Cauayan City:

Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

1.5 Review of Related Literature

1.5.1 School sports and activities
K-12 education curriculum guide on Physical Education from grade 1-10

Grade 1-6
Are more on body management, movement skills, rhythm and dance, games and sports,

physical fitness. Activities such as: walking, standing and sitting, assessment of physical
activities and physical fitness, tumbang preso, tamaang tao, batuhang bola tatsing, basagan
palayok, syato, kickball, folk indigenous, ethnic traditional dance and creative dance.

Grade 7-10
Are focus on endurance, muscle and bone strengthening activities. Sports such as:

Running, rhythmic, gymnastic and swimming, badminton, table tennis, tennis, arnis, taekwondo
and karate, basketball, volleyball, football/ futsal, goalball, softball, baseball, folk dance, hiphop, street dance, cheer dance, contemporary dance, hiking, camping, orienteering, biking and
yoga exercises.

Fig. 1 Conceptual Framework of Physical Education

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Bureau of Physical Education and Sports Projects

Promoting ideals of sports and physical fitness through the elementary and secondary
schools. The Bureau of Physical Education and School Sports (BPESS) has launched the Sports
Fit. A series of nine (9) major programs implemented through twenty (20) projects. This
innovative approach caters to the demands and needs of the 21st Century. Focused in the
strengthening capabilities and delivery of services in the elementary and secondary schools for
students, teachers, coaches and all the partners in this undertaking.

School Sports Competition Program (Special Fund)

-

Palarong

Pambansa

and

Preliminary

Meets,

Intramural/District/Unit

Meet

(Provincial/City Meet), Regional Meet/National (Palarong Pambansa), Organization

of Varsity Teams and Conduct of Home and Away Games, Sports Facilities and
Equipment Development.

Physical Education Curriculum Materials Development Program

-

Production and Distribution of Audio and video Tapes, Development Reproduction

and Distribution of P.E. manuals and Charts and Other Support Materials.

Outreach Sports Program

-

Physical Education and Sports Equipment Dispersal, Provision of Sports Technical

Services to Schools and Community Sports through Mobile Sports School.

Regional Sports High School

-

Establishment of Regional Sports High Schools.

Teachers'/Coaches/Trainors/Officiating Officials Training Program

-

P.E. Teachers, Coaches, Officiating Officials, Trainers and Clinicians, Scholarship

and Study Tours Projects and Monitoring of Training Programs and Classes.

Special Projects and International Participation

-

Special Olympics for the Disabled, Participation in ASSC/ASSF and other

International Schools Activities and Inter-Agency Tournament.

Fitness Program
-

Physical Fitness Park Development and Physical Fitness Mass Exercises and Testing.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Information, Dissemination and Marketing Program

-

Advocacy and Sports Management Information System (Data Bank) and Marketing
and Production of T.V. and VHS Sports Materials.

Traditional Games and Sports Program

-

Arnis and Indigenous Games Development and National Festival of Traditional

Filipino Games.

1.5.2 Planning Strategies

There are five types of spatial organization:

Central Organization
Linear Organization
Radial Organization
Cluster Organization
Grid Organization

Central Organization
It is stable and concentrated composition, it consisted numerous secondary spaces that are
clustered around a central, dominant and bigger space. It represents secondary spaces that are
equal in terms of role, shape and form which creates a distribution package that is geometrically
regular to two or more axes.
Linear Organization
Consists essentially of a series of spaces. These spaces can be interconnected directly, or
be linked through another linear independent and distinct space. Those spaces that are important,
functionally or symbolically within this organization, can take place anywhere in the linear
sequence and show their relevance using their size and shape. The organization can solve linear
different conditions at the site. It can be a straight, segmented or curve line and it can develop
itself horizontally, vertically or diagonally. The linear organization can relate itself with other
forms of its context connecting them, working as a barrier to separate separates things and
surrounding them to create a space field.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Radial Organization
A radial organization consists of a central space from which a number of linear
organizations extend in a radial manner. Whereas a centralized organization is an introverted
scheme that focuses inward on it central space, a radial organization is an extroverted plan that
reaches out to its context. The central space of a radial organization is generally regular in form.
The linear arms, for which the central space is the hub, may differ from one another in order to
respond to individual requirements of function and context.
Clustered Organization
A clustered organization relies on physical proximity to relate its spaces one another. It
often consists of repetition, cellular spaces that have similar functions and share a common
visual trait such as shape or orientation. A clustered organization can also accept within its
composition spaces that are dissimilar in size, form and function, but related to one another by
proximity or an ordering device such as symmetry or axis.
Grid Organization
A grid organization consists of forms and spaces whose positions in space and
relationship with one another are regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field. The grid,
create by two, usually perpendicular sets of parallel lines, establish a regular pattern of points at
their intersections. Projected into the third dimension, the grid pattern is transformed into a set of
repetitive, modular unit of space, within which spaces can occur as isolated events or as
repetitions of the grid module. To accommodate the specific dimensional requirements of its
spaces, a grid can be made irregular in one or two directions, be interrupted to define a major
space or accommodate a natural feature of its site, or be dislocated and rotated about a point in
the basic pattern.
Spatial Relationship

