SINGLE PHASE VOLTAGE INVERTER

In
Electrical & Electronics

Submitted by:
R. Sri Rama Sudhamsu BE/10510/2012
M. Manoj Reddy BE/10525/2012
Prakhar Nigam BE/10506/2012
Utkarsh Tiwari BE/10498/2012

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. P.R.THAKURA
& Dr. Ritesh Kumar Keshri

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA
(2014-2015)

A project on
SINGLE PHASE FULL BRIDGE INVERTER
USING PWM
Before going into the details of the project, let us introduce few basic concepts which will
help in understanding the project well.

INVERTER:
An inverter is a device which converts constant DC power
into
alternating power at desired output voltage and frequency. This device finds its applications
in UPS (uninterrupted power supply) ,HVDC transmission lines ,stand by aircraft supplies
etc..
Inverters are broadly classified into two types

Voltage source inverters

Current source inverters

In voltage source inverters the input dc voltage source has low impedance. In
other words the voltage source inverter has stiff DC voltage source at its input terminals i.e.
voltage supply at the input terminal will not vary with change in load. A controllable AC
voltage is obtained at the output. However, the current at the output terminals depends upon
the nature of the load.
In current source inverter, the input current is constant but adjustable. A CSI
converts DC input current into AC current at the output terminals. The frequency and the
magnitude of the output AC current is controllable. The output current is independent of the
nature of the load however, the voltages are dependent.
As the project is concerned about the VSI, we will study more about VSI in
the coming paragraphs.
In VSI, to achieve the required output voltage we make use of switches or the
semiconductor devices which can act as a switch. Semiconductor devices like thyristors ,
transistors, MOSFETs, IGBTs can be used .
If thyristors are used in VSI , then a separate circuit should be provided for the
commutation process of the thyristors which proves costly and makes the circuit less reliable.
Whereas if we use semiconductor devices like PMOSFETs , BJTs, IGBTs in VSI , there is

no need of any additional circuit for the commutation process as the devices can turned off
with the help of their gate currents or base currents. This increases the reliability of the
circuit. This is the reason why mosfets, igbts are preferred over thyristors.

Circuit Diagram of Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter

Single phase voltage source full wave inverter:

Operation:
In the above full wave inverter 4 PMOSFETs are used. The PMOSFETs are
connected as shown in the above circuit diagram. The gating signals for the PMOSFET T1
and T2 are given in the same sequence i.e. they are turned on and turned off at the same time.
This is the case with T3 and T4 i.e. they are turned on and turned off at the same time.
When T1 and T2 are turned on the input voltage is applied across load. The
current is passed through T1, load and T2. Therefore the input voltage drops across the load.
We consider this voltage across load(output voltage) and the direction of the current flowing
as positive. Assuming the switches are turned on and turned off instantaneously, when T1 and
T2 are turned off and T3, T4 are turned on the direction of the current and the voltage across
the load reverses. If there is a continuous supply of input dc voltage and the gating signals are
supplied in the same sequence then an alternating voltage is produced at the output terminals
with a time period of t1+t2, where t1 and t2 are the turn on times of T1 and T3 respectively.
In order to obtain control over the voltage produced at the output terminals
and to reduce the amount of harmonics in the output voltage, gating signals are gven using
PWM.
TLPs are used in order to isolate the power circuit from the gate circuit.
A capacitor is connected across the input terminals in order to eliminate any
ripples present in the supply voltage.

Components Used :

Power MOSFET
FEATURES
Dynamic dV/dt Rating
Repetitive Avalanche Rated
Fast Switching
Ease of Paralleling
Simple Drive Requirements
Compliant to RoHS Directive 2002/95/EC
DESCRIPTION
Third generation Power MOSFETs from Vishay provide the designer with the
best combination of fast switching, ruggedized device design, low on-resistance and costeffectiveness.
The TO-220AB package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial
applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 W. The low thermal resistance
and low package cost of the TO-220AB contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the
industry.

Heat Sink:
In electronic systems, a heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that cools a
device by dissipating heat into the surrounding medium. In computers, heat sinks are used to
cool central processing units or graphics processors. Heat sinks are used with high-power
semiconductor devices such as power transistors and optoelectronics such as lasers and light
emitting diodes (LEDs), where the heat dissipation ability of the basic device is insufficient
to moderate its temperature.
A heat sink is designed to maximize its surface area in contact with the
cooling medium surrounding it, such as the air. Air velocity, choice of material, protrusion
design and surface treatment are factors that affect the performance of a heat sink. Heat sink
attachment methods and thermal interface materials also affect the die temperature of the
integrated circuit. Thermal adhesive or thermal grease improve the heat sink's performance
by filling air gaps between the heat sink and the heat spreader on the device.

