vessels,
a

with

spout,

jars,

jars, lenticular

double

figure

or

demon

or

partial,

or

painted

"cactus

in

form.

degenerate

rays,
and

darts,

black lines either plain or forked, are

associated with
the jagged-staff demon
(Fig. 13 C-E). Three examples of evolved rep

short
often

resentations

of

cat

the

demon,

associ

always

ated with a human body (that is, trunk, legs,

and feet) are present. One cat demon double
and trophy
spout pot portrays decapitation
heads very vividly
Other
char
(Fig. 14 H).
acteristic

are:

designs

rows

of

"chino"

women's

Geometric

designs

all squiggles
large

rarely

plate

and one vase a horizontal

full-length
on

found

of flaring

has

vessels.

depicts
encountering

than the French met

band of
are
a

However,

figures, using
more

flying

arrows at Agincourt

vases whose

regular shape is broken by 4 evenly

flattened areas ("dimples")
spaced, disc-shaped
around the middle
(Fig. 14 I). Each disc is
painted as a distinct unit, two on each vessel
an

eared,

whiskered,

bushy-tailed

also

or

a moon

and

variant

rate

have

in repetition
or

calendric,

an insect above

and

which

rectangles

some

suggest

count.

other

them

our

In general,

dots

a snake

the medallions,

vertical

repetitive

of

arrangements

Cacti

sepa

below

appears

and

(Fig. 14 I).

Late

Nazca

ceramic

complex

1 at Cahuachi

agrees quite
with
the
Nazca
B sty
closely
Gayton-Kroeber
cer
listic classification
It
also
includes
(1927).
tain of their transitional type X between A and
B.

The

grave

differences

seem

tion

our

between

and Uhle's

sample

to be mainly

associated
B collec

segregated
of

those

tion size and

relative

collec

We

lack completely
selectivity.
the interlocking design and certain shapes, but
also

a number

have

of

in the Uhle

found

these

and

and

designs

collection.

other

Further

ceramic

details

18 graves

characterized

or

countered

in a cluster at Burial Area

of

associated

had

graves

discovered
top

not

analysis
must
be

by Late Nazca

ceramics

These

forms

elsewhere.

These

(Fig. 14 J). This pair of vessels and the decapita

tion scene mentioned
above are the only 2 such
vessels in the present collection.
Also worthy
of note is another duplicate
pair of tapering

representing

discussion
other

presented

over

in action

figures

Nazca

bowls
and

spearthrowers,

darts

rare;

one

dots.

Realistic,
pair

are

under

of

faces, rows of trophy heads

(both naturalistic
and stylized, Fig. 14 B), and rows of mice.

"fox"

sun design are often associated

by Mochica
1952: 148, PL 17
potters
(Strong and Evans
E, F). The linkage between sun and fox in both
is interesting and
Late Nazca and Late Mochica
The Nazca
undoubtedly
significant.
pieces

from Burial Area

complete,

Curled
rays,

tripartite

jagged-staff

a horned

where

design,

seasonal,

either

man,"

is a guinea pig.
(1923: 301) suggests
a
seen
Never
guinea pig with a bushy
having
to
prefer
tail, I would
regard it as a fox. On
one
finds
the North Coast
the "gato de luna}>

oddly

compare quite closely with the Gay

Designs
ton and Kroeber
stylistic classification
(1927).
The most common depiction
is the jagged staff

Seler

disc."

"sun

the animal

and

vases.

a rayed

two

other

the

animal;

35

RELATIONSHIPS

them,
the

that

these

face.

The

grave
may
graves

no

surface

but

canes

in a few
have

were

generally

when

we

above

the

cases

indicated
to

extended

en

1 (Fig. 4).

markers

vertical

proper
once

were

features

circular

the

sur

to oval

pits in sandy soil (Fig. 13 B). Diameters

ranged
from 0.60 to 1.60 m. and depths from 0.35 to
2.60 m. The average depth was about 2 m.
Seven of these graves had a subsoil level ceiling
or barbacoa
of from 4 to 8 algarroba
logs
crudely cut or burned
(Fig. 13 A). One grave
had
Six

a layer of pebbles
graves

taining

were

children)

mere

were

of a barbacoa.

in place
pits

and

4 burials

in broken

ollas.

(con

Some

36 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
four of the above graves had incomplete conical
Ten of the graves
adobe walls or platforms.
contained Nazca B Polychrome
pots: 2, 2, 3,
4, 4, 4, 4, 7, and 2 graves with a broken pot in
Plain

each.

was

ware

Other

ollas.

broken

only

shell

sticks,

thread-wrapped

the

by

represented

gifts were

very

limited,
and

corn,

beads,

gourds. The skeletal material was in very poor

skulls were deformed
Determinable
condition.