Space within a space is a large can envelope and contain a smaller space within its
volume. Visual and spatial continuity between the two spaces can be easily
accommodated.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Interlocking Spaces is an interlocking space relationship results from the overlapping of

the two spatial fields and emergence of a zone of shared space. Each space interlocking
retains its identity. But the intersection of the two spaces is subject to a number of

interpretation.
Adjacent Spaces is an adjacency is the most common type of spatial relationship. Each
space is clearly defined.

Space linked by a common space is a two spaces are separated by distance can be linked
or related to each other by a third, intermediate space. The visual and spatial relationship
between the two spaces depends on the nature of the third space.

Conclusion:
In the case of the Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex, it is best to use the
clustered type of spatial organization because majority of spaces are related to each other. And
the type of spatial relationship that suit best, that provide comfort to viewers is space within a
space and space linked by a common space. Because those two promotes visual and spatial
continuity.
1.5.3 Theory of colors
Color in Architecture - More Than Just Decoration
Color is an integral element of our world, not just in the natural environment but also in
the man-made architectural environment. Color always played a role in the human evolutionary
process. The environment and its colors are perceived, and the brain processes and judges what it
perceives on an objective and subjective basis. Psychological influence, communication,
information, and effects on the psyche are aspects of our perceptual judgment processes. Hence,
the goals of color design in an architectural space are not relegated to decoration alone according
to Frank H. Mahnke.
The impression of a color and the message it conveys is of utmost importance in creating
the psychological mood or ambiance that supports the function of a space. A classroom has a
different function than a hospital patient room; an office space is not a production line, etc.
according to (Frank H. Mahnke).

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

According to Frank H. Mahnke, he mentioned a few examples concerning colors and

what they convey: Pastel yellow gives the impression of sunny, friendly, soft. The message in the
interior space is stimulating, brightness, coziness. Red is arousing, passionate, provocative, fiery,
aggressive. The message in the interior is aggressive, advancing, dominant. Green is balancing,
natural, calm with the message of simplicity, security, balance. White expresses open, vast,
neutral, sterile. The message being purity, sterile, emptiness, indecisiveness.
Kandinsky's Color Theory, In Architecture
Wassily Kandinsky's art explored the relationship between color and its viewers. He
eschewed the greys, browns, and blacks of Cubism, embracing color as the primary vehicle for
expression. In doing so he completely separated painting from a need to depict a subject. The
goal of Kandinskys art was to capture music in a plastic medium, to evoke the same feelings a
piece of music could evoke through shades and hues.
The theories he developed about color and meaning would prove influential in all
creative fields, with the De Stijl movement expanding his philosophies and incorporating color
into industrial design and architecture. Employing the color wheel, Kandinsky went through each
hue, explaining the feelings it evoked, emotions it captured, and the sound it made.
Going through ROY G BIV, here is a sample of Kandinskys thoughts on color from his
book "Concerning the Spiritual in Art".
According to Wassily Kandinsky, Red symbolizes alive, restless, confidently striving
towards a goal, glowing, manly maturity. Orange symbolizes a mixture of red and yellow,
radiant, healthy, serious. Yellow symbolizes warm, cheeky, and exciting, disturbing for people,
typical earthly color... representing madness in color, an attack of rage, blind madness, maniacal
rage. Green symbolizes stillness and peace, but with a hidden, passive strength. Blue
symbolizes deep, inner, supernatural, peaceful. Violet symbolizes a mixture of red and blue,
"morbid, extinguished...sad.
Color: Meaning, Symbolism and Psychology
According to the article Color: Meaning, Symbolism and Psychology, it shows how color
affect physically and mentally.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Blue is calming and sedate, cooling, aids intuition. Yellow is mentally stimulating,
stimulates the nervous system, activates memory and encourages communication. Orange
simulates activity, stimulates appetite, encourages socialization. Red can increases enthusiasm,
stimulates energy, encourages action and confidence, a sense of protection from fears and
anxiety. Purple is uplifting, calming to mind and nerves, offers a sense of spirituality and
encourages creativity. Brown has a feeling of wholesomeness, stability, connection with the
earth, offers a sense orderliness. White can aids mental clarity, encourages us to clear clutter or
obstacles, evokes purification of thoughts or actions and enables fresh beginnings. Black has a
feeling inconspicuous, a restful emptiness and mysterious evoking a sense of potential and
possibility.

