INDEX

1.

Chapter 1

Introduction

2.

Chapter 2

Industry Profile

3.

Chapter 3

Company Profile

4.

Chapter 4

5.

Chapter 5

Objective of the
study
Research
methodology

INTRODUCTION
Need of studyThe project was an attempt to know the reasons behind low sale of backhoe
loaders of JCB in Delhi/NCR regions. Despite of being a renowned brand i.e.
Ashok Leyland and John Deere, the sale picture in Delhi/NCR region is very
bleak due to stiff competitors like JCB, Escorts, and CAT etc. There is a need to
revamp the company and position it all over again in the mind of the customer.
In doing so firstly Brand has to be positioned competitively in the market,
creating more awareness among the potential customers.
Secondly a study on customers decision making factors is required in order to
understand their priorities which can be worked upon. For this purpose a
research is to undertaken to find out the market scenario. With the help of the
responses given by the consumers and data analysis, the company will be able
to understand its strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. The survey
report submitted by me will assist the company to take right decisions to
increase the turnover and market share.

Organisational Background
J.C.

Bamford

Excavators

Limited,

universally

known

as JCB,

is

a British multinational corporation, with headquarters in Rocester, Staffordshire,

manufacturing
demolition.

It

equipment
is

the

for construction, agriculture, waste handling

world's

third-largest

construction

and

equipment

manufacturer. It produces over 300 types of machines, including diggers

(backhoes), excavators, tractors and diesel engines. It has 22 factories across
Asia, Europe, North America, and South America; its products are sold in over
150 countries.

JCB was founded in 1945 by Joseph Cyril Bamford, after whom it is named; it
continues to be owned by the Bamford family. In the UK and India, 'JCB' is
often used colloquially as a generic description for mechanical diggers and
excavators and now appears in the Oxford English Dictionary, although it is still
held as a trademark.

20th century
JCB

was

founded

by Joseph

Cyril

Bamford in

October

1945

in Uttoxeter, Staffordshire, England. He rented a lock-up garage 3.7 by 4.6 m

(12 by 15 ft.). In it, using a welding set which he bought second-hand for 1
from English Electric, he made his first vehicle, a tipping trailer from warsurplus materials. The trailer's sides and floor were made from steel sheet that
had been part of air-raid shelters. On the same day as his son Anthony was born,
he sold the trailer at a nearby market for 45 (plus a part-exchanged farm cart)
and at once made another trailer. At one time he made vehicles in Eckersley's
coal yard in Uttoxeter. The first trailer and the welding set have been preserved
In 1948, six people were working for the company, and it made the
first hydraulic tipping trailer in Europe. In 1950, it moved to an old cheese
factory in Rocester, still employing six. A year later, he began painting his
products yellow. In 1953, his first backhoe loader was launched, and the JCB
logo appeared for the first time. It was designed by Derby Media and
advertising designer Leslie Smith. In 1957, the firm launched the "hydra-digga",
incorporating the excavator and the major loader as a single all-purpose tool
useful for the agricultural and construction industries.
In 1960, JCB's hydraulic tractors entered the North American market, proving a
long-lasting success. JCB became, and still is, the brand leader in the world. By

1964, JCB had sold over 3,000 3C backhoe loaders. The next year, the first 360degree excavator was introduced, the JCB 7.
In 1978, the Loadall machine was introduced. The next year, JCB started its
operation in India. In 1991, the firm entered a joint venture with Sumitomo of
Japan to produce excavators, which ended in 1998. Two years later, a JCB
factory was completed in Pooler near Savannah, Georgia in the USA, and the
next year a factory was opened in Brazil.

New BrandThe new brand, JCB 435 Backhoe symbolises the coming together of two
strong partners, each bringing to the association their unique individual strength
s and competencies. John Deere brings in their advanced technical knowhow
and vast experience in the global construction equipment space, while Ashok
Leyland lends in-depth knowledge of the Indian market, proven expertise in
manufacturing, sourcing and distribution, to this strategic partnership.
Redefining benchmarksThe first product from this combine, the JCB 435 Backhoe Loader has been
designed to transform the nature of the construction equipment business in the
country as well as redefine the way construction equipment products are
perceived and used. Exceptionally well-engineered and feature-rich, the 435
BHL will deliver superior value to the ever evolving construction equipment
customer by addressing the critical considerations of lower operating
cost,higher productivity and greater uptime. Itis rugged in structure, powered
by an Ashok Leyland engine of proven pedigree from the 'H' Series platform
and replete with USPs including power shift transmission, best in class cabin
with larger space and higher visibility, higher breakout forces and greater dig
depths. In order to make sure that patrons get higher uptime, JCB 435BHL will