8. the

epoch

the Late
I THREE cultural phases following
1 Nazca
are here
in the
included
culture
epoch of Fusion. These are the newly defined
Huaca del Loro, the Coastal Tiahuanaco
(and
cul
and the Early lea (or Epigonal)
Pacheco?),
tures (Table 2). Of these, we made habitation
and refuse site excavations
only in the first or
in a few

encountered

latter 2 phases we

The

del Loro phase.

Huaca

at various

and

graves

sur

de

Tambo

excavated

who

Tello,

here,

However,

Copara.

called

this

since

there

site

on

is

of

the hacienda
(No. 66)
Copara
that name, whereas Huaca del Loro is on Las
the latter,
I have preferred
Trancas Hacienda,
par
newly coined name. This site is marked
ticularly by a gutted, small, round temple with
rooms and compounds
(Figs. 15 A,
adjoining
another

temple has
B; 16). The
and rubble, coated with
is one entrance and
There
of boulders on a plastered
with
this
some

thick walls
circular
refuse,

and

structure.
but

also

plaster.
red-painted
the interior was full
floor. Several rooms

inclined
The
what

of stone

thick walls

ramps
former

appears

angle

off

contained
to be

sacri

such as mummified
ficial materials
macaws,
llama and guinea pig remains, large fossil whale
Plas
bones, and several unworked monoliths.
face of
tered stairs lead up the front (south)

Two

style.
on

in place

skulls

trophy

a cadaver.

occurred,

were

Bodies

seared

flexed

faced south.
and, where
determinable,
Sex included 4 female, 2 male,
3 immature.
Nine bodies were indeterminable
and 2 graves
had no skeletal remains.
It is probable that, as
was the case with
the Middle
Nazca
burials
previously
class

of

were

these

mentioned,

middle

all

to

poor

persons.

fusion
and are flanked

the temple
concentric
guinea

clay

by strange, modeled,
and

rings

wattle-and-daub

pens.

pig

Back of and to the east of the temple are the

low foundations
of 2 large compounds
(Figs.
15 A; 16) containing
various
large and small
rooms. The walls
are formed by large semi
adobes. On a rocky spur rising to
cylindrical
the

face sites (Table 1). For purposes of the pres

ent paper only the Huaca del Loro phase is out
the general nature and
lined here. However,
2
the
raised
succeeding phases will
by
problems
be very briefly mentioned.
del Loro site is located on the
The Huaca
(No. 73, Fig. 1) across from the
Tunga River
better known Las Trancas burial grounds (Nos.
I was told by Toribio Mejia Xesspe
71, 72).
that

in Nazca
one

memoirs, 13

north

of

are

these

numerous

looted

tombs,

many of which have elaborate rectangular walls

of semicylindrical
adobes, averaging 18, 13, and
12 cm. in size. The deep, looted burial pits are
as

inside

as

well

these

outside

The
tomb walls were
pounds.
yellow and fragments of white,
yellow

walls

occur,

but

with

struct.

Smaller,

burials

occur

as

are

all

on

scattered

curvilinear

too

smashed

and

the

around

flat.

So

designs
to

the

as well

spur
has

complete

recon
looted

poorer,

apparently
and

upon

painted
red, black, or

elaborate
badly

com

grave

often

been

the looting here that the very few burials we

encountered were either disturbed or of a later
period than that described here. One hundred
meters

west

of

the main

is a

compound

refuse

we

cross sectioned
It proved to have

heap which
(Fig. 16) in 30
cm. levels.
a central depth
of 1.60 m. The pottery
from this, the only
at the site, is all of
refuse heap encountered
in the Huaca del Loro culture
types included
of sporadic
later
the exception
phase. With
the

usage
this

one

major

site

here

appears

to

represent

period.

A site similar to this, and marked

by the
same pottery types, was briefly noted on the
lower Nazca Grande River at Tres Palos II (see
map, Fig. 1, No. 30). Here occurs a similar
of unworked
unexcavated
temple
circular,

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND T1AHUANACOID

strong J

Fig.
Loro

15. Huaca

site;

B,

chrome

bowl;

/, Loro

Polychrome

D-G,

del Loro
from Huaca
Loro, and pottery
phase
of round
del Loro; C-], pottery
temple, Huaca
Loro Polychrome
effigy jars; H, Loro
Polychrome
Fine
bottle.
head-bridge-spout

del

close-up

RELATIONSHIPS

31

view
Cahuachi.
A,
burial,
from Huaca
del Loro burial:
Fine

bowl;

