C Tunnel MU V208 GB

C-Tunnel: Tunnel design
User's manual
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
2-8 Quai de Bir-Hakeim F-94410 Saint Maurice

Tel : +33 1 49 76 12 59 - Fax : +33 1 42 83 33 84
http://www.itech-soft.com
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
Contents
Context................................................................
................................................................................................
.................................................... 5
Generall functionalities of the user interface ................................................................
...................................................... 7
General presentation of the user interface ..............................................................................................
.............................. 7
Main menu: File................................................................................................................................
................................
.................................... 16
New project ................................................................................................................................
................................
..................................... 16
Open a project ................................................................................................................................
................................
................................. 16
Close project ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................... 16
Save the current project ................................................................................................
................................
.................................................. 16
Save all projects .............................................................................................................................
................................
............................. 16
Save under ................................................................
................................................................................................
............................................ 16
Page layout ................................................................
................................................................................................
............................................ 16
Print ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................. 17
Print preview................................................................................................................................
................................
.................................... 17
Project calculation notes ................................................................................................
................................
.................................................. 18
List of the last projects opened ................................................................................................
................................
.............................................. 18
Quit ................................................................
................................................................................................
........................................................ 18
Edition ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................... 19
Copy of the current study ................................................................................................
................................
................................................ 19
Deletion of the current study ................................................................................................
................................
........................................... 19
Selection ................................................................
................................................................................................
........................................... 19
View ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................... 20
Zoom ................................................................
................................................................................................
............................................... 20
Full screen display...........................................................................................................................
................................
........................... 20
Move view ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................... 20
Continuous zoom +/-................................................................................................
................................
........................................................ 20
Preferences ................................................................
................................................................................................
.......................................... 21
Units ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................................... 21
Language ................................................................
................................................................................................
............................................... 21
Interface appearance
e (Look and feel)................................................................................................
.................................... 21
Menu : Tools ................................................................
................................................................................................
......................................... 22
Tunnel materials data base ................................................................................................
................................
................................................... 22
Concrete tunnel materials data base ................................................................................................
..................................... 23
Save graphic view ............................................................................................................................
................................
............................ 23
Project ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................................... 24
Studies : Tunnels in plane strain ................................................................................................
................................
....................................... 26
Introduction ................................................................
................................................................................................
............................................ 26
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical
tical arch, or elliptical sole ................. 29
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, elliptical sole or strengthened
tunnel materials ................................................................................................................................
................................
..................................... 30
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, side wall or elliptical sole .. 31
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, side wall, elliptical sole or
strengthened tunnel materials ............................................................................................................... 32
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or sole defined by three circles 33
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, sole defined by three circles, or
strengthened tunnel material ................................................................................................................. 34
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or side wall with foundations35
Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or side wall with foundations36
Page 2: Tunnel material layers and position of the water table ............................................................ 37
Page 3: Tunnel material properties ....................................................................................................... 37
Page 4: Concrete properties .................................................................................................................. 39
Page 5: Calculation conditions .............................................................................................................. 39
View: Geometry ..................................................................................................................................... 40
View: Meshing ....................................................................................................................................... 40
View: Overall graphic views ................................................................................................................... 41
View: Curves .......................................................................................................................................... 44
View: Parametric curves ........................................................................................................................ 46
View: Calculation note ........................................................................................................................... 49
Studies : Convergence - confinement method Lambda evaluation ............................................... 52
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 52
Page 1: Geometry and properties of materials ...................................................................................... 53
Page 2: Support ..................................................................................................................................... 54
Page 3: Axis and graph options ............................................................................................................. 55
View: Convergence-confinement curves ............................................................................................... 56
View: Parametric curves ........................................................................................................................ 56
View: Results table ................................................................................................................................ 58
Studies : Calculation of equivalent characteristics ......................................................................... 60
Choice of type ........................................................................................................................................ 60
Bolting modelisation assistant ............................................................................................................... 60
Mixed supports assistant ................................................................................................................. 61
Help ....................................................................................................................................................... 63
Content .................................................................................................................................................. 63
Software details ..................................................................................................................................... 63
Appendix 1: Conditions at the limits ................................................................................................. 64
Appendix 2: Phasing ........................................................................................................................... 65
Appendix 3: Non-reinforced concrete criterion ................................................................................ 68
Appendix 4: Mixed Support assistant ............................................................................................... 69
Appendix 5: Behaviour laws ............................................................................................................... 71
Mohr Coulomb without strain hardening ................................................................................................ 71
Hoek & Brown criterion .......................................................................................................................... 72
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
Context
The "tunnel proportioning platform" is software offering the potential user tools for proportioning
"Tunnel" type underground works.
The software is designed to integrate all the tools in a coherent set, easy to use and easily
"expandable"
In this version it is possible to use the "tools" defined by the tables below.
Family 1: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, elliptical sole
Elliptical arch, elliptical sole
Elliptical arch, elliptical sole, strengthened tunnel materials
Family 2: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, side wall,

elliptical sole
Elliptical arch, side wall, elliptical sole
Elliptical arch, side wall, elliptical sole, strengthened tunnel materials
Family 3: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, sole defined by

three circles
Elliptical arch, sole defined by three circles
Elliptical arch, sole defined by three circles, strengthened tunnel materials
Family 4: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, vertical side

wall with foundations
Elliptical arch, vertical side wall with foundations
Elliptical arch, vertical side wall with foundations, strengthened tunnel materials
Family 5: Convergence - confinement method

Convergence - confinement method
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
Family 6: Calculation of equivalent characteristics

Bolting modelling
Mixed support
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
General functionalities of the

user interface
General presentation of the user interface
Project and study notions

The software enables the user to manage projects . A project may be made up of a set of
elementary studies . For example, the elementary studies may be in this case:
A study of the type: Calculation of a tunnel plane strains
A study of the type: Convergence confinement analysis
A study of the type: Research of equivalent characteristics for mixed support .
We shall see below that the studies in a project considered can be visualised and
manipulated via a tree structure as presented below.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
The main elements of the user interface

