00 Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering

Fundamentals of Petroleum
Engineering
CHEN 490
Fall 2016-2017
Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490
Surface Oil Thousands of Years Ago

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry
The petroleum industry is not of

recent origin, but petroleum's
current status as the key
component of politics, society,
and technology has its roots in
the early 20th century. The
invention of the internal
combustion engine was the
major influence in the rise in the
importance of petroleum.
Oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States
On August 28, 1859, George

Bissell and Edwin L. Drake made
the first successful use of a
drilling rig on a well drilled
especially to produce oil, at a site
on Oil Creek near Titusville,
Pennsylvania.
Historians have noted that the importance of
the Drake well was not in being the first well
to produce oil, but in attracting the first
great wave of investment in oil drilling,
refining, and marketing
Rotary Drilling 1901

http://www.ritchiewiki.com/wiki/index.php/Rotary_Drilling
Rotary drilling was first

used for drilling oil wells
in 1901 when Captain
Anthony Lucas and Patillo
Higgins applied it to their
Spindletop well in Texas.
Electrical Logging 1926

Le sens du courant: La vie d'Henri-Georges Doll, Inventeur, Le Cherche Midi, 2007
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_logging
On September 5, 1927, a crew working for

Schlumberger lowered an electric sonde or
tool down a well in Pechelbronn, Alsace,
France creating the first well log.
Extended Reach Drilling

Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Autumn 2010
Extended Reach Drilling
12,033 meters Horizontal Well (April 14th, 2015)

https://www.rt.com/business/249577-sakhalin-1-rosneft-exxonmobil-well/
Russias Rosneft reported it has

finished drilling the worlds
longest oil well at the Chayvo
Field, part of the Sakhalin-1
Project. The use of unique
ExxonMobil technology is one of
the key factors behind the record.
The new well has a record
breaking depth of 13,500 meters
and a horizontal reach of 12,033
meters. It was drilled using the
Orlan platform according to a
company statement released on
Tuesday. The Sakhalin-1
Consortium now has 9 of the 10
longest wells in the world.
That is Three times the Airports Runway
Al Shaheen Field Qatar

Extra Long Horizontal Wells
Reservoir Mapping-While-Drilling
Schlumberger Oilfield Review, 27(1) May 2015
Reservoir Mapping-While-Drilling
Using deep, directional electromagnetic

measurements, the GeoSphere service
reveals subsurface-bedding and fluidcontact details more than 100 ft [30 m]
from the wellbore. This reservoir-scale
view provides an unprecedented depth of
investigation, enabling operators to
optimize landing, maximize reservoir
exposure, and refine field development
plans.
10
Rotary Sidewall Coring

Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Winter 2013
Rotary Sidewall Coring Size Matters
The tool is lowered on wireline and

positioned across from the zone to
be sampled.
A hydraulic arm anchors the tool at
the desired depth.
The bit pivots into a horizontal
position and then begins coring.
Up to 50 cores can be taken during
each tool descent.
11
Advances in Fluid Sampling

The Saturn probe captures reservoir fluid
samples through four large ports spaced
evenly on the tool's circumference.
The ports are pressed against the borehole
when the packer that contains them is
inflated, which creates a seal separating
reservoir fluids from wellbore fluids.
The tool geometry provides a radial flow
pattern (middle, right) for reservoir fluids
(green) and faster removal of contaminated
fluids (blue).
The Saturn probe also has a flow area that is
many times larger than that of traditional
probes (bottom)
Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Spring 2013

New Dimensions in Wireline Formation Testing
12
Downhole Fluids Laboratory

Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Winter 2009
Downhole Fluids Laboratory
hydrocarbon fluid composition

(C1, C2, C3-C5 and C6+)
gas/oil ratio
CO2 concentration
color (and relative asphaltene
content)
fluorescence pH (for water
samples)
live-fluid density and viscosity
oil-base mud (OBM)
contamination
Resistivity
pressure and temperature (at

sample depth).
13
Microfluidic Technology
https://www.slb.com/campaigns/maze.aspx
During Maze analysis,

asphaltenes are determined
using the microfluidic chip,
followed by identification of
saturates, aromatics, and resins
using a miniaturized
chromatographic column.
Each fraction measurement is

achieved through application of
optical absorbance
measurement using
spectrometer and
refractometer technologies.
14
Supercomputing and Cloud Computing

http://www.total.com/en/media/news/press-releases/totals-supercomputer-nowindustrys-most-powerful-worldwide?%FFbw=kludge1%FF
Total's supercomputer Pangea recently boosted

its computing power from 2.3 to 6.7 petaflops*
(the equivalent of more than 80,000 laptops
combined).
Its storage capacity has also been increased, to
26 petabytes (the equivalent of 6 million
DVDs).
With this upgrade, Pangea is among the top 10
most powerful computers, public or private,
worldwide in the TOP500 ranking.
The capacity boost will support the use of nextgeneration algorithms to image increasingly
complex regions and produce numerical
simulations of fields, incorporating 4D seismic
data.
*A quadrillion (thousand trillion) floating point operations per second (FLOPS) A

thousand teraflops.
15
Deep and Ultra Deep

Dalia field production system.
This field, operated by Total, is
located 135 km 184 miles off
the coast of Angola in waters
ranging from 1,200m to
1,500m (13,940 ft to 4,920 ft)
in depth. Production from
three main reservoirs is routed
through infield lines and risers
to an FPSO at the surface.
(Illustration courtesy of Total.)
Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Spring 2011