/, Loro

of Huaca
C,

Polychrome

Loro
Fine

del
Poly
jar;

oo

If

o o

yf _---^

>

tn

> Oa:> mO t O o

>

ws o

F"S
WALLS
///'''
1/^
?STONE
?WALLS
.GOOD
O
".
?"1
r?,m^TTiM:tf.ADOBE

Ijj
/\^?
"^V
ILORO
DEL
HUACA

/^^
jC
OqO
I/SSHP
/^f^
0?
HOLES
.
II

_^^

LdlC*);'

o
^^ ' LARGE
/Fir^/000"0
/AREA
^/
T0MB
IN
p.muD^i
?
fCn
JC\f
f\
J?^^/
?/
-_--SCATTERED
O
0
/O
/ ./^/IC^J
/Cr^C)
WALLS
f~->
.STONE
jI/ ~~~]
?*Vx
^/
0v/o
\
__--" ~^S . ^^
o /0O
?*
^/ j?\-^-rammnriSH
O walls
O
/

JJj

".
?JP":

_^^<^/^\

POLES

Fig.
Map
16.
Huaca
the
of
del
Loro
site.

IN

*o O '/

/ / BURIALS

- ^_Jfr^l
r^
\irIx
ii
?LOOTED
?>^^^
Bo

11
/ I%
?

strong ]

RELATIONSHIPS

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

KEY
COLOR

I
\J^^^^^^^^^r\

^^^ f^^BHBr

V''

f|?

II

ORANGE
J^|

fr^^l
Fig.

17. Huaca

Fine;

GA,

Tunga

del

Loro

Polychrome

pottery
Fine;

39

del Loro.
types, Huaca
/, Loro Reserve
Painted;

CLAY

Loro

Polychrome

JC-M, Loro

Polychrome.

A-F,

BLACK

40 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

set

stones,

angular

the outside.
cemetery

in

and

adobe

looted

containing

on

plastered

at the edge of a large

It occurred

tombs

rectangular

at

types

pottery

other

sites

surface

can

be

seen

in Table
1. The major concentration
of
the Huaca
del Loro culture phase appears to
in the Nazca
been
have
especially
valleys,
Nazca Grande, Taruga, and Tunga. Huaca del
were

remains

Loro

series

lated

of

also

found

us

by

in

an

iso

at

Area

burials

(Burial
4)
These
identical with
Cahuachi.
burials were
at that site and need not
those of Late Nazca
be described here.

The following brief description of the Huaca

del Loro ceramic types is based on our material
del Loro and from the graves of
from Huaca
this period at Cahuachi.
this ce
Generally,
ramic

to what

corresponds

complex

been

has

called Nazca
(particularly Y 1 and 2) by
Kroeber
and
(1927); to the Ayacucho
Gayton
of Bennett
Thin Ware
Polychrome
(1953);
style of Tello al
and, possibly, to the Chanca
for de
though this last is too poorly defined
tailed

comparison.

ceramics
(Figs.
part derivable

(Nazca

istically
ground

15 C-J; 17)
from Late
character

vessels

or orange colored back

Fine and Loro Poly
(Loro Polychrome
a buff

have

white

Some

chrome).

occasionally.
the

The

types.

B)

closest

occur

also

backgrounds

It is the latter vessels which

to

resemblance

Late

bear

Nazca

types.

It is significant
that they also have an early
our
strata and other cuts at
in
distribution
red backgrounds
Huaca
del Loro.
Slipped
Fine) are also occasionally
(Turiga Polychrome
found.
or

These

vessels

bar-and-dot

often

have

thus

designs,

chevron-band
antici

seemingly

ceramic

at

complex,

The Huaca

that

is pre

site,

a very late and artistically

decadent

to the Huaca

Unique
black

organic

del Loro
used

pigment,

either

is an

style
as

an

over

all slip to cover the undecorated

parts of the
vessel or to create simple dot designs
(Loro
Reserve Painted).
This black paint is fugitive,
and was applied after the original firing of the
It is probably the same material
vessel.
used to
make the black coloring in the earlier negative
types, but it appears to have been applied with
a

out

resist

in

the

are

designs

del

Huaca

Loro Polychrome

Fine

characteristically

units.

rectangular

in either

arranged

bands or inmedallion-like

horizontal

ceramics.

