ENGINE TURBOCHARGING (SKMV 4413)

ASSIGNMENT 1:
LITERATURE REVIEW ON TURBOCHARGED PASSENGER CAR

NAME: SYED MUHAMMAD SHUKRI BIN SYED AMIR

MATRIC NO: A13KM0213

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Earliest turbocharger design by Dr. Alfred Buchi ........................................................... 5
Figure 2: Turbocharger systems...................................................................................................... 6
Figure 3: Cross section view of a turbocharger. ............................................................................. 6
Figure 4: Cross section of a turbocharger turbine section. ............................................................. 7
Figure 5: Turbocharger for truck application with variable turbine geometry (VTG) ................... 8
Figure 6: Schematic drawing of VTG turbocharger. ...................................................................... 9
Figure 7: Twin - entry turbine Turbocharger. ................................................................................. 9
Figure 8: 3.5 L Ford ecoBoost and the 62A12TT Mitsubishi engines. ........................................ 10
Figure 9: Sequential Twin - turbo diagram for Subaru engine. .................................................... 11
Figure 10: Schematic diagram of staged turbocharging. .............................................................. 11
Figure 11: Basic schematic diagram of hybrid turbocharger system. ........................................... 12

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LITERATURE REVIEW: TURBOCHARGED ENGINE FOR PASSENGER VEHICLE
ABSTRACT
Now days, the rate of air pollution increasing due to many factors. One of the factors are
the emission gas produced by vehicle such as cars, motorcycle and etc. The exhaust gases which
contain NOx, CO2, and Carbon monoxide brings huge negative effects to the environment such as
greenhouse effects to the atmosphere, harmful for health and so on. Based previous study by the
U.S Environmental Protection Agency, the emission rate produced by the passenger car is shown
HC = 1.75 g/km, NOx = 13.06 g/km, Carbon Monoxide = 0.87 g/km, and CO2 = 258 g/km. This
show us the high rate of emission gasses that produced by passengers car through the exhaust gas.
Furthermore, health studies by researcher from the University of California, Los Angeles
School of Public Health state that the preliminary result of their statistical study of children listed
in California Cancer Registry born between, 1998 2007 found that traffic pollution may be
associated with a 5% to a 15% increase in the likelihood of some cancers. Besides that, the World
Health Organization has reported that the study that they conducted found that diesel fumes can
causes lung cancer and others respiratory disease. Hence, this problem need to be taken seriously
since in involves the health of the peoples which may inhale these gasses in their daily life.
The researcher has found several techniques in order to reduce the emission gas produce
by the exhaust gasses from passenger vehicle whether using petrol fuel or diesel fuel. One of the
techniques is to equip engines with a turbocharger. The technology of cars develop from centuries
and now the technologies are more advance than before. Most of the car manufacturer consider
this cases as a serious cases and start to working on solving these matter.

