welding

Fabrication methods
Introduction:
Joining two or more elements to make a single part is termed
as a fabrication process. Large no. of industrial components
are made by fabrication processes.
Ex:- Aircraft & ship bodies, bridges,building trusses etc
It is also known as secondary manufacturing process.

Classification of fabrication
methods
Mechanical joining by means of bolts, screws & rivets.
Adhesive bonding by employing synthetic glues such as epoxy
resins
Welding , brazing & soldering

Various factors affect

during selection of
fabrication method
Type of assembly : permanent, semipermanent & temporary
Materials being joined : steels, cast irons, similar or dissimilar
metals
Economy achieved
Types of service required : such as assembly subjected to
heavy loading, impact loading, high temp. etc.

Welding
(fabrication method)
Welding is a materials joining process which produces
coalescence of materials by heating them to suitable
temperatures with or without the application of pressure or
by the application of pressure alone, and with or without
the use of filler material.
Welding is used for making permanent joints.
It is used in the manufacture of automobile bodies, aircraft
frames, railway wagons, machine frames, structural works,
tanks, furniture, boilers, general repair work and ship
building.

Classification of welding
process
1. Arc welding:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

gas metal arc welding

Gas tungsten arc welding
Plasma arc welding
Shielded metal arc welding
Submerged arc welding
Carbon arc welding
Flux cored arc welding

2. Gas welding:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

oxyacetylene welding
Oxyhydrogen welding
Pressure gas welding
Air acetylene welding

Conti.
3. Resistance welding:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.

Flash welding
Upset welding
Projection welding
Resistance seam welding
Resistance spot welding

4. Other welding processes:

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
XI.

Thermit welding
Electroslag welding
Electron beam welding
Laser beam welding
Forge welding
Friction welding
Diffusion welding
Explosion welding
Brazing
Braze welding
soldering

Welding terms
(Terminology)
Backing: It is the material support provided at the root side of
a weld to aid in the control of penetration.
Base metal: The metal to be joined or cut is termed the base
metal.
Bead or weld bead: Bead is the metal added during a single
pass of welding. The bead appears as a separate material from
the base metal.
Crater: In arc welding , a crater is the depression in the weld
metal pool at the point where the arc strikes the base metal.
Deposition rate: The rate at which the weld metal is deposited
per unit time is the deposition rate is normally expressed as
kg/h

Conti
Fillet weld: The metal fused into the corner of a joint made by
two pieces placed at approximately 90 0 to each other is termed
fillet weld.
Penetration: It is the depth up to which the weld metal
combines with the base metal as measured from the top
surface of the joint.
Puddle: The portion of the weld joint that is melted by the heat
of welding.
Root: It is the point at which the two pieces to be joined by
welding.
Tack weld: A small weld , generally used to temporarily hold
the two pieces together during actual welding .

Conti
Toe of weld: It is the junction between the weld face & base
metal.
Weld face: It is the exposed surface of the weld.
Weld metal: The metal that is solidified in the joint is called
weld metal. It may be only a base metal or a mixture of base
metal & filler metal.
Weld pass: A single movement of the welding torch or
electrode along the length of the joint which results in a bead
is a weld pass.

Types of welding joints

Welding Positions
INCREASING DIFFICULTY

FLAT
HORIZONTAL

OVERHEAD
VERTICAL

Weld joints edge

preparation methods

Electric arc welding

Electric arc welding

Conti
Electric arc welding is one of the most widely
used welding process, mainly because of the
ease of use and high production rate that can
be achieved economically.
Uses an electric arc to join or coalesce metals.

Arc welding Equipments

I.
II.

I.
II.

Direct current (D.C.) machines

Transformer with DC rectifier
Motor or engine driven generator
Alternating current (A.C.) machines
Transformer
Motor or engine driven alternator
Two cables- one for work and one for electrode
Electrode holder
Electrode
Protective shield
Gloves
Wire brush
Chipping hammer
Goggles

Difference between
AC & DC welding
AC welding:
I. More efficiency
II. Power consumption less
III. Cost of equipment is less
IV. Higher voltage hence not safe
V. Not suitable for welding non ferrous metals
VI. Not preferred for welding thin sections
VII. Any terminal can be connected to the work or electrode

Conti.
DC Welding:
I. Less efficiency
II. Power consumption more
III. Cost of equipment is more
IV. Low voltage safer operation
V. suitable for both ferrous non ferrous metals
VI. preferred for welding thin sections
VII. Positive terminal connected to the work
VIII.Negative terminal connected to the electrode

Advantages of arc welding

Most efficient way to join metals
Lowest-cost joining method
Affords lighter weight through better utilization
materials
Joins all commercial metals
Provides design flexibility

of

Disadvantages of arc welding

Manually applied, therefore high labor cost.

