Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #4

(1) Let a function f be analytic everywhere in a domain D. Prove

that if f (z) is real-valued for all z in D, then f (z) must be
constant throughout D.
Proof. Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) where u(x, y) = Re(f (z))
and v(x, y) = Im(f (z)). Since f (z) is real-valued for all z in D,
v(x, y) 0 in D. Since f (z) is analytic in D, u and v satisfy
Cauchy-Riemann equations, i.e., ux = vy and uy = vx . And
since v 0, ux = uy = vx = vy = 0 for all z = x + yi in D.
Therefore, f (z) is constant in D.



2 + i
(2) Compute (a) exp(2 3i) (b) exp
4

Answer. (a) e2 (b) e1/2 ( 2/2 + i 2/2)

(3) Explain why the function f (z) = 2z 2 3 zez + ez is entire.

Proof. Since 2 and z are entire and products of entire functions
are entire, 2z 2 is entire. Since z and ez are entire, zez is
entire. Since ez and z are entire, their composition ez is
entire. Finally, since 2z 2 , 3, zez and ez are entire, their
sum f (z) is entire.

(4) Show that the function f (z) = exp(z) is not analytic anywhere.
Proof. Since





+i
+i
f (z) =
exyi
x
y
x
y
xyi
=e
+ i(i)exyi = 2exyi 6= 0
for all z C, f (z) = exp(z) is not analytic anywhere.

(5) Write | exp(2z + i)| and | exp(iz 2 )| in terms of x and y. Then

show that
| exp(2z + i) + exp(iz 2 )| e2x + e2xy .
1

Proof. We have
exp(2z + i) = exp(2(x + yi) + i) = e2x e(2y+i)i
= e2x (cos(2y + 1) + i sin(2y + 1))
and
exp(iz 2 ) = exp(i(x + yi)2 ) = exp(i(x2 y 2 + 2xyi))
= exp(2xy + i(x2 y 2 ))
= e2xy (cos(x2 y 2 ) + i sin(x2 y 2 )).
Therefore,
| exp(2z + i) + exp(iz 2 )| | exp(2z + i)| + | exp(iz 2 )|
= e2x + e2xy .

(6) Find the complex derivatives of (a) sinh(z) cosh(z) (b) (tanh(z))2
Answer. (a) cosh2 (z) + sinh2 (z) = cosh(2z)
(b) 2 tanh(z) cosh2 (z)
(7) Show that | sinh x| | cosh z| cosh x for all z C, where
x = Re(z).
Proof. Since cosh z = (ez + ez )/2, it follows that
| cosh z| =

1
1
|ez + ez |
(|ez | + |ez |) = (ex + ex ) = | cosh x|
2
2
2

and
| cosh z| =

 1
|ez + ez |
1
|ez | |ez | |ex ex | = | sinh x|.
2
2
2


(8) Show that | sin z| | sin x| and | cos z| | cos x| for all z C,
where x = Re(z).
Proof. Since
1
1
sin z = (eiz eiz ) = (eixy eyix )
2i
2i
1 y
=
e (cos x + i sin x) ey (cos x i sin x)
2i
ey + ey
ey ey
=
sin x + i
cos x
2
2

it yields
| sin z|

ey + ey
| sin x|.
2

And since
ey + ey
(ey/2 ey/2 )2
ey + ey
1=

1
2
2
2
it follows that | sin z| | sin x|. That is, | sin z| | sin(Re(z))|
for all z C. Replacing z by z + /2, we obtain
 

 


sin z +
 sin Re z +

2
  2   



 
sin z +
 sin x +

2
2
| cos(z)| | cos(x)|.

(9) Find all the roots of the equation cos z = 2.
Solution. Let u = eiz . We have
cos z = 2 eiz + eiz = 4 u2 4u + 1 = 0.
Solving the equation u2 4u + 1 = 0, we obtain u = 2
Therefore,

iz = log(2 3) = ln(2 3) + 2ki

z = 2k + i ln(2 3)
for k Z.

3.

Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #5

(1) Compute (a) Log(ei) (b) Log(1 i).
Answer. (a) 1 i/2 (b) (1/2) ln 2 i/4
(2) Show that
(a) Log(1 + i)2 = 2 Log(1 + i);
(b) Log(1 + i)2 6= 2 Log(1 + i).
Proof. Since
Log(1 + i)2 = Log(2i) = ln 2 +

i
2

and

1
i
i
Log(1 + i) = ln 2 +
= ln 2 +
4
2
4
we have Log(1 + i)2 = 2 Log(1 + i).
Since
i
Log(1 + i)2 = Log(2i) = ln 2
2
and

1
3i
3i
= ln 2 +
Log(1 + i) = ln 2 +
4
2
4
2
we have Log(1 + i) 6= 2 Log(1 + i).

(3) Find the domain D where the function

f (z) =

Log(z + 4)
z2 + i

is analytic.
Solution.
f (z) is analytic when z 2 +i 6= 0 and z +4 6 (, 0],
i.e., z 6= 2(1 i)/2 and z 6 (, 4]. It is analytic in the
domain
(
)
!
2(1 i)
C\

(, 4] .
2
(4) Show that if Re(z1 ) > 0 and Re(z2 ) > 0, then
Log(z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 .

Proof. We know that

Log(z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 + 2ki
for some integer k. Since Re(z1 ) > 0 and Re(z2 ) > 0,

< Arg(z1 ) < and < Arg(z2 ) <

2
2
2
2
and hence < Arg(z1 ) + Arg(z2 ) < . And since <
Arg(z1 z2 ) ,
2 < 2k = Arg(z1 z2 ) Arg(z1 ) Arg(z2 ) < 2 1 < k < 1.
Since k is an integer, we must have k = 0.

(5) Show that for any two nonzero complex numbers z1 and z2 ,
Log(z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 + 2N i
where N has one of values 0, 1.
Proof. We know that
Log(z1 z2 ) = Log z1 + Log z2 + 2N i
for some integer N . Since
< Arg(z1 ) and < Arg(z2 ) ,
2 < Arg(z1 )+Arg(z2 ) 2. And since < Arg(z1 z2 ) ,
3 < 2N = Arg(z1 z2 ) Arg(z1 ) Arg(z2 ) < 3 3 < 2N < 3.
Since N is an integer, we must have N = 1, 0 or 1.

(6) Compute (a) (1 + i)i (b) (1)1/ and also find their principal
values.

Answer. (a) exp(2k/4)(cos(ln 2)+i sin(ln 2)) for k Z

and its principal value is taken when k = 0.
(b) cos(2k + 1) + i sin(2k + 1) for k Z and its principal value
is taken when k = 0.
(7) Assuming that the derivative f 0 (z) exists, find the derivative of
3f (z) .
Solution.
(3

f (z) 0

) = (exp(f (z) ln 3))0 = f 0 (z)(ln 3) exp(f (z) ln 3) = f 0 (z)3f (z) ln 3.