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HISTORY OF TURBOCHARGING
As early as 1885 and 1896, the Germany engineer Gottlieb Daimler and Rudolf Diesel
conduct a study on investigating the possibility to increase the internal combustion engine power
output and reducing the fuel consumption of engines by recompressing the exhaust gas and forced
induct it to the engine. However, in 1925, the Swiss engineer, Alfred Bchi was the one who
successfully invented the exhaust gas turbocharging engine. His design can be said achieved the
increment of 40% of power output. This was the starting point of force induction engine in
automotive technology development.
In automotive industry, the application of turbocharging was used to the truck engines.
Late in 1938, the first turbocharged engine build for truck was design by the Swiss Machine Work
Saurer. The Chevrolet Corvair Monza and the Oldsmobile Jetfire were the first company to be
the manufacturer of the turbocharged passenger car. The mass production of turbocharged
passenger car were made by these two company in late 1962 until 1963. Although the design of
turbocharged engine brings a lot of good changes to the automotive industry, the mass production
of the turbocharged engine stop for a while when both of the manufacturer face problem with
technical outlay of the turbocharged engines which lead to poor reliability of the company.
After the oil crisis in 1973, the turbocharged engine design became more acceptable in
diesel application due to its advantages which preserve fuel more than other commercial internal
combustion engines. In late 80s, the high investment on turbocharged engines lead to the increase
in number of the turbocharged truck engine. Hence, today we can see most of the truck engine
design are installed with turbocharger.
In 1970s, the turbocharger was widely used in the motorsport field, especially in Formula
One racing. The turbocharged engines has been a phenomenon at that time. Peoples demand the
power output that produced by the turbocharged engine. The application of turbocharger also
transferred from diesel vehicle to the petrol fuel vehicle. However, the turbocharging phenomenon
disappear a few years later although the engines was more powerful than the conventional engines.
People found that the turbocharged engines is not economical since the fuel consumption of the
turbocharged engines when equipped in a petrol engines was irrelevant. Moreover, the Turbo
Lag, as known as the delayed boost response of the turbocharger, was relatively large at that time
and its not acceptable by most of the drivers.
The real innovation of turbocharged passenger car was started by the Mercedes Benz
Company in 1978 with their first turbocharged diesel engine passenger car the Mercedes Benz
300 SD. The development of the turbocharged passenger car then followed by the Volkswagen
company with the VW Golf Turbodiesel in 1981. The diesel passenger cars efficiency increased,
with the significant reduction of the emission rate brings a positive changes to the automotive
industry.

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Now, the usage of turbocharge in passenger vehicle is not focusing on power performance
perspective. Instead, the criteria that met the peoples demand is to reduce the fuel consumption
and consequently reduce the gas emission rate that can cause environment pollution. Thus, the
reason of designing an engine with a turbocharger is to preserve fuel and to reduce exhaust gasses
emission such as NOx, CO2, Carbon monoxide and etc.

Figure 1: Earliest turbocharger design by Dr. Alfred Buchi

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DESIGN AND FUNCTION OF A TURBOCHARGER:
The turbochargers main function is to increase an internal combustion engines efficiency
and power output by forcing extra air into the combustion chamber using the compressor that run
by the gas exhaust turbine. A turbocharger consists of a turbine that connected with a shaft that
run the compressor together as the turbine spins. In other words we can say that the exhaust gas
driven turbine supplies the drive energy to the compressor to force induct the engine air intake.

Figure 2: Turbocharger systems.

I.

COMPRESSOR

A turbocharger compressors generally is a centrifugal pump and basically its consists of three
main components which is compressor wheel, diffuser and housing. The working principle of
involve the suction of air axially by the rotational speed of the compressor wheel, then the air
expelled in radial direction through next turbocharger system. The compressor diffuser act as a
speed reducer for the high velocity air without having loses and maintain both pressure and
temperature while the compressor working. The diffuser also collects the air and slow it down
before it exit the compressor housing.

Figure 3: Cross section view of a turbocharger.

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II.

TURBINE

A turbine is a mechanical rotary device which extract energy from a fluid flow and convert it
into useful work. In turbocharger, the turbine can be separated into two component which is turbine
wheel and the turbine housing. The turbocharger turbine converts the energy from the exhaust gas
into a mechanical energy that drive the compressor through the shaft that connect both of them.
There are two main types of turbine which is axial flow turbine and radial flow turbine. The
axial flow turbine allows the fluid flow in axial direction meanwhile the radial allows the inflow
of fluid in centripetal motion. The radial outflow from the gas turbine should be in axial direction.
However, the radial flow turbine is the most common turbine that used for automotive application.

Figure 4: Cross section of a turbocharger turbine section.

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DEVELOPMENT OF TURBOCHARGED ENGINE
I.

