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POTENTIAL FLOW
Why this chapter is so important?
Why study this topic?
In Fluid Mechanic I use finite control volumes
not required a detailed knowledge (pressure and velocity
variations) within the control volume
many situations that arise in which details of the flow are
important
- velocity varies over the cross section of a pipe
- pressure and shear stress varies along the
surface of an airplane wing
finite control volumes approach will not yield the desire
information
need to develop relationships that apply at least in a very
small region (infinitesimal control volume or infinitesimal
fluid element) within a given flow field
Defination
D( )/Dt = substantial derivative, which is
physically that time rate of change
following a moving fluid element. Total
derivative.
( )/t
V.( )
.V
Types of Flow
Types of flow
- One and Two Dimensional Flow
- Steady and Unsteady Flows
- Inviscid Flow
have,
V = V(x, y, t)
or in vector form,
V = ui + vj
Steady and Unsteady Flows
Inviscid Flow
Other Considerations
Continuity Equation
In mathematical terms
/t cvd + cs u.dA = 0
where
/t cvd
cs u.dA
- out m
cv (/t)d (/t)dx dy dz
The mass flow occur on all six faces, three inlets and
three outlets
Inlet
x direction = ??
y direction = ??
z direction = ?
Outlet
x direction = ??
y direction = ??
z direction = ??
/t +.(V) = 0
u/x = 2x
v/y =
x+z
w/z =
-2x - x z
= -3x - z
Therefore
w = w/z
= -3x z
= -3xz (z2/2) + C
The third velocity component cannot be explicitly
determined since C can have any form and
conservation of mass still be satisfy. An addition
information is needed to completely determine w.
Stream Function,
u/x + v/y = 0
Continuity equation
/x (/y) - /y(/x) = 0
Advantages
=
=
(/x)x + (/y)y
-vx + uy
dy/dx = v/u
q=
= 2 -1
if
Solution
From defination
u = /y
v = -/x
Velocity equation in x direction can be integrated to
give
= uy
= uy
= 2y y
= y2 + C1
and
/x =
/x = /x
-v =
-4x =
C1 =
=
-v
(y2 + C1)
0 + /x (C1)
/x (C1)
-4x x
-2x2
therefore
= - 2x2 + y2
Momentum Equation
Pressure force
Apply infinitesimal small, moving fluid element to get
pressure forces derivation. The pressure force is Fp =
pA. Since the pressure force is perpendicular to the
area on which the pressure is acting, the only two of
the 6 faces of our volume element contributing a
force in the x-direction, are the left and the right face.
Pressure left face : pdydz
Pressure right face :
p + (p/x)dxdydz
Viscous Forces
Apply infinitesimal small, moving fluid element to get
viscous forces derivation. We will use , for normal
stress and shear stress. The suffix notation ij denotes
a stress in the j direction on a surface normal to the
i-direction. Forces aligned with the direction of a coordinate axis get a positive sign, and those in the
opposite direction, a negative sign. These directions
are consistent with the convention that positive
increases in all three components of velocity, u, v and
w, occur in the positive directions of the axes. To
=
=
=
??
=
=
??
??
??
??
??
y component
z component
rearranging
Du/Dt =
=
(uV)
Du/Dt =
(u)/t + . (uV)
therefore
(u)/t + . (uV) =
-(p/x) + (xx/x) + (yx/y) + (zx/z) +
g x
y component
(v)/t + . (vV) =
g y
z component
(w)/t + . (wV) =
g z
xx = (.V) + 2(u/x)
yy = (.V) + 2(v/y)
zz = (.V) + 2(w/z)
xy = yx = [(v/x) + (u/y)]
xz = zx = [(u/z) + (w/x)]
yz = zy = [(w/y) + (v/z)]
where
= molecular viscosity coefficient
= is the second viscosity coefficient and Stokes
made the hypothesis that = -(2/3)
y component
[(v)/t] + [(v2)/y] + [(uv)/x] +[(vw)/z] = (p/y)
+ (/y)[ (.V) + 2v/y] + (/x)[(v/x
+u/y)]
+ (/z)[(w/y +v/z)] + gy
z component
y component
z component
z component
(w)/t + . (wV) = -(p/z) + gz
Rotation and Angular Deformation
Referring to figure above, in a short time interval t:- OA rotates counter clockwise through the angle
to a new position OA.
- OB rotates clockwise through the angle to a
new position OB.
In vector form
therefore
Irrotational Flow
1 v u
2 x y
therefore
v u
x y
1 w v
2 y
z
therefore
w v
y
z
1 u w
0
2 z
x
therefore
u w
z
x
Velocity Potential,
In vector form
V =
.V = 0
In Cartesian coordinates
Laplace Equation
Uniform Flow
= Uy
= Uy + C
= Uy
Doublet
Superposition