Need high energy causing danger
Not convenient for disassembly.
Defects are hard to detect at joints.

Manual metal-arc welding

Conti..
Manual metal-arc welding also called shielded metal-arc
welding (SMAW).
It is the most extensively used manual welding process, which
is done with stick (coated) electrodes.
Weld by this process can be made in any position.
A job of any thickness can be welded by shielded metal-arc
welding.
SMAW can be done with either an AC or DC power source.
Current usage may vary from 50 to 500 A with voltage from
20 to 40 V.

Conti..
Advantages of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):
Simple, portable and inexpensive equipment;
Wide variety of metals, welding positions and electrodes are
applicable;
Suitable for outdoor applications.

Disadvantages of Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):

The process is discontinuous due to limited length of the electrodes;
Weld may contain slag inclusions;
Fumes make difficult the process control.

Application
Widely used in the fabricating industries for the construction and
repair of plain carbon and low alloy steels.

Carbon arc-welding

Conti.
1. Carbon Arc Welding (CAW) is a welding process, in
which heat is generated by an electric arc struck between
an carbon electrode and the work piece. The arc heats and
melts the work pieces edges, forming a joint.

2. Carbon arc welding is the oldest welding process.

3. If required, filler rod may be used in Carbon Arc
Welding. End of the rod is held in the arc zone. The molten
rod material is supplied to the weld pool.
4. Shields (neutral gas, flux) may be used for weld pool
protection depending on type of welded metal.

Advantages, disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Carbon Arc Welding:
Low cost of equipment and welding operation;
High level of operator skill is not required;
The process is easily automated;
Low distortion of work piece.
Disadvantages of Carbon Arc Welding:
Unstable quality of the weld (porosity);
Carbon of electrode contaminates weld material with carbides.
Applications: Carbon arc welding is often confused with the widely-used arcair gouging process, which is used for metal removal rather than metal
joining. and is used for removing flawed welds, gouging out cracks for
welding, beveling the edges of plates, and other spot-removal problems.

Inert-gas shielded arc

welding

Conti..
The endeavour of the welder is always to obtain a joint which
is as strong as the base metal and at the same time, the joint is
as homogeneous as possible. To this end, the complete
exclusion of oxygen and other gases.
In inert gas shielded arc welding processes, a high pressure
inert gas flowing around the electrode while welding would
physically displaced all the atmospheric gases around the weld
metal to fully protect it.
The shielding gases most commonly used are argon, helium,
carbon dioxide and mixture of them.
Argon are normally preferred over helium.

Tungsten inert-gas welding

(TIG)

Conti.
Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (Gas Tungsten Arc
Welding) is a welding process, in which heat is generated by
an electric arc struck between a tungsten non-consumable
electrode and the work piece.
The weld pool is shielded by an inert gas (Argon, helium,
Nitrogen) protecting the molten metal from atmospheric
contamination.
The heat produced by the arc melts the work pieces edges
and joins them. Filler rod may be used, if required.
Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding produces a high quality
weld of most of metals. Flux is not used in the process.

Advantages, disadvantages
& applications

Advantages of Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (TIG, GTAW):

Weld composition is close to that of the parent metal;
High quality weld structure
Slag removal is not required (no slag);
Thermal distortions of work pieces are minimal due to concentration of
heat in small zone.
Disadvantages of Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding (TIG, GTAW):
Low welding rate;
Relatively expensive;
Requires high level of operators skill.
Applications:
auto mobile industries(bus, car, trucks etc )
aircrafts etc

Gas metal-arc welding

(GMAW)
or
(MIG)

Conti..
Metal Inert Gas Welding (Gas Metal Arc Welding) is a arc
Welding process, in which the weld is shielded by an external gas
(Argon, helium, CO2, argon + Oxygen or other gas mixtures).
Consumable electrode wire, having chemical composition similar to
that of the parent material, is continuously fed from a spool to the
arc zone. The arc heats and melts both the work pieces edges and the
electrode wire. The fused electrode material is supplied to the
surfaces of the work pieces, fills the weld pool and forms joint.
Due to automatic feeding of the filling wire (electrode) the process
is referred to as a semi-automatic. The operator controls only the
torch positioning and speed.

