CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes (CFTs) are composite members consisting of an steel
tube infilled with concrete. In current international practice, CFT columns are used in the
primary lateral resistance systems of both braced and unbraced building structures. There exist
applications in Japan and Europe where CFTs are also used as bridge piers. Moreover, CFTs
may be utilized for retrofitting purposes for strengthening concrete columns in earthquake zones.
Consists of a steel tube filled with concrete. The concrete core adds stiffness and compressive
strength to the tubular column and reduces the potential for inward local buckling. Conversely,
the steel tube acts as longitudinal and lateral reinforcement for the concrete core helping it to
resist tension, bending moment and shear and providing confinement for the concrete.
1.2 TYPES OF CONCRETE FILLED TUBES

1(a) SQUARE CONCRETE FILLED TUBES

1(b)RECTANGULAR CONCRETE FILLED TUBES

1(c) CIRCULAR CONCRETE FILLED TUBES

1(d) HOLLOW CONCRETE FILLED TUBES

1.3 NATURE OF CONCRETE FILLED TUBES:
Due to the benefit of composite action of the two materials, the CFT columns provide
excellent seismic event resistant structural properties such as high strength, high ductility and
large energy absorption capacity. Also, circular hollow sections possess many advantages over
open sections, including aesthetic appearance and economy in terms of material costs.
Due to the complexity of connections between steel beams and circular hollow sections,
their use in structural steelwork is limited. This is because the use of standard bolting is not
feasible and costly unpopular welded connections are the normal solution.
1.4

COMPARSION

OF

THE

CONCRETE

FILLED

TUBES

OVER

OTHER

COMPOSITE SYSTEMS:
The steel tube provides formwork for the concrete. The concrete prolongs local buckling
of the steel tube wall. The tube prohibits excessive concrete spalling and composite columns and
significant stiffness to a frame compared to more traditional steel frame construction. While
many advantages exist the use of concrete filled tubes in building construction has been limited
in part to a lack to a lack of construction has been limited in part to a lack of construction
experience. A lock of understanding of the design provisions and the complexity of connection
detailing consequently a joint is needed that could utilize the favourable strength and stiffness
characteristics of the concrete-filled tube column yet be constructible.

1.5 PERFORMANCE CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBULAR STRUCTURE

Concrete filled steel tube is formed in the steel tube filled with building components in
concrete after, according to the cross section shape can be divided into the square steel tube
concrete filled circular steel tube, concrete and polygonal steel pipe concrete. It uses two kinds of
material of steel tube and concrete combination in the interaction between the stress process,
give full play to the advantages of the two materials, makes the plasticity and toughness of
concrete is improved greatly, and can avoid or delay the occurrence of local buckling of steel, so
steel concrete integral with high bearing capacity, good plastic and toughness, the fine economic
benefit and

convenient

construction

etc..

Concrete filled steel tube is composed of two kinds of materials, but the component
industry, it is regarded as a new material, composite material which is called "" (no longer
distinguish between steel tube and concrete). And the performance change of the concrete filled
steel tube under different load combination action is continuous and uniform; the performance of
the concrete filled steel tube with the geometric parameters, such as the steel ratio, slenderness
ratio and hollow rate change is continuous and uniform; the concrete filled steel tube
performance with the physical parameters, such as changes in steel and concrete the strength is a
continuous and uniform; performance with the section shape of the concrete filled steel tube,
such as round, polygon, eight edge shaped, hexagonal and square change is continuous and
uniform etc..In the guidance of "unified theory" of concrete filled steel tube, steel tube industry
of high strength concrete mechanical properties and design method and concrete filled steel tube
fire resistance and fire protection design method is studied. Study on high strength concrete filled
steel tube high strength concrete performance (World definition of high strength concrete is
different, in our country, generally considered the strength grade of C60 and above concrete for
high strength concrete) is a hot topic in the domestic and foreign scholars research in recent
years. This kind of high strength concrete has the advantages of high strength, can save cement,
reducing the dimensions of a member section, reduce the weight of structure, therefore usually
used for loading large structures, such as high-rise buildings, underground engineering and large
span structure pillar etc.. However, the weakness of high strength concrete is brittleness, poor
ductility, which hinders its practical application in engineering, especially in complex stress
state, structure by brittle damage control, its reliability is greatly reduced. If the high strength
concrete is poured into the steel tube high strength concrete, high strength concrete filled steel

tube effectively bound by will greatly enhance the ductility. In addition, in a complicated state of
stress, shear and torsion of steel pipe with great capacity. So, through the combination of the two,
can effectively overcome the brittleness ductility of high strength concrete, weakness, make the
engineering applications can be realized, the economic benefits into full play. A large number of
examples to prove, and normal strength concrete compared with the steel pipe concrete and steel
column, steel high strength concrete can save steel by about 50%, reduce cost; compared with
the reinforced concrete column, no template, and can save more than 50% of concrete, reduce the
structural weight of more than 50%, and the steel consumption and cost slightly more than or
approximately equal to. Concrete filled steel tube filled with high strength concrete in steel tube
and the formation, in addition to other advantages of steel normal strength concrete, concrete can
save

at

least

60%

above,

the

dead

weight

of

the

structure

above

60%.

The concrete filled steel tube is a new type of structure, the current domestic has yet to develop
this kind of structural fire protection aspects of the standard, which not only restricts the
promotion of the structure, but also to have been built refractory assessment structure lacks the
necessary scientific basis. Therefore, in-depth study of the fire performance of concrete filled
steel tube, determine the method of fire design and standard is very important.

1.6 Advantages of Concrete-Filled Steel Tubes

The CFT structural member has a number of distinct advantages over an equivalent
steel, reinforced concrete, or steel-reinforced concrete member. The orientation of the steel and
concrete in the cross section optimizes the strength and stiffness of the section. The steel lies at
the outer perimeter where it performs most effectively in tension and in resisting bending
moment. Also, the stiffness of the CFT is greatly enhanced because the steel, which has a much
greater modulus of elasticity than the concrete, is situated farthest from the centroid, where it
makes the greatest contribution to the moment of inertia. The concrete forms an ideal core to
withstand the compressive loading in typical applications, and it delays and often prevents local
buckling of the steel, particularly in rectangular CFTs. Additionally, it has been shown that the
steel tube confines the concrete core, which increases the compressive strength for circular
CFTs, and the ductility for rectangular CFTs. Therefore, it is most advantageous to use CFTs for
the columns subjected to the large compressive loading. In contrast to reinforced concrete