be supported by innovative customer care package called the CARE programme

which will be delivered through the efficient JCB channel network developed.
TheCARE programme will include an extended warranty of a year after the first
year of warranty, committed restoration time for the equipment and regular and
periodic engineer visits to the customer during warranty period and also an
insurance cover of Rs.2 lakhs for the customer's operator.

Plant
The 435 BHL is being manufactured at JCB brand new facility at
Gummidipoondi, near Chennai. This plant incorporates globally benchmarked
manufacturing processes like robotic welding, CNC cutting, state of the art
paint shop to ensure the highest standards of product reliability and durability,
supported by international standard quality processes and systems.

Management
Chairman - Anthony Bamford
CEO - Graeme Macdonald
AVP Marketing & Sales MR. Anil Vaid

Products

Backhoe Loaders

JCB Backhoe Loader - JCB India is one of the largest backhoe manufacturers
offering most fuel efficient backhoe loaders. Buy JCB's most selling backhoe
loader 2DX, 3DX, 3DX Xtra, 3DX Super & 4DX.
Backhoe Loaders

Compactors

JCB Compactors - the finest soil compaction equipment. The VM115 caters to
the soil compaction needs of the sector, while the VMT 860 is a master at
asphalt compaction.
Compactors

Generators

JCB Diesel Generators - A diverse range of gensets catering to all your power
generation needs.
Generators

Skid Steer Loaders

JCB Skid Steers - JCB India offers industry leading range of Skid Steer Loaders
or JCB Robot for construction and landscaping needs.

Super Loader

JCB Super Loader is a highly efficient Loader which is the perfect blend of
value, versatility and performance.

Telescopic Handlers

JCB Loadall - JCB is the world's leading manufacturer of the Telehandler also
known as Telescopic Handler or Loadall. The product range includes 53070,530-110 and 540-170.

Tracked Excavators

JCB Tracked Excavators - JCB manufactures the best tracked & hydraulic
excavator machines for construction needs. Buy JCB Excavator JS140, JS120,
JS205LC and more.

Wheeled Loaders

JCB Wheeled Loaders - JCB India is one of the leading manufacturers of the
best Wheeled Loader machines in India. Our exquisite range of Wheeled
Loaders includes 3DXL, 430Z, 432ZX and the newly launched 455ZX.

Backhoe Loader

A backhoe loader, also called a loader backhoe, digger, or colloquially

shortened to backhoe, is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor
fitted with a shovel/bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back. Due to
its (relatively) small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in
urban engineering and small construction projects such as building a small
house, fixing urban roads, etc. This type of machine is also known as a TLB i.e.
Tractor-Loader-Backhoe.

Usage
Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks:
construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials,
powering building equipment, digging holes/excavation, landscaping, breaking
asphalt, and paving roads. Enhanced articulation of attachments can be achieved
with intermediate attachments such as the tiltrotator. Many backhoes feature
quick coupler (quick-attach) mounting systems and auxiliary hydraulic circuits
for simplified attachment mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the
job site. Some loader buckets have a retractable bottom or "clamshell", enabling
it to empty its load more quickly and efficiently. Retractable-bottom loader
buckets are also often used for grading and scraping. Their relatively small
frame and precise control make backhoe-loaders very useful and common in
urban engineering projects such as construction and repairs in areas too small
for larger equipment. Their versatility and compact size makes them one of the
most popular urban construction vehicles. For larger projects, a tracked
excavator is generally used. A backhoe loader is an interesting invention
because it is actually three pieces of construction equipment combined into one
unit. A backhoe loader is: A tractor

 A loader
A backhoe
Each piece of equipment is suited to a particular sort of work. On a typical
construction site, the backhoe operator usually uses all three components to get
the job done.

