8 Marks

Giving suitable examples explain the invasive mechanisms of bacterial pathogens.

Explain the mode of action and assay of cholera toxin.
Discuss in detail the use of Agar dilution and Gradient plate technique for suse
ptibility testing of anti-bacterial agents.
16 marks
What are the different tests to determine the safety profile of a candidate drug
? Explain any two test in detail giving suitable examples
How the toxicological evaluation of a candidate drug is carried out?
Explain with the help of a flow diagram
8 marks
Explain the objectives conduct and outcome of phase two clinical trials for anti
bacterial drugs.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of conventional methods of drug discove
ry.
Explain the signigicance of bio- availability studies in pre clinical developmen
t.
How bacterial pathogens overcome phagocytic defences of host
Explain th e assay of endotoxins of gram negetive bacteria
Discribe the role of bacterial extra cellular enzymes in pathogenesis
How toxicological evaluation of a candidate drug is carried out
Explain the concepts and methodologies of rational drug discovery, giving suitab
le examples.
Discuss the relevance of Paul Ehrlich's postulates in modern methods of drug dis
covery.
Describe the CLSI guidelines for susceptibility testing in solid nutrient media
.
How drug interactions can studied in vitro
What are the objectives of clinical trials for a candidate drug.

4 Marks
Bacterial resistance to specific humoral factors
Virulence genes
Lead discovery
Elek Test
Cytoskeleton modulation of host cell by bacterial pathogens

Pyrogenecity studies
Pharmacokinetics
Bacterial adhesisns
Virulence genes
Chronic toxicity tests

Molecular Biology
8 Marks
Describe the stucture of typical bacterial promoter
Justify Eukaryotes use a number of initiation factors for transcription
Describe the process of DNA footprinting and add a note on its application
Explain transcription process in prokaryotes
Describe post translational modification of proteins
Justify Ribosomes act as regulatory elements
Describe principle working and applications of
Northern blotting
Explain the use of automated sequencer in DNA sequencing method

Draw Diagrams
Bacterial RNA Polymerase
tRNA
Termination of transcription
YAC
Reaction centers in 70s Ribosomes
Compare high capacity vectors in genetic engineering

4 Marks
Real Time PCR
Pulse Field Gel Elecrophoresis
Southern Blotting
Maxam Gilbert Method of DNA sequencing
DNA microarray
Protien Sequencing
Type II restriction endonucleases

BAC and PAC vector

Rho factor
Shuttle vectors