Loro

and Loro Polychrome

Interior

circular or

decorated

are

bowls

of Loro Polychrome.
characteristic
particularly
The most diagnostic designs are a series of sty
or deity figures, in
demons
lized, curvilinear
from Late Nazca
part derivable
(B) motifs.
heads and rows of human
faces are
Trophy
Geo
clearly related to Late Nazca
(B) motifs.
metric

designs
frets,

also commonly
are

zigzags, circles,

including

characteristic

and

crosses,

diamonds,

depicted.
of Loro

variety

stepped

so

are

on,

of shapes
and

Polychrome

Loro

Fine. The most common are: (1)

Polychrome
rounded
rims and con
jars with
incurving
stricted orifices;
(2) rounded flaring bowls;
(3)
(4) low, incurving bowls;
goblets;
(5) face
collar jars; and (6) cylindrical or flaring-necked
handles. Also present are
jars, with or without
or
boxlike
oblong
bowls,
head-bridge-spout
as well

bottles,

Also
phase

as various

are

exotic

of

characteristic

ceramic

human

shapes.

the Huaca
figurines.

del

Loro

Fragments

of 22 such figurines were recovered at the site

of Huaca del Loro, from the temple and room
fill, as well as from the refuse deposits. These

It is this
Tiahuanaco
style.
the
with
fact
that
del
Huaca
factor, together
occur
Loro and Wari
in
(Tiahuanacoid)
styles
association atWari
leads
which
(Bennett 1953)
to the present placing of the Huaca
del Loro

the Huaca
pregnant.
apparently
Stylistically
del Loro figurines are clearly derived from the
Late Nazca
(Lilien 1956).
(Nazca B) figurines

in the epoch of Fusion

complex
Tiahuanacoid
influences)
despite
Tiahuanaco
characteristic
motifs

closely related to the Ayacucho

as defined by Bennett
Thin Ware

pating

ures,

the Coast

del Loro.

Nazcoid.

blocks,

del Loro
Huaca
are in considerable
Nazca

Loro

dominantly

enclosed with adobe walls

similar to those at
Huaca del Loro. The occurrence
of Huaca del
Loro

at the type site of Huaca

del

memoirs, 13

felines,

condors,

and

so on)

(marked by
the fact that
(running
do

not

fig
occur

figurines

The

highland

seated

represent

Huaca

del

Loro

site of Wari.

corpulent

females,

ceramic

The

complex

is

Polychrome
(1953) at the

demon

motifs

of

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

strong ]

close but they are not

both are certainly

cal.

such

Likewise,

motifs

geometric

complexes

suggest

strongly

rows

in both

found

and bars-and-dots

of chevrons

identi
as

How

relationship.

ever, the fact that the Huaca del Loro complex

de
lacks the positive Tiahuanaco
completely
and is
sign elements
(previously mentioned)
with

unassociated

other

any

complex

contain

Bennett
found
ing them is highly significant.
and Wari
the Ayacucho
(Huaca del Lorolike)
at
associated
(Tiahuanacoid)
styles always
occur
and the 2 generic
styles also
Wari,
together at various coastal sites (for distribu
tions see Bennett
This suggests
1953: 95-108).
in
that the Huaca
del Loro ceramic complex
and is
the Nazca region ismore purely Nazcoid
somewhat

of

Ayacucho-Wari
the

as

color

Tiahuanaco

coast.

of the south
chevron

and

Its inclu
bar-and

jars, red backgrounds,

cylindrical

possibly,

the

antedates

features

such

dot motifs,
and,

it

invasion

stylistic
sion

than

earlier
since

complex

and

choice

combination,

best be interpreted as reflections of high

in
land, but not specifically
Tiahuanacoid,

may

fluences.

Space is lacking here to discuss other artifact

In
del Loro period.
types from the Huaca
general they resemble those of Late Nazca but
our

own

definitely
and

work,

agreement

with

is
local collectors,
that metallurgy
on the increase. Like the succeeding
in

cultures

Tiahuanacoid
gold

in

suggest,

findings

of

reports

other

as well

metals,
and

basketry,

the

so on

region,
as

are

textiles,

both

more

worked
wood
abun

and better preserved

in these later middle
It is probably for this reason that they
periods.
have been so intensively
looted.

dant

So

far

as

excavation

of

stratigraphic
is

concerned,

the Huaca

major
wider

conclusion

del

or
the

other
foregoing

intensive
sketch

Loro site brings us to the

of our 8 months' work. The

surface

surveys which
range from before
culture
Inca and
up
through
Colonial
times have
been
above
tabulated
the epoch of Fusion,
(Table 1). Concerning
to the Huaca del Loro culture, with
subsequent
the

Paracas

its increasingly Tiahuanacoid

stylistic
trend,
only a few remarks are possible here. The
1952-53 expedition
encountered
and excavated

RELATIONSHIPS

41

one

late Tiahuanacoid
tomb at Pinilla II (Figs.
a site at Ocucaje.
It con
1, No.
13; 18 A-O),
an
sisted of
upper, adobe-walled
chamber, be
neath which was a 21-log ceiling (Fig. 18 A).
The burial chamber below this went to a depth
of 3 m. below the surface and was 1.25 by 3 m.
size.