CONTROL SYSTEM

The drivability of a passenger turbocharged car is a weakness that need to be overcome by

engineers nowadays. When the engine running in low speed, the conventional turbocharger cant
provide a good boost for the engines. Thus, it cause the vehicle to experience uncertainty that
should be avoid. However, to overcome this problem, engineers and researcher managed to design
the control systems which can vary the pressure and speed of the flow inside the turbocharger
housing and so on. Today, the control system
VARIABLE TURBINE GEOMETRY (VTG)
The variable turbine geometry varies the turbine flow cross section to achieve effective aspect
ratio (A:R) according to the engine speed and operating condition. With VTG, the exhaust gas will
be fully utilized since the guide vanes angle can be change according to the engine speed. The
modification of the turbine flow section will result on more torque produce to rotate the turbine
wheel and together with the shaft. As a result, the efficiency of the turbocharger and the vehicle
should be higher than vehicle that equipped with the normal turbocharger.

Figure 5: Turbocharger for truck application with variable turbine geometry (VTG)

The change in geometry of the guide vanes which located between the volute housing and
the turbine wheel will varies the pressure build up characteristic and also the turbine power
output. Basically, at low speed, the flow cross section of exhaust gas is reduced as the guide
vanes close. Hence, the boost pressure and the torque will increase because of the high pressure
drop at the inlet and the outlet of the turbine. Meanwhile, at high speed, the guide vanes should be
gradually open which allows maximum cross section flow in the turbine housing. As a result,
the required pressure for boost at a low turbine pressure ratio achieved and the engines fuel
consumption should be conserved. During vehicle acceleration from low speeds, the guide vanes
close to gain maximum energy from the exhaust gas. As the speeds increases, the vanes gradually
open and assimilate to the corresponding operating condition.

Figure 6: Schematic drawing of VTG turbocharger.

II.

TWIN ENTRY TURBINES.

In diesel turbocharged engine, the twin entry turbines allows pulsation from the exhaust
gas to be optimized due to the ability of the turbine to reach higher value of pressure ratio in a
short duration. As the pressure ratio increase, others important parameters also improved which
result to good exhaust gas energy utilization, good engines performance, and impressive boost
pressure and torque behavior especially when the engines are running in low speeds. The latest
development of this technology allows the variation of the opening and closing of the turbine
inlet exhaust stream.

Figure 7: Twin - entry turbine Turbocharger.

III.

TWIN TURBOCHARGERS ENGINE.

Twin turbo engine is an engine that equipped with two turbocharger to compress the air
intake charge. The twin turbo engine can be divided in to three types of different configuration

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which is the parallel twin turbo engine, sequential twin turbo engine, and staged twin turbo
engine.
PARALLEL TWIN TURBO.
The parallel twin turbo engine system refers to which the configuration of two identical
turbo that operates simultaneously compressing the air for the intake charge. In other words, the
engines splitting the works on both turbo equally. Theoretically, with this set up, the system would
have less turbo lag than a single turbocharger configuration. This turbocharger system
configuration applicable on different engine layout such as V and inline engines. For V layout
engine, the turbo should be located one at each bank of cylinders. Meanwhile, for inline, the both
turbo manifold share one exhaust manifold but still the operation is simultaneous. The examples
of inline twin turbo engines are Nissan's RB26DETT, BMW's N54, Volvo's B6284T, and
B6294T. For V layout engine are 6A12TT, 6A13TT and 6G72TT; Nissan's VG30DETT and
VR38DETT; and Audi's 1997-2002 S4 (B5), 1997-2005 A6, and 2003-2004 RS6.

Figure 8: 3.5 L Ford ecoBoost and the 62A12TT Mitsubishi engines.

