A.

4stroke SI engine
1. The engine which was used in our experiment has a turbo charger. What are advantages of turbo
charger?
Turbo charger increases an internal combustion engines efficiency and power output by forcing extra
air into the combustion chamber. It has the advantage over normal engines because the turbine can
force more air, and proportionately more fuel, into the combustion chamber than atmospheric pressure
alone.
2. Why a gasoline engine has a throttle valve and pumping loss?
The throttle valve in a gasoline engine directly regulates the amount of air entering the engine,
indirectly controlling the charge (fuel and air) burned on each cycle, maintaining a relatively constant
fuel/air ratio. This is not seen in diesel engine because its power level is controlled by regulating the
fuel flow into the engine. Also, when the gasoline engine operates, the moving parts produce friction
and along with friction forces, the operating engine has pumping loss, which is the work required to
move air into and out of the cylinders. This pumping loss is minimal at low speed, but increases with
the speed until the power of the engine is using about 20% of total power production to overcome
friction and pumping loss.
3. Attached figure below shows pressure diagrams of different spark timing on same fuel
consumption at stoichiometric AF. Which has a more advanced spark timing? Which has a higher
thermal efficiency?
The B pressure bar shows more advanced spark timing. The A pressure bar has lower rate of pressure
rise and smoother operation. The reason I chose pressure A is because the slope was too steep for
both A and B, so I thought both were over the optimal spark timing.
4. Why thermal efficiency is varied as changing spark timing? (Hint. Before compression TDC,
pressure makes negative work. After compression TDC, pressure makes positive work.)
This is because spark timing needs to become increasingly advanced as the engine speed increases
so that the air-fuel mixture has the correct amount of time to fully burn. As the engine speed
increases, the time available to burn the mixture decreases but the burning proceeds at the same
speed, so the burning needs to be started earlier to complete in time. This is why spark timing affects
thermal efficiency. According to Otto Cycle, before TDC, it is in constant-volume heat addition and after
TDC, it is in isentropic expansion.
5. Calculate Brake Mean Effective Pressure of 1,997cc 4stroke engine on 13.0kg.m of brake
torque. And think about merits of using Mean Effective Pressure on engines.
BMEP = [(2000*pi)(13*9.8)(2)]/1.997 = 801 kPa
BMEP is determined by the product of all the efficiencies (volumetric, mechanical, combustion,
thermodynamic) and the inlet air density, the heating value of the fuel and the A/F ratio. It can be used
to compare the relative performances, and efficiencies of power production of vastly different engines.

B. Gay-Lussacs Law
1. Explain the Gay-Lussacs Law.
Gay-Lussacs Law shows the relation between gas pressure and temperature. It states that when gas
pressure and temperature are directly proportional. (P/T) = k where k is a constant. This law holds true
because temperature is a measure of average kinetic energy of a substance. And as the kinetic energy

of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, resulting increased
pressure.
2. Answer the following questions based on experimental data. 2-1. From your results, create a
chart of pressure (y-axis) against average temperature (K). Draw a best fit line through the results
and find its gradient. Are your results linear, confirming the constant relationship predicted by GayLussacs Law? (Set intervals up to a maximum of around 55C.) 2-2. Calculate the theoretical
pressure and make a chart for each of your measured temperatures and your first measured
pressure and temperature as P1 and T1.

Gay Lussac's Experiment

108
106
104
102

Pressure (kPa)

f(x) = 0.37x - 13.98

100
98
96
94
92
90
300

305

310

315

320

325

330

Temperature (K)

Gradient is 0.3687. The result is arguably linear.

Theoretical Gay Lussac's Experiment

106
104
102

f(x) = 0.32x - 0

100

Pressure (kPa)

98
96
94
92
90
300

305

310

315

320

325

330

Temperature (K)

The second graph was based on the T1, p1 first measured.

3. Compare the measured results and your theoretical results (including their gradients). Can you
explain any differences?
The theoretical results had a lower gradient than the measured results, also it makes 0 pressure at 0

kelvin. I would say that the differences between measured and theoretical comes from many
environmental factors. One is that the cylinder in which the pressure and temperature measured was
quite big, so the temperature as averaged by measuring the top and the bottom of the cylinder. This
could be the reason of error. The gradient of the theoretical was lower than that of the measured
because the temperature and pressure measured were fluctuating. I would say that this fluctuation is
a result of error range of the measurement kit.
4. Can you think of a practical application of Gay-Lussacs Law?
Firing a bullet is one practical application. When gunpowder burns, it creates a large amount of
superheated gas. The high pressure of the hot gas behind the bullet forces it out of the barrel of the
gun.