columns with transverse reinforcement, the steel tube also prevents spalling of the concrete and
minimizes congestion of reinforcement in the connection region, particularly for seismic design.
Numerous tests have illustrated the increase in cyclic strength, ductility, and damping by filling
hollow tubes with concrete. Recent applications have also introduced the use of high strength
concrete combined with high strength thin-walled steel tubes with much success. When high
strength concrete and thin-walled steel tubes are used together, the more brittle nature of high
strength concrete is partially mitigated by the confinement from the steel tube, and local buckling
of the thin steel tube is delayed by the support offered by the concrete. Progress in concrete
technology has made it possible to utilize concrete strengths over 15 kN in CFT beam-columns.
A number of additional economical benefits stem from the use of CFTs. The tube serves as
formwork in construction, which decreases labor and material costs. In moderate- to high-rise
construction, the building can ascend more quickly than a comparable reinforced concrete
structure since the steelwork can precede the concrete by several stories. The cost of the member
itself is much less than steel and roughly equivalent to reinforced concrete on a strength per
dollar basis for low to medium strength concrete. When compared to steel moment resisting
frames, in unbraced CFT frames, the amount of savings in steel tends to grow as the number
stories increases . On the other hand, relatively simple beam-to-column connection details can be
utilized for rectangular CFT members. This also results in savings for the total cost of the
structure and facilitates the design process. In addition, the steel tube and concrete act together to
provide natural reinforcement for the panel zone, which reduces the material and labor costs of
the connections. With the use of high-strength concrete, CFTs are stronger per square foot than
conventional reinforced concrete columns. In high-strength applications, smaller column sizes
may be used, increasing the amount of usable floor space in office buildings. The smaller and
lighter framework places less of a load on the foundation, cutting costs again. These advantages
have secured an expanding role for this versatile structural element in modern construction.
1.7 DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE FILLED TUBES
A primary deterrent to widespread use of CFTs is the limited knowledge regarding their
behavior. A number of factors complicate the analysis and design of concrete-filled steel tubes.
A CFT member contains two materials with different stress-strain curves and distinctly different

behavior. The interaction of the two materials poses a difficult problem in the determination of
combined properties such as moment of inertia and modulus of elasticity. The failure mechanism
depends largely on the shape, length, diameter, steel tube thickness, and concrete and steel
strengths. Parameters such as bond, concrete confinement, residual stresses, creep, shrinkage,
and type of loading also have an effect on the CFTs behavior. Axially loaded columns and, in
more recent years, CFT beam-columns and connections, have been studied worldwide and to
some extent many of the aforementioned issues have been reconciled for these types of
members. However, researchers are still studying topics such as the effect of bond, confinement,
local buckling, scale effect, and fire on CFT member strength, load transfer mechanisms and
economical detailing strategies at beam-to-CFT column connections, and categorization of
response in CFTs and their connections at all levels of loading so as to facilitate the development
of performance-based seismic design provisions. It should also be noted that, despite a recent
increase in the number of full-scale experiments, the majority of the tests to date have been
conducted on relatively small specimens, often 6 inches in diameter or smaller . This is due to
the load limits of the testing apparatus and the need to run the tests economically. Whether these
results can be accurately extrapolated to the typically larger columns used in practice remains a
pertinent and debatable question, although recent research in Japan has begun to address this
important issue.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
STUDY ON CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBE
Shilpa Sara Kurian, Dinu Paulose, Sreepriya Mohan
The present study is an attempt to understand the behavior of Concrete filled steel
tubular column under axial load. A concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) column is formed by
filling a steel tube with concrete. It is well known that concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST)
columns are currently being increasingly used in the construction of buildings, due to their
excellent static and earthquake-resistant properties, such as high strength, high ductility, large
energy absorption capacity, bending stiffness, fire performance along with favorable construction
ability etc. Recently, the behavior of the CFST columns has become of great interest to design
engineers, infrastructure owners and researchers, therefore to understand the load deformation
characteristics of composite columns critically, numerical finite element analysis using software
package ANSYS is carried out in this paper. This paper focuses on modeling of concrete filled
steel tube (CFST) column under axial loading.
STRENGTH OF CONCRETE FILLED STEEL TUBULAR COLUMNS
Muhammad Naseem Baig , FAN Jiansheng , NIE Jianguo
Composite columns of steel and concrete have been used and studied world wide, but filled
tubular columns need more attention. This paper presents an experimental study on the behavior
of short concrete filled steel tubular columns (CFT) axially loaded in compression to failure. A
total of 28 specimens (16 were filled with concrete and 12 were kept hollow) with different
cross-sections were tested to investigate the load capacity. The length-to-diameter ratios of these
columns were between 4 and 9. Parameters for the tests were tube shape and diameter-tothickness ratio. Some of the concrete filled columns had internal bracing of #3 deformed bars.
The test results are compared with the theoretical results and previous studies. The results show
that the confinement effect on concrete does play a role in increasing the compressive strengths
to almost 60% in some cases. Based on the test results, an equation to estimate the ultimate axial
compressive loading capacities is also proposed for square CFT columns

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBE COLUMN

SYSTEM IN JAPAN
Shosuke Morin , Keigo Tsuda
The concrete-filled steel tube (CFT) column system has many advantages compared with
the ordinary steel or the reinforced concrete system.

One of the main advantages is the

interaction between the steel tube and concrete: local buckling of the steel tube is delayed by the
restraint of the concrete, and the strength of concrete is increased by the confining effect of the
steel tube. Extensive research work has been done in Japan in the last 15 years, including the
New Urban Housing Project and the US-Japan Cooperative Earthquake Research Program,
in addition to the work done by individual universities and industries that presented at the annual
meeting of the Architectural Institute of Japan (AIJ). This paper introduces the structural system
and discusses advantages, research findings, and recent construction trends of the CFT column
system in Japan.

The paper also describes design recommendations for the design of

compression members, beam-columns, and beam-to-column connections in the CFT column

system.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON CONCRETE FILLED TUBULAR COLUMNS
USING VARYING STEEL MATERIALS
GeethaH and Swedha .T
An experimental study on concrete filled tubular columns using varying steel materials
under axial loading dealts with a total of 12 specimens were casted and subjected to testing. Out
of 12 specimens, 4 Nos is of specimens for stainless steel, 4 Nos is of Mild steel and 4 Nos is
of cold formed steel were tested under axial loading. The main parameters used in the test are as
follows:(a) Varying steel materials are Stainless steel , Mild steel and Cold formed steel , (b)
Tube thickness of

2mm and 3mm,.(c)Diameter/thickness (D/t) ratio of

50 and

75,(d)Length/diameter (L/D) ratio of 4 ,(e) Concrete cube strength of 30MPa .The experimental
investigations have been carried out for casting and testing the cube ,cylinders and Concrete
filled tubular specimens. During testing, the common modes of failures that have been observed
in the columns are slight local bulking and weld failure. The presence of concrete infill provided
additional stability of the tube walls against the influence of local buckling mechanisms.From the

cost analysis, it is found that the rate of Stainless steel concrete filled tubular columns is costlier
than Mild steel and Cold formed steel. Though economically the initial cost of mild steel and
cold formed steel is lesser than that of stainless steel, strength of stainless steel column is far
better than the other two. So it is preferable to use stainless steel columns in case of high
performance requirement.
AN EXPERIMENTAL BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE-FILLED STEEL TUBULAR
COLUMNS
J. Zeghichea , K. Chaouib
The tests conducted on 27 concrete-lled steel tubular columns are reported. The test
parameters were the column slenderness, the load eccentricity covering axially and eccentrically
loaded columns with single or double curvature bending and the compressive strength of the
concrete core. The test results demonstrate the inuence of these parameters on the strength and
behaviour of concrete-lled steel tubular columns. A comparison of experimental failure loads
with the predicted failure loads in accordance with the method described in Eurocode 4 Part 1.1
showed good agreement for axially and eccentrically loaded columns with single curvature
bending whereas for columns with double curvature bending the Eurocode loads were higher and
on the unsafe side. More tests are needed for the case of double curvature bending.