in

must

Details

be

elsewhere.

given

Two

flexed bodies had heads to the northeast. Near

one body were
2 very thin metal
pins or
one
one
of
of gold. Near
the
plaques,
silver,
head of the other were
18 danglers of copper
gold, an embossed silver band, and ornamental
corner of the
shell work.
In the southeast
were
burial chamber
found 10 vessels decorated
in a degenerate
Tiahuanacoid
style (Fig. 18
These
fit into the Early
would
Ica
B-O).
culture
of Kroeber
and Strong
(Epigonal)
no connection
but show absolutely
(1924b)
with
(Huaca del Loro or other) Nazcoid
styles.
are definitely
and have
Tiahuanacoid
They
not passed
ewer into the Middle
Ica I style.
same Tiahuanacoid
These
in
styles occurred
other burials associated with definite Early and
Middle
Ica style vessels but seem manifestly
iso
lated from, and later than, even the latest
Nazcoid
influences in the region.
There

seems

no

doubt

that

the Nazca

culture

the highland,
largely run its course when
art style entered
this
specifically Tiahuanaco,
the fact that local diggers
region. However,

had

and

collectors

report

here

graves

containing

ceramics (Fig. 18
only rich Coastal Tiahuanaco
P, Q) of the type called Tiahuanaco
A (Ben
nett 1946, PL 39) complicates matters
as to the
manner
in which
the Tiahuanaco
ceramic
style, and cultural
influence, first entered the
Ica-Nazca

We

region.

encountered

un

neither

tombs nor living sites where

the colorful
Tiahuanaco
A
In fact,
style was dominant.
sherds definitely
to
the
Tiahuanaco
assignable
A style occurred
in only five of our 81 surface
sites
survey
(Fig. 1,Nos. 5, 60, 68, 69, 72; Table
looted

1).

Four

of

these

are

sites

on

close-grouped

the

southern branches of the Nazca River; one oc

curs near Ica. In each site these Tiahuanaco
A
a very small proportion
sherds represented
of
the

other

ceramic

from

parently
of the Tiahuanaco

styles

looted
A

and

present

tombs.

The

were

ap

associations

style in the 5 sites

(Table

42 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

memoirs, 13

Tiahuanaco
Fig.
18. Early
lea (Epigonal)
burial with
associated
from Pinilla
pottery
II, and Coastal
and associated
lea
burial
vessels.
associated
view
of barbacoa;
A-O,
Early
pottery:
B-O,
(Epigonal)
A,
Tiahuanaco
bowls
Coastal
Soldi Collection).
(Carlos

pottery.
P, Q,

strong ]

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

1) are congruous and interesting but too wide

to be indicative of exact sequence.
Since our
stratigraphic work did not include sequential
A and Early Ica (Epi
deposits of Tiahuanaco
ceramic

gonal)
leave

this

own

our

for

must,

the

throws

work

no

absolutely

light on the puzzling problem of the so-called

ce
"Pacheco" culture. This uniquely blended
ramic style includes Coastal Tiahuanaco
and
Nazcoid

stylistic influences
(Kroeber 1944: 28
In
in
with
company
9).
1940,
Julio Tello, Luis
to find this
I attempted
and Mejia,
Valcarcel,
site but could not do so. At
least we found
no place where sherds of the style occurred and
Tello
baffled.
In our 1952 surface
appeared
we

survey

searched

again

told by

local people

for

that

the

the

site

were

but

site had

been

totally destroyed by the extensive

clearing and
is going on in that part
irrigation work which
of the Nazca Valley.
It is further significant
that in all our survey work of over 8 months
we did not find a single sherd which
could be
as of

classified
exists

style

as museum

the Pacheco

somewhere

there

in Lima

collections

tion, Magdelena

style.
can

and New

Vieja)

be

That
no

the
doubt

(Tello, collec
York (Olson,

Am. Mus. Nat.

collection,
its

ever,

I can

as well

are still almost

no

offer

"Pacheco"

concerning

testify. How

associations,

extent

and spatial

obscure.

totally

43

Hist.)

and

provenience

as temporal
tion

present,

unanswered.

problem

Similarly,

we

styles,

RELATIONSHIPS

better

than

explana

that

by

given

Kroeber
that the Tiahuanaco
A style
(1944)
did briefly encounter
the Late Nazca style while
it was still vivid and that stylistic blending oc
curred, the "Pacheco"
style being the unique
and limited result. This is crudely speaking of
cultural
in terms of ceramic
process
solely
decoration,
but, until specific data on other
cultural manifestations
at Pacheco
its
before
are published
or until other sites
destruction
of this culture are located, it is the best one can
do. With
"Pacheco"

the

of this mysterious
exception
seem that the
it
would
culture,
style was dying or dead at the time

Nazca
marked

Tiahuanaco

tered

the

or

influences,

Ica-Nazca

region.

en

people,
concerning

Thus,

the problem posed in the title of the present

paper, we find in the Ica-Nazca region evidence
that the Tiahuanacoid
cultures were later than
those of the long Paracas-Nazcoid
culture se
quence

here

cerning

the
sources

their
have

here

outlined.

briefly

Tiahuanacoid
and

been

exact

raised

themselves,

more

nature,

problems

answers

than

con

However,

cultures

given.