Advantages,disadvantages
Advantages of Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG, GMAW):
Continuous weld may be produced (no interruptions);
High level of operators skill is not required;
Slag removal is not required (no slag);
Disadvantages of Metal Inert Gas Welding (MIG, GMAW):
Expensive and non-portable equipment is required;
Outdoor application are limited because of effect of wind,
dispersing the shielding gas.

Flux-cored arc welding

Conti.
The flux-cored arc welding(FCAW) process is a modification
of the GMAW, where the solid electrode wire is replaced by
tubular electrode containing a flux at center of the electrode
throughout its length.
Since the electrode is not a solid wire, the feeding units should
be properly designed so as not to put excess on the electrode
resulting in its flattening.

flux availability to remove the oxide and other contaminations

in the form of slag, which covers the weld bead during
solidification and cooling, and protects it for longer periods.

Advantages,disadvantages
& applications

Applications: FCAW is normally used for the welding of

structural steels and alloy steels etc.

Submerged arc-welding
(SAW)

Conti
Submerged Arc Welding is a welding process, which
utilizes a bare consumable metallic electrode producing an
arc between itself and the work piece within a granular
shielding flux applied around the weld.
The arc heats and melts both the work pieces edges and the
electrode wire. The molten electrode material is supplied to
the surfaces of the welded pieces, fills the weld pool and
joins the work pieces.
Since the electrode is submerged into the flux, the arc is
invisible. The flux is partially melts and forms a slag
protecting the weld pool from oxidation and other
atmospheric
contaminations.

Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Submerged Arc Welding (SAW):
Very high welding rate;
The process is suitable for automation;
High quality weld structure.
Disadvantages of Submerged Arc Welding (SAW):
Weld may contain slag inclusions;
Limited applications of the process - mostly for welding
horizontally located plates
Applications:

OTHER ARC-WELDING
PROCESSES

Atomic hydrogen welding

Conti..
The atomic hydrogen welding(AHW) is an inert gas shielded
arc-welding process done with non-consumable electrodes.
The main difference betn TIG (or GTAW) welding & this
process is that in AHW, the arc is obtained betn two tungsten
electrodes rather than betn the tungsten electrode & work
piece.
The shielding gas is used here is hydrogen(H2), which is
reactive in nature compared to argon

Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages:
This process can be used for any job
This welding gives extremely clean weld
Excellent quality of weld
Disadvantages:
This welding is used for the flat positions only
High cost prohibits its general usage
Only Ac power supply is used
Applications:
It is generally used for welding of tools steels containing
tungsten, nickel & molybdenum
Also for hard surfacing & repairing of moulds, dies & tools.

Plasma arc welding

Conti..
Plasma Arc Welding is the welding process utilizing heat generated
by a constricted arc struck between a tungsten non-consumable
electrode and either the work piece (transferred arc process) or
water cooled constricting nozzle (non-transferred arc process).
Plasma is a gaseous mixture of positive ions, electrons and neutral
gas
molecules.
Transferred arc process produces plasma jet of high energy density
and may be used for high speed welding and cutting of Ceramics,
steels, Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Titanium alloys, Nickel
alloys.
Non-transferred arc process produces plasma of relatively low
energy density. It is used for welding of various metals and for
plasma spraying (coating). Since the work piece in non-transferred
plasma arc welding is not a part of electric circuit, the plasma arc
torch may move from one work piece to other without extinguishing
the arc.

Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Plasma Arc Welding (PAW):
Requires less operator skill due to good tolerance of arc to
misalignments;
High welding rate;
High penetrating capability (keyhole effect);
Disadvantages of Plasma Arc Welding (PAW):
Expensive equipment;
High distortions and wide welds as a result of high heat input.
Applications:

Stud arc welding

Conti.
Arc stud welding (SW) is a welding process in which a metal
fastener (weld stud) is joined to a workpiece. This process is
generally referred to as stud welding. The metal fastener is joined
under pressure once sufficiently heated with an electric arc.
The fastener or weld stud is positioned for welding through the use
of a stud gun. When the operator activates the stud gun trigger, the
fastener (electrode) is welded to the workpiece without the use of
filler metal. The welding duration of SW is typically one second or
less.
One end of a SW fastener is prepared for welding. A ceramic ferrule
surrounding the weld end of the fastener provides partial shielding
of the weld. The ferrule also dams the molten metal to form a fillet
type weld. Shielding gases or flux may or may not be used to protect
the weld.

Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages:.
Capable of producing a full cross section weldment with a minimum of base
metal distortion or surface disruption.
Can be used in locations which do not permit use of other fastening methods.
Process lends itself to the automated concept or high production shops.
Capable of producing welds which are less costly per unit than other methods.
Process may be effectively utilized with a minimum of time spent in personnel
training.
Applications:
The arc stud welding process lends itself to a wide range of applications such as
automotive, ship building, appliance, aero-dynamics, boilers, light or heavy
construction, preassembled fabrication designs and fit-up parts design.
The process may be utilized on a range of material thickness from about .060 in
to several inches.

Fire-cracker welding
Fire-cracker welding is a variation of the manual metal-arc
welding(SMAW).
The joint to be welded is filled with a stick electrode, which is
kept in place by means of a glass fibre tape or a copper
retaining bar.
An arc is initiated by short circuiting the electrode to the
workpiece. once initiated, it is an automatic process till the
electrode is completely burned off.
Flux is provided by the coating on the electrode as well as the
shielding gas.

Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages
The process is semi-automated
The equipment required is simple and cheap, the same as for manual arc.
Welding is quicker than manual arc, as electrode changing is reduced.
Porosity and slag inclusion of the finished weld is reduced, as electrode
positioning is consistent and accurate.
The process can be applied in inaccessible areas, with poor visibility, and
with less operator skill.
Disadvantages
The one-pass bead is limited in cross section to that of the original
electrode, i.e. there is no opportunity for weaving. Multiple passes are not
generally used.
The process is limited to straight welds in horizontal position.
Applications:
Application in ship building industry

RESISTANCE WELDING

Resistance welding

Conti

Resistance Welding is a welding process, in which work pieces are welded

due to a combination of a pressure applied to them and a localized heat
generated by a high electric current flowing through the contact area of the
weld.
Heat produced by the current is sufficient for local melting of the work
piece at the contact point and formation of small weld pool (nugget). The
molten metal is then solidifies under a pressure and joins the pieces.
AC electric current (up to 100 000 A) is supplied through copper electrodes
connected to the secondary coil of a welding transformer.

The following metals may be welded by Resistance Welding:

Low carbon steels - the widest application of Resistance Welding
Aluminum alloys
Medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and Alloy steels (may be welded,
but the weld is brittle)

Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Resistance Welding:

High welding rates;

Low fumes;
Cost effectiveness;
Easy automation;
No filler materials are required;
Low distortions.

Disadvantages of Resistance Welding:

High equipment cost;

Low strength of discontinuous welds;
Thickness of welded sheets is limited - up to 1/4 (6 mm);

applications
Resistance Welding (RW) is used for joining vehicle body parts, fuel tanks,
domestic radiators, pipes of gas oil and water pipelines, wire ends, turbine
blades, railway tracks.

Resistance spot welding

Conti.
Spot Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process, in which
two or more overlapped metal sheets are joined by spot welds.
The method uses pointed copper electrodes providing passage
of electric current. The electrodes also transmit pressure
required
for
formation
of
strong
weld.
Diameter of the weld spot is in the range 1/8 - 1/2 (3 - 12
mm).
Spot welding is widely used in automotive industry for joining
vehicle body parts.

