National security is a concept that a government, along with its parliament(s), should protect the

state and its citizens against all kind of "national" crises through a variety of power projections,
such as political power, diplomacy, economic power, military might, and so on.
The concept developed mostly in the United States after World War II. Initially focusing on
military might, it now encompasses a broad range of facets, all of which impinge on the nonmilitary or economic security of the nation and the values espoused by the national society.
Accordingly, in order to possess national security, a nation needs to possess economic security,
energy security, environmental security, etc. Security threats involve not only conventional foes
such as other nation-states but also non-state actors such as violent non-state actors, narcotic
cartels, multinational corporations and non-governmental organisations; some authorities include
natural disasters and events causing severe environmental damage in this category.
Measures taken to ensure national security include:

using diplomacy to rally allies and isolate threats

marshalling economic power to facilitate or compel cooperation

maintaining effective armed forces

implementing civil defense and emergency preparedness measures (including antiterrorism legislation)

ensuring the resilience and redundancy of critical infrastructure

using intelligence services to detect and defeat or avoid threats and espionage, and to
protect classified information

using counterintelligence services or secret police to protect the nation from internal
threats

National Security Groups

Introduction
Achieving robust and useable security requires careful selection of not
only the right technology and products, but also the right processes
and policies to ensure the integrity and privacy of enterprise-based
assets and the ability to effectively operate in the current electronic
world. September 11th, 2001 redefined the national view on security.
Up to that date, major portions of the government and most
corporations have allowed a security facade to protect critical national
or corporate information.
No longer is it acceptable to "pretend" to protect valuable enterprisebased assets by using easy to compromise passwords, software-based

electronic credentials and security processes that are dependent upon

widely acclaimed unsecured personal computers (PCs). Today there is
heightened need and demand for robust and validated protection of
digital assets that are regularly transported via the Internet.
Concurrently there is the demand for quick implementation easy to
use and manage security components and systems that actually
enable the proper and full utilization of the Internet, e-commerce and
e-government.
"Do I need security?" is no longer the question. Instead, government
and business are asking how people and enterprise processes can exist
and flourish in highly protected and validated environments without
sacrificing service, convenience and usability. A technology answer
does exist public key infrastructure (PKI), biometrics and smart cards
effectively transform general business into a secure e-business
environment that takes full advantage of the Internet as an effective
yet protected multiplier of corporate assets.

1.THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY

Definition: Our national security is a state or condition where our most cherished values
and beliefs, our democratic way of life, our institutions of governance and our unity,
welfare and well-being as a nation and people are permanently protected and
continuously enhanced.

Fundamental Elements There are seven fundamental elements that Lie at the core of, and
therefore further amplify our definition of national security. At the same time, they
constitute the most important challenges we face as a nation and people.
1. Socio-Political Stability
2. Territorial Integrity
3. Economic Solidarity and Strength
4. Ecological Balance
5. Cultural Cohesiveness
6. Moral-Spiritual Consensus
7. External Peace

Description of Fundamental Elements

1. The first and foremost element is socio-political stability
. We must achieve peace and harmony among all Filipinos, regardless of creed, ethnic
origin or social station. The government and the people must engage in nation-building
under the rule of law, Constitutional democracy and the full respect for human rights.
2. The second is territorial integrity. We must ensure the permanent inviolability of our
national territory and its effective control by the Government and the State. This includes
the preservation of our countrys Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and its protection from
illegal incursions and resource exploitation.

3. The third is economic solidarity and strength. We must vigorously pursue a free-market
economy through responsible entrepreneurship based on social conscience, respect for
the dignity of labor and concern for the public interest. We must perpetuate an economic
regime where the people take command of their own lives, their livelihood and their
economic destiny.

4. The fourth is ecological balance. National survival rests upon the effective
conservation of our natural environment in the face of industrial
and agricultural expansion and population growth. We must promote sustainable
development side by side with social justice.
5. The fifth is cultural cohesiveness. Our lives as a people must be ruled by a
common set of values and beliefs grounded on high moral and ethical standards, drawn
from our heritage and embodying a Filipino standard, drawn from our heritage and
embodying a Filipino identity transcending religious, ethnic and linguistic differences.
6. The sixth is moral-spiritual consensus. We must be propelled by a national vision
inspired, and manifested in our words and deeds, by patriotism, national pride and the
advancement of national goals and objectives.
7. The seventh is external peace. We must pursue constructive and cordial relations with
all nations and peoples, even as our nation itself must chart an independent course, free
from external control, interference or threat of aggression.

External threats to tourism destinations; how to act upon? [event review]

Chamonix December 2007; almost 200 professionals from the tourism industry gathered to
discuss the effects of property boom at the 9th Tourism Summit. Approximately 85% French
participants and speakers, others came from mainly Switzerland, Italy and Germany. Marketing
and communication efforts are important destination drivers. Most of the presentations and
comments were driven by an inside-out approach; a typical phenomenon when changes in
market conditions appear. Which are these radical external changes?
External changes in market conditions such as (but not limited to):

the property boom and the current property value

decreasing availability of plots

fewer successions in family businesses (hotels, leisure attractions)

climate change

from brand, city, destination loyal to unloyal

click and go tourism

authenticity yes, but with a touch of Ipodness

governmental & environmental restrictions

change of sociographics (60% of major European city inhabitants are single house-holds,
aging population and the European melting pot)

new destinations in the East and increase of low-cost travel providers

rising costs of marketing and decreasing responses of target groups

fierce competition in tourism destinations and services.