9. SUMMARY
THE
types of ar
foregoing pages 2 main
IN chaeological
have
been
findings
briefly dealt
with:
first, the results of intensive stratigraphic
excavation

in

the

obtained

results

survey

in

the

refuse

and

heaps
by

Ica-Nazca

an

ruins;

extensive
region.

second,
surface
Emphasis

been on outlining
the correlated
run
results
which
from
the earlier
stratigraphic
Formative epoch, through the Florescent epoch,
and, just, into the epoch of Fusion
(Table 2).
The
surface
survey
(with occasional
grave
at
evidence
finds) covers the Pre-Agricultural
herein

has

San Nicolas,
and many
sites running from the
of
epoch
Fusion,
through the epoch of King
doms and Confederacies,
on, into the Imperial
(or Inca) epoch (compare Tables 1 and 2).
Since the primary aim of the Columbia Uni
I will first
versity expedition was stratigraphic,

sum up those findings. They form a continuous

record
of cultural
no
with
development,
marked breaks, from the Early Paracas horizon
of the Formative
to the Late Nazca
horizon
of the Florescent
(Table 2). As briefly indi
cated

above

there

ceramic

complex

is

types

constant

and

evolution

of

styles from the

of Early Paracas,

crudely,
through

postfired, polychrome
the better controlled, polished, and less
fugitive, polychrome
types of Late Paracas. Ac
the plain and polychrome
wares
companying
in both periods is negative painting
in several
colors.
is char
Incising (as well as modeling)
acteristic of both Paracas periods but, in Early
Paracas,
on

the

incising
same

negative

style. The

and negative

vessels

painting

occurs

concluding

isolated

phase

painting
in Late

whereas

as

occur
Paracas

separate

of the south coast

44 SOCIETY FOR AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY

[
is the newly

Formative

terms

In

horizon.

of

defined

ceramic

styles

Proto-Nazca
Proto-Nazca

is transitional
the incising, postfiring,
between
and negative-painting
Paracas tradition of the
and the succeeding,
truly fired,
Formative,
of the
tradition
polychrome
painting Nazca
Florescent

Since

epoch.

these

have

continuous

and

outlined

above
it
However,

been
complex
changes
they need not be repeated here.
should be noted that a considerable
number of
and plain ceramic
decorated
styles, hitherto
are involved
in both the south
undescribed,
coast

Formative

earlier

actual

Florescent
seem

classifications

in considerable
than

and

part

on

selected

that the Nazca style evolved out of

stylistically,
the earlier Paracas style, with the newly defined
Proto-Nazca horizon linking the Paracas incising
the

Second,

Nazca
that,

ceramic

polychrome
within

the

mounds

and

Paracas

times

elaborate

pyramidal

Middle

Nazca

into
period

wattle-and-daub

the
and

relatively
other

structures

(as at Cahuachi,

sites

found

contribution

ment

of the Nazcoid

nor

Pacheco

style

of our

in the 8 months

in

work

main

the

Ica-Nazca

toward

the

our

region,

puzzling

replace

houses

of

large

and

of

the

Frontis.;

Fig. 4).
is
The epoch of Fusion, as herein defined,
the point in the local cultural continuum where
the great Nazca
artistic tradition breaks down

as

here

to

location

and

cul

major

tural distributions
(Table 1), but must wait
further detailed
analysis and illustration. We
agree with Rowe (1956) that the Tiahuanacoid
an
style marks a definite break, and apparently
into

intrusion,
ture

the

sequence.

cerned

with
also

the

introduce
of

place

earlier

However,

the

Ica-Nazca

region

since

1954-55

the

cultural

post-Nazca
a new
earlier

cul
ar

of the University
of
were primarily
con

explorations
(Rowe 1956)

chaeological
California

in

Florescent

there is development
from the Early
epoch,
Nazca
Nazca,
(ceramically
through Middle
on into the more flamboyant
Nazca A),
Late
Nazca
it can be seen that
(Nazca B). Finally,
architecture has evolved in the region from the
crude

intensive

the original

Pacheco

were

sherds,

and

traditions.
or

Nazca

other

any

presented

The full-blown Nazca

culture has long been
as the Florescent
recognized
(or "Classic")
in
period in south coastal Peru. The present
adds 3 major new findings.
First,
vestigation
it can now be shown, both stratigraphically
and

and

the fact that neither

nor

2). Aside
grave and
Pacheco
site,

periods (Table
of an Epigonal

based

materials.