The user interface can be presented schematically as shown in the figure below.
Menu bar
"General tools" bar
" New studies " bar
Choosing the type of results
Datagrid
Zone of results
Project tree
Datagrid
The user interface is made up of the main elements below:

A menu bar
A "general tools" bar,
A tool bar for "creating new elementary studies ,
A Properties dialogue box allowing the manipulation of data associated with the current
study via grids ,
A Project dialogue
e box permitting the presentation of a tree structure specifying the content
of the projects opened,
A Results zone mainly used for the presentation of results in the form of graphs or calculation
notes.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
The general toolbar

This toolbar contains the following
ollowing elements:
New project
Open project
Selection
Save project
Continuous zoom
Print
Print preview
Copy current study

Delete current study
Open CESAR
Pan
View full screen
Zoom
Project report
Save image
The "New study" toolbar

This toolbar allows the insertion of a new study in the project considered. The tools offered here
are classified in "families". Clicking on a tool results in the display of the list of the types of studies
possible for the family considered.
Hence activation of the Tunnels button: "Elliptical arch, elliptical sole" results in the display of a
drop-down
down list enabling the user to choose between
between the following two configurations:
In this version of the software, we distinguish the families below:
Calculation of tunnels in plane strain (Elliptical

(
arch, elliptical sole)
(
arch, side wall, elliptical sole)
(
arch, sole defined by three circles)
(
arch, vertical side wall with foundations)
Lambda calculation: Convergence - confinement method
Calculation
lculation of equivalent properties (bolts, arches, etc) and estimation of the geotechnical
properties
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The Results zone

The Results zone is intended, if applicable, for the presentation of results in a graphical form or
in the form of calculation notes associated with the current study.
In the top part of the results zone , for certain types of studies, there may be a series of tabs for
selecting the type of results we wish to display. We have listed below, as an example, the tabs
proposed in the particular case of a convergence - confinement study.
We can see here that these tabs will enable us, in the present case, to choose between the
following three types:
Parametric curves (Evolution of a scalar result in relation to an entry parameter)
Results tables
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The Properties dialogue box

The Properties dialogue box generally has the following form:
Choice of the current study

Tools bar
Grid setting properties
It comprises mainly a "grid" enabling the supply of the data characterising

characterising the current study. When
the data is relatively voluminous it may be useful to "structure" it into several grids. The user then
navigates from one grid page to the other by means of the two buttons below:
Previous page
List of previous pages

pag
Next page
List of next pages
The decomposition of the data into

in grid pages depends on each type study. This analysis will be
detailed in the following chapters.
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11
This dialogue box also contains, at the top, a drop-down list enabling the display of all the studies
of the current project and the selection of the current study. We shall see below that this
manipulation can also be done via the Project dialogue box presented below.
The Project dialogue box

Activation of the Project tab results in the display of the Project dialogue box. This latter
presents a tree structure presenting all the projects open in the session and a list of the constitutive
studies .
The associated grid pages are presented for each of the studies carried out. Clicking on a page
results in the activation of the study considered and the display of the grid associated with this
page.
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Parametric studies and variants

For studies belonging to certain given types (E.g.: Tunnel calculations, convergence confinement
analysis), it is possible to carry out parametric studies . To pursue these parametric studies
successfully the user will have the choice of one of the two procedures presented below.
The table or Multi column mode: In this mode of definition, each set of parameters
corresponds with a column in the data grid.
Viewing options of the grid
Right clicking on the title of a column produces the display of a pop-up menu as shown in the
figure above.
This pop-up menu enables the following operations:
Add column: The choice of this menu option causes a new column to be created to the right of the
column clicked. The parameter values here are initialised by the default values.
Copy column: The choice of this menu option causes a new column to be created to the right of the
column clicked. The parameter values here are initialised by the values defined in the column
clicked.
Delete column: The choice of this menu option deletes the column clicked. This option is not
proposed if the column clicked corresponds to the current case.
Current case: The choice of this option enables the column considered as the current case to be
defined. The indication of the current case (column) is signalled by the fact that the title of the
associated column is a specific colour.
This pop-up menu and hence the possibility of working in the multicolumn mode are not
accessible if the user has already defined a variation interval for a given parameter and hence
chosen to work in the variation interval mode.
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13
The variation interval mode: In this case the user can define, for the digital parameters of his
choice, a variation interval and a number of variants in the data definition grids.
This operation is done very simply by right clicking on a numeric field. This action results in the
display of a pop-up menu enabling the definition of the variation field of the parameter considered.
Thus the activation of the Variants definition menu results here in the display of a dialogue box
enabling the definition of:
Min. value of the parameter
Max. value of the parameter
Number of variants (Minimum = 2)
The field of a parameter for which a variation domain has been defined is coloured in a special way
to make it easily identifiable. The "current" value (See paragraph below) is displayed here.
Activation of the Delete variants button deletes the variations field associated with a
parameter.
Variants definition is not accessible if the user has already defined several columns and by doing
this chosen to work in the multicolumn mode.
Results associated with a given variant and parametric results

For a given study, two types of results can be envisaged.
Analytical results for a given variant.
A set of analytical results can be supplied for a given variant called the current variant . For
any given study there is always a current variant .
The current variant may be defined via the button below situated in the dialogue box.
Definition of the current variant
If the variation interval procedure is chosen, the variant is characterised by the fact that a value
is allocated to each of the parameters having a variation domain. Activation of this button results
here in the display of a dialogue box enabling the "current" value associated with each of the
parameters associated with a variation domain to be defined.
List of parameters with
variants
Choice of the current value
If the table mode is chosen, the dialogue box simply enables the user to choose the column
constituting the current variant .
Scalar results as functions of a parameter.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
14
To analyse the influence of a parameter on a given scalar result, it is also generally possible to draw
evolution curves.
If the parametric analysis process chosen is of the variation interval type, we shall see that the
user should then define:
The type of parameter constituting the variation parameter p (abscissa x of the results curve),
The current value of the other parameters associated with a variation domain.
This definition takes place via a dialogue box looking like this:
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15
Main menu: File
New project
Activation of the menu item:: New project or of the associated button
tton results in the creation of a
new project. The project thus created carries a default name generated automatically. The new
project does not contain any studies.
Open a project
Activation of the item in the Open project menu or the associated button
ton results in the display
of a dialogue box enabling selection of the file (Extension .ctu) characterising the project to be
opened. This project will be added to the list of projects open in the session. The user can display
the studies it contains by activating
tivating the Projects tab which shows the tree structure associated
with each of the open projects.
Close project
Activation of the menu item: Close project results in the closure of the "current" project. If one
of studies in the project considered
considered has been modified, a dialogue box is proposed to ask the user if
he wants to save.
Save the current project

