Week 3

Assignment, Formatting and Interactive Input

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Assignment Operations
Assignment Statement: assigns the value of the expression on
the right side of the = to the variable on the left side of the =
The symbol "=" is known as the assignment operator. The meaning of "=" in programming
is different from Mathematics. It denotes assignment instead of equality.

Example:
Assignment operation to calculate an Employees raise.

raise = currentPay * raiseRate

Note: You cannot use an assignment statement to assign a value to a named
constant, because the contents of a named constant cannot be changed while a
program is running.

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Assignment Statement (cont)

Another assignment statement using same variable will overwrite the
previous value with the new value.

Only one variable can be on the left side of an assignment statement.

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Assignment Statement (cont)

Right side of an assignment statement may contain any expression
that can be evaluated to a value.
Examples:

newtotal = 18.3 + total;

taxes = .06*amount;
average = sum / items;

Only one variable can be on the left side of an assignment

statement.
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Assignment Statement (cont)

Additional assignment operators provide short cuts: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Example:
sum = sum + 10;
is equivalent to: sum += 10;
price *= rate +1;
is equivalent to:
price = price * (rate + 1);

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Assignment Statement (cont)

Accumulation statement: has the effect of accumulating, or
totaling.
Syntax:
variable = variable + newValue;

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Type Casting
Implicit Type-Conversion vs. Explicit Type-Casting
Converting a value from one type to another type is called type
casting (or type conversion).
There are two kinds of type casting:

1. Implicit type-conversion performed by the compiler

automatically
2. Explicit type-casting via an unary type-casting operator in
the form of
(new-type)operand and or new-type(operand).

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Implicit (Automatic) Type Conversion

When you assign a value of a fundamental (built-in) type to a variable
of another fundamental type, C++ automatically converts the value to
the receiving type, if the two types are compatible.
For example:
If you assign an int value to a double variable, the compiler automatically
casts the int value to a double and assigns it to the double variable.
If you assign a double value of to an int variable, the compiler automatically
casts the double value to an int value and assigns it to the int variable. The
fractional part would be truncated and lost. Some compilers issue a
warning/error possible loss in precision; others do not.

C++ will not perform automatic type conversion, if the two types are
not compatible.
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Implicit Type Conversion Example

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Explicit Type-Casting
Explicitly perform type-casting via the so called unary type-casting
operator in the form of (new-type)operand or new-type(operand).
The type-casting operator takes one operand in the particular type,
and returns an equivalent value in the new type.

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Explicit Type-Casting Example

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Operator static-cast<type>
C++ introduces a new operator called static_cast<type> to perform
type conversion (because the regular cast mentioned earlier is too lax
and could produce expected results).
static_cast signals an error if conversion fails.
Example:

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Increment/Decrement Operators
Increment Operator ++: unary operator for the special case
when a variable is increased by 1.
Prefix Increment operator appears before the variable.
Example: ++i

Postfix Increment operator appears after the variable.

Example: i++

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Increment/Decrement Operators (cont)

Example:
k =
is equivalent to
n = n + 1;
k = n;
Example:
k =
increment
is equivalent to
k = n;
n = n + 1;

++n; //prefix increment

//increment n first
//assign ns value to k
n++; //postfix

//assign ns value to k
//and then increment n
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Increment/Decrement Operators (cont)

Decrement operator --: unary operator for the special case when a
variable is decreased by 1

Prefix decrement operator appears before the variable

Example:

--i;

Postfix decrement operator appears after the variable

Example:

i--;

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Increment/Decrement Operators Example

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Formatting Numbers for Program Output

Proper output formatting contributes to
ease of use and user satisfaction.
cout with stream manipulators can control
output formatting

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Formatting Numbers for Program Output (cont)

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Formatting Numbers for Program Output (cont)

The field width manipulator must be included for each value
in the data stream sent to cout.
Other manipulators remain in effect until they are changed.
<iomanip> header file must be included to use
manipulators requiring arguments.

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Formatting Numbers for Program Output (cont)

Formatting floating-point numbers requires three field-width
manipulators to
Set the total width of the display
Force a decimal place
Set the number of significant digits after the decimal point

Example:

produces this output:

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Formatting Numbers for Program Output (cont)

setprecision: sets the number of digits after the decimal
point if a decimal point has been explicitly forced; otherwise,
it sets the total number of displayed digits.
If the field width is too small, cout ignores the setw
manipulator setting and allocates enough space for printing.
If setprecision setting is too small, the fractional part of the
value is rounded to the specified number of decimal places.
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Formatting Numbers for Program Output (cont)

If setprecision value is too large, the fractional value is
displayed with its current size.
setfill(char fill-char): set the filled character for padding to the
field width.
fixed/scientific (for floating-point numbers): use fixednotation (e.g. 12.34) or scientific notation (e.g. 1.23e+006).

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Formatting Numbers for Program Output Example

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Using Mathematical Library Functions

C++ has preprogrammed mathematical functions that can be included
in a program.
You must include the cmath header file:
#include <cmath>

Math functions require one or more arguments as input, but will

return only one value
All functions are overloaded, and can be used with integer and real
arguments

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Using Mathematical Library Function (cont)

Table 3.5 Common C++ Functions

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Using Mathematical Library Function (cont)

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Using Mathematical Library Function (cont)

To use a math function, give its name and pass the input
arguments within parentheses.
Expressions that can be evaluated to a value can be passed as
arguments.

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Mathematical Library Function Example

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Using Mathematical Library Function (cont)

Function calls can be nested
Example: sqrt(sin(abs(theta)))

Cast operator: a unary operator that forces the data to the

desired data type.
Compile-time cast
Syntax: dataType (expression)
Example: int(a+b)

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Using Mathematical Library Function (cont)

Run-time cast: the requested conversion is checked at run
time and applied if valid.
Syntax:
staticCast<data-type>(expression)
Example:
staticCast<int>(a*b)

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Program Input Using the cin Object

cin Object: allows data entry to a running program
Use of the cin object causes the program to wait for input
from the keyboard
When keyboard entry is complete, the program resumes
execution, using the entered data
An output statement preceding the cin object statement
provides a prompt to the user

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Program Input Using the cin Object (cont)

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Program Input Using the cin Object (cont)

cin can accept multiple input values to be stored in different
variables
Multiple numeric input values must be separated by spaces
Example:
cin >> num1 >> num2
with keyboard entry: 0.052 245.79

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Program Input Using the cin Object (cont)

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Program Input Using the cin Object (cont)

User-input validation: the process of ensuring that
data entered by the user matches the expected data
type.
Robust program: one that detects and handles
incorrect user entry.

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Symbolic Constant
Symbolic constant: a constant value that is declared
with an identifier using the const keyword

A constants value may not be changed

Example:
const int MAXNUM = 100;

Good programming places statements in appropriate

order

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Symbolic Constant (cont)

Proper placement of statements:
preprocessor directives
int main()
{
symbolic constants
main function declarations
other executable statements
return value

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Resource Link
https://www3.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/cpp/cp1_Basi
cs.html

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