This conference focused on the boom in property, mainly in secondary homes. The scarcely
available land, especially in mountain and costal regions doesnt allow much new development.
Some older buildings are renovated or completely rebuild. The secondary homes are averagely
used 17,3 days per year, creating ghost towns apart form Christmas, Easter and other holidays.
Owners tend not to put these properties on the rental market, because of privacy reasons and
relatively low rents to be collected. The current boom drives property prices up, so local
residents cannot purchase or rent houses and are driven out of their villages. Schools empty out,
shops dry up and of-season unemployment increases. Also for season workers, housing is
limited. In some countries secondary homes are taxed less or tax is paid in another region (at
their primary home), hence resulting in less local income. The infrastructure, especially roads for
the secondary homes have to be financed with fewer resources. And other privately owned
tourist attractions and installations have to be paid by fewer tourists. The empty beds during the
year in secondary homes (referred to as cold beds) is out of balance in relation to the warm beds
in hotels or frequently rented out apartments. So the discussion at the tourism summit focused on
turning cold beds into warm ones and on how to get more money from cold bed owners. Less
attention to the fact that tourism destination compete for clients with sophisticated
communications. A truly inside-out thinking with a limited view of the reality or the
opportunities. Tourism beds and flights a not a rare commodity; Thailand is successfully
competing with a The Alps with often more attractive pricing.
Internal Threat Groups
We often conduct research in order to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
Can we conclude that changes in the independent variable caused the observed
changes in the dependent variable?

Is the evidence for such a conclusion good or poor?

If a study shows a high degree of internal validity thenwe can conclude we have
strong evidence of causality.
If a study has low internal validity, then we mustconclude we have little or no
evidence of causality.

Variables & Internal Validity

Extraneous variables are variables that May competewith the independent variable in

explaining theoutcome of a study.

A confounding variable is an extraneous variable that Does indeed influence the
dependent variable.
A confounding variable systematically varies or influences the independent variable
and also influences the dependent variable.
Researchers must always worry about extraneousvariables when they make
conclusions about cause and effect.

History:
Is not a threat for the two group (treatment/experimental and
Comparison /control) design because the comparison is between the treatment group
and the comparison group.
If the history threat occurs for both groups, the difference between the two groups will
not be due to the history event
Maturation: Were changes in the dependentvariable due to normal developmental
processes operating within the subject as a function of time?
Is a threat to for the one group design.
Is not a threat to the two group design,
assuming that participants in both groups change (mature)at same rate
History:

In a short experiment designed to investigate the effect of computer-based instruction,

Ss missed some instruction because of a power failure at the school.
Maturation: The performance of first graders in a learning experiment begins decreasing
after 45 minutes because of fatigue.

THE ROLE OF A SECURITY INTELLIGENCE SERVICE IN ADEMOCRACY

Introduction
Historically, where a state was totalitarian, its leaders knew how to rule with the
help of the secret police, but not with the secret ballot 1. A domestic security intelligence
service in such a country was therefore a very important tool of the government, aimed at
repression and control of its own citizens. This being so, the fact remains that all democratic
states retain internal security intelligence agencies. What is the point of a domestic security
intelligence service in a democracy? It can be literally inferred that the principal task of the
service is to defend the state against threats to its national security. Because those threats could
often be covertly- organised, the service needs intelligence to counter them. But what are those
threats? It is clear that, during the Cold War, security intelligence services of the NATO states
were tasked first and foremost with defending these countries from foreign agents and domestic
subversive elements, the activities of whom were usually prompted by the communist
governments. However, as the Cold War is over, are there any real threats to national security of
democratic states? If so, are they static? Furthermore, why a separate security intelligence
structure is needed to protect national security? Could the police do the same job? Is a security

intelligence service exclusively internal? Is it an independent agency, or subject to a strict

control by the government in power? What are the functions of a security intelligence service in
relation to the government and its position within the structure of governmental institutions?
What is the system of controls and external review of a security intelligence service in a
democratic country? Should parliamentarians and oversight bodies be entitled to know
everything about the service, or is there a limit to the services external review? How to conduct
effective security intelligence and, at the same time, to ensure the protection of
human rights and fundamental freedoms? This project is intended to answer some of the above
questions or, when no unequivocal answer is possible, to review the fields of concern denoted by
these questions. The project will focus on the role of an internal security intelligence service.
In view of different traditions, an internal security intelligence service can also be referred to
as a domestic or national security intelligence agency. Some of these countries call it a
security intelligence service, thereby emphasising its primary function to collect and assess
intelligence, some confine themselves to calling it a security service, thereby dropping the
intelligence function from the name, some refer to it as a secret service to
emphasise the covert nature of its operations. In some of the NATO countries security
intelligence work is performed by the police; in such a system the service may also be called a
police security service. To avoid any misunderstanding or confusion, the term security
intelligence service will be used throughout this paper to indicate all the above notions.