Industry Profile
Heavy equipment refers to heavy-duty vehicles, specially designed for
executing construction tasks,

most

frequently

operations.

also

known

They

are

ones
as heavy

involving earthwork
machines, heavy

trucks, construction equipment, engineering equipment, heavy vehicles,

or heavy hydraulics. They usually comprise five equipment systems:
implement, traction, structure, power train, control and information. Heavy
equipment functions through the mechanical advantage of a simple machine,
the ratio between input force applied and force exerted is multiplied. Some
equipment uses hydraulic drives as a primary source of motion.
The use of heavy equipment has a long history; the ancient Roman
engineer Vitruvius (1st century BCE) gave descriptions of heavy
equipment and cranes in ancient Rome in his treatise De architectura. The pile
driver was invented around 1500. The first tunnelling shield was patented
by Isambard Kingdom Brunel in 1818.

From horses, through steam, to diesel

Heavy equipment circa 1922

Horse-drawn scraper digging water-supply ditch

Until the 19th century and into the early 20th century heavy machines were
drawn under human or animal power. With the advent of portable steampowered engines the drawn machine precursors were reconfigured with the new
engines, such as the combine harvester. The design of a core tractor evolved
around the new steam power source into a new machine core traction engine
that can be configured as the steam tractor and the steamroller. During the 20th
century, internal-combustion engines became the major power source of heavy
equipment. Kerosene and ethanol engines were used, but today diesel
engines are dominant. Mechanical transmission was in many cases replaced by
hydraulic machinery. The early 20th century also saw new electric-powered
machines such as the forklift. Caterpillar Inc. is a present-day brand from these
days, starting out as the Holt Manufacturing Company. The first mass-produced
heavy machine was the Ford son tractor in 1917.

The first commercial continuous track vehicle was the Lombard Steam Log
Hauler from 1901. Tracks became extensively used for tanks during World War
I, and after the war they became commonplace for civilian machinery such as
the bulldozer. The largest engineering vehicles, and the largest mobile land
machines altogether, are bucket-wheel excavators, built from the 1920s.
"Until almost the twentieth century, one simple tool constituted the primary
earthmoving machine: the hand shovel - moved with animal and human
powered, sleds, barges, and wagons. This tool was the principal method by
which material was either side cast or elevated to load a conveyance, usually
a wheelbarrow, or a cart or wagon drawn by a draft animal. In antiquity, an
equivalent of the hand shovel or hoe and head basketand masses of men
were used to move earth to build civil works. Builders have long used
the inclined plane, levers, and pulleys to place solid building materials, but
these labour-saving devices did not lend themselves to earthmoving, which
required digging, raising, moving, and placing loose materials. The two
elements required for mechanized earthmoving, then as now, were an
independent power source and off-road mobility, neither of which could be
provided by the technology of that time."
Container cranes were used from the 1950s and onwards, and
made containerization possible.
Nowadays such is the importance of this machinery, some transport companies
have developed specific equipment to transport heavy construction equipment
to and from sites.
Types
These subdivisions, in this order, are the standard heavy equipment
categorization. Some contractors place numbers on the side of their equipment

corresponding to the category - Grader '02' - followed by a sequential number

that usually corresponds to the number it was purchased, for example, 02-112, is
the 112th grader a company has purchased since their founding. This allows for
easy recognition of the equipment type and the relevant age.
Track-type

Agricultural tractors

Bulldozer

Snowcat

Track skidder

Track-type tractors (Bulldozer)

Tractor

Military engineering vehicles

Loader
Loader
Skip loader (skippy)
Wheel loader (front loader, integrated tool carrier)
Backhoe

Backhoe loader

Backhoe

Backhoe loader

Traction: Off-the-road tires and Tracks

Continuous track (circa 1909)

Caterpillar track (circa 2009)

Heavy equipment requires specialized tires for various construction
applications. While many types of equipment have continuous tracks applicable
to more severe service requirements, tires are used where greater speed or
mobility is required. An understanding of what equipment will be used for
during the life of the tires is required for proper selection. Tire selection can
have a significant impact on production and unit cost. There are three types of
off-the-road tires, transport for earthmoving machines, work for slow moving
earth moving machines, and load and carry for transporting as well as digging.
Off-highway tires have six categories of
service C compactor, E earthmover, G grader, L loader, LS log-skidder
and ML mining and logging. Within these service categories are various tread
types designed for use on hard-packed surface, soft surface and rock. Tires are a

large expense on any construction project, careful consideration should be given

to prevent excessive wear or damage.
Heavy equipment operator

A heavy equipment operator drives and operates heavy equipment used

in engineering and construction projects. Typically only skilled workers may
operate heavy equipment, and there is specialized training for learning to use
heavy equipment.
Much publication about heavy equipment operators focuses on improving safety
for such workers. The field of occupational medicine researches and makes
recommendations about safety for these and other workers in safety-sensitive
positions.