Pipeline to Market
16
Shale Gas Revolution

Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Autumn 2011
Shale Gas Revolution
Tapping into giant resources
17
It is not all Rosy Macondo oil prospect, Gulf

of Mexico Too Many Challenges
The Deepwater Horizon drilling rig
explosion was the April 20, 2010.
The explosion killed 11 workers and
injured 17 others. The explosion
caused the Deepwater Horizon to
burn and sink.
The same blowout that caused the
explosion also caused a massive
offshore oil spill in the Gulf of
Mexico, considered the largest
accidental marine oil spill in the
world, and the largest
environmental disaster in U.S.
history.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_explosion
18
The oil industry is facing 'a full-scale' crisis

http://www.businessinsider.com/oil-industry-facing-full-blown-cash-crisis-2016-4
Schlumberger CEO Paal

Kibsgaard laid out a
disastrous forecast for the
sector in the company's
quarterly-earnings call.
"Activity fell sharply in the
first quarter, as the industry
displayed clear signs of
facing a full-scale cash crisis,"
he said. "We experienced
activity reductions
worldwide, with the rate of
disruption reaching
unprecedented levels."
19
Despite Current Crisis, Forecasts are Positive

http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-21/schlumberger-postssurprise-2-2-billion-loss-cuts-more-jobs
Schlumberger Ltd. said

Thursday that the oil industry
appears to have reached the
bottom of the cycle, echoing
smaller rival Halliburton Co.,
which on Wednesday said the
North American market reached
its lowest point in the second
quarter and is poised for
modest growth the rest of this
year.
http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-114/issue-5/special-reportoffshore-petroleum-operations/exploration-downturn-poses-hard-questionsfor-offshore-rig-fleet.html
20
EIA's International Energy Outlook 2013

http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/pdf/0484(2013).pdf
World energy consumption will grow

by 56% between 2010 and 2040,
from 524 quadrillion British thermal
units (Btu) to 820 quadrillion Btu.
Renewable energy and nuclear
power are the world's fastestgrowing energy sources, each
increasing 2.5% per year. However,
fossil fuels continue to supply nearly
80% of world energy use through
2040. Natural gas is the fastestgrowing fossil fuel, as global supplies
of tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed
methane increase.
The British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a traditional unit of work equal to
about 1055 joules. It is the amount of work needed to raise the temperature of
one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
1 standard cubic foot of average natural gas yields 1030 BTU
The U.S. Internal Revenue Service defines a BOE as equal to 5.8 106 BTU.
21
BP Energy Outlook 2016 Edition

http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2035/energy-outlook-downloads.html
22
BP Energy Outlook
OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/energy-outlook-2035/energy-outlook-downloads.html
World energy demand is projected to grow by 1.4% p.a. from 2014 to

2035, with 95% of the growth coming from non-OECD countries.
Gas is the fastest growing fossil fuel (1.8% p.a.) followed by oil (0.9%
p.a.). Coal growth slows sharply (0.5% p.a.), significantly below the
average growth over the previous 20 years (2.9% p.a.).
Renewables (including biofuels) increase almost four-fold over the
forecast period (+285%). They account for a quarter of primary
energy growth out to 2035.
By 2035 non-fossil fuels make up 21% of global primary energy
compared to 14% today.
23
The Bottom Line

The oil and gas industry is essential for energy supply for decades to
come.
Unique usage of multi-disciplinary advanced technology.
Many challenges yet to be faced and addressed.
The oil and gas industry is going to be among the most promising and
highest paid industries for decades to come.
24
Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering

Learning Objectives
This course will give an overview on the oil and gas value chain
starting from the exploration stage till the marketing stage.
An introductory level of knowledge will be gained on subjects such as
petroleum geology, formation evaluation, drilling engineering,
reservoir engineering, production engineering and petroleum
economics.
30
Class Schedule
Week
Material
Week 1: Aug 29th Sep 2nd
Introduction and Overview

The history and nature of Petroleum
Oil and gas supply chain
Week 2: Sep 5th Sep 9th

Week 3*: Sep 12th Sep 16nd
Petroleum Geoscience
Basic Rock Properties
Origin and Accumulation of oil and gas
Migration of Petroleum
Week 4: Sep 19th Sep 23rd
Drilling Engineering
Drilling & Casing
Drilling Fluid
Drilling Rig
Week 5: Sep 26th Sep 30th

Week 6: Oct 3rd Oct 7th
Formation Evaluation
Logging
Coring
Testing
Week 7*: Oct 10th Oct 14th
Midterm
31
Class Schedule (Cont.)