Advantages, disadvantages
& applications

Projection welding

Conti

Advantages,disadvantages
& applications
Advantages of Projection Welding:
More than one spot weld can be made in a single operation.
Welding current and pressure required is less.
Suitable for automation.
Filler metals are not used. Hence, clean weld joints are obtained.
Disadvantages of Projection Welding:
Projections cannot be made in thin work pieces.
Thin work pieces cannot withstand the electrode pressure.
Equipment is costlier.
Applications of Projection Welding:
A very common use of projection welding is the use of special nuts
that have projections on the portion of the part to be welded to the
assembly. Also, used for welding parts of refrigerator, condensers,
refrigerator racks, grills etc

Upset welding
Upset welding is a form of resistance welding in which coalescence
occurs simultaneously across the entirety of the abutting surface
area, or progressively along a joint, using heat from the base metals
resistance to the current passing through them.
OR
In upset welding(UW), the w/p to be joined are brought together to
mate with each other in a butt joint compared to lap joint that has
been used so far. The two w/p are held tightly together & current is
applied, so that the heat is generated through the contact area betn
the two plates. Because of the joint being under pressure, the ends of
the two pieces get slightly upset & hence its name upset.
This is useful for joining the two ends of rods or similar pieces.

Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages:
suitable for joining many alloys that are difficult to weld using fusion
processes.
Since no melting takes place, the weld metal retains many of the
characteristics of the base metal.
Resulting welds have a hot worked structure, and thereby have higher
strength than fusion welds in the same mate.
Since the material being joined is not melted, compositional gradients are
not introduced, second phase materials are minimally disrupted.
Disadvantages:
Applications:
upset welding has been adapted for fabrication of structures considered
very large compared to typical resistance welding applications. The process
has been used for closure of capsules, small vessels, and large containers.

Flash welding

Conti
Flash Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW) process, in which
ends of rods (tubes, sheets) are heated and fused by an arc struck
between them and then forged (brought into a contact under a
pressure) producing a weld.
The welded parts are held in electrode clamps, one of which is
stationary
and
the
second
is
movable.
Flash Welding method permits fast (about 1 min.) joining of large
and complex parts.
Welded part are often annealed for improvement of toughness of the
weld.
Steels, Aluminum alloys, Copper alloys, Magnesium alloys, Copper
alloys and Nickel alloys may be welded by Flash Welding.

Advantages,disadvantages
&applications

Applications:
Thick pipes, ends of band saws, frames, aircraft landing gears are
produced by Flash Welding.

Resistance seam welding

Conti
Seam Welding is a Resistance Welding (RW)
process of continuous joining of overlapping
sheets by passing them between two rotating
electrode wheels. Heat generated by the
electric current flowing through the contact
area and pressure provided by the wheels are
sufficient to produce a leak-tight weld.

OTHER
FABRICATION(WELDING)
METHODS

Thermit welding

Conti..
1.Thermit Welding is a welding process utilizing heat generated by
exothermic chemical reaction between the components of the thermit (a
mixture of a metal oxide and aluminum powder). The molten metal,
produced by the reaction, acts as a filler material joining the work pieces
after
Solidification.

2.Thermit Welding is mainly used for joining steel parts, therefore common
thermit is composed from iron oxide (78%) and aluminum powder (22%).
3.The proportion 78-22 is determined by the chemical reaction of combustion
of
aluminum:
8Al+3Fe3O4=9Fe+4Al2O3+3.01MJ/Mol

4.The combustion reaction products (iron and aluminum oxide) heat up to

4500F (2500C). Liquid iron fills the sand (or ceramic) mold built around
the welded parts, the slag (aluminum oxide), floating up, is then removed
from the weld surface.

Advantages, disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of Thermit Welding:
No external power source is required (heat of chemical reaction is utilized);
Very large heavy section parts may be joined.
Making a fast weld
Provides a reasonably strong weld
Disadvantages of thermit Welding:
Only ferrous (steel, chromium, nickel) parts may be welded;
Slow welding rate;
High temperature process may cause distortions and changes in Grain
structure in the weld region.
Weld may contain gas (Hydrogen) and slag contaminations.
Applications:
Thermit Welding is used for repair of steel casings and forgings, for joining railroad
rails, steel wires and steel pipes, for joining large cast and forged parts

Electroslag welding

Conti.
Electroslag Welding is a welding process, in which the heat is
generated by an electric current passing between the consumable
electrode (filler metal) and the work piece through a molten slag
covering the weld surface.
ESW process is developed essentially to weld very large plates
without any edge preparation.
Prior to welding the gap between the two work pieces is filled with a
welding flux.
The slag reaches a temperature of about 3500F (1930C). This
temperature is sufficient for melting the consumable electrode and
work piece edges. Metal droplets fall to the weld pool and join the
work pieces.
Electroslag
Welding
is
used
mainly
for
steels.