CHAPTER 3
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
GENERAL
The various strength properties of concrete are dependent on cementitious content, watercementitious materials ratio(w/c), compaction level and gradations and quality.
MATERIALS
Cement: Cement is a binding material which possesses very good and cohesive properties which
make it possible to bond with other materials to form a compact mass.Ordinary Portland Cement is
the most commonly used cement for general engineering works. The specific gravity of all grades
namely 33,43 and 53 grades. In this project Ordinary Portland Cement of 53 grades is used for
experimental work. Initial and final setting time of the cement was 30mins and 360mins
Minerals

%Composition

Silica

21.5

Alumina

3.68

Ferric oxide

2.76

Calcium oxide

61.5

Fine aggregate : Sand is either round or angular in grains and is often found mixed in various
gradation of fineness.

A concrete can be made from sand consisting of rounded grains as good as

form that in which the grains or granular. River or pitsand should be used and not sea sand as it
contains salt and other impurities which will affect the structure. In this project river sand has been
used as fine aggregate. The specific gravity of sand is found to be 2.73 by experiment.
Coarse aggregate :Hard granite broken stones of less than 20mm size were used as coarse
aggregate. The specific gravity, fineness modulus, water absorption and impact value of the coarse
aggregate were tested.
Water : Potable water available in laboratory with pH value of not less than 6 and conforming to
the requirement of IS 456-2000 was used for mixing concrete and curing the specimen as well.

3.1.PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
3.1.1.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT
AIM:
To determine the specific gravity of given sample of cement
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Weighing balance

Measuring jar

PROCEDURE:

60g of cement weight accurately

60 ml of kerosene is taken in measuring jar

The weight cement is powdered into kerosene

Increase in volume of kerosene in noted down

Specific gravity of cement is calculated

TABULATION:

Weight of cement
Taken (g)

Initial level of kerosene

(ml)

60

60

Final level of kerosene

Increase in volume

(ml)
79

(Table 3.1.1:Specific Gravity of Cement)

CALCULATION:
Specific gravity = Weight of cement / Weight increase in volume of kerosene
=60/19
=3.15
RESULT:

(ml)
19

The specific gravity of cement = 3.15

3.1.2.FINENESS OF CEMENT
AIM:
To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test Sieve 90 microns,

Balance,

Gauging Trowel,

Brush.

REFERENCE: IS : 4031 ( Pat 1 ) - 1988,

PROCEDURE:

Fit the tray under the sieve, weigh approximately 10 g of cement to the nearest 0.01g and
place it on

the sieve, being careful to avoid loss. Fit the lid over the sieve. Agitate the

sieve by swirling, planetary

and linear movement until no more fine material passes

through it.

Remove and weigh the residue. Express its mass as a percentage, R1, of the quantity first
placed in the sieve to the nearest 0.1 percent. Gently brush all the fine material off the
base of the sieve into the tray.

Repeat the whole procedure using a fresh 10 g sample to obtain R2. Then calculate the
residue of the cement R as the mean of R1, and R2, as a percentage, expressed to the
nearest 0.1 percent &When the results differ by more than 1 percent absolute, carry out a
third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values.

TABULATION:

Types of Cement sample

cement

Weight of

Weight of

cement(w1) g

residue(w2)g

% of weight of

Average

residue(w2/w1)x100

OPC

100

OPC

100

1.5

(Table 3.1.2:Fineness of Cement)

CALCULATION:
Percentage of weight of residue = (w2/w1) x 100
= (2/100) x 100
=2
Average = (1+2)/2 = 1.5

RESULT:
The average fineness of cement = 98.5%

3.1.3.CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

AIM:
To determine the normal consistency of a given sample of cement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976,

Balance,

Gauging Trowel,

Stop Watch,

Measuring jar.

REFERENCE:

IS : 4031 ( Pat 4 ) 1988,

IS : 5513-1976.

PROCEDURE:

The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit
the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould.

Initially a cement sample of about 300 g is taken in a tray and is mixed with a known
percentage of water by weight of cement, say starting from 26% and then it is increased by

every 2% until the normal consistency is achieved.

Prepare a paste of 300 g of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or distilled water,
taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor more than 5 min, and the
gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs. The gauging time shall be
counted from the time of adding water to the dry cement until commencing to fill the mould.

Fill the Vicat mould (E) with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After
completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with the top of
the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.

Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod
bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test block, and
quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be carried out
immediately after filling the mould.

Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above until the
amount of water necessary for making up the standard consistency as defined in Step 1 is
found.

TABULATION:
S.

Weight of cement taken(g)

No

Quantity of water added

%

ml

Penetration index
Reading(mm)

400

27

108

29

400

27.5

110

31

400

28

112

32

400

28.5

114

34

400

29

116

37

(Table 3.1.3:Consistency of Cement)

RESULT:

The normal consistency of a given sample of cement is 28.5%.

3.1.4.INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME OF CEMENT

AIM:
To determine the initial and final setting time of a given sample of cement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Vicat apparatus conforming to IS : 5513-1976

Balance

Gauging Trowel

Stop Watch

Measuring jar

Non-porous plate

REFERENCE:

IS 4031 (Part IV) 1988

IS 4031 (Part V) 1988

IS 5513 - 1976

PROCEDURE:

Preparation of Test Block - Prepare a neat 300 gms cement paste by gauging the cement
with 0.85times the water required to give a paste of standard consistency. Potable or distilled
water shall be used in preparing the paste.

Start a stop-watch at the instant when water is added to the cement. Fill the Vicat mould with
a cement paste gauged as above, the mould resting on a nonporous plate. Fill the mould
completely and smooth off the surface of the paste making it level with the top of the mould.

Immediately after moulding, place the test block in the moist closet or moist room and allow it
to remain there except when determinations of time of setting are being made.