1.5.4 Adapting extreme climate condition

Efficient Energy Use A Star among Stadiums
Vincente de Castro Mello, architect and project leader of the Estadio Nacional Man
Garrincha, sees the stadium as a model for other sports facilities. In fact, he suggests that in the
future perhaps even more could be done. Why not build sports facilities that could serve as
renewable energy power plants for surrounding neighborhoods? But that's the future. For now,
Castro Mello is clearly satisfied that the stadium is both environmentally sustainable and
economical. The problems of climate change, high energy costs, and water scarcity are
everywhere, he says. We have taken all of these issues into consideration in the construction of
this stadium. See details on figure 1.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Fig. 1.
Solar panel
The arena's imposing roof gives the impression of being monumental and yet delicate.
Supported by 288 steel columns, it seems to float above the stadium. But the truly special nature
of this roof is revealed in its details. These details are what will earn the Man Garrincha stadium
a LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Platinum sustainability certificate.
The new Stadium is on track to be the first in the world to receive this certification, the
maximum in recognition for environmentally sustainable buildings. In the future, for instance,
over 10,000 roof-mounted photovoltaic panels will produce approximately 2.5 megawatts. When
operating at full capacity during peak periods, these cells can provide over 50 percent of the
stadium's energy needs. This investment is particularly valuable in view of Brazil's new net
metering law, which has made it possible for the stadium to switch between the main power grid
and its own independently generated energy as needed. What's more, during normal operations it
can simply feed surplus solar energy into the power grid.
Rainwater Harvesting
The ivory-colored glass roof, which project up to 80 meters above the grandstands,
provides natural lighting for the playing field while offering shade from the hot Brazilian sun.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Rain that collects on the roof is funneled through a drainage system into five large tanks that are
located under the stadium. The tanks have a total capacity of almost seven million liters. Once
collected, the water is filtered on site and then used for the facility's sanitation systems as well as
for watering the grass. These steps have made it possible for the stadium to cover over 80 percent
of its water needs.
Top-Notch Security
The facade is open between the roof and the stands, air within the stadium circulates
naturally, thus ensuring that heat, which accumulates in the walls, is drawn upward. In a region
with a tropical climate, it's an innovative idea. This approach eliminates the need for extensive
air conditioning and ventilation systems.
In order to ensure the safety of fans, employees, and players, the stadium's operators rely
on the latest security technology. A surveillance system integrated by Siemens uses highly
advanced camera technology, including image processing algorithms that identify potential
dangers in the stands. This helps security guards to react more quickly to threats and to take
appropriate action. The stadium's security and efficiency have also benefited from a range of
systems installed by Siemens, including some 6,000 smoke and fire detectors, a cutting-edge IT
and sound system, and about 150 turnstiles for access control.
Access Control Made Easy
Indeed, thanks to a database that is able to recognize all of the ticket systems on the
market 1D and 2D bar codes, Mifare, and smartcards the facility's access control system
offers the highest level of security and flexibility. For employees, password-protected access
means that they can enter authorized areas without the need to carry a key. Finally, all of the
technical systems are connected to a single control center and can be operated from a single
display.
Passive cooling techniques through reflective and radiative roofs in tropical houses in
Southeast Asia: A literature review
Cooling is one of the major concerns in building tropical houses. The passive cooling
technique is one of the innovative practices and technologies that provide buildings with
comfortable conditions through natural means. Reflective and radiative processes are the