Activation of the menu item:: Save current project or of the associated button results in the
saving of the "current" project. If the current project has a name given by default, the Save
under dialogue box is proposed to the user.
Save all projects

Activation of the menu item: Save all projects or the associated button results in the saving of
all the projects open in the session. If certain projects have a name given by default, the Save
under dialogue box is proposed to the user for each of them.
Save under
Activation of the menu item: Save under results in the presentation of a dialogue box enabling
definition of the name under
nder which the user wishes to save the current project, and the storage
directory. Files characterising projects have the extension .pfd.
Page layout
This option enables the user to define the page layout used when printing a graphic image.
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Print
This option
tion enables the user to print the graphic image corresponding to the active window.
Print preview
This option enables the user to view the graphic image corresponding to the active window as it will
be printed.
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Project calculation notes

Activation of the menu item: Project calculation notes enables a report to be obtained
containing the data and results associated with the studies in the project considered. Activation of
this option results in the display of the dialogue box below.
Display of the project calculation note

Choice of the current project
Choice of studies to be included in the

calculation note
Selection of all studies
To obtain a project calculation note, use the following procedure:

Select the studies of the project considered that you want to appear in the project note by
checking the associated boxes.
Click the "See the note" button. The set of calculation notes associated with each of the studies
selected is displayed in the right part of the dialogue box.
The contents of the calculation notes associated with each study is as defined by the user in the
data grids specific to each study.
List of the last projects opened

If applicable, a list of the last four projects opened is proposed here. Activation of the
corresponding menu item opens the project considered.
Quit
This option enables the user to quit the programme. If certain of the projects opened have been
modified since they were last saved, the software suggests you save these modifications.
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Edition
Copy of the current study

Activation of the menu item: Copy of the current study or of the associated button results in the
creation of a new study that is a copy of the current study. This new study becomes the current
study and has the default name Copy of Name of the study copied .
Deletion of the current study

Activation of the menu item: Deletion of the current study or of the associated button
bu
results in
the deletion the current study. A dialogue box requesting confirmation is first proposed to the user.
Selection
Activation of this menu item or of the associated button results in the activation of the
Selection mode for the mouse.
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View
Zoom
This tool enables the user to make an enlargement of the active view proposed on the screen. To do
this, use the mouse to define the rectangle that you wish to see represented full screen.
To define a zoom
1.
2.
3.
4.
Activate the Zoom tool.

Left click
ck on a point on the screen that is the summit of the zoom definition rectangle.
Hold the button down and move the mouse until the rectangle obtained is satisfactory.
Release the mouse button.
Full screen display

Activation of this option produces an automatic
automatic change in the scale used for the representation of
the model so that the display occupies the whole of the screen space.
Move view
This tool is used to move the structure flat in the active view.
To do this, click and hold the mouse button in the graphic display and slide the mouse in the
direction of movement required.
Continuous zoom +/This tool is used to increase or reduce the apparent size of the structure in the active view.
To do this, click and hold the mouse button in the graphic display
display and slide the mouse down or up
depending on the effect required.
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Preferences
Units
This menu option displays a dialogue box enabling the user to modify the current units used by the
software.
Language
This menu option enables the user to choose the language used by the software both for the
interface and for the calculation notes. In its current version, the software handles the following
two languages:
French
English
Interface appearance (Look and feel)

This menu option enables the user to choose the appearance of the software interface. Four options
are offered:
Flat style
XP style (default)
Extra flat style
3D style
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Menu : Tools
Tunnel materials data base

Activation of the menu item: Tools/ tunnel materials data base results in the display of a
dialogue box enabling manipulation of the tunnel materials data base. This dialogue box appears as
shown in the figure below.
Last record
Next
Previous
First record
New material
Delete material
Selection filter
This dialogue box contains a navigation bar enabling the following operations:
Navigation between the materials recorded in the data base
Creation or deletion of new materials
There is then an optional use selection filter . The records proposed here during navigation
correspond to the materials satisfying the criteria of the filter.
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Concrete tunnel materials data base

Activation of the menu item: Tools/ concrete tunnel materials data base results in the display of
a dialogue box enabling manipulation of the concrete tunnel materials data base. This dialogue box
works in exactly the same way as the one explained above.
It appears as shown in the figure below.
Save graphic view

This option is used to save the graphic view displayed in the active view in the .jpg format. The
image is saved in the Installation/bin/Captures directory.
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23
Project
This main menu option serves to create new studies. In this sense it has functionalities that are
exactly the same as those proposed in the New toolbar as defined in the introduction to this
document.
In the current version it is thus possible to create new studies belonging to one of the types below.


elliptical sole

three circles

Family 5: Convergence - confinement method

C-Tunnel-MU-V20
24

Bolting modelling
Mixed support
The modalities associated with the creation of these new studies are explained in detail in the
following chapters.
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25
Studies : Tunnels in plane

strain
Introduction
This proportioning platform enables analysis of the behaviour in plane strain of tunnels with a
predefined geometry. The table below defines the types of geometry considered and the associated
icons.

elliptical sole

three circles

As shown in the table below, the geometries considered are broken down into four families.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
26

Activation of one of the four buttons above results in the display of a drop-down list containing the
icons associated with the geometries considered in the family chosen. Clicking on one of these
icons results in the creation of a tunnel study of the type thus selected.
The user interface then takes on the appearance defined by the figure below:
Choice of common configuration