stratigraphic

specifically Tiahuanacoid,
take over.
In our findings
later
the
del Loro
Huaca
Coastal Tiahuanaco
and

rather

The

been

funerary

and highland, more

styles and cultures
this epoch includes
and the 2 succeeding
Early Ica (Epigonal)
from the description

styles and, probably, cul

and later Ica culture
tures, by Tiahuanacoid
is fully
patterns rests in our site survey. This

epochs.

to have

memoirs, 13

local

site

horizons
terminology

Uhle-Kroeber-Strong

and Strong
classification
Gayton
(Kroeber
it seems
and Kroeber
1924a; Gayton
1927),
better to defer discussion
of these later periods
until more complete publications
and illustra
are

tions
It

available

on

all

to make

is tempting

this

recent

wider

work.
of

comparisons

Ica-Nazca
space,

in time and
stylistic distributions
with
the
and north
central
particularly

coast

Formative

quences.
basically
wider
later

and

However,
a

"work

comparisons
publication.

Florescent
since
in

and

the

se

culture

progress"
conclusions

is

paper

present
report,
must

such
await

PARACAS, NAZCA, AND TIAHUANACOID

strong ]

RELATIONSHIPS

45

ADDENDUM
Radiocarbon

Recent
the

Since

above

radiocarbon

paper

was

of

materials

assays

from the lea, Nazca,

Dates
a series

written,
from

the

of
Co

1952-53 expedition
has be
lumbia University
come available, as well as 2 dates for materials
in 1946 by the Columbia
collected
University
Unit of the Viru Valley Project of the Institute
Research.
Of
of Andean
these, numbers L
268A through H and L-115 have been pub
lished (Broecker, Kulp, and Tucek
1956). Re
sults on numbers L-335A
through G were sub
to the writer by W.
S. Broecker
mitted
(letter
the above samples
of October
18, 1956). All
were

processed

by

the

Lamont

Laboratory.

was processed by Meyer Rubin

Number W-422
and William
States
G. Schlecht, of the United
laboratory (let
Survey radiocarbon
Geological
ter of July 17, 1956).
These dates, listed in Table 4 in chronologi
cal order by epoch and culture period, can be
the stratigraphic
and stylistic
compared with
sequence
bers

are

in Table

presented
those

of

the

contributing

2.

Sample

num

laboratories,

sites carry field designations

(see Table 1), and
specimens are identified by field catalog num

bers.

All

the dated

ceramic

or

tions,

save

wooden

and Viru Valleys

other

materials

L-268H.

This

definite
associa

period

sample,
certain

date

may

post,

have

culture

specific

of

small

the

great

times. This,
Nazca
ground figures to Middle
is problematical.
however
Each calendar date
is figured from the year of the respective radio
carbon

measurement.

The

dates

for

the

Viru

Mochica
culture
Valley
period
(L
samples
335A and B) are much
later than those ob
tained previously
for the same period by the
of Chicago
radiocarbon
University
laboratory
(C-382: 873 b.c. ? 500 and C-619: a.d. 112 ?
agree better with the
190). They do, however,
evidence
archaeological
(see Strong and Evans
Aside
from stating that the series
1952:225-6).
here

presented

further
made

is most

discussion
elsewhere.

radiocarbon

remarkably

and
We

scientists

consistent,

comparisons
are most

who

have

must

given

be

to

grateful
us

the

these

dates. We
did not know how well the stratig
coincide
raphy and radiocarbon
dating would
until we checked
the catalog of the 1952-53
expedition on December
12, 1956.

Culture Period

Sample Nos.

Associations

Sites and Materials

of

Epoch

Huaca

del Loro

L-268E

N-l

Dates

4. Radiocarbon

Table

Fusion

end of post,

burned

(Estaqueria):

No.
L-268F

NTu-8,
No.

9 (Huaca

del Loro):

104

N-4

L-268G

NTu-8,
No.

charcoal,

del Loro):

9 (Huaca
103

32,

L-355A

V-162

charcoal,

(North
L-335B

V-162

de

(Huaca

Valley):
basketry, No.

Middle

Nazca

L-335E

L-268H

L-335G

L-268C

L-268D

Late Paracas

L-268A

L-115

L-335C

L-268B

W-422

756 ?