Company Profile
The story of JCB is one of innovation, ambition and sheer hard work. From
small beginnings building agricultural tipping trailers in 1945 to the global force
in manufacturing the company has become today, JCB has constantly pushed
the boundaries in our desire to be the best. My father and company founder
Joseph Cyril Bamfords motto was, Jamais content, and that is exactly right
we are never content with our achievements. But I believe that even he would
be amazed by what the company has become. Today, we have 22 plants on four
continents and more than 750 dealers around the world.
These are exciting times. In just 67 years we have gone from one man in a
garage in Uttoxeter to major global brand renowned for its pioneering spirit. All
of this is down to our people a 10,000-strong worldwide force that makes up
the JCB family we are so proud of. Our achievements over the past 67 years
have been considerable, but at JCB we believe in always looking ahead to the
next development, the next level of success. As we speak, JCB is continuing to
innovate and push the boundaries in research and development; in particular
within the area of sustainability, where energy costs and emissions are
becoming an increasingly important purchasing consideration. Many of our
customers will need to reinvent their businesses to meet new building standards
and emissions legislation, and we will be there to support them every step of the
way, as we have always been.
Innovation milestones
1949: JCB Major Loader revolutionises agriculture
1952: JCB backhoe loader is born with the Mk 1 Excavator
1963: JCB 3C takes backhoe performance to new levels; a design classic

1964: JCB 7 becomes JCB's first crawler excavator

1971: JCB 110 hydrostatic crawler loader proves our pioneering spirit
1977: JCB 520 telescopic handler, a new concept, takes the industry by storm
1980: JCB 3CX marks the construction industry's largest investment in a single
machine
1990: JCB Fastrac becomes the world's first fully suspended, high-speed
draught tractor
1993: JCB robot skid steer loader becomes the world's safest skid steer
1997: JCB Teletruk takes the industry by storm
2006: 2 JCB 444 diesel engines power the JCB Dieselmax to the diesel word
land speed record
2010: JCB Eco machines take machine efficiency and productivity to new
world-beating levels.

The early years

1945. Britain is just coming out of six years of world war and times are tough.
Joseph Cyril Bamford begins business in a rented lock-up garage in Uttoxeter,
Staffordshire, using a second-hand welding set and some surplus military
equipment to make tipping trailers for farmers to hitch to the new generation of
petrol-driven tractors.
Joes pioneering spirit, huge capacity for hard work and flair for invention see
him through these early years and by 1947 he moves to larger premises and has
three employees. Mr JCB quickly goes from two-wheel to four-wheel trailers,
then adding hydraulics to create the very first and revolutionary four-wheel
tipping trailers, in 1948.

In 1949, J C Bamford introduces a machine that proves to be one of the most

important of all early JCB models: the Major Loader, which is designed to bolt
onto a Fordson Major tractor. Later developed for a range of popular tractor
manufacturers, it sells in its thousands.
By the end of 1950, the company is again looking to relocate to bigger premises
and moves to a former cheese-making facility in nearby Rocester, where we are
still based to this day. This is the start of a truly remarkable story.
1952 is a huge milestone in the story of JCB. On a sales trip to Norway, Joseph
Bamford sees a rudimentary backhoe, realises its potential and is inspired to
develop the JCB Mk 1 Excavator; essentially a Fordson tractor with hydraulic
excavator at the rear, Major Loader at the front and optional cab. The JCB
backhoe loader is born.

1950s
1952 is also the year machines start to appear in the famous JCB yellow, and in
1953 we begin to brand products with the company logo. Two other key
machines are introduced in this period: the Si-Draulic Loader, a single arm unit
with high lift and forward reach, and the Loadover Wheeled Loader, with a
bucket that travelled over the top of the driver - only two were made!
In February 1956 the company is officially incorporated as J C Bamford
(Excavators) Ltd and a service business is launched. Machine development
continues with, in 1957, the Hydra-Digga, the first JCB machine to provide a
comfortable cab, and 1958's JCB Loadall, featuring an innovative hydraulic
shovel. In 1959, combining Hydra-Digga and Loadall creates the first truly
recognisable backhoe loader, with the chassis, not the tractor skid, taking the
digging and loading forces.