Determination of Initial Setting Time - Place the test block confined in the mould and
resting on thenon-porous plate, under the rod bearing the needle ( C ); lower the needle gently
until it comes in contact with the surface of the test block and quickly release, allowing it to
penetrate into the test block

Repeat this procedure until the needle, when brought in contact with the test block and

released as described above, fails to pierce the block beyond 5.0 0.5 mm measured from the
bottom of the mould shall be the initial setting time.

Determination of Final Setting Time - Replace the needle (C) of the Vicat apparatus by the
needlewith an annular attachment (F).

The cement shall be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently to the
surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression thereon, while the attachment fails to
do so.

The period elapsing between the time when water is added to the cement and the time at
which the needle makes an impression on the surface of test block while the attachment fails
to do so shall be the final setting time.

TABULATION:
Penetration

Initial setting time

Final setting time

(mins)

(mins)

15

25

30

32
(Table 3.1.4:Initial and Final Setting Time of Cement)

RESULT:
Initial setting time of cement = 32mins
Final setting time of cement = 560mins

560

3.2.PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATE

3.2.1.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine specific gravity of a given sample of fine aggregate.

APPARUTUS REQUIRED:

Pycnometer,

A 1 000-ml measuring cylinder,

Tamping rod,

Filter papers and funnel.

REFERENCE:

IS-2386 (Part III) 1963

PROCEDURE:

A sample of about 500 g shall be placed in the tray and covered with distilled water at a
temperature of 22 to 32C. Soon after immersion, air entrapped in or bubbles on the surface of
the aggregate shall be removed by gentle agitation with a rod. The sample shall remain
immersed for 24 l/2 hours.

The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample, by decantation through a filter
paper, any material retained being return& to the sample. The fine aggregate including any
solid matter retained on the filter paper shall be exposed to a gentle current of warm air to
evaporate surface moisture and the material just attains a free-running condition. The
saturated and surface-dry sample shall be weighed.

The aggregate shall then be placed in the pycnometer which shall be filled with distilled
water. Any trapped air shall be eliminated by rotating the pycnometer on its side, the hole in
the apex of the cone being covered with a finger. The pycnometer shall be dried on the outside
and weighed.

The contents of the pycnometer shall be emptied into the tray, care being taken to ensure that
all the aggregate is transferred. The pycnometer shall be refilled with distilled water to the
same level as before, dried on the outside and weighed.

The water shall then be carefully drained from the sample by decantation through a filter
paper and any material retained returned to the sample. The sample shall be placed in the oven
in the tray at a temperature of 100 to 110C for 24 f l/2 hours, during which period it shall be
stirred occasionally to facilitate drying. It shall be cooled in the air-tight container and
weighed.

FORMULA:
Specific gravity = (W2-W1) / ((W4-W1) - (W3-W2))
W1 = Empty weight of pycnometer
W2 = Empty weight of pycnometer +Dry sand
W3 = Empty weight of pycnometer +Dry sand + Water
W4 = Empty weight of pycnometer + Water

TABULATION:
S.No

Weights (Kg)

Specific gravity

W1

W2

W3

W4

1.

0.482

0.908

1.468

1.190

2.87

2.

0.482

0.904

1.386

1.190

2.82

0.482

0.902

1.384

1.190

2.77

(Table 3.2.1:Specific Gravity Fine Aggregate)

CALCULATION:
Specific gravity = (0.426 / ((0.708) (0.53))
= 2.77

RESULT:
The specific gravity of given sample of fine aggregate = 2.82

Average

2.82

3.2.2.WATER ABSORPTION OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine the water absorption of given sample of sand

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Weighing balance

Pan

FORMULA:
Water absorption of sand = (Absorbed water/Initial water)*100

OBSERVATION:
Weight of sand

= 1 kg

Weight of pan

= 0.720 kg

Weight of water + sand

= 1.552 kg

Weight of absorbed sand

= 1.194 kg

Weight of dry sand

= 1.178 kg

Weight of water absorbed by sand = 1.194 1.178 = 0.016 kg

Weight of water

= 1.552 1

= 0.552 kg

CALCULATION:
Water absorption of sand = (Absorbed water/Initial water)*100
= (0.016/0.552)*100
= 2.89%

RESULT:
The water absorption of sand is 2.89%

3.2.3.SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine fineness modulus of fine aggregate and classifications based on IS: 383-1970

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 4.75 mm, 2.36

mm,1.18 mm, 600 micron, 300micron, 150 micron,

Balance,

Gauging Trowel,

Stop Watch.

REFERENCE:

IS: 2386 (Part I) 1963,

IS: 383-1970,

IS: 460-1962.

PROCEDURE:

The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. The air-dry
sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting with the
largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use.

The shaking shall be done with a varied motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular
clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving
over the sieve surface in frequently changing directions.

Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material, if
present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.

Light brushing with a fine camel hair brush may be used on the 150-micron and 75-micron IS
Sieves to prevent aggregation of powder and blinding of apertures.

On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any material
cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.

TABULATION:
Weight of sample taken =1 Kg = 1000 grams

S.No

Sieve size(mm)

Weight of

% of weight of the Cumulative

Cumulative %

the aggregate

aggregate

passing

retained (g)

retained (g)

% retained

4.75

54

5.4

54

94.6

2.36

62

6.2

11.6

88.4

1.18

86

8.6

20.2

79.8

0.6

230

23

43.2

56.8

0.3

418

41.8

85

15

0.15

122

12.2

97.2

2.8

Pan

28

2.8

100

(Table 3.2.2:Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate)

CALCULATION:
Fineness modulus = cumulative % of weight retained /100
= 362.6 /100
= 3.63%
Uniformity Coefficient Cu = D60 / D10
= 630 / 240 = 2.625
Uniformity Curvature Cc = D302 / (D60 * D10)
=3802 / (630 * 240) = 0.955

Y-Values
120

% OF FINENESS

100
80
60
Y-Values

40
20
0
0

SIEVE SIZE INmm

Chart 3.1 Sieve analysis of fine aggregate

RESULT:
The fineness modulus of sand = 3.63 (zone II)

3.2.4.BULKING OF FINE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine bulking of a given sample of fine aggregate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Measuring jar,

Tamping rod.

REFERENCE:

IS : 2386 ( Part III ) 1963.

PROCEDURE:

Put sufficient quantity of the sand loosely into a container. Level off the top of the sand and
pushing a steel rule vertically down through the sand at the middle to the bottom, measure the
height. Suppose this is h1 cm.