90

Huaca

del Loro pottery

types;

755 ?

80

656 ?

80

656 ?

80

types

526 ?

90

figures;

525 ?

80

336 ?

100

PI.

559

Nazca

4,
225 (Fig.

small post from inJose Pampa:

of ground
tersection
lines, No. 421

Nazca

Burial 39,
(Cahuachi)
hair and textile fragments,
human

Nazca

N-4

N-4

N-4

(Cahuachi):
charcoal, No.
(Cahuachi):
charcoal, No.

Necropolis,
Bundle

Cut

types
1952,

B Pottery
14 B)

ground
no ceramics
A pottery

types

Epoch

Cut

types

495 ?

80

7,4.00-4.25

m.,

Proto-Nazca

pottery

types

325 ?

80

1,3.50-3.75

m.,

Late Paracas

pottery

types

245 ?

80

206\?

90

Mummy

114,

cloth,

II): Burial 4,
and scalp, No.

1-27 (Ocucaje
II): Burial 3,
reeds strung with cord, No.

(Other half
measured

pottery

139

Paracas:

(Cahuachi):
charcoal, No.

Proto-Nazca
192

311

B, cotton

1-27 (Ocucaje
human hair

N-4

pottery
and Evans

356

Cut 1-SW,
(Cahuachi):
3.00-3.25 m., charcoal, No.

N-4

types

pottery

17)

1946-14 A.M.N.H.

L-335D

types

(Strong

Formative

Proto-Nazca

del Loro pottery

Late Mochica

San

No.

70

Huaca

pottery

PL 14 A-D)

la Cruz,
Burial
10,

Burial
(Cahuachi):
textile fragments, No.

N-4

985 ?

del Loro

(Strong and Evans 1952,

500

No.

fragments,

Viru

Late Nazca

types;

Huaca

Late Mochica

de la Cruz,

(Huaca

textile

70

Epoch

Viru Valley): Burial 3,

Coast)

a.d. 1055 ?

del Loro

types

temple

Florescent

Mochica

B and Huaca

Nazca

34 pottery

temple

Burial
(Cahuachi):
human hair, No. 352

L-335F

Age

Cut

ceramic
Necropolis,
see
association
unknown;

Paracas

comments,

Broecker,

and Tucek

1956

Late Paracas

pottery

types

116 ?

100

Late Paracas

pottery

types

116 ?

100

Late Paracas

pottery

types

115 ?

80

Late Paracas

pottery

types

124 B.C. ?

160

Kulp,

(Fig. 3 L)

415

414

1,3.75-4.00

m.,

140

of L-268B

above,

by U.S.G.S.)

46

cited

references
Anonymous
1953 Mesa

para

la terminologia
de la Sociedad

regularizar
Boletin

peruana.
arqueologica
para la Antropologia

No.

Peruana,

by J. H.
American

of

Ethnology,

Peru.
Ayaehuco,
in Anthropology,

Yale

1956

of Central
Andean
Ceramic
Study
Figu
of An
Ph.D.
Department
dissertation,
Columbia
thropology,
University
University.
Ann Arbor.
Microfilms,

No.

rines.

Haven.

The

Andes

dian.

The

1914

W.

Broecker,
1956

No.

III.

and C.

S., J. L. Kulp,

Lament

Natural
Vol.

Science,

Society,

Geographical
2. New York.

1955

Zeiss

Measurements

124, No.

pp.

3213,

154-65.

Carrion
1949

1939

Nacional

de Turismo,

and G.

J. A.

Elements.

Cultural

Surface

Corporacion

1956

Lima.

R. Willey

of the Viru Valley,

Peru. An
Museum
of the American
thropological
Papers
Vol.
York.
43, Pt. 1. New
of Natural
History,

1949

A.

Gayton,
1927

H.

Survey

and A.

A.

1927

L. Kroeber

1930

and

ternational

1944

York,
York.

Peruvian
Publications

1956

in

Highland

Toward

Relations
Proceedings
Congress

Between

America.

del

In

American

Antiquity,

Salt

City.

1923

Lake

Die

North

17-22,

in
Archeology
in Anthropology,
of

1928,

1942.
No.

the Nazca

1956

4, pp.

Peru.

Lima.

in Southern

Peru,
22, No.
2,

Vol.

"Notes

Vol.

Buntbemalten

and

19, No.

News."
106-7.

1, pp.

von Nasca.

Gefasse
Vol.

Abhandlungen,

Gesam
169-338.

pp.

4,

1954

In
at

en

Fund

Strong,

York.

Uni
Style.
in American
43, No.

W.

1948

Privately

printed,

lea.

Jr.

Columbia

films, Ann

Viking
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