SEQUENTIAL TURBOCHARGERS.
The sequential turbochargers is a configuration which uses one turbocharger for lower
speeds and the second or both when it reaches higher speeds. The sequential twin turbo charger
configuration consist of small size turbo and the large size turbo. Basically, the large size turbo
provide a high flow cross section for fluid which is not efficient at low RPM compare to the
smaller size turbo which can spin up quickly at low RPM. However, the small size turbo cant
maintain when the engine speed increases since it cant provide enough air for boosting.
During low to mid engine speeds, only one relative with small size turbocharger (primary)
is activate. At this condition, the exhaust gas that run the primary turbo provide benefits such as
low threshold boost, minimal turbo lag, and high power output. As the engine speeds increases,
the secondary turbocharger is partially active. Once a preset engine speed attained, the control
system open the valves that controlling compressor and turbine flow through the secondary
turbocharger completely. This method efficiently decrease the turbo lag without effecting the
engine boost output and the power output. The examples of car with sequential twin turbo

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configuration are 1986-1988 Porsche 959, the 1990-1995 Eunos Cosmo JC, 1992-2002 Mazda
RX-7 FD3S Turbo (13B-REW engine), the 1994-2005 JDM Subaru Legacy GT, GT-B & B4 RSK
(EJ20TT engine), and the Peugeot 407 2.2 HDi.

Figure 9: Sequential Twin - turbo diagram for Subaru engine.

STAGED TURBOCHARGING.
In this case, the turbochargers are used in sequences but how ever both turbochargers
operate constantly. This configuration is almost the same as the sequential turbochargers system.
The first turbo boosts pressure as much as possible according to its capability and the subsequent
turbo take the charge from the previous stage and compresses it further with higher pressure ratio.
This configuration usually use on high performances diesel engine.

Figure 10: Schematic diagram of staged turbocharging.

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FUTURE OF TURBOCHARGED ENGINE.
HYBRID TURBOCHARGER.
A hybrid turbocharger is an electric turbocharger which consist of a high speed turbinegenerator and a high speed electric air compressor. The design of the turbine and the compressor
are as the same as the conventional turbo. The exhaust gas run the turbine that connected to the
electrical generator which generate electricity with approximately 98.5% electric efficiency. The
electrical motors run at speeds in excess of 120,000 rpm. High electrical efficiency is paramount,
since the turbine and compressor is not mechanically linked. This design flexibility leads to further
improvements in turbine and compressor efficiency, beyond a conventional turbocharger.
AERISTECH, a company which manufacture the hybrid turbochargers claim that the
benefits on running a hybrid turbocharged engine are:

Improved packaging by enabling the turbine and compressor to be placed in separate parts
of the engine bay.
Higher density charge air by reducing the length of intake ducts and increasing the size of
the compressor wheel.
ECU controlled boost levels will enable tighter predictive control of in-cylinder
combustion.
Similar engine downsizing benefits to a hybrid vehicle, but with far less (approximately
1/7th) energy storage capacity to achieve the same level of downsizing.

Figure 11: Basic schematic diagram of hybrid turbocharger system.

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REFERENCES.
"Effects of Variable Geometry Turbochargers in Increasing Efficiency and Reducing Lag Thermal Systems". Me1065.wikidot.com. 6 December 2007.
Veltman, Thomas (24 October 2010). "Variable-Geometry Turbochargers". Coursework for
Physics 240.
Tan, Paul (16 August 2006). "How does Variable Turbine Geometry work? PaulTan.com.
"BorgWarner turbo history". Turbodriven.com.
Roland Pease. "Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK, says study". BBC News.
Caiazzo, Fabio; Ashok, Akshay; Waitz, Ian A.; Yim, Steve H.L.; Barrett, Steven R.H.
(November 2013). "Air pollution and early deaths in the United States. Part I: Quantifying the
impact of major sectors in 2005". Atmospheric Environment. Elsevier.
Exhaust emissions: What comes out of your car's exhaust? Automobile Association
Developments Limited.
Reinberg, Steven (9 April 2013). "Smog Exposure during Pregnancy Might Raise Child's Cancer
Risk: Study". USNews.
Design and Function of a Turbocharger: Turbine Retrieved from
http://www.turbos.bwauto.com/products/turbochargerTurbine.aspx.
Aeristech FETT Retrieved from
http://www.aeristech.co.uk/full-electric-turbocharger-technology/