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Faculty of Engineering
Architectural Eng. Department
Engineering Surveying
Units of measurement
There are five kinds of measurement used in
plane surveying:
1. Horizontal distance
2. Vertical distance
3. Horizontal angle
4. Vertical angel
5. Slope distance
Linear measurements
1 kilometer (km)
I meter (m)
1 centimeter (cm)
10 millimeter (mm)
1 hectare (ha)
10 000 m2
1 square kilometer
1 000 000 m2
1 square kilometer
100 hectares
Foot units
1 foot (ft)
1 yard (yd)
1 chain
1 mile =
12 inches (in)
3 feet (ft)
66 feet (ft)
5280 feet
1760 yards
80 chains
2.54 cm (exactly)
0.62137 miles
Angles
a) Degree system
Total angle = 360 degree
each degree = 60 minute
each minute = 60 second
each second = 100% percentage of second
b) Radian system
Total angle = 2
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e.g.1
Convert r= 1.2 to degree system
e.g.2
Convert = 45 25` 58.95`` to radian system
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H.W
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Direct measurements
The various methods of measuring the
distances directly are as follows:
1. Pacing
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3. Chaining
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Chaining
Chaining: chining is a term which is used to
denote measuring distance either with the help of
a chain or a tape and is the most accurate method
of making direct measurements.
Instruments for chaining:
1. Chain or tape
2. Pegs
3. Ranging rods
4. Plumb bob
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Exercise No.1
Direct linear measurements
1. Introduction:
What is meant by linear measurement
2. Aim of exercise
a) Measuring the horizontal distance on flat lands
b) Measuring the horizontal distance on slope lands
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d- plumb bob
4. Procedure
a. For fixing a certain point on the direction of
straight line, the observer will stand from a
distance before the start point
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5. Data sheet
From
To
l`
L(average)
L= nl + l`
l= full length tape
n= number of full length tape
l`= partial tape length
6. Discussion
Explain the benefit of linear measurement
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