1960s
Building on the success of 1960's JCB 4 backhoe loader, which replaced the
Hydra-Digga Loadall, in 1961 the JCB 3 sets more trends with the ability to dig
tight up against a wall. In 1963, another giant step is taken with the 3C. An
acknowledged design classic, the 3C comes packed with innovations, including
an integrated chassis and sideways sliding excavator assembly that gives a clear
view down the trench. The following year sees the launch of JCB's first crawler
excavator, the JCB 7.
JCB continues to go from strength to strength with 1967's 3D, launched with
typical theatrical flair when a full-sized model is raised out of a swimming pool
and left suspended in mid-air. In 1968, JCB announces its purchase of
Lancashire's Chaseside Engineering Company; a pioneer of hydraulic wheeled
loading shovels whose acquisition brings a whole new product line into the JCB
stable.
By now the Rocester site is fast running out of space, so a redevelopment
programme gets underway, including the landscaping of the surrounding
environment that has become a feature our plants around the world. By 1969,
we are exporting more than half our machines and we receive our first Queen's
Award for Export Achievement.

1990s
After four years in development and 12 million invested, the world's first
genuine high-speed, full-suspension draught tractor, the JCB Fastrac, is
launched, revolutionising tractor design. 1990 also sees the launch of the 2CX
backhoe loader, developed in response to customer demand for a more compact
version of the 3CX, and Anthony Bamford is knighted in the Queen's Birthday
Honours to become Sir Anthony Bamford.

In 1991, we launched our all-new backhoes, which are crammed full of new
technology, and a joint venture begins with Japan's Sumitomo to produce their
excavators in the UK for the European market. In 1993, JCB's innovative robot
skid steer loader is launched and instantly becomes the world's safest skid steer
thanks to its patented single-arm loader design and unique side entry cab.
As we celebrate our 50th anniversary in 1995, JCB becomes Europe's number
one manufacturer of construction equipment and, in 1996, we produce our
200,000th backhoe making us the world number one for backhoe loader
production. In 1997, yet another pioneering machine concept is previewed; the
JCB Teletruk, which is an immediate success and wins the Institute of
Transport's Management Innovator of the Year award.

2000s
The year 2000 begins with the opening of the World Parts Centre in Rocester, a
new factory in Brazil and the start of backhoe loader production in Savannah. In
2003, we assume full control of operations in India and JCB Defence lands its
biggest contract yet; 150 4CXMs sold to the British Army.
As we celebrate our 60th anniversary, we purchase German firm Vibromax
Compaction Equipment, work begins on the China plant and the Perkins power
unit in the 3CX and 4CX is replaced with our very own 444 engine. In 2006, a
car powered by two of these engines reaches a speed of 317.021mph
(510.196kph) on the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, to take the world landspeed
record for a diesel-powered car.
In 2008, JCB Heavy Products opens a new 43 million factory, followed in
2009 by a 40 million investment in India to create the world's biggest backhoe
loader factory. Today, we are India's market leader for construction equipment
with one in every two construction machines sold in the country made by JCB.
In 2010, JCB takes machine efficiency and productivity to new world-beating

levels with our Eco machines and, as a tribute to the JCB pioneering spirit, we
open the UK's first academy dedicated to developing the engineering talent of
the future.

About JCB
JCB India Limited is a leading manufacturer of earthmoving and construction
equipment in India. The company started as a joint venture in 1979 and is now a
fully owned subsidiary of J.C Bamford Excavators, United Kingdom. With five
state-of-the-art factories in India, it today manufactures a wide range of worldclass equipment, not only for India, but also for global markets.
JCB introduced Backhoe Loaders in India 35 years ago and has since expanded
its product range to over 45 models in eight product categories. The Ballabgarh
factory near New Delhi, which is the worlds largest factory for Backhoe
Loaders, is also the Headquarters for JCB India. This facility, apart from
Backhoe Loaders, also manufactures Skid Steer Loaders, Telehandlers, Diesel
Engines and Diesel Generators.
The company expanded its operations in 2006 and 2007 by setting up two
factories at Pune for its Heavyline business. These factories manufacture
Tracked Excavators, Wheeled Loaders, Compaction equipment and Fabrications
for the Group. With 400 engineers, Pune also has JCBs largest Design Center
outside of the United Kingdom.
A further investment in India was made at Jaipur in 2014 with the inauguration
of a 115-acre, eco-friendly, green manufacturing facility. This facility currently
manufactures Fabrications for the Group. With all plants operating on the
principle of one global quality, JCB India is a manufacturing hub for global
markets. Products made in these factories are sold not just in the Indian market
but are also exported to more than 65 countries.