Empty the sand out of the container into another container where none of it will be lost. Half
fill the first container with water. Put back about half the sand and rod it with a steel rod,
about 6 mm in diameter, so that its volume is reduced to a minimum. Then add the remainder
of the sand and rod it in the same way.
TABULATION:
S.No

Initial level

Final level of

of undamped sand x (v)

sand after adding water y (v)

700

% of bulking

560
(Table 3.2.3:Bulking of Fine Aggregate)

CALCULATION:
% of bulking = (700/560 -1) *100
= 25%

RESULT:
The bulking of given sample of fine aggregate is 25%

25%

3.3.PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE

3.3.1.SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine specific gravity of a given sample of coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Weighing balance

Wire basket

REFERENCE:

IS : 2386 ( Part III ) - 1963

FORMULA:
The specific gravity of coarse aggregate is found using the relation,
Specific gravity of sample = (W2-W1) / (W2-W1) (W3-W4)

PROCEDURE:

A sample of not less than 2000 g of the aggregate shall be thoroughly washed to remove finer
particles and dust, drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water
at a temperature between 22C to 32C with a cover of at least 5 cm of water above the top of
the basket.

Immediately. after immersion the entrapped air shall be removed from the sample by lifting
the basket containing it 25 mm above the base of the tank and allowing it to drop 25 times at
the rate of about one drop per second. The basket and aggregate shall remain completely
immersed during the operation and for a period of 24 l/2 hours afterwards.

The basket and the sample shall then be jolted and weighed in water at a temperature of 22C
to 32C (weight A1).

The basket and the aggregate shall then be removed from the water and allowed to drain for a
few minutes

After which the, aggregate shall be gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry
clothes, and the empty basket shall be returned to the water and weighed in water ( weight A2)

 The aggregate placed on the dry cloth shall be gently surface dried with the cloth, transferring
it to the second dry cloth when the first will remove no further moisture. The aggregate shall
then be weighed (weight B).

The aggregate shall then be placed in the oven in the shallow tray, at a temperature of 100 to
110C and maintained at this temperature for 24 l/2 hours. It shall then be removed from the
oven, cooled in the airtight container and weighed (weight C).

TABULATION:
Observation

Trial-1

Trial-2

(g)

(g)

Empty weight of the wire basket (W1)

680

673

Weight of the wire basket with the sample (W2)

1124

1250

Weight of the wire basket with the sample and water (W3)

1714

1850

Weight of the wire basket with water (W4)

1432

1545

(Table 3.3.1:Specific gravity of Coarse Aggregate)

CALCULATION:
Specific gravity of sample = (W2-W1) / (W2-W1) (W3-W4)
= (1124-680) / (1432-680) (1714-1124)
= 2.74

RESULT:
The Specific gravity of coarse aggregate = 2.74

3.3.2.WATER ABSORPTION OF COARSE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determine water absorption of given sample of coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Weighing balance

Bucket

FORMULA:
Water absorption of coarse aggregate = (Absorbed water/Initial water) x 100

OBSERVATION:
Weight of bucket

= 1.028 kg

Weight of aggregate = 5 kg Weight of bucket + Weight of aggregate = 6.028 kg

Weight of bucket + Weight of aggregate + water = 8.892 kg
Weight of aggregate + water = 7.864 kg
Absorbed aggregate = 5.78 kg
Dry weight of aggregate = 5.658 kg
Weight of water = 7.864-5 = 2.864 kg
Water absorbed by coarse aggregate = 5.780-5.658 =0.122 kg

CALCULATION:
Water absorption of coarse aggregate = (Absorbed water/Initial water) x 100
= (0.122/2.864) x 100
= 4.25%

RESULT:
The water absorbed of given sample of coarse aggregate = 4.25%

3.3.3.SIEVE ANALISIS OF COARSE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determination the fineness modulus of coarse aggregates

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Test Sieves conforming to IS : 460-1962 Specification of 80 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm,

10 mm, 4.75 mm,

Balance,

Gauging Trowel,

Stop Watch.

REFERENCE:

IS : 2386 ( Part I) 1963,

IS: 383-1970,

IS : 460-1962.

PROCEDURE:

The sample shall be brought to an air-dry condition before weighing and sieving. This may be
achieved either by drying at room temperature or by heating at a temperature of 100 to 110C.
The air-dry sample shall be weighed and sieved successively on the appropriate sieves starting
with the largest. Care shall be taken to ensure that the sieves are clean before use.

Each sieve shall be shaken separately over a clean tray until not more than a trace passes, but
in any case for a period of not less than two minutes. The shaking shall be done with a varied
motion, backward sand forwards, left to right, circular clockwise and anti-clockwise, and with
frequent jarring, so that the material is kept moving over the sieve surface in frequently
changing directions.

Material shall not be forced through the sieve by hand pressure. Lumps of fine material, if
present, may be broken by gentle pressure with fingers against the side of the sieve.

On completion of sieving, the material retained on each sieve, together with any material
cleaned from the mesh, shall be weighed.

TABULATION:
Weight of sample taken = 5 Kg = 5000g
S.No

Sieve size(mm)

Weight of

Percentage of

Cumulative

Cumulative %

the aggregate

Weight

% retained

passing

retained (g)

Retained

40

100

20

1184

23.68

23.68

76.34

16

2268

45.36

69.04

30.96

12.5

1332

26.64

95.68

4.32

10

168

3.36

99.04

0.96

4.75

48

0.96

100

(Table 3.3.2:Sieve Analysis of Coarse Aggregate)

CALCULATION:
Fineness modulus = Cumulative % of passing / 100
= 387.44 / 100
= 3.87%

RESULT:
The fineness modulus of coarse aggregate = 3.87

3.3.4.IMPACT VALUE OF COARSE AGGREGATE

AIM:
To determining the impact value of coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Aggregate impact value apparatus
Weighing balance

REFERENCE:
IS : 2386 ( Part IV) 1963,
IS: 383-1970

FORMULA:
Aggregate impact value = (W3/W1-W2) X 100

PROCEDURE:

The test sample shall consist of aggregate the whole of which passes a 12.5 mm IS Sieve and is
retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve. The aggregate comprising the test sample shall be dried in an
oven for a period of four hours at a temperature of 100 to 110C and cooled.

The measure shall be filled about one-third full with the aggregate and tamped with 25 strokes
of the rounded end of the tamping rod. The net weight of aggregate in the measure shall be
determined to the nearest gram (Weight A)

The impact machine shall rest without wedging or packing upon the level plate, block or floor,
so that it is rigid and the hammer guide columns are vertical.

The cup shall be fixed firmly in position on the base of the machine and the whole of the test
sample placed in it and compacted by a single tamping of 25 strokes of the tamping rod.

The hammer shall be raised until its lower face is 380 mm above the upper surface of the
aggregate in the cup, and allowed to fall freely on to the aggregate. The test sample shall be
subjected to a total of 15 such blows each being delivered at an interval of not less than one
second.

The crushed aggregate shall then be removed from the cup and the whole of it sieved on the
2.36 mm IS Sieve until no further significant amount passes in one minute. The fraction

passing the sieve shall be weighed to an accuracy of 0.1 g (Weight. B).