Advantages, disadvantages &

applications
Advantages of Electroslag Welding:
High deposition rate - up to 45 lbs/h (20 kg/h);
Low slag consumption (about 5% of the deposited metal weight);
Low distortion;
Unlimited thickness of work piece.
Disadvantages of Electroslag welding:
Coarse grain structure of the weld;
Low toughness of the weld;
Only vertical position is possible.
Applications:
Fabrication of high pressure vessels
Frames of heavy mechanical & hydraulic presses
Rolling mill frames
Ship hulls & locomotive frames etc.

Brazing
Brazing is a method of joining two metal work pieces by
means of a filler material at a temperature above its melting
point but below the melting point of either of the materials
being joined.
Flow of the molten filler material into the gap between the
work pieces is driven by the capillary force. The filler material
cools down and solidifies forming a strong metallurgical joint,
which is usually stronger than the parent (work piece)
materials. The parent materials are not fused in the process.

Advantages, disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of Brazing :
It's easy to learn.
You can join virtually any dissimilar metals.
The bond line can be very neat in appearance.
Joint strength is strong enough for most non-heavy-duty use applications.
Disadvantages of Brazing :
A badly brazed joint looks similar to a good joint, and can have a VERY low
strength.
The metal used to bond the two parts may be different in color than the parts being
bonded. This may or may not be a problem.
Long-term effects of dissimilar metals in constant contact may need to be examined
for special applications.
Since the filler material (typically bronze) melts at a relatively low temperature,
brazed parts may not be put in an environment which exceeds the melting point of
the filler metal.
Applications:

Braze welding
Braze welding is similar to brazing in that the joint is obtained
by means of a filler metal, whose liquidus temperature is
above 4500 C & below the solidus temperature of the base
metal. But the difference is that in braze welding, the filler
metal reaches the joint without the capillary action since the
joint gap is bigger.
Typical filler metals used in braze welding are brasses with
zinc content up to 40%.

Advantages,disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of braze welding:

This process requires less preheating, permits greater welding speed, demands a
shorter cooling-off period, and is less likely to crack metals, such as cast iron,
during the braze welding operation.
There is no splash or weld spatter to worry about and low temperatures minimize
distortion.
The completed joint requires little or no finishing.
Brazing technique does not require as much skill as the technique required for
fusion welding.

Disadvantages of braze welding:

If the joint is to be exposed to corrosive media, the filler metal must have the
required corrosion-resistant characteristics.
All brazing alloys lose strength at elevated temperatures.
If the joint is to be painted, all traces of the flux must be removed

Soldering
Soldering is a method of joining two metal work pieces by means of a
third metal (solder) at a relatively low temperature, which is above the
melting point of the solder but below the melting point of either of the
materials being joined.
Flow of the molten solder into the gap between the work pieces is
driven by the capillary force. The solder cools down and solidifies
forming a joint. The parent materials are not fused in the process.
Soldering is similar to Brazing. The difference is in the melting point
of the filler alloy: solders melt at temperatures below 840F (450C);
brazing filler materials melt at temperatures above this point.
Soldering joints have relatively low tensile strength of about 10000 psi
(70MPa).

Advantages, disadvantages
&applications
Advantages of soldering:
Low power is required;
Low process temperature;
No thermal distortions and residual stresses in the joint parts;
Microstructure is not affected by heat;
Easily automated process;
Dissimilar materials may be joined;
High variety of materials may be joined;
Thin wall parts may be joined;
Moderate skill of the operator is required.

Conti.
Disadvantages of soldering:
Careful removal of the flux residuals is required in order to prevent
corrosion;
Large sections cannot be joined;
Fluxes may contain toxic components;
Soldering joints can not be used in high temperature applications;
Low strength of joints.

Applications:
Soldering is used in plumbing, in electronics and metalwork from
flashing to jewelry.
Electronic soldering connects electrical wiring and electronic
components to printed circuit boards (PCBs).