TLP250:
Transistor Inverter
Inverter For Air Conditionor
IGBT Gate Drive
Power MOS FET Gate Drive

Power MOSFET Gate Drive

The TOSHIBA TLP250 consists of a GaAlAs light emitting diode and a
integrated photodetector.
This unit is 8lead DIP package.
TLP250 is suitable for gate driving circuit of IGBT or power MOS FET.
Input threshold current: IF=5mA(max.)
Supply current (ICC): 11mA(max.)
Supply voltage (VCC): 1035V
Output current (IO): 1.5A (max.)
Switching time (tpLH/tpHL): 1.5s(max.)
Isolation voltage: 2500Vrms(min.)
UL recognized: UL1577, file No.E67349
Option (D4) type
VDE approved: DIN VDE0884/06.92,certificate No.76823
Maximum operating insulation voltage: 630VPKHighest permissible over voltage: 4000VPK
Voltage Regulator LM7812:
The 78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of selfcontained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated circuits. The 78xx family is commonly
used in electronic circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their ease-of-use and low
cost. For ICs within the family, the xx is replaced with two digits, indicating the output
voltage (for example, the 7805 has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The
78xx line are positive voltage regulators: they produce a voltage that is positive relative to a
common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are complementary negative
voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to provide positive and
negative supply voltages in the same circuit.
78xx ICs have three terminals and are commonly found in the TO220 form
factor, although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are available. These devices
support an input voltage anywhere from a few volts over the intended output voltage, up to a
maximum of 35 to 40 volts depending on the make, and typically provide 1 or 1.5 amperes of
current (though smaller or larger packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

Code for Firing pulses:

The following code is written on Atmega 2560, using Arduino software to

generate the firing pulses:
unsigned long t_ovf=0;
double val=0;
void setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
noInterrupts();
Serial.begin(9600);
Serial.println("START");
pinMode(3,OUTPUT);
pinMode(4,OUTPUT);
TCCR1A=0;
TCCR1B=0;
TCCR1B |= (1<<CS10) | (1<<CS11);
TIMSK=0;
TIMSK |= (1<<TOIE1);
TCNT1=0;
interrupts();
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
float freq=analogRead(A0);
//float freq=5000;
freq=map(freq, 0, 255, 20, 100);
float time_period = 1/freq;
double t_half = time_period/2;
t_half=t_half*1000;
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
TCNT1=0;
t_ovf=0;
val=0;
while(val <= t_half)
{
int x=map(analogRead(A1), 0, 255, 50, 900);
//int x=500;
digitalWrite(3, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(x);
digitalWrite(3,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(1000-x);
val=(float)(TCNT1+(t_ovf*65536))*4/1000;
}

digitalWrite(3,LOW);
val=0;
TCNT1=0;
t_ovf=0;
while(val <= t_half)
{
int x=map(analogRead(A1), 0, 255, 50, 900);
//int x=500;
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(x);
digitalWrite(4,LOW);
delayMicroseconds(1000-x);
val=(float)(TCNT1+(t_ovf*65536))*4/1000;
}

ISR(TIMER1_OVF_vect)
{
t_ovf=t_ovf+1;
TCNT1=0;
}

Output Waveforms:

Square wave modulation:

Basic Square Wave Operation

(sometimes used for 50 Hz or 60Hz applications

Many Loads Have Lagging Current Consider an Inductor

There must be a provision for voltage and current to have opposite signs with
respect to each other

Load Current Can Always Flow, Regardless of Switching State

Example - when current flows left to right through the load

The four firing circuits do not have the same ground reference. Thus, the
firing circuits require isolation.

Implementation of Unipolar Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

Vcont is the input signal we want to amplify at the output of the inverter.
Vcont is usually a sinewave, but it can also be a music signal.

Vtri is a triangle wave whose frequency is at least 30 times greater than

Vcont.
Ratio ma = peak of control signal divided by peak of triangle wave
Ratio mf = frequency of triangle wave divided by frequency of control signal

Applications of Single Phase Voltage Source Inverter:

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS),

Adjustable Speed Drives (ASD) for ac motors,
Electronic frequency changer circuits used in induction heating, welding etc.,
HVDC transmission at lower power levels
Renewable Energy such as solar, fuel cell to AC conversion
Electronic Ballast and Compact Fluorescent lamps
Active Filters for power quality improvement
Custom power devices: DSTACTCOM, DVR, UPQC,
FACTS: STATCOM, SSSC, UPFC, etc.

Advantages of PWM controlled H-Bridge Inverter:

Very efficient
Distortion higher than linear amplifier, but a linear amplifier has, at
best, 50% efficiency
Perfectly suited for motor drives where voltage and frequency control
are needed
Well suited for bass music amplification, such as automotive
applications, or where high power is more important than a little loss
in quality