The fraction retained on the sieve shall also be weighed (Weight C) and, if the total weight
(C+B) is less than the initial weight (Weight A) by more than one gram, the result shall be
discarded and a fresh test made. Two tests shall be made.

OBSERVATION:
Weight of aggregate taken (W1) = 1000g
Weight of aggregate left over (W2) = 426g
Weight of aggregate in the cup (W1-W2) = 574g
Weight of aggregate passing the sieve (W3) =14.0g

TABULATION:
S.No

Weight of sample
aggregate(g)

Weight of sample passing

Aggregate impact value

through the sieve(g)

574

140

(Table 3.3.3:Impact Value of Coarse Aggregate)

CALCULATION:
Aggregate impact value = (W3/W1-W2) X 100
= 140 / 574
= 24.39%

RESULT:
The aggregate impact value = 24.34% ( satisfactory for road surfacing)

24.39%

3.3.5.AGGREGATE CRUSHING VALUE TEST

AIM:
To determine the Crushing value of coarse aggregate.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
IS Sieves of sizes 12.5, 10 and 2.36 mm,
Compression testing machine
A 10-cm diameter open-ended steel cylinder,
Weighing balance.

REFERENCE

IS : 2386 ( Part IV) 1963,

IS: 383-1970

FORMULA:
Aggregate crushing value = W2/W1 X 100

PROCEDURE:

The material for the standard test shall consist of aggregate passing a 12.5 mm IS Sieve and
retained on a 10 mm IS Sieve, and shall be thoroughly separated on these sieves before
testing.

The aggregate shall be tested in a surface-dry condition. If dried by heating, the period of
drying shall not exceed four hours, the temperature shall be 100 to 110C and the aggregate
shall be cooled to room temperature before testing.

The appropriate quantity may be found conveniently by filling the cylindrical measure in three
layers of approximately equal depth, each layer being tamped 25 times with the rounded end
of the tamping rod and finally leveled off, using the tamping rod as a straight-edge.

The weight of material comprising the test sample shall be determined (Weight A) and the
same weight of sample shall be taken for the repeat test.

The apparatus, with the test sample and plunger in position, shall then be placed between the

platens of the testing machine and loaded at as uniform a rate as possible so that the total load
is reached in 10 minutes. The total load shall be 400 kN.

The load shall be released and the whole of the material removed from the cylinder and
sieved on a 2.36 mm IS Sieve for the standard test. The fraction passing the sieve shall be
weighed (Weight B).

TABULATION:
S.No

Total weight of dry

Weight of portion passing

Aggregate crushing

sample (W1)g

2.36mm sieve (W2)g

value (%)

Sample 1

920

392

42.60

Sample 2

897

369

41.14
Average

(Table 3.3.4: Aggregate Crushing Value Test)

CALCULATION:
Aggregate crushing value = 897/369 x 100
= 41.14 %

RESULT:
The aggregate crushing value of given sample is 41.87%

41.87

3.4. MIX DESIGN

CONCRETE MIX DESIGN USING IS CODE
Concrete mix has been designed based on Indian Standard Recommended Guidelines IS:10262-2009
The Mix designation and quantities of various materials for each designed concrete mix
have been tabulated in table.
a) Grade designation : M25
b) Type of cement : PPC 43 grade, IS 8112
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate : 20mm
d) Minimum cement content : 320 kg/m3
e) Maximum water cement ratio : 0.50
f) Workability : 75 - 100 mm(slump)
g) Exposal condition : moderate
h) Method of concrete placing : hand mixing
i) Degree of supervision : good
j) Type of aggregate : crushed angular aggregate
k) Maximum cement content : 450 kg/m3

3.4.1.TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

I.
II.

Cement used : PPC 43 grade

Specific gravity of

a) Cement

: 3.15

b) Coarse aggregate : 2.7

c) Fine aggregate
III.

: 2.73

Water absorption
a) Coarse aggregate : 0.5 percent
b) Fine aggregate

IV.

: 1.0 percent

Sieve analysis of
a) Coarse aggregate : Confirming to table 2 of IS 383
b) Fine aggregate

: Confirming to zone III of IS 383

3.4.2.CALCULATION OF MIX DESIGN

STEP-1 TARGET MEAN STRENGTH OF CONCRETE:
The Target Mean Compressive(Fck') Strength at 28 days is given by
fck' = fck+ 1.65S
where,
fck=characteristic compressive strength at 28 days
S= standard deviation (IS 10262:2009 page no:2)
fck' = 25 +1.65*4
fck' =31.6 N/mm2
STEP-2 SELECTION OF WATER-CEMENT RATIO:
From Table 5 Of IS 456:2000,Maximum Water-Cement ratio = 0.45
by experience we take = 0.40
0.40 < 0.45, hence ok
STEP-3 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT:
From Table 2 Of IS 10262:2009,
Maximum Water Content for 20mm aggregate = 186 litre
Estimated Water Content for 100 mm slump

= 186 + 6/100*186
= 197 litre

STEP-4 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT:

Water-Cement ratio = 0.40
Cement Content = Water Content / Water-Cement ratio (From Step 2)
= 197/0.40

= 492.5 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS 456 , Minimum Cement Content

= 320 Kg/m3

From Pg.No.19 of IS 456, Maximum Cement Content = 450 Kg/m3

Therefore , Cement Content = 450 kg/m3
STEP -5 PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE
AGGREGATE CONTENT:
Volume of Coarse Aggregate = 0.62
Volume of Fine Aggregate

= 0.38

MIX CALCULATION:
The Mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows
Volume of concrete

= 1 m3

Volume of cement

= mass of cement/specific gravity of cement*1/1000

= 450/3.15*1/1000
= 0.142 m3

Volume of water

= mass of water/specific gravity of water*1/1000

= 197/1*1/1000
= 0.197 m3

Volume of aggregate

= 1 - (volume of cement + volume of water)

= 0.661 m3

Mass of coarse aggregate = volume of aggregate * volume of coarse aggregate*specific gravity

of
coarse aggregate*1000
= 0.661* 0.62* 2.74*1000
= 1122.9 kg/m3

Mass of fine aggregate

= volume of aggregate * volume of fine aggregate*specific gravity of

fine

aggregate*1000
= 0.661*0.38*2.74*1000
= 688 kg/m3

3.4.3.MIX PROPORTION:

Materials

M30

Cement (kg)

kg/m3

450

688

Fine aggregate

kg/m

Coarse aggregate

kg/m3

1123

L/m3

197

Water
W/C

0.40

Mix ratio

1:1.52:2.5:0.40

(Table 3.4.1:Mix Design of M25 Grade Concrete)

The mix ratio for M20 grade of concrete = 1:1.53:2.5

CHAPTER 4
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

4.1 INTRODUCTION
Production of good quality concrete requires meticulous care exercised at every stage
of manufacture of concrete. It is interesting to note that the ingredients of bad concrete are the
same. If meticulous care is not exercised and good rules are not observed, the resultant
concrete is going to be of bad quality. With the same material if intense care to exercise
control at every stage it will in good concrete. The various stages of manufacture of concrete
are in this chapter.