Over the years JCB has invested Rs. 2,000 crores in India and today employs
5,000 people in its Indian operations. It has a network of more than 60 dealers
and 650 outlets spread throughout India, who further employ 6,000
professionally trained people. These far-reaching outlets provide the vital
product support to customers for their equipment. Four strategically set up
warehouses at Pune, Chennai, Faridabad and Kolkata support these dealerships
and outlets for parts supplies.
It has also built and supported an indigenised supply chain for the
manufacturing of its products. Over 380 world-class Indian suppliers are
aligned to JCBs Group objectives and have grown along with JCB through
various supplier development initiatives.
JCB is also creating employment and entrepreneurship amongst youth through
its 15 Operator Training Centres in India. It provides a one month certified
course on machine operations and maintenance, which includes both, classroom
and practical training on how to operate JCB machines safely and productively.
It has a 16 week detailed induction program at the welding training school at the
Jaipur facility for ITI and Diploma graduates. Comprehensive skills developed
through these programmes have helped young men and women progress in their
careers, especially lady engineers, who now work in traditionally male
dominated areas of manufacturing such as welding and assembly.
JCB is committed to CSR through the Lady Bamford Charitable Trust.
Registered in the year 2000, the Trust has followed an organic and consistent
growth with a focus on disadvantaged communities around JCB factories in
India. Today its outreach extends to 29 Government schools and 6 vocational
training centres through which it reaches out to about 15,000 students and
trainees. The Trust is active in communities around its three factories in
Ballabhgarh (Haryana), Talegaon (Maharashtra) and Baghru (Rajasthan).

For more than three decades, JCB has remained committed to India. It has
launched new and innovative India centric products, opened new factories with
customer focus and one global quality being at the core of its operations.

Objective of the study

The objectives of the study are the following:1. The main objective of this report is to probe the reasons behind small market
share of JCB and to find out the measures that can be adopted to increase the
sales.
2. To identify the issues related to backhoe loaders.
3. To get the feedback from current customers of our product.
4. To study JCB positioning in the mind of the consumers vis--vis competitors.

Research Methodology
PurposeThe basic purpose of this research is to find out the factors affecting the
decision of the consumer to purchase backhoe loaders.

ProblemTo find out problem is the first stage of the research process. It represents
translating the management problem into research problem.
Consumers have faith in the brand JCB; still its market share is very less as
compared to Ashok Leyland and John Deere.

ObjectivesThe objectives of the study are as follows: 1) The objective of the study is to analyse various factors affecting backhoe
loader purchase and to find out primary factors with are seen as critical by
customer before buying any brand backhoe loader.
2) To find out in which cluster according to customer, JCB lies in comparison to
Leyland Deere

Causal ResearchCausal Research explores the effect of one thing on another and more
specifically, the effect of one variable on another. The research is used to
measure what impact a specific change will have on existing norms and allow
market researchers to predict hypothetical scenarios upon which a company can
base its business plan.
We have used the Causal research to find out the parameters that affecting
Backhoe loaders purchase.

Survey-

Surveysfrom in-person to web-based and discrete choice to stated preference

are an important means of collecting sociological, statistical, and
demographic data.
We have used online surveys and in person surveys to collect data from various
profile of customers who buys or rents backhoe loaders. We used the Ratings of
the respondents in these Online Surveys to analyse different brands of backhoe
loaders available in market.

Sampling FrameA Sampling frame consists of a list of item from which the sample is to be
drawn. The sample frame for this research constitutes the customers, who are
Corporates, Contractors and retailers.

Sample SizeThe sample size of the research was 30 individuals.

Location- Delhi/NCR, Specifically Faridabad and Ghaziabad
regions.