Calculation of all configurations
Calculation of the current configuration
The data associated with the tunnel considered is defined using the properties grid. For all the
geometries considered here, the properties are defined using the five pages of grids below.
Page
Page
Page
Page
Page
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
Definition of the geometrical parameters

Tunnel material layers and position of the water table
Tunnel material properties
Properties of concretes
Decontainment ratio and calculation phases
Note that here the only differences in geometry from one tunnel to another are first pages (page 1).
The results are displayed in the "graphic zone. The user can choose the type of results to display by
selecting the associated tab as shown in the figure below.
Here we can distinguish the six types of results below.
Geometry : This tab activates a graphic view displaying the geometry of the current
configuration,
Meshing: This tab activates a graphic view displaying the meshing of the current configuration,
Graphic views: This tab activates a graphic view displaying the "general" results (deformation,
principal stresses, isovalues, etc) for the current configuration,
Curves: This tab activates a graphic view displaying curve type results (Value of a scalar along a
cutting line),
Parametric curves: This tab activates a graphic view displaying curves of the evolution of a result
for a variation interval of a given parameter,
Calculation note: This tab activates a view enabling the presentation in the form of tables of the
main results obtained for the current configuration.
We shall describe, in the paragraphs below, the data associated with each of the pages of
properties and the associated operation for each results tab. First, we shall describe all the first
pages (page 1) associated with the 8 types of tunnels considered here.
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27
It should be noted that the case of the definition of geometries of family 3 sole defined by
three circles is more complex than for the other families.
There is no systematic geometrical solution according to the values that are given and we cannot
give approximate values to test this type of model.
It is important that data calculation be done very precisely.
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or elliptical sole

The purpose of this grid page is the definition by the user of the parameters defining the geometry
of the tunnel considered. This page comprises the paragraphs defined below.
Paragraph: General parameters
Paragraph: Thicknesses
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, elliptical sole or

strengthened tunnel materials
of the tunnel considered .This page comprises the paragraphs defined below.
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, side wall or elliptical sole
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, side wall, elliptical sole or
strengthened tunnel materials
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or sole defined by three
circles
Paragraph: Top part
Paragraph: Bottom part
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, sole defined by three
circles, or strengthened tunnel material
Paragraph: Top part
Paragraph: Bottom part
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or side wall with
foundations
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Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or side wall with
foundations
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Page 2: Tunnel material layers and position of the water table

The purpose of this page is the definition of the position of any tunnel material and water table
layers.
Paragraph: Position of the tunnel material layers
Paragraph: Definition of the water table
Page 3: Tunnel material properties

This grid enables definition of the mechanical properties of tunnel materials featuring in the study.
The number of paragraphs proposed on this grid page depends on the number of tunnel material
layers defined in the previous page.
Behaviour laws proposed for each layer are Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek & Brown.
The former is particularly applicable to the behaviour of tunnel materials and Hoek & Brown to the
modelisation of rocks.
Representation of the Mohr-Coulomb

criterion
Representation of the Hoek & Brown

criterion
You will find the detail of the formulation of these behaviour laws in Appendix 5.
The page comprises the paragraphs defined below.
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Paragraph: Properties of tunnel material layer 1

If the behaviour law is of the Mohr-Coulomb type
If the behaviour law is of the Hoek & Brown type
Here the user defines also the coefficient which will be used to integrate deferred effects :
Coefficient of long term actions. This is the coefficient by which we multiply the elastic
characteristics of the tunnel materials (Young's Modulus and Poisson coefficient) to obtain the long
term characteristics.
These long term characteristics are used in the implementation, in the last phase of the calculation,
of a visco-elastic loading aimed at integrating the deterioration in the mechanical characteristics of
the materials in place during the life of the structure. See Appendix 2
Paragraph: Properties of the other tunnel material layers

Idem
Paragraph: Properties of arch strengthened tunnel materials

Idem Only if the tunnel material is strengthened
Paragraph: Properties of side wall strengthened tunnel materials

Idem Only if the tunnel material is strengthened
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Page 4: Concrete properties

This grid enables definition of the mechanical properties of supports and coatings featuring in the
study. This grid page comprises the paragraphs defined below:
Paragraph: Support properties
Paragraph: Coating properties
Page 5: Calculation conditions

This grid page enables the definition of the elements below:
Type of tunnelling (full section or half section)
The coefficient for deferred effects
The decontainment coefficient data .
The phases to be calculated
Hence it contains the following paragraphs:
Paragraph: Type of tunnelling
Here the user chooses between the following two options:

Full section tunnelling
Half section tunnelling
Paragraph: confinement loss taken into account

In the case of half section tunnelling this paragraph contains the following elements.
In the case of full section tunnelling, this paragraph only contains one line for the confinement loss
coefficient.
The C-Lambda button enables the automatic creation of a C-Lambda type study using the
parameters already defined for the characterisation of the tunnel.
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Paragraph: Phases of calculation

If full section tunnelling
If half section tunnelling
View: Geometry
Activation of the Geometry tab enables the user to display the geometry of the model
associated with the current configuration.
This tab looks like this:
View: Meshing
Activation of the Meshing tab enables the user to display the meshing associated with the
current configuration.
This tab looks like this:
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View: Overall graphic views

Activation of the Graphic views tab enables the user to display overall results associated
with the current variant of the tunnel study considered. This tab looks like this:
Activation of this tab also triggers an update of the properties grid . This grid then looks like this:
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Previous configuration visualization

Next configuration visualization
Selection of current configuration
Results display for the selected configuration
Results type
Visualization options
In the above grid the Phase considered drop-down list box enables the user to choose the
phase for which he wants to have results. Thus the following choices are offered to the user:
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
0
1
2
3
4 (if half section tunnelling)
The Type of results drop-down list enables the user to choose the type of results to display.
Depending on the phase defined above, the user can choose the options below.
Full section tunnelling case