4.2 CASTING OF TEST SPECIMENS

4.2.1 PREPARATION OF THE MOULD
The compressive strength of the concrete was determined by cubes of size
150mmx150mmx150mm. Split tensile strength of the concrete was determined by the
cylinder of size 150mm diameter and 300mm height were prepared. Flexural strength of the
concrete was determined by the prism of size 500mm length, 100mm width and 100mm
height were prepared.
4.2.2 MIXING OF CONCRETE
Thorough mixing of materials is essential for the production of uniform course. The
mixing should ensure that the mass becomes homogeneous, uniform in colour and
consistency. As the mixing cannot be thorough, it is desirable to add 10% more materials.
The mixing was done by hand mixing of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and cement. Add
remaining water inside. Rotate the drum continuously till the mix become homogeneous.

Fig 4.1 Pouring of water into mix

Fig 4.2 Mixing of concrete

4.2.3 POURING OF CONCRETE

After mixing, the moulds are filled immediately by pouring the concrete inside. Concrete is
filled in three layers, each layer is compacted well by using needle vibrator of standard size
(25mm), so as to avoid entrapped air inside the concrete cubes and honey combing effects on
the sides. During pouring of concrete, is better to avoid wasting of concrete for effective and
economical usage.

Fig 4.3 Casting of cubical specimens

Fig 4.4 Casting of cylindrical specimens

Fig 4.5 Casting of prism specimens

4.2.4 COMPACTION OF CONCRETE

Compaction of concrete is process adopted for expelling the entrapped air from the
concrete. In the process of mixing, transporting and placing of concrete air is likely to get
entrapped. Machine compaction was done using a needle vibrator of 25mm diameter. When
machine compaction is adopted, the consistency of concrete is maintained at higher.
Concrete is filled in layers of 15 to 20mm, and each layer is compacted using
damping rod. During compaction the strokes should be distributed in a surface of concrete,
and should not forcibly strike the bottom of the mould. After the top layer has been
compacted, a strike off bar is used to strike out the excess concrete.
4.2.5 DEMOULDING
The cube specimens are demoulded after 24 hours from the process of moulding. If
the concrete has not achieved sufficient strength to enable demoulding the beam specimens,
then the process must be delayed for another 24 hours care should be taken not to damage the
specimen during the process because, if any damage is caused, the strength of the concrete
may get reduced. After demoulding, specimen is marked with a legible identification, on any
of the faces by using paint.

Fig 4.6 curing of cubical specimens

Fig 4.7 Curing of all specimens

S.No

CUBE SPECIMEN
CYLINDER SPECIMEN
(150mm x 150mm x 150mm ) (150mm dia 300mm hght)

PRISM SPECIMEN
(500mm x 100mm x 100mm)

3
Table 4.1 Casted specimen details

4.3 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

4.3.1 GENERAL
Fresh concrete or plastic concrete is a freely mixed material which can be moulded
into any shape. The relative quantities of cement, aggregates and water mixed together, to
control the properties of cement in wet and the hardened state.
4.3.2 SLUMP TEST
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring workability of concrete.
The apparatus for conduction the slump test consists of a metallic mould in the form of a
frustum of a cone having the internal dimensions as follows
Bottom Diameter

: 200 mm

Top Diameter

: 100 mm

Height

: 300 mm
100 mm

300 mm

200 mm

Days
For 3
days
For 7
days
For 28
days

Fig 4.8 Slump cone test

The mould is filled with concrete in four layers. Each layer is tamped 25 times by the
tamping rod taking care to distribute the strokes evenly over the cross section. The mould is
removed from the concrete by raising it slowly and carefully in a vertical direction. The
difference in level between the height of the mould and height of subsided concrete is noted
and it is taken as slump value. The slump tests conducted shows slump value of 0mm. the
medium degree of workability is obtained from the test result.
4.4 TESTS ON HARDENDED CONCRETE
4.4.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Compressive test are made at recognized ages of the test specimens. Least three
specimens, preferably from different batches shall be made for testing at each selected age.
The cubes are placed in the compression testing machine in such manner that the load is
applied to the opposite sides of the cube as cast. The load is applied at the rate of 140
kg/cm2/min (approximately) until the failure of the specimen.
fCk= P/A

Where, fck = Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

P = Ultimate Load (N) and
A = Loaded Area (150mm x 150mm)

Fig 4.9 Compressive strength test

4.4.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST
This test is carried out by placing cylindrical specimens (150 mm diameter and 300
mm height) horizontally between the loading surfaces of a compression testing machine and
the load applied until failure of the cylinder, along the vertical diameter. It is estimated that
the compressive stress is acting for about 1/6 depth and the remaining 5/6 depth is subjected
to tension. The magnitude of tensile stress (acting in a direction perpendicular to the line of
action of applied compression) is given by 2P/DL, where P is applied load, and D and L are
the diameter and length of cylinder, respectively.

Calculation of Tensile strength of specimen

Tensile strength of specimen was calculated by the following formula,
magnitude of tensile stress =
Where,
P is applied load,
D and L are the diameter and length of cylinder.

Fig 4.10 Split tensile strength test

4.4.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST
The three point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of elasticity in
bending, flexural stress, flexural strain and the flexural stress-strain response of the material.
This test is carried out by placing prism specimens (500 mm length and 100 mm height and
100 mm width) horizontally between end supporting the loading surfaces of a universal
testing machine and the load applied until failure of the prism, along the horizontal length.
Calculation of Flexural strength of specimen

Flexural strength of specimen was calculated by the following formula,

Flexural stress = FL/bd

Where,
F is applied load,
D and L are the height and length of prism,
B is width of prism.

Fig 4.11 Flexural strength test

Fig 4.12 Failure plane of cubical specimen

Fig 4.13 Failure plane of cylindrical specimen

Fig 4.14 Failure mode of cylindrical specimen

CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
5.1.1 SLUMP TEST RESULTS
Table 5.1 Slump value
Sl.No

Water / cement

Slump value

ratio

(mm)

0.40

26.5

5.2 TESTS ON HARDENDED CONCRETE

5.2.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULTS
Table 5.2 (a) compressive strength cube

Weight of Weight of
cement
fine
aggregate
(kg)
(kg)

Weight of
coarse
aggregate

W/C

Specimen

Ratio

No.