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

methods used to decrease heat gain by facilitating the elimination of excess heat in a buildings
interior to maintain a comfortable environment according to (Karam M. Al-Obaidi).
The common passive cooling systems are classified into comfort ventilation, nocturnal
ventilation cooling, radiant cooling, evaporative cooling, and using the earth as a cooling source
according to Cavelius et al. (2007).
Likewise, Kamal (2012) listed the most important techniques for passive cooling, which
include solar shading, insulation, induced ventilation techniques, radiative cooling, evaporative
cooling, earth coupling, and desiccant cooling. Moreover, Geetha and Velraj (2012) developed a
very clear framework for the strategies of passive cooling, which generally fall into three
categories: heat prevention/reduction, (decreasing heat gains), thermal moderation (modifying
heat gains), and heat dissipation (removing internal heat). The approaches that have been adopted
and classified in literature are shown in Figure 3.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

Fig. 1. Classification of passive cooling approaches in energy-efficient buildings (Geetha and

Velraj, 2012), red dashed lines represent the selected approach.
The study selects the reflective and radiative approaches. Reflective roof strategy is an
reflective cooling technique that slows the heat transfer to the building. Studies shows that 60%
of the urban areas are covered by roof and pavements (Akbari et al., 2008). Findings show that
an increase in urban population will have increase on number of buildings, and therefore it will
increase the level of using rettless energy and Urban Heat Island effect (UHI). Therefore, energyefficient methods, such as the reflective color strategy are necessary to reduce such emissions
and mitigate the rising cost of energy.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

The color of the external face of the building has a bigger effect to counter- effect on the
impact of solar radiation. This technique is widely use on hotter region according to Yacouby et
al. (2011). According to Givoni (1994) roofs that are painted with grey has an external air
temperature of approximately 31 C, generate an average maximum external surface temperature
of about 69 C. The maximum ceiling temperatures are likewise significantly affected by the
thickness of the roof: 45 C, 39 C, and 33 C, respectively. While roof painted in white
generates an average of maximum external air temperature of about 27 C and maximum
external surface temperature of about 27.5 C and the ceiling has only 25.5 C for all roofs.
These results showed that the intensities of solar radiation incidence on the roof varied
depending on the color and thermo-physical properties of the roof. Givoni (1994) showed that
the difference in the maximum external surface temperature between a black and white roof in
the desert during summer can be between 30 C40 C, a difference that can be considered huge
and significant.
The radiative cooling approach is a technique based on the idea that any object or surface
at a temperature higher than 0 K emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It says
that to understand the radiative heat exchange, color and materials should be identified. A roof
with a lower solar absorbance will reflect more heat and keep the roof space relatively cooler
compared with a roof with a higher solar absorbance.
Conclusion:
Implementing reflective and radiative approaches in roofing systems will enhance
environmental sinks for heat dissipation, thereby minimizing the effect of heat penetrating.
However, their efficiency depends on the building types, the occupancy patterns, and climatic
boundaries which are air temperature, relevant humidity, velocity and direction of winds.
Therefore, to effectively improve the heat rejection from buildings by natural means, the physical
characteristics of the building should be sufficiently understood. Result shows that the
respondents are willing to adopt passive cooling strategies in the buildings for economic reasons
because it constitutes the most cost-effective methods for creating an optimally cool
environment.

Cauayan City:
Ideal City of the North

Cauayan City Sports and Commercial Complex

References:
http://architizer.com/blog/kandinskys-color-theory-and-architecture/
http://archinect.com/features/article/53292622/color-in-architecture-more-than-just-decoration
http://www.archinomy.com/case-studies/1230/color-meaning-symbolism-and-psychology
https://rinbo.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/form-space-order-summary.pdf
http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/downloads/theoryofarch.pdf
http://www.siemens.com/innovation/en/home/pictures-of-the-future/energy-andefficiency/efficient-energy-use-sports-facilities.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095263514000399
http://www.deped.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Final%20Physical%20Education%20110%2001.13.2014_edited%20May%201,%202014.pdf
http://www.chanrobles.com/legal3decsbureauofphysicaleducationandschoolsports.html#.V7_Qu
vkrLIU