Week
Material
Week 8: Oct 17th Oct 21st

Week 9: Oct 24th Oct 28th
Week 10: Oct 31st Nov 4th
Reservoir Engineering
Fluid Properties
Rock / Fluid Interaction
Drive Mechanism
Estimating Hydrocarbons in place
Week 11: Nov 7th Nov 11th

Week 12: Nov 14th Nov 18th
Production Operation and Well Completion

Completions
Production Engineering
Week 13*: Nov 21st Nov 25th

Week 14: Nov 28st Dec 2nd
Petroleum Economics
Introduction
International Fiscal system
Lebanese economic model
Week 15*: Dec 5th Dec 9th
Recap
Week 16: Dec 12th Dec 16th
Final
32
Course Outcome
Be able to know the nature of petroleum, and describe the oil and gas supply chain.
Know the concepts of petroleum geology and basic rock properties, and the mechanisms of the Petroleum
System.
Be able to describe drilling operations, equipment, and the general basic drilling techniques and systems.
Be able to know the composition, functions, and nature of rotary drilling fluids.
Be able to know the well completion methods, casing strings, tubing and packer.
Know the general coring methods, core type, equipment and operational procedures. Handling the sampling
of core recovery.
Be able to know well logging basic concept and purpose, types and the miscellaneous logging devices.
Be able to know what causes the formation damage and well treatment.
Know the geologic types of reservoirs and their drive mechanisms.
To be able to estimate the hydrocarbon in place and reserves.
Be able to differentiate between Petroleum fiscal systems and have an introductory understanding of the
Lebanese petroleum fiscal system
33
Prerequisites
Undergraduate students (Junior and Senior) standing in engineering
and geo-sciences and completed:
CHEM 101 (General Chemistry I)

CHEM 102 (General Chemistry II)
PHYS 103 (Physics for the Life Sciences)
PHYS 204 (Classical Physics for Life Sciences)
GEOL 201 (Physical Geology)
Proficiency in freshman calculus.
34
Text Books
No text books are required
References will be provided for further reading for each chapter
35
Office Hours
Thursday, 1pm 3pm
kg17@aub.edu.lb
36
Kassem Ghorayeb
Education: BSc, MSc and PhD in Fluid Mechanics, University of
Toulouse, France
August 2016 to date, AUB
Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
September 2016 to date, Schlumberger

Reservoir Engineering Advisor, MEA
July 2011 August 2016, Schlumberger

Reservoir Engineering Advisor, MEA, Abu Dhabi
July 2007 June 2011, Schlumberger

Reservoir Management Team Leader, North Kuwait Jurassic Project, Kuwait
37
Kassem Ghorayeb
July 2006 June 2007, Schlumberger
Program Manager, Dhahran Carbonate Research Centre, Saudi Arabia
March 2001 June 2006, Schlumberger

Principal Reservoir Simulation Development Engineer, Abingdon, UK
September 1997 February 2001, Reservoir Engineering Research Institute,

Palo Alto, California
Postdoctoral Fellow
More that 35 papers; 15 in peer-reviewed journals

Four USA Patents in the domain of Compositional Reservoir Simulation and
Integrated Asset Modeling
38

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Fundamentals of Petroleum

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Surface Oil Thousands of Years Ago

The petroleum industry is not of

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Oil discovery at Oil Creek Pennsylvania in 1859

On August 28, 1859, George

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Rotary Drilling 1901

Rotary drilling was first

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Electrical Logging 1926

On September 5, 1927, a crew working for

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Extended Reach Drilling

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

12,033 meters Horizontal Well (April 14th, 2015)

Russias Rosneft reported it has

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

That is Three times the Airports Runway

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Al Shaheen Field Qatar

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Using deep, directional electromagnetic

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Rotary Sidewall Coring

The tool is lowered on wireline and

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Advances in Fluid Sampling

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Spring 2013

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Downhole Fluids Laboratory

hydrocarbon fluid composition

pressure and temperature (at

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

During Maze analysis,

Each fraction measurement is

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Supercomputing and Cloud Computing

Total's supercomputer Pangea recently boosted

*A quadrillion (thousand trillion) floating point operations per second (FLOPS) A

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Deep and Ultra Deep

Schlumberger Oilfield Review, Spring 2011

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Shale Gas Revolution

Tapping into giant resources

Kassem Ghorayeb, AUB - Fall, 2016

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

It is not all Rosy Macondo oil prospect, Gulf

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

The oil industry is facing 'a full-scale' crisis

Schlumberger CEO Paal

Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering - CHEN 490

Despite Current Crisis, Forecasts are Positive