Compressive
Strength

Load (kN)

(N/mm2)

(kg)

Days

days

0.40

14

7 14114

210

225

275

9.33 1 10 12112.22

230

350

111 15.67
11117.77
400 10.22

210

400

111 17.78
22221.33
480 9.33

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBES FOR 3 DAYS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

10.4
10.2
10
9.8
SPECIMENS

9.6
9.4
9.2
9
8.8
1

3
SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (a) Compressive strength of cubes for 3 days

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBES FOR 7 DAYS

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

SPECIMENS

3
SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (b) Compressive strength of cubes for 7 days

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBES FOR 14 DAYS

50
45
40
35
30
25

SPECIMENS

20
15
10
5
0
1

SPECIMENS
Chart.5 (c) Compressive strength of cubes for 14 days

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CUBES FOR 3, 7 & 14

DAYS
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/mm2)

25
20
15

3 DAYS
7 Days
14 Days

10
5
0
1

3
SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (d) Compressive strength of cubes for 3, 7 and 14 days

5.2.2 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Table 5.2(b) Split Tensile Strength cylinder
Split Tensile
Weight Weight of

Weight of

w/c
ratio

of

fine

coarse

cement

aggregate

aggregate

(kg)

(kg)

8.976

Load (kN)

23.333

(N/mm2)

Specimen
No.
14

28

14

28

days

days

days

days

140

150

1.98

2.12

180

200

2.54

2.83

170

180

2.40

2.54

(Kg)

10.501

Strength

0.40

MAGNITUDE SPLIT STRESS

(N/mm2)

SPLIT TENSILE TEST FOR 14 DAYS

3
2.5
2
1.5
SPECIMENS

1
0.5
0
1

3
SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (e) Split tensile strength of cylinder for 14 days

SPLIT TENSILE TEST FOR 28 DAYS

MAGNITUDE SPLIT STRESS

(N/mm2)

3
2.5
2
1.5
SPECIMENS

1
0.5
0
1

SPECIMENS
Chart.5 (f) Split tensile strength of cylinder for 28 days

MAGNITUDE SPLIT STRESS (N/mm2)

SPLIT TENSILE TEST FOR 14 & 28 DAYS

3
2.5
2
1.5

14 DAYS
28 DAYS

1
0.5
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (g) Split tensile strength of cylinder for 14 and 28 days

Table 5.2.3 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST

Table 5.3(c) Flexural Strength prism

Flexural
Weight of

Weight

Weight of

w/c

cement

of fine

coarse

ratio

aggregate

aggregate

(kg)

(kg)

3.108

3.636

Load (kN)

(N/mm2)

Specimen
No.
14

28

14

28

days

days

days

days

3.84

4.3

6.5

3.2

(Kg)

8.088

Strength

0.40

FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST FOR 14 DAYS

FLEXURAL STRENGTH(N/mm2)

4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5

SPECIMENS

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1

3
SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (h) Flexural strength of prism for 14 days

5
4
3
SPECIMENS
2
1
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (i) Flexural strength of prism for 28 days

FELXURAL STRENGTH FOR 14 & 28 DAYS

5
FLEXURAL STRENGTH (N/mm2)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH (N/mm2)

FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST FOR 28 DAYS

4.5
4
3.5
3

14 DAYS

2.5

28 DAYS

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1

3
SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (j) Flexural strength of prism for 14 and 28 days

5.3 CHANGE WEIGHT DURING IN THE CURING

5.3.1 FOR 3 DAYS CUBES
Table 5.3(a) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

8.692

8.802

0.110

8.580

8.595

0.087

8.800

8.905

0.105

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 3 DAYS

WEIGHT IN Kg

10
8

BEFORE CURING

AFTER CURING

4
INCREASE IN
WEIGHT

2
0
1

SPECIMENS
Chart.5 (k) Change in weight for 3 days (Cube)
5.3.2 FOR 7 DAYS CUBE
Table 5.3(b) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

8.702

8.852

0.15

8.590

8.650

0.06

8.814

8.912

0.098

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 7 DAYS

WEIGHT IN Kg

10
8
BEFORE CURING
AFTER CURING
INCREASE IN WEIGHT

6
4
2
0
1

SPECIMENS
Chart.5 (l) Change in weight for 7 days (Cube)
5.3.3 FOR 28 DAYS CUBE
Table 5.3(c) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

8.722

8.862

0.14

8.890

8.950

0.06

9.014

9.312

0.29

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 28 DAYS

WEIGHT IN Kg

10
8
BEFORE CURING
AFTER CURING
INCREAS IN WEIGHT

6
4
2
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (m) Change in weight for 28 days (Cube)

5.3.3 FOR 14 DAYS CYLINDER

Table 5.3(d) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

13.154

13.550

0.396

12.738

12.910

0.172

12.836

13.224

0.388

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 14 DAYS

14

WEIGHT IN Kg

12
10
BEFORE CURING

8
6

AFTER CURING

INCREASE IN
WEIGHT

2
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (n) Change in weight for 14 days (Cylinder)

5.3.4 FOR 28 DAYS CYLINDER

Table 5.3(e) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

13.354

13.654

0.3

13.602

13.802

0.2

13.476

13.676

0.2

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 28 DAYS

14

WEIGHT IN Kg

12
10
BEFORE CURING

8
6

AFTER CURING

INCREASE IN
WEIGHT

2
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (o) Change in weight for 28 days (Cylinder)

5.3.5 FOR 14 DAYS PRISM

Table 5.3(f) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

13.154

13.550

0.396

12.738

12.910

0.172

12.836

13.224

0.388

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 14 DAYS

14

WEIGHT IN Kg

12
10
BEFORE CURING

8
6

AFTER CURING

INCREASE IN
WEIGHT

2
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (p) Change in weight for 14 days (Prism)

5.3.6 FOR 28 DAYS PRISM

Table 5.3(g) Change in weight
Specimen no

Before curing

After curing

Increase in weight

(Kg)

(Kg)

(Kg)

13.354

13.654

0.3

13.602

13.802

0.2

13.476

13.676

0.2

CHANGE IN WEIGHT 28 DAYS

14

WEIGHT IN Kg

12
10
BEFORE CURING

8
6

AFTER CURING

INCREASE IN
WEIGHT

2
0
1

SPECIMENS

Chart.5 (q) Change in weight for 28 days (Prism)

CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
The test carried out 3 days,7 days and 14 days for cubes ; 14 days and 28 days for cylinder
and prism of each 3 and the results of the following:
Portland pozzolano cement confirming the requirements of IS 12269-1983 is used for
the present experimental work. PPC 43 grade cement is used.
The slump test is done for concrete ix to found the workability of the concrete and
satisfy the workability conditions.
M25 mix is designed as per IS 10262-2009, and obtained the ratio of 1:1.53:2.5
The Compressive strength of concrete specimens were casted and tested. The load
values were achieved and it was found to be efficient and effective.
The Split tensile strength of Cylinders were casted and tested. The magnitude stress
values were achieved after 28 days of curing period.
The flexural strength of prisms were casted and tested. The flexural strength were
attained effectively after curing period.

38