Phase 0
Initial stresses in the rock
Phase 1
Deformation
Principle stresses in the tunnel material
Plastic deformation
Phase 2
Deformation
Principle stresses in the support
Plastic deformation
Phase 3
Deformation
Principle stresses in the coating
Isovalues of the steel sections in the coatings
Plastic deformation
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Half section tunnelling case

Data
Display of contours
Display of meshing
Phase 0
Initial stresses in the rock
Phase 1
Deformation
Plastic deformation
Phase 2
Deformation
Plastic deformation
Phase 3
Deformation
Plastic deformation
Phase 4
Deformation
Plastic deformation
Phase 5
Deformation
Principle stresses in the coating
Isovalues of the steel sections in the coatings
Plastic deformation
The second group of data in the properties grid generally enables the adjustment of the display
options associated with the graphic representation required.
After having chosen the type of results and adjusted the associated display options, the display of
the results required is obtained by activating the "apply" button in the grid toolbar.
If the study is of the multi column type , the buttons
for the corresponding previous and next configurations.
The
enable the display of the results
button enables us the user to define the current configuration.
Activation of the
button situated at the right of the graphic zone results in the display
of a dialogue box presenting the results obtained at the nearest node to the point clicked
(Equivalent to the information mode in CLEO).
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
43
View: Curves
Activation of the Curves tab enables the user to display a set of curve type results associated
with the current variant of the tunnel study considered. This tab looks like this:
Previous configuration visualization
Next configuration visualization
Selection of current configuration
Results type
In the above grid the Phase considered drop-down list box enables the user to choose the
phase for which he wants to have results. Thus the following choices are offered to the user:
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
0
1
2
3
The Type of curves drop-down list box enables the user to choose the type of results to display.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
44

If Phase 1:
Normal displacement on the contour of the excavation
If
Phase 2:
Normal force N in the support
Normal force N in the support arches (See Note: Support properties)
Shear force V in the support
Shear force V in the support arches (See Note: Support properties)
Bending moment M in the support
Bending moment M in the support arches (See Note: Support properties)
N=f(M) diagram in the support
If
Phase 3:
Normal force N in the coating
Shear force V in the coating
Bending moment M in the coating
N=f(M) diagram in the coating
Asmin diagram in the coating (To be specified)

If Phase 1:
If
Phase 2:
If
Phase 3:
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
45
If
Phase 4:
If
Phase 5:
Normal force N in the coating
Shear force V in the coating
Bending moment M in the coating
N=f(M) diagram in the coating
Asmin diagram in the coating (To be specified)
The second group of data in the properties grid generally enables the adjustment of the display
options associated with the graphic representation required.
If the study is of the multi column type , the buttons
for the corresponding previous and next configurations.
The
enable the display of the results
button enables us the user to define the current configuration.
View: Parametric curves

Activation of the Parametric curves tab enables the user to display the evolution of a scalar
result according to a parameter for which a variation domain has been defined. If no variation
domain is defined the page is not accessible to the user. This tab looks like this:
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
46
Choice of variation
parameter
Results type
The Choice button in this data grid triggers the display of the dialogue box below:
It enables the user to define:

The variation parameter to be considered (from the set of parameters for which the variation
domain has been defined),
The current value of the other parameters for which a variation domain has been defined.
In the above grid the Phase considered drop-down list enables the user to choose the phase
for which he wants to have results. Thus the following choices are offered to the user:
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
Phase
0
1
2
3
The Type of curves drop-down list box enables the user to choose the type of results to display.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
47

Phase 1:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Phase 2:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Maximum stress in the support
N max. in the support
V max. in the support
M max. in the support
Phase 3:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Maximum stress in the coating
N max. in the coating
V max. in the coating
M max. in the coating

Phase 1:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Phase 2:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Phase 3:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
48
Phase 4:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Phase 5:
Un max.
Ut max.
|U| max.
Maximum stress in the coating
N max. in the coating
V max. in the coating
M max. in the coating
View: Report
Activation of the Report tab enables the user to display the results associated with the current
variant of the tunnel study considered.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
49
Activation of this tab also triggers an update of the properties grid . This "properties grid"
enables the user to choose the content of the calculation note, and looks like this:
The following results can be obtained:

Model
Diagram: Definition of the geometry
Table: Geometry definition parameters
Table: Support and coating characteristics
Table: Tunnel material characteristics
Table: Calculation coefficients (lateral pressure, deferred effects, decontainment, etc)
Graphic view: Complete view meshing
Graphic view: Tunnel zone view meshing
Diagram: Calculations sections
Table: Position of calculation sections
Table: General Information on the model and the calculation conditions
Synthesis results
Table: Tunnel material displacement
Table: Stresses and forces in the support
Table: Stresses and forces in the coating
Results Phase 0
Graphic view: Initial stresses in the rock
Results Phase 1
Table: Displacements and stresses in the tunnel material - Sections
Graphic view: Deformation
Graphic view: Graph of normal displacement on the contour of the excavation
Graphic view: Principle stresses in the tunnel material
Graphic view: Plastic points
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
50
Results Phase 2 (Phases 2, 3 and 4 if half section tunnelling)

Table: Forces and stresses in the support - Sections
Graphic view: Principle stresses in the support
Graphic view: Graph of normal force in the support
Graphic view: Graph of shear force in the support
Graphic view: Graph of bending moment in the support
Results Phase 3 (Phase 5 half section tunnelling)
Table: Forces and stresses in the support - Sections
Table: Forces and stresses in the coating - Sections
Graphic view: Principle stresses in the support
Graphic view: Graph of normal force in the support
Graphic view: Graph of shear force in the support
Graphic view: Graph of bending moment in the support
Graphic view: Principle stresses in the coating
Graphic view: Graph of normal force in the coating
Graphic view: Graph of shear force in the coating
Graphic view: Graph of bending moment in the coating
Note: By graphic view, we mean here the graphic view itself plus the table of the digital values
generally characterising the position and the value of the maximum associated with the view
considered.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
51
Studies : Convergence confinement method Lambda

evaluation
Introduction
This type of study enables the evaluation of the confinement loss coefficient by the convergence confinement method.
After creation of a study of this type, the user interface takes on the appearance shown by the
figure below:
The data associated with the study is defined using the properties grid. We shall distinguish here the
following three pages.
Page 1: Geometry and properties of materials
Page 2: Properties and type of installation of support
Page 3: Properties of the convergence - confinement curves
The results are displayed in the "graphic zone. The user can choose the type of results to display by
selecting the associated tab as shown in the figure below.
Here we can distinguish the three types of results below.
Convergence-confinement method: This tab activates a graphic view displaying the Convergenceconfinement curves,
Parametric curves: This tab activates a graphic view displaying curves of the evolution of a result
for a variation interval of a given parameter,
Results tables: This tab activates a view enabling the presentation of the main results obtained
for the current configuration in the form of tables.
We shall describe, in the paragraphs below, the data associated with each of the pages of
properties and the associated operation for each results tab.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
52
Page 1: Geometry and properties of materials

This grid page comprises the paragraphs defined below:
Paragraph: Geometrical properties
Paragraph: Properties of the tunnel material

If Mohr Coulomb
If Hoek & Brown
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
53
If Mohr Coulomb with softening
If Hoek & Brown with softening
Page 2: Support
Paragraph: Support properties
Paragraph: Support installation
In this section, the user defines:

The calculation method for the displacement when Ud is installed. Three options are proposed
here:
- Calculation by the similarity principle
- Calculation by the AFTES elastic method
- Entry of the value of p by the user
Coefficient m0
Coefficient
p (If lp data by user)
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
54
Distance to tunnel face
Paragraph: Display properties
If
the table is a multicolumn type, this paragraph enables the adjustment of the parameters below:
Display of convergence-confinement curves
Insertion in calculation notes
Associated colour
Page 3: Axis and graph options
Paragraph: Axis options
In this paragraph, the two drop-down lists proposed enable the user to choose the variable
considered on each of the x and y axes of the convergence-confinement curves.
x axis
u
u/R
Y axis
Pi
Pi/P0
Paragraph: Graph options
This paragraph enables the adjustment of the display options of the convergence-confinement
curves.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
55
View: Convergence-confinement curves

Activation of this tab enables the user to view the convergence-confinement curves on the screen.
If the table is a multicolumn type, the curves of all the cases for which the convergenceconfinement curves display box is checked are represented. If the table is a Variation parameters
type only the curves corresponding to the current configuration are represented. This tab looks
like this:
View: Parametric curves

Activation of the Parametric curves tab enables the user to display the evolution of a scalar
result according to a parameter for which a variation domain has been defined. If no variation
domain is defined the page is not accessible to the user. This tab looks like this:
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
56
The "choice button triggers the display of a dialogue box enabling the definition:
Of the variation parameter to be considered (from the set of parameters for which the variation
domain has been defined),
The current value of the other parameters for which a variation domain has been defined.
The Results group drop-down list enables the user to choose the domain for which he wishes
to have results. Thus the following choices are offered to the user:
Elastic curve
Convergence curve
At support installation
At balance
The Type of results drop-down list box enables the user to choose the type of curve to display.
Depending on the domain defined above, the user can choose the options below.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
57
Elastic straight line

Uelas displacement
Uelas/R relative displacement
Convergence curve
Limit pressure: Peak
Displacement: Uic
Relative displacement: Uic/R
Decontainment coefficient: c
At
support installation
Pressure: Pp
Displacement: Ud
Relative displacement: Ud/R
Relative plastic radius: Rpp/R
Stiffness: Ks
Decontainment coefficient:
At
balance
Pressure: Pe
Displacement: Ue
Relative displacement: Ue/R
Relative plastic radius: Rpe/R
Normal support force: Ne
Normal support stress: e
Decontainment coefficient
View: Results table

Activation of this tab results in the display of results from the results tables containing the following
elements.
Paragraph 1: Type of curve and notations
Type of the abscissa axis (u, u/R)
Type of the ordinate axis (Pi, Pi/P0, )
Paragraph 2: Initial condition
Initial stress P0
Paragraph 3: Elastic straight line
Uelas displacement
Uelas/R relative displacement
Paragraph 4: Convergence curve
Limit pressure: Peak
Displacement: Uic
Relative displacement: Uic/R
Decontainment coefficient: c
Paragraph 5: At support installation
Pressure: Pp
Displacement: Ud
Relative displacement: Ud/R
Relative plastic radius: Rpp/R
Stiffness:: Ks
Decontainment coefficient:
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
58
Paragraph 6: At balance
Pressure: Pe
Displacement: Ue
Relative displacement: Ue/R
Relative plastic radius: Rpe/R
Normal support force: Ne
Normal support stress: e
Decontainment coefficient
If the table is a multicolumn type, the curves of all the cases for which the insertion in the
calculation note box is checked are represented. If the table is a Variation parameters type
only the results corresponding to the current configuration are represented.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
59
Studies : Calculation of
equivalent characteristics
Choice of type
This family of tools enables the calculation of the equivalent mechanical characteristics associated
with the installation of strengthening or support mechanisms.
Bolting modelling
Mixed support
Bolting modelisation assistant

This assistant is characterised by a single grid page enabling the provision of the necessary data.
Paragraph: Data
The data to be provided by the user is here:
In the example shown above, two columns have been defined by the user.
Results
The result obtained here is the increase in cohesion due to the presence of the bolts. This result is
proposed in the results presentation zone.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
60
Mixed supports assistant

This assistant enables the calculation of the homogeneous characteristics of supports in the event of
mixed supports.
You will find, in Appendix 4, the detail of the calculations carried out in this assistant.
This assistant is characterised by a single grid page. This grid page is decomposed into two
paragraphs.
Paragraph: Properties of the concrete

Paragraph: Characteristics of the arches

Results
The homogeneous support characteristics of the support and the percentages of normal load bearing
and bending moments are displayed in the results zone.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
61
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
62
Help
Content
Activation of this item results in the display of the online help associated with the software.
Software details
Activation of this item results in the display of a dialogue box indicating the characteristics of the
current version of the software used.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
63
Appendix 1: Boundary
conditions
The boundary conditions are automatically generated according to the following principle:
if H>12.(a+ev+es), we are dealing with a deep tunnel. The digital model stops at 12.(a+ev+es) at
the top limit and we lock the vertical movements at the top limit of the model.
if H<12.(a+ev+es), we are dealing with a shallow tunnel. The digital model stops at H at the top
limit and, for the actual area we do not impose conditions at the limits in movements on this top
edge.
The other edges are calculated as follows:
Bottom edge: 12.(a+ev+es), vertical movements locked.
Sideways: horizontal movements locked on either side of the digital model, the width being
12.(b+ep+es).
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
64
Appendix 2: Phasing
C-Tunnel proposes to integrate several stages of calculation to model the cutting of a tunnel, after
defining the initial state in phase 0.
The number of calculation phases depends on the choice of the tunnelling mode: full section or
half-section
Hence, the calculations carried out are:
If full section tunnelling
If half section tunnelling
The principle of phases 3 and 4 during half-section tunnelling is the same as that of phases 1 and 2,
repeating the method applied to the top part on the bottom part.
Hence only the full section tunnelling stages are detailed here.
Phase 0: Generation of the initial stress status.

This first stage, whose purpose is to generate the status of the stresses in the tunnel material
before tunnelling, does not take into account stresses due to the weight of the ground. We suppose
that the tunnel material layers are homogenous on the zones studied.
For vertical stress, we obtain:
v = .g.h
With:
: Tunnel material density
g : Acceleration due to gravity: 9.81 m/s
h : Height of the floor layer above the calculation point

And for horizontal stress:
h = k 0 . v
With:
k0 : Lateral pressure coefficient of the tunnel material
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
65
Phase 1: Excavation and taking into account of decontainment characterised by the

coefficient .
This phase represents the cutting of the tunnel material before the installation of support. We
assume here that the calculation is done close to the tunnelling face. The relaxation of the normal
stresses at the excavation face is only partial and is characterised by a decontainment coefficient
between 0 and 1. This coefficient allows a fraction of the decontainment forces to be applied.
Simulation of the proximity of the tunnelling face by the coefficient
Hence the forces applied on the excavation surface are:
= . 0
With:
0 : Status of the initial stresses in the tunnel material (calculated in phase 0)
: Decontainment coefficient
Display of the loading of the decontainment type applied on the excavation surface of a half
model
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
66
Phase 2: Installation of support and taking into account of decontainment

characterised by the coefficient 1-
.
This phase modelises the installation of the support. The tunnelling front is pushed "to infinity" and
we can suppose that the decontainment forces will finish by relaxing. Hence we apply, to the
interface between the support and the excavation surface, a loading:
= (1 ). 0
With:
0: Condition of the initial stresses in the tunnel material (calculated in phase 0)

: Decontainment coefficient
A loading corresponding with the integration of the support's own weight is also taken into account.
Phase 3: Installation of the coating and taking integration of the delayed effects (Long
term visco-elastic comportment of the tunnel material).
This phase modelises the installation of the coating. A loading corresponding with the integration of
the coating's own weight is also integrated. We also apply a loading enabling us to integrate long
term visco-elastic or viscoplastic behaviour of the tunnel material via a simplified approach.
This loading of the Delayed effects type is represented by an "initial stresses" loading where
these stresses can be calculated as follows:
( . . )
d = ( 1 0 ) + 1 .(3 +2 1) tr ( 1 0 )I
1
1
1
1
With:
1 : Stress status at the end of the construction phases

0 : Initial stress condition
(1,1) : Instantaneous Lam coefficients

(2,2) : Long term Lam Coefficients
I : Unit matrix
The long term Lam coefficients are obtained by multiplying the elastic parameters of the tunnel
materials, Young's Modulus and Poisson's Coefficient, by the coefficient of deferred effects
requested in the software.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
67
Appendix 3: Non-reinforced
concrete criterion
In the C-Tunnel calculation note we give, in the results tables of stresses on elements of the
structure, support and coating, an indication about the reinforcement.
This is the integration of the AFTES recommendation relative to the use of non reinforced
concrete in tunnels published in TOS No149 of September-October 1998.
In practice the verification carried out is the following:
Given:
e: thickness of the support concrete or of the coating
M and N: bending moment and normal force in the section considered,
C: maximum stress taken into account in the support or the coating.
Nrd = 0.57*e* c*[1-(2*M)/(e*N)]
Nrd0 = 0.027*e* c
Diagnostic
1:
2:
If 1.35*N<Nrd0
if 1.35*N>Nrd
3:
If Nrd0<1.35*N<Nrd
a.* : M/N<0.3*e
b. : M/N>0.3*e
No verification necessary
Reinforcement necessary, or increase
in thickness
No reinforcement necessary
Unacceptable section
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
Reinforcement column in the

calculation note
NO
YES
NO
e> (increase in thickness e)
68
Appendix 4: Mixed Support

assistant
The purpose of the "Mixed support" assistant is to determine the homogeneous characteristics of
supports in the case of mixed supports.
In the calculation of homogenous characteristics, we suppose that the concrete and arch
components are subject to the same loadings and that their thickness is the same.
arch
concrete
We spread the normal forces and bending moments between the two support components.
Nh = Nb + Nc
M h = M b + M c
In each component, the normal force and the bending moment is written:
N = .S = E. .S
M = E..I
Which gives, by equalising the deformations and rotations :
E h .S h = Eb .S b + E c .S c
E h .I h = Eb .I b + Ec .I c
This system of two equations with two unknowns enables us to determine the modules and
homogenous thicknesses:
(Eb .e.l + Ec Sc Eb.Sb )
3/ 2
Eh =
l.
(E .e .l +12.E .I 12.E .I )
1/ 2
c c
b c
1/ 2
eh
Eb .e3.l +12.Ec .I c 12.Eb .I c
=
E .e.l + E .S E .S
b
c c
b c
The "mixed support" assistant also supplies the coefficients of spreading of forces and moments.
These coefficients are determined in relation to the normal stiffnesses (E.S) for the normal force
and to the bending stiffnesses (E.I) for the bending moment.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
69
%Nconcrete = Eb.Sb / (Eb.Sb+Ec.Sc)

%Nconcrete = Eb.Sb / (Eb.Sb+Ec.Sc)
*%Nconcrete = Ec.Sc / (Eb.Sb+Ec.Sc)
%Mconcrete = Ec.Ic / (Eb.Ib+Ec.Ic)
N.B.: The calculation remains accurate if the thicknesses of concrete and arches are not identical
but their centres of gravity remain the same.
If, on the other hand, the arch is eccentric in relation to the concrete, this assistant does not
provide an exact response in terms of equivalent sections.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
70
Appendix 5: Behaviour laws
The behaviour laws proposed in the plane strain module of C-Tunnel are Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek &
Brown programmed into the CESAR-LCPC software pack, of which C-tunnel uses the solver for
solving its finite element calculations.
The contents of this appendix are extracted from the CESAR-LCPC theoretical documentation:
"CESAR-LCPC - Theoretical digest - 1st edition" by M. Pucheu, E. Bourgeois and C. Rospars, Ph.
Mestat.
Mohr Coulomb without strain hardening

The criterion of Mohr-Coulomb is the most classic criterion of plasticity in rock mechanics, drawn
from Coulomb's work on the stability and breakage of structures. It expresses the fact that the
tangential stress on a material surface is limited by a value that depends on the normal stress
that is exercised on this facet: c + tan. We give below an equivalent formulation, which
brings the main stresses into play.
We should note incidentally that the Mohr-Coulomb criterion enables us to end up with the criterion
proposed by H.Tresca in 1864 for metals when the angle is zero.
The CESAR model is an elastoplastic model without strain hardening.
The elastic part of the behaviour law is linear and isotropic, characterised by the Young's Modulus
data E and the Poisson coefficient .
The plasticity criterion is that of Mohr-Coulomb, which is written, in the context of rock mechanics,
thus:
f() = 1 - 3 - (1 + 3) sin - 2 c cos
where 1 and 3 represent respectively the largest and smallest of the principle stresses counted
positively in compression. We can see that the value of the criterion does not depend on the
intermediate principle stress 2.
(a)
(b)
Representation of the Mohr-Coulomb criterion:

(a) in the deviation plane,
(b) in the principle stress zone (according to

Lee, 1994)
The parameter c is called the cohesion of the materiel and the angle the angle of internal
friction. When = 0, the Mohr Coulomb criterion becomes the Tresca criterion, which stipulates
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
71
that the difference between two principle stresses cannot exceed a limit value equal to twice the
cohesion:
fTRESCA() = Sup i - j - 2 c
The Mohr-Coulomb criterion is generally used with a plastic potential of the same form, but with an
angle different from the friction angle:
g() = 1 - 3 + ( 1 + 3) sine + constant
where is the dilatance angle ( = if the flow rule is associated).
We can see that when the flow rule is associated and the friction angle is not zero, the flow law
leads to an irreversible increase in volume controlled by the friction angle and often unrealistic for
high shear strains: this model does not enable us to describe the fact that the shear in a tunnel
material generally finishes by occurring at constant volume (it was this type of experimental
observation that lead to the introduction of the concept of a critical state in rock mechanics).
Hoek & Brown criterion

For rock massifs, Hoek & Brown proposed a failure criterion, in which the maximum shear stress
applied to a facet increases more slowly with normal stress q than with the usual Mohr-Coulomb
criterion.
This is an elastoplastic model without strain hardening.
The elastic part of the behaviour law is linear and isotropic, characterised by the Young's Modulus
data E and the Poisson coefficient .
The failure criterion is written:
3
f() = 1 - 3 - u
m
+s
u
where m is a parameter of form, s the fracturing coefficient and u a strength parameter. We can
easily verify that u s gives the simple compression strength of the material.
The flow law programmed in the CESAR solver is associated.
C-Tunnel-MU-V20
72

C Tunnel MU V208 GB

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C-Tunnel: Tunnel design

2-8 Quai de Bir-Hakeim F-94410 Saint Maurice

Family 2: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, side wall,

Family 3: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, sole defined by

Family 4: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, vertical side

Family 5: Convergence - confinement method

Family 6: Calculation of equivalent characteristics

General functionalities of the

Project and study notions

The main elements of the user interface

Choosing the type of results

The user interface is made up of the main elements below:

The general toolbar

Copy current study

The "New study" toolbar

In this version of the software, we distinguish the families below:

Calculation of tunnels in plane strain (Elliptical

The Results zone

The Properties dialogue box

Choice of the current study

Grid setting properties

It comprises mainly a "grid" enabling the supply of the data characterising

List of previous pages

List of next pages

The decomposition of the data into

Choice of the current study

The Project dialogue box

Parametric studies and variants

Choice of the current study

Results associated with a given variant and parametric results

Choice of the current value

Main menu: File

Save the current project

Save all projects

Project calculation notes

Display of the project calculation note

Choice of studies to be included in the

Selection of all studies

To obtain a project calculation note, use the following procedure:

List of the last projects opened

Copy of the current study

Deletion of the current study

Activate the Zoom tool.

Full screen display

Interface appearance (Look and feel)

Extra flat style

Tunnel materials data base

Concrete tunnel materials data base

Save graphic view

Family 1: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, elliptical sole

Family 2: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, side wall,

Family 3: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, sole defined by

Family 4: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, vertical side

Family 5: Convergence - confinement method

Family 6: Calculation of equivalent characteristics

Studies : Tunnels in plane

Family 2: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, side wall,

Family 3: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, sole defined by

Family 4: Analysis of tunnels in plane strain - Elliptical arch, vertical side

Elliptical arch, side wall, elliptical sole

Choice of common configuration

Definition of the geometrical parameters

Page 1: Definition of geometrical parameters Case of an